It looks like nothing was found at this location Whitehaven has officially formed a 70:30 joint venture at its Blackwater coal mine with Nippon Steel Corporation and JFE Steel Whitehaven Nippon Steel owns a 20 per cent interest in Blackwater Whitehaven has retained a 70 per cent stake in the mine Whitehaven earned an aggregate cash consideration of $US1.08 billion from the transactions “I congratulate everyone involved in the formation of our new joint venture at Blackwater,” Whitehaven chief executive officer and managing director Paul Flynn said “We’re excited to be partnering with Nippon Steel and JFE Steel two longstanding customers that recognise the value and long-term importance of the metallurgical coal produced at Blackwater.” Whitehaven assumed complete ownership of Blackwater and Daunia mine from BHP in April 2024 The company acquired both mines for $US4.1 billion paying BMA $US2 billion plus a preliminary completion adjustment of $US44.1 million Flynn said he was confident about the prospects the divestment would bring “This is a significant milestone for Whitehaven that transforms us into a leading metallurgical coal producer and will deliver benefits for all of our stakeholders,” he said BHP and Mitsubishi and our advisors who have worked hard to help us complete this strategically important acquisition “We are well placed to execute a smooth transition and to integrate the Daunia and Blackwater mines into the Whitehaven portfolio.” The transaction gave Whitehaven economic and operating control of both mines while committing to the development’s environmental liabilities and rehabilitation obligations Subscribe to Australian Mining and receive the latest news on product announcements Australian Mining has informed the industry on the latest news and technologies from across the mining sector Australian Mining is a leading resource showcasing the latest in mining innovation Decomposing organic matter in catchments flooded by Cyclone Alfred removed oxygen from water Thousands of dead fish have washed ashore along the Richmond River at Ballina in northern New South Wales after flooding in the region from ex-Tropical Cyclone Alfred The group said it has received “numerous” reports from members of the public of the fish kill including photographs and messages showing “fish gasping for air Sign up for Guardian Australia’s breaking news email It also heard reports of mud crabs and eels leaving the water due to the conditions. Read moreSignificant flooding that hit the northern rivers region before and after Cyclone Alfred crossed the coastline appears to have contributed to a “blackwater” event – where organic material is washed into waterways As the material decomposes it removes oxygen from the water causing fish and other aquatic life to suffocate said blackwater was the likely cause of the fish kill and that photographs showed dead flathead OzFish CEO Cassie Price said healthy water should have at least 5mg of oxygen a litre but current levels were less than one-tenth of that figure Photograph: OzfishShe said volunteers had tested the water quality at various points along the Richmond River and “the results aren’t good” Price said healthy water should have at least 5mg of oxygen a litre the dissolved oxygen levels are almost nil Free newsletterGet the most important news as it breaks “Fish experience distress when it falls below 4mg/L A similar situation occurred in 2022, after the last severe flooding event in the northern rivers. Price said “urgent action” must be taken to prevent further fish kills, including restoring swamplands along the Richmond catchment. This would build resilience into waterways and reduce the severity of blackwater events, she said. “Healthy swamp bordering rivers acts as a sieve, or a filter, that reduces the blackwater from entering the waterway,” she said. CNN and the BBC World Service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced AEST = Australian Eastern Standard Time which is 10 hours ahead of GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) fans of good theatre in general should not miss the return of this talented group to home ground next week Following an incredibly successful festival circuit (first to qualify and six wins) they will once again strike for gold in the All-Ireland Amateur Drama finals in Athlone on May 12th lighting and sound on their travels and the backstage crew surpassed themselves again in their ability to set up and take down sets in such an efficient manner Sporting two national wins and one runner-up in the last three years the cast lead by the well-respected Ger Canning will surely be there or thereabouts once again (no pressure!) The play itself ‘The Blackwater Lightship’ was originally a novel by Irish writer and playwright Colm Toibin and has been adapted for the stage by David Horan The audience will recognise many Ballyduff stalwarts: John Stack Tony O’Hanlon and Phil McGrath while introducing newcomer Clodagh Whelan playing Helen Whilst dealing with the ravages of the AIDS epidemic in the 80s/90s the play also contains much humour in trying to navigate the many struggles prejudices and beliefs that accompany such a subject Saturday 10th and a Sunday afternoon matinee on the 11th at 1pm Tickets can be booked on 087-1391200 from 2-6pm daily The acting and production values in this play are very strong – do not miss! – Sponsored by Blackwater Distillery Artemis is forging ahead at Blackwater Mine despite setbacks Artemis Gold Inc (CVE: ARTG) (OTCMKTS: ARGTF) has encountered unexpected setbacks in the commissioning of its Blackwater Mine leading to a delay in the anticipated first gold pour the company said on Tuesday that the target has been pushed off to January 2025 due to several operational and environmental challenges The Blackwater Mine is located in central British Columbia The company has been building it with the idea of making it one of Canada’s largest gold mines it’s run into some snags in the process First and foremost among the snags is that over the past 17 months two separate wildfires forced workers to halt construction for approximately one and a half months during the peak construction period These interruptions increased fixed overhead costs and affected the project’s timeline and budget Unexpected delays in configuring and communicating within the process control network slowed progress at the mine Constrained vendor availability during the holiday season compounded the issue further postponing the final commissioning of the wet plant These challenges required schedule adjustments with ore processing through the ball mill now set to begin in January 2025 The company increased its projected capital expenditure due to the delays estimating the cost for the first gold pour at CAD$780 million to CAD$800 million an increase of approximately 7 per cent from the previously guided figures the company has made significant progress in other areas Read more: High grades in Nicaragua expected to raise Calibre Mining’s mineral resource Read more: Calibre Mining shuffles strength into its board for future growth Some of the company’s progress includes the completion of the 135-kilometre long 225kV transmission line from the Blackwater Mine to BC Hydro’s Glenannan substation This provides renewable grid power to the site The tailings storage facility is also nearing completion with expectations for it to be fully operational by the end of October 2024 prior to the plant’s ore commissioning Artemis Gold has been actively managing its relationship with local communities and environmental concerns especially in light of the wildfire disruptions The company has taken steps to ensure safety and minimize environmental impact including the proactive evacuation of non-essential personnel during wildfire events The company remains committed to the Blackwater project viewing it as a key asset in their portfolio With construction over 95 per cent complete by late September 2024 the focus is now on overcoming the remaining hurdles to achieve operational status The company’s management has been working on cost-saving measures and schedule acceleration initiatives to mitigate the impact of these delays aiming for a swift transition into production Follow Mugglehead on X Like Mugglehead on Facebook Follow Joseph Morton on X Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The once-in-a-lifetime find is estimated to be worth up to C$470K They will have a 39% stake once Equinox completes the takeover Investors sunk an additional US$21 billion into gold ETFs during the quarter He expects that US$5,000-dollar ounces could be a reality by 2028 Share via...Gift this articleSubscribe to gift this article Gift 5 articles to anyone you choose each month when you subscribe Japanese giant Nippon Steel says the Queensland government’s coal royalties grab influenced its decision to spend $1 billion buying a stake in Whitehaven’s Blackwater coking coal mine Nippon Steel and Japanese company JFE Steel collectively bought 30 per cent of Blackwater in a deal disclosed on Thursday, giving owner Whitehaven Coal a $US1.1 billion ($1.6 billion) cash injection SaveLog in or Subscribe to save articleShareCopy link Gift 5 articles to anyone you choose each month when you subscribe. Follow the topics, people and companies that matter to you. A TEEN competitor gets bogged down in a charity run with a twist – and lots of sticking Hundreds braved the Essex gloop for the annual Maldon Mud Race Sixth-former Saski Madden, 17, of the town’s Plume Academy, was fundraising for Bowel Cancer UK We revealed earlier how a "fairly chilly" spell is now expected to follow record-breaking hot weather as the UK marks the 80th anniversary of VE Day On the bank holiday itself, the Met Office forecasts temperatures will reach a maximum of 15C or 16C on the south coast of England on Monday, May 5. But northern parts of the UK will "struggle to get into the double figures". Thousands of people are expected to line the streets for the spectacle which includes a Churchill speech performance by actor Timothy Spall, a flypast including the Red Arrows, and a military procession of 1,300 members of the armed forces. But in the afternoon most areas will be "dry with sunny spells" with more sun around for eastern and northern parts of the country compared to Sunday Our journalists strive for accuracy but on occasion we make mistakes. For further details of our complaints policy and to make a complaint please click this link: thesun.co.uk/editorial-complaints/ A man has been flown to Brisbane after a serious assault at a Central Queensland licensed venue on Friday night Please call us on 1800 070 535 and we’ll help resolve the issue or try again later Any Questions? Please call 1800 070 535 Saturday & Sunday 7:00am – 11:30am (AEST) announces partnership with Trump supporter Erik Prince the rightwing heir to a South American banana empire announced the partnership with Erik Prince on social media on Tuesday night “We [have] established a strategic alliance to strengthen our capabilities in the fight against narco-terrorism and to protect our waters from illegal fishing,” Noboa tweeted alongside a photograph of the two men sitting together “Organized crime has sown fear and believed it can operate with impunity. Their time is running out. International aid is beginning to flow to Ecuador,” added the president who is seeking re-election in the second round of the country’s presidential election next month Ecuador’s president offered no further details of the partnership between his government and Prince, a Navy Seal turned multimillionaire security contractor with close ties to the Trump administration. The announcement appeared designed to bolster Noboa’s attempt to portray himself as an iron-fisted anti-crime crusader ahead of the 13 April run-off against his leftwing rival Luisa González. Noboa’s administration announced on Sunday a $1m reward for the capture of one of Ecuador’s most notorious drug bosses, José Adolfo Macías Villamar, who is known by the nickname “Fito”. Noboa launched in January 2024 a hardline crackdown on the domestic gangs and foreign cartels that have brought chaos and carnage to what until recently was one of South America’s safest countries. Read moreEcuador’s highly strategic location between two of the world’s top cocaine producers – Peru and Colombia – and its Pacific ports have turned the country into a what experts call a drug “superhighway” ferrying vast quantities of the illegal substance to the US and Europe “We are at war and we are fighting against people who are heavily armed with domestic and international financial backing and a structure of terror and criminality that reaches far beyond Ecuador’s borders,” Noboa said at the time But Noboa’s crackdown has failed to halt the bloodshed and has been plagued with accusations of human rights abuses The news that Blackwater’s former CEO would join Noboa’s campaign prompted outrage and trepidation given the military contractor’s track record of involvement in abuses, including the killing of 14 Iraqi civilians in 2007 “Does he intend to do the same here?” Ecuadorian lawyer Marlon Martínez Molina asked on X accusing Noboa of planning to introduce paramilitarism to the South American country by importing foreign mercenaries “Noboa is the death of Ecuador … there’s no end to the terror in this country,” tweeted the Ecuadorian author Cristina Burneo Activist Soledad Angus Freré also voiced despair warning: “We’re going straight off the cliff.” Get the latest news to your email inbox FREE The operators of Blackwater's Rosewood Workers Village are urgently seeking to remove a dual development approval sunset clause that could […] Get an all ACCESS PASS to the News and your Digital Edition with an online subscription Get an all access pass to the News and your Digital Edition with an online subscription The reduction includes 91 in-house roles across both operations and 101 contractor and labour hire positions Whitehaven Coal is set to axe 192 jobs at the Daunia and Blackwater mines in Australia, Reuters reported In April this year, Whitehaven Coal closed the deal to acquire the Daunia and Blackwater metallurgical coal mines in Queensland These mines were formerly owned by the BHP Mitsubishi Alliance (BMA) a joint venture between BHP and Mitsubishi Development acquired the coal mines for a maximum cash consideration of $4.1bn (A$6.45bn) This deal was announced in October 2023 Don’t let policy changes catch you off guard Stay proactive with real-time data and expert analysis The redundancies are believed to affect Whitehaven Coal workers who transitioned from BHP “This proposed new structure will remove duplication of roles and support a clear delineation of roles and responsibilities between site and functional teams,” a company spokesperson told the news agency Meanwhile, in July this year, BHP said that it will temporarily halt its Western Australia Nickel operations which encompass both the Nickel West operations and the West Musgrave project was triggered by an oversupply in the global nickel market and a slump in nickel prices BHP has vowed to provide its employees alternative positions within the company or redundancy options the company has created a A$20m Community Fund to assist local communities throughout the suspension Give your business an edge with our leading industry insights View all newsletters from across the GlobalData Media network Nippon Steel and JFE Steel via an unincorporated joint venture managed by Whitehaven Whitehaven Coal has entered a $1.08bn cash deal to offload 30% of the Blackwater coal mine in Queensland The two steel giants will acquire 20% and 10% interests respectively in Blackwater which Whitehaven acquired from a joint venture of BHP and Mitsubishi Both Nippon Steel and JFE Steel will pay their share of the consideration upfront upon their deals’ closure The Blackwater mine will be owned by Whitehaven Nippon Steel and JFE Steel through an unincorporated joint venture managed by Whitehaven The transactions await regulatory and competition clearances Nippon Steel and JFE Steel have a longstanding relationship with the Blackwater mine as consumers of its metallurgical coal The joint venture includes offtake agreements that reflect the equity stakes and historical consumption patterns of the two companies incorporating market-based pricing mechanisms The sale proceeds will bolster Whitehaven’s balance sheet especially considering the deferred and contingent payments still pending from the Blackwater acquisition Both Nippon Steel and JFE Steel are committed to enhancing the value of Blackwater a key source of seaborne metallurgical coal the open-cut Blackwater mine has an annual run-of-mine coal production of 12-13 million tonnes per annum It is known for having the largest dragline fleet in the Southern Hemisphere and produces both hard and semi-soft coking coal which is shipped to customers throughout Asia via the RG Tanna Terminal in Gladstone Whitehaven managing director and CEO Paul Flynn stated: “We are delighted to welcome Nippon Steel and JFE Steel as joint venture partners at Blackwater Both companies have a long and proud tradition of excellence in steel production and have contributed to the economic advancement of Japan and the region more broadly “We look forward to working with our new partners as we continue to unlock opportunities at the operation their co-investment reflects the importance of Blackwater metallurgical coal in the seaborne market “The formation of this joint venture with such high-quality participants validates the asset purchase by Whitehaven the coal quality and Whitehaven’s plans as the operator of Blackwater.” In August 2024, Reuters reported that Whitehaven Coal will cut 192 jobs at the Daunia and Blackwater mines It is one of the largest wetlands in the state It is considered the engine room for fisheries productivity across Northern NSW Since the recent flooding there have been reports of large fish kills and blackwater in the Richmond Estuary Ozfish Unlimited wants to capture as much information to help prevent this from continuing to happen If you’re out on the river over the next week and come across fish kills can you do this: ● Record a pin drop/ geo reference of your location ● Take note of any key species you can identify Send what info you have to richmondriverchapter@ozfish.org.au The Ozfish Richmond River Chapter website said “We know these blackwater events and fish kills are only going to get worse if we don’t take action and finally get some on-ground action happening for the Tuckean Swamp So let’s use our people power and document as much as we can so we can take action.” OzFish Richmond River Chapter is taking steps towards improving the waterway The first stage is to perform a hydrological study of the swamp catchment The study will provide potential options for change to water management in the Tuckean Swamp that will improve water quality options from the study will be discussed with all Tuckean landholders and stakeholders to determine a way to improve the water quality and natural values of the Tuckean Nature Reserve Richmond Valley and Kyogle newsEmail: indynr.com@gmail.com Whitehaven Coal has struck separate deals with Japan’s Nippon Steel and JFE Steel to sell stakes of 20% and 10% in its Blackwater coking coal mine for a total of $1.08 billion Australia is the top source of the key steel-making ingredient for Japanese steelmakers who have been concerned by a wave of consolidation as competition grows from India and Indonesia for the higher grade fuel Nippon Steel and JFE Steel via an unincorporated joint venture adding the deals are expected to complete in the first quarter of 2025 Whitehaven had acquired the Blackwater and Daunia mines from a joint venture of BHP and Japanese trading house Mitsubishi Corp in a $4.1 billion deal last October long-term supplies as coal miners struggle to develop or expand mines due to anti-coal trend aimed at combating climate change have been offloading their assets amid the global shift away from fossil fuels “We decided to invest to ensure stable raw material procurement and secure earnings even if market conditions change,” Ryuichi Nagai Nippon Steel’s managing executive officer Japan’s top steelmaker purchased a stake in Canadian miner Teck Resources’ steelmaking coal unit early this year “We’ll continue striving to secure quality resources,” Nagai added expressing interest in acquiring more stakes in coking coal and iron ore mines if good deals arise may also look to acquire more stakes in coking coal mines “Demand for coke is expected to rise due to growing steel demand in India and Southeast Asia while supply is tightening as developing and expanding coal mines becomes increasingly difficult due to financing challenges,” he said (By Himanshi Akhand and Yuka Obayashi; Editing by Arun Koyyur and website in this browser for the next time I comment Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" The latest 10 include the proposed copper-nickel mine in Minnesota under a joint venture between Glencore and Teck. Exploration and mining of the energy metal has for 12 years been banned or largely restricted for environmental reasons in British Columbia, Quebec and Nova Scotia. Gina Rinehart's mining company, Hancock Prospecting, is among the biggest donors to opposition leader Peter Dutton's Liberal Party. This discovery adds to a series of significant archaeological finds in the Czech Republic. Jack Lundin, president and CEO, hailed Filo del Sol as "one of the most significant greenfield discoveries in the last 30 years." Whitehaven Coal will cut 192 jobs from the Daunia and Blackwater coking coal mines acquired from BHP in April adding to the thousands of jobs lost in the sector this year A Whitehaven spokesman said “unnecessary” layers of complexity and duplication were to be stripped out of the assets it acquired in April under a deal that could ultimately cost as much as $US4.1 billion ($6.4 billion) Read MoreCoalWhitehaven CoalJobsLatest In MiningFetching latest articles There is no looking back for the NLEX Road Warriors who have since collected three consecutive victories after a sour start to the PBA Philippine Cup NLEX took down its third straight prey in Blackwater via an 80-72 verdict in the PBA Season 49 Philippine Cup at the Ynares Center in Montalban on Friday We use cookies to ensure you the best experience on our website The NLEX Road Warriors sustained their run in the PBA Season 49 Philippine Cup NLEX bucked a slow start before eventually running over Blackwater, 80-72, in the PBA Season 49 Philippine Cup at Ynares Center in Montalban on Friday There's no stopping the Road Warriors at the moment as they copped their third straight win against a solitary loss [ALSO READ: Summer Vacay, Slay! RK Ilagan wants to bring his family to this popular destination] Robert Bolick made a mark when it mattered unloading 10 of his 20 points in the fourth quarter to eventually earn the Player of the Game nod He also had seven rebounds and six assists NLEX looks to sustain its winning ways but will have to go through Ginebra on May 7 at the Ninoy Aquino Stadium in Malate as it notched its third straight win in the PBA Philippine Cup on Friday at the Ynares Center in Montalban The Bossing were trailing 71-66 with less than three minutes remaining before Robert Bolick drilled a triple to widen the margin Bradwyn Guinto answered with his own basket but Kevin Alas put NLEX at 76 against Blackwater's 68 Guinto again scored before fouling on Xyrus Torres where the latter handed a 78-70 lead with 19 seconds left Guinto's foul on Bolick put the latter on the line where he sealed the win Bolick had 20 points along with seven rebounds three assists and a steal as the Road Warriors improved to 3-1 while RK Ilagan and Guinto had 14 and 13 points Herndon 0.Blackwater 72 – Andrade 15 {{gallery.imageDetails.images.0.description}} I understand and agree that my personal information will be collected, stored and used, in accordance with the PGA of Australia's privacy policy A bounce-back birdie on the final hole was double cause for celebration as Jay Mackenzie took out the Blackwater Pro-Am and the 2024 Onsite Rental Group Mining Towns Series at Blackwater Country Club Without a win on the adidas PGA Pro-Am Series since victory on his home course in Ballina almost 12 months ago Mackenzie had been consistent throughout the Mining Towns Series without notching a win He was top five at both Tieri and Emerald but put it all together at Blackwater his second round of 8-under 64 and two-round total of 12-under enough to edge Darcy Boyd (67) and Ben Henkel (67) by a shot it was also enough to finish one clear of Henkel in the 10-round accumulative Mining Towns Series Mackenzie breaking 70 in each of his final nine rounds “Probably the first guy in 15 years to beat Tim Hart,” said the laconic Mackenzie of the five-time reigning champion who had to settle for third in 2024 Mackenzie began the second round trailing both Boyd and Henkel by two shots but a run of four straight birdies from the fourth hole elevated his presence on the leaderboard Four birdies in the space of six holes on the back nine gave Mackenzie a comfortable two-shot cushion but victory would not come easily His first and only bogey of the tournament came at his penultimate hole – the par-4 18th – which sent Mackenzie to the first hole needing birdie to win A good drive at the 355-metre par 4 gave the New South Welshman sand wedge in dialling it in to set up the birdie putt that he duly converted to win by one Boyd and Henkel could both have matched Mackenzie’s 12-under total but had to settle for a pair of pars in their final two holes “I haven’t played like that for a while,” said Mackenzie “I think I had maybe a two-shot lead at some point and then I was like just make another birdie and that should be enough.“I was a bit dirty after the bogey but I knew what was going on “I was pretty comfortable (playing the last) 1          Jay Mackenzie              68-64—132 T2        Darcy Boyd                  66-67—133 T2        Ben Henkel                  66-67—133 T4        Brendan Smith             67-69—136 T4        Nathan Page                70-66—136 T6        William Bruyeres          69-69—138 T6        Dylan Gardner              70-68—138 T6        James Conran              71-67—138 The Queensland swing of the adidas PGA Pro-Am Series heads coastal on Wednesday for the two-day JRT Group Emu Park Pro-Am which will be followed by a new event in 2024 For the latest news and scores on Australian golf Subscribe © 2025 PGA of Australia | Powered by Advertise with us MONTALBAN – NLEX went on a crucial scoring run in the fourth quarter before Robert Bolick finished off the job for an 80-72 win over Blackwater on Friday night in the PBA Philippine Cup at the Ynares Center II The Road Warriors outscored the Bossing after which Bolick found his rhythm and hit a pair of 3s that enabled the Road Warriors to stay in front for good even as rookie JB Bahio had another stellar showing with 12 and eight rebounds to help NLEX stretch its win streak to three for a 3-1 record Blackwater lost for the third time in four games as it missed the services of high-scoring rookie Sedrick Barefield (hamstring injury) The Bossing also lost starting big man Christian David to an ankle sprain in the first quarter Winning coach Jong Uichico credited Bolick for bailing out NLEX against a tough Blackwater team took the Road Warriors out of their rhythm I think he shot two big three-pointers if I’m not mistaken to keep that lead So we’re thankful to Berto for bailing us out tonight There’s Berto,” said Uichico of his star player Kevin Alas and Dominic Fajardo also did their share for NLEX by scoring 10 each BJ Andrade shot 6-of-10 from the floor for 15 points to lead the scoring for Blackwater which likewise got 14 and 13 from RK Ilagan and Bradwyn Guinto The Bossing were actually in the thick of things early in the fourth quarter when Justin Chua completed a three-point play get them within 54-53 But Matt Nieto hit a three-pointer to spark a response of nine straight unanswered points by the Road Warriors which Anthony Semerad capped with two free throws that made it 62-53 halfway through the final quarter Guinto completed a three-point play to put Blackwater within 68-64 before Bolick doused cold water to the Bossing’s rally by hitting back-to-back three pointers with 2:21 remaining Get more of the latest sports news & updates on SPIN.ph Spin.ph has been granted the NPC Seal of Registration in recognition of the successful registration of its DPO and DPS We use cookies to ensure you get the best experience on Spin.ph. By continued use, you agree to our privacy policy and accept our use of such cookies. Find out more here. Volume 7 - 2025 | https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2025.1540456 In the coastal plains of southeastern United States many naturally occurring blackwater streams have been identified over decades of water monitoring particularly when they fail to meet water chemistry expectations originally set based on non-blackwater streams The South Carolina Department of Environmental Services has collected extensive water chemistry data from both blackwater and non-blackwater systems throughout the Southeastern Plains (SEP) and Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain (MACP) ecoregions we compared seasonal patterns in water chemistry parameters between blackwater and non-blackwater streams Examining monthly patterns between ecoregions and between site types (blackwater vs and total phosphorus often differed by both ecoregion and site type differences between ecoregions were stronger than any differences by site type This work has identified certain parameters that can distinguish blackwater from non-blackwater streams but it has also shown that blackwater streams They vary based on the underlying characteristics of the broader region in which they are located The results of this research are relevant to the entire SEP and MACP ecoregions which jointly include parts of 11 U.S Results are likely relevant to other blackwater rivers and streams in the contiguous United States and other blackwater systems globally but the extent of relevance will require additional research this research has demonstrated that the Omernik Level III ecoregions offer a scale-appropriate means of grouping relatively similar blackwater systems conducive to management The framework of ecoregions also supports collaborative exchange of information across political boundaries This includes the exchange of information globally among entities with homologous ecoregions the southeast tends to have more weeks in drought per year and more extreme rainfall events which can lead to extensive flooding rivers and streams in South Carolina not only differ seasonally but those seasonal differences vary across regions of the state the presence of low DO and elevated temperature can be influenced by the presence of tannin-rich waters as the DOC in the water can result in increased water temperatures that ultimately reduce the capacity of the water to hold DO Elevated levels of DOC can also stimulate increased microbial activity The unique water quality of these systems is often problematic for resource managers because natural conditions in blackwater systems can fail to meet existing criteria (Flotemersch, 2023). Problems can also extend beyond commonly measured water quality analytes. For example, the majority of South Carolina blackwater streams assessed for mercury in fish tissue now have fish consumption advisories (SCDHEC-Advisory, 2023) A reasonable first step towards increasing understanding of these dynamic systems is to explore how they compare to non-blackwater systems the objectives of this study were to (1) determine if monthly patterns in water chemistry differed between blackwater and non-blackwater rivers and streams (2) determine if existing differences were consistent across ecoregions and (3) provide an overview of water chemistry analytes in the context of blackwater rivers and streams of the study and discuss possible implications for condition assessment (i.e. While this study uses stream water chemistry data from the state of South Carolina the results will be directly relevant to other states to the north and south with similar ecosystems Results are also relevant to other blackwater rivers and streams in the United States and globally as findings contribute to our understanding of similarities and differences among blackwater systems in general this research will inform on the utility of ecoregions as a tool for accounting for variability among system types at a scale conducive to management they can be used as a framework for the collaborative exchange of information across political boundaries including the exchange of information globally among entities with homologous ecoregions this information will improve scientific understanding of blackwater rivers and streams aid in their identification for condition assessment purposes and ultimately enhance protection of these unique aquatic resources as prescribed by the Clean Water Act The dominant forest types in the state are mixed mesophytic The state ranges in elevation from sea level to a high of 1,085 m in the mountains which is part of the Southern Appalachian Mountains It is part of one of the richest temperate broadleaf forests in the world The Piedmont (Ecoregion 45) is a transitional area between the Blue Ridge and flat coastal plain to the southeast It is an erosional terrain of moderately dissected irregular plains with some hills The southeastern border of this ecoregion is largely demarcated by the Fall Line a physiographic boundary separating it from ecoregions to its southeast The Southeastern Plains (SEP; Ecoregion 65) consist of irregular plains with broad interstream areas and clays of the ecoregion contrast geologically with the older metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Streams in this area are relatively low-gradient and sandy-bottomed The Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain (MACP; Ecoregion 63) has a broad transitional boundary with the SCP to the southeast and the region has a mix of coarser and finer textured soils compared to the mostly coarse soils in most of the SCP Streams in the MACP tend to be sandier than the more southeasterly-located SCP the SCP (Ecoregion 75) consists of mostly flat plains but it is a heterogeneous region also containing barrier islands and swampy lowlands along the Atlantic coasts This ecoregion is generally lower in elevation with less relief and wetter soils than the MACP ecoregion Streams with mud and muck substrates are common Location of South Carolina within the United States (inset) and in relation to surrounding states Colored zones within the State represent different Omernik Level III ecoregions The red line represents the Atlantic Fall Line where the Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain ecoregions meet The dataset used in this study contains historic surface water data collected as part of South Carolina Department of Environmental Services’ (SCDES) Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Program (Wilson, 2023) The overall purpose of Ambient Water Quality Monitoring is to provide a system of monitoring activities that produces well-defined data reflecting a variety of water quality conditions (i.e. biological) in the major water resources of South Carolina Since the early 1970s the program has sampled fixed locations (i.e. base sites) that are generally sampled once per month Base sites were chosen to target the most downstream access (pour point) of each of the National Watershed Boundary Dataset 10-digit watershed units in the state and major waterbody types within watershed units In South Carolina, water quality standards (SCDHEC-Reg, 2024) Section B.45 defines natural conditions as “water quality conditions unaffected by anthropogenic sources of pollution.” In Section C.9 “Because of natural conditions some surface and ground waters may have characteristics outside the standards established by this regulation Such natural conditions do not constitute a violation of the water quality standards.” as part of the assessment to determine if sites meet their designated uses (i.e. Clean Water Act §303(d) assessment) sites demonstrating low dissolved oxygen and/or pH relative to numeric standards are examined by experienced SCDES staff to determine if these exceedances are due solely to natural conditions and therefore not true standards exceedances The state does not have chemical criteria specifically designed to identify blackwater streams the following additional characteristics would lead SCDES staff to identify sites as “presumed blackwater”: (1) field observation of staining; (2) significant wetland or swamp drainage adjacent to site; (3) consensus that there were no appreciable potential anthropogenic causes and the conditions were of natural origin; (4) comparability to nearby sites with past determination of natural conditions All other sites were presumptively grouped as non-blackwater It is reasonable to assume that some sites classified as non-blackwater may have displayed dissolved oxygen and/or pH standards exceedances in response to natural conditions but these exceedances could not be attributed solely to “natural conditions” due to the presence of potential anthropogenic influences the non-blackwater grouping likely contains some sites that are blackwater but have nearby sources of disturbance some sites that may have blackwater properties yet met dissolved oxygen and/or pH standards would not have been discussed relative to natural conditions and therefore are in the non-blackwater group Although there is the potential for misclassification based on this subjective approach we chose to retain the state classification because it represents the best professional judgment of scientists most familiar with the streams and rivers of South Carolina only data from SEP and MACP ecoregions were retained for further examination We then examined data for outliers or extreme values as well as impossible values or obvious data entry errors that would unduly influence the analysis An example of an impossible value is a pH of 15 given that the range of possible values is 0–14 Examples of data entry errors were misplaced decimal points that resulted in values one or more orders-of-magnitude out of range and zeros in the dataset entered when values were missing or potentially non-detects Values that were extreme and likely measured following a storm event were not considered representative of typical flow conditions To avoid the possibility that these values could drive analysis we removed 7 individual values from the dataset which included ammonia + ammonium >25 mg N/L total Kjeldahl nitrogen >45 mg/L biochemical oxygen demand >60 mg/L and nitrate + nitrate >400 mg N/L 7 individual analyte values from 4 stations were removed Distribution of blackwater and non-blackwater sampling locations retained for analysis within South Carolina Triangles indicate sites identified as blackwater and circles indicate sites not identified as blackwater Red indicates the site was used in both PCA and monthly mean analyses and yellow indicates the site was dropped from the PCA due to incomplete data Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to investigate monthly patterns in water chemistry in blackwater and non-blackwater sites in each ecoregion. All analyses were run using R software (v. 4.3.2; R Core Team, 2023). Ecoregions were analyzed separately and then compared because previous studies have documented that water chemistry can vary significantly by ecoregion (Omernik and Bailey, 1997; Griffith et al., 1999) and analyte) were summarized as the mean and standard error by analyte and month within each ecoregion and site type (blackwater vs A pattern line was added to aid in examination of monthly patterns Principal components with eigenvalues of at least 1 were retained and plotted to identify patterns in the data To further examine differences between blackwater and non-blackwaters sites in each ecoregion box plots of these PCA axes were also generated Consistent with expected seasonal weather conditions and the associated average air temperatures, water temperatures (TEMP) were lowest in winter, increased in spring, peaked in summer, and declined going into fall and winter (Figure 3A) The general patterns and change in values across months between blackwater and non-blackwater were almost identical TEMP values themselves were also very similar across ecoregions and for blackwater and non-blackwater Figure 3. Mean (+/- standard error) line plots of water quality analytes across months of the year. Values are provided for blackwater (circles) and non-blackwater (triangles) sites in the Southeastern Plains (SEP) in green and Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain (MACP) in blue. Numbers on the x-axis correspond to the months of the year. See Table 2 for units Differences between ecoregions and between blackwater and non-blackwater were mixed The general pattern for pH was relatively consistent for all sites with a slight increase in values going into summer and decrease into the fall and winter (Figure 3D) Values for non-blackwater sites in both ecoregions were similar and hovered around a value of 6.6 Values for blackwater sites in the MACP generally ranged between 6.3 and 6.5 Blackwater sites in the SEP were distinctly lower and generally hovered around 6 The complete full year dataset indicates mean total alkalinity (ALKTOT) was uniformly below 40 mg/L across the study area, and consistently below 10 mg/L in blackwater systems of the SEP (Figure 3E) were greater for sites in the MACP for both blackwater and non-blackwater sites ALKTOT in non-blackwater sites was clearly greater than that of blackwater systems The general pattern for turbidity (TURB) was for values to be lowest in the winter, increasing and peaking in spring, declining through the summer and fall, with declines continuing into winter (Figure 3F) Comparing within the blackwater designation (e.g. TURB levels were notably lower in blackwater systems than in the non-blackwater systems Examining the general pattern of NTL across all sites, values tended to be lowest in late winter and early spring, but then rose sharply in the spring and into early summer (Figure 3J) values began to decline before a slight rise in late fall followed by declining values going into winter Pattern direction and change in values across months was similar between ecoregions and between blackwater and non-blackwater sites values are similar between blackwater and non-blackwater sites NTL tended to be higher in non-blackwater sites When examining general patterns for other measures of nitrogen (TKN and NHx), pattern directions parallel those of NTL (Figures 3H–3J) The TKN values were clearly higher than those for NHx TKN values between blackwater and non-blackwater sites were very similar mean values showed a seasonal peak in the spring and then a decrease through summer and into the fall and winter Mean values were often higher in the MACP than in the SEP there was not much difference in mean values between blackwater and non-blackwater sites in the MACP values were consistently higher in non-blackwater sites For mean values of NOx, there was not much of a seasonal signal (Figure 3G) values were higher in the SEP than in the MACP values were higher in the SEP non-blackwater sites than in blackwater sites Differences between blackwater and non-blackwater sites in the MACP were minimal and inconsistent The pattern in PTL across all site types was for lowest levels in the winter, increases in spring, then peak and level off in summer before beginning to decline in the fall and into winter (Figure 3K) The pattern for increasing levels in the spring and summer was much greater in the MACP than in the SEP PTL values were higher in the MACP than in the SEP with values in blackwater systems in the MACP being notably higher than non-blackwater sites the opposite was true with PTL levels lower in blackwater sites than in non-blackwater sites A mild seasonal pattern was evident for both axes PCA biplots and boxplots of first two principal components for Southeastern Plains (SEP) and Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain (MACP) data PCA axis 1 (PC 1) and 2 (PC 2) biplots for SEP (A) and MACP (D) represent site-month data points using month number Boxplots in panels (B,E) show PC 1 by month for SEP and MACP and in panels (C,F) for PC 2 by month for SEP and MACP There was a strong seasonal pattern for PC2 for both site types The general patterns for analytes across months were similar between blackwater and non-blackwater sites for both ecoregions values tended to increase and decrease together across analytes analyte values were notably different for ALKTOT there were notable differences between blackwater and non-blackwater sites for ALKTOT Differences for these analytes were greater in the SEP than in the MACP indicating a greater difference between the two stream types in the SEP the relevance of each analyte to stream condition assessment is discussed along with an interpretation in the context of blackwaters Moving SE, deposits become younger and transition to more recent Holocene and Pleistocene deposits of the Quaternary (Griffith et al., 2002b) which are not noted for low ALKTOT Carolina Bays and Pocosins decrease in frequency as the frequency of large sluggish rivers and backwaters with ponds these drivers are offered as an explanation for the increasing ALKTOT proceeding from the NW to SE of the study area These observations are supported by patterns in pH across the study area Blackwater sites clearly had lower pH values than non-blackwater sites A reasonable hypothesis for this observation is that blackwaters are receiving significant inputs from wetlands containing low pH dissolved organic carbon (i.e. humic and fulvic acids) into water having low ALKTOT This suggests that low DO levels reported as a common observation in blackwater rivers and streams are at least in part a function of the physical setting of blackwater rivers and streams (i.e. Additional lowering of DO levels likely occurs in blackwaters due to increased heat absorbance of darker waters that increase TEMP and decrease water’s oxygen holding capacity these are only mean values of data collected over a large time scale increases in the spring are likely due to spring rain events Decreases thereafter can be explained by reduced rainfall and rain intensity and low-turbidity ground water contributions constituting a greater proportion of the water in the system TURB levels are higher in the SEP than in the MACP This can be explained by the gradual decrease in topographic relief across these two ecoregions (see discussion of DO) Water is generally less turbid with decreased flow rates and increased deposition time it would follow that TURB in blackwaters sites would be lower than those at non-blackwater sites Reference values were calculated as the lower 25th percentile of the median of an entire population of data collected across all seasons in each ecoregion so this finding should somewhat be expected Within the SEP there does not appear to be any obvious explanation for why NOx values are higher in the non-blackwater sites when compared to the blackwater sites streams draining the southern portion of the SEP quickly enter the northern extent of the MACP this potentially contributing to the higher values observed therein some of which may be driven by contributions from wetlands/swamp sediments and decaying organic matter which are likely primarily orthophosphate (from above) occurred during the summer months when TEMPs were highest This would suggest that supplemental contributions of phosphorus to blackwater rivers and streams with naturally occurring low DO levels should be of increased concern but it appears to be related to seasonality the PCA results suggest that differences between sites classified as blackwater and non-blackwater are greater in the SEP than in the MACP NOx) additionally support the supposition that there is greater habitat diversity in the SEP when compared to the MACP the streams in the MACP are more homogenous than those of the SEP demonstrates how blackwaters can be uniquely impacted when compared to their non-blackwater counterparts the PCAs tell us that any distinction between blackwater and non-blackwater streams is consistent across months meaning that the differences are not strongly seasonal in nature blackwater and non-blackwater streams are distinctly different consideration of separate water quality criteria that are appropriate for blackwater streams may be necessary to fairly assess them in this region examination of the available parameters revealed strong overlap of blackwater and non-blackwater streams suggesting that blackwater streams may not require special consideration in this region future research examining additional parameters may indeed identify differences The lack of differences in the MACP may also be a result of a higher rate of misclassification by SCDES Improved methods for classification of sites should be considered The environmental settings and conditions that give rise to blackwater systems are varied They exist along a multidimensional continuum a reasonable degree of similarity across systems often exists increase or decrease) of water quality analyte values across months was similar in the SEP and MACP ecoregions and site types but the degree of change in values across months differed notably between ecoregions for ALKTOT and PTL The actual values associated with patterns for analytes were frequently greater in one ecoregion (e.g. PTL) or between blackwater and non-blackwater streams (e.g. they tended to be most extreme in warmer months the analytes that best separated blackwater and non-blackwater sites overall in the SEP were pH blackwater and non-blackwater were more clearly separated by PTL blackwater systems in the two ecoregions exhibited distinct characteristics and therefore cannot be grouped as a single resource type Some of the studied blackwater systems exhibited natural conditions that are outside the bounds of what is considered acceptable when compared to the existing condition assessment criteria water quality standards adopted by states and Tribes some blackwater systems had pH and DO levels that were extremely low both of which can trigger shifts in water quality that impact ecological integrity and human health Low DO can increase the mobilization of phophorous from sediments Low pH can increase the availability of undesirable forms of mercury and other metals as well And both can negatively impact stream biota the response of these systems to anthropogenic inputs inadequate knowledge of blackwater rivers and streams currently exists to ensure their adequate protection While the current research effort utilized stream water chemistry data from South Carolina, the results are relevant to the entire SEP and MACP ecoregions which jointly include parts of 11 U.S. states (i.e., AL, DE, GA, MD, MS, NC, NJ, LA, SC, TN, VA). Results of this study are also likely relevant to other blackwater rivers and streams in the contiguous United States (Flotemersch et al., 2024) and other systems globally but the extent that this is true remains to be confirmed with additional research this research has demonstrated that while blackwater rivers and streams obviously exist along a multidimensional continuum the scale of Omernik Level III ecoregions offers a means of grouping relatively similar blackwater systems that is conducive to management Level III ecoregions account for enough variability to be useful but not so much as to suppress local management utility The framework of ecoregions also facilitates collaborative exchange of information across political boundaries Research needs that would improve understanding and protection of blackwater rivers and streams in South Carolina, the Coastal Plains, and globally, are presented by Flotemersch (2023), and Flotemersch et al. (2024) Findings of the current research effort emphasize that blackwater rivers and streams are not a discrete type of system but rather an amorphic collection of systems that Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. 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Volume 10 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1080536 This article is part of the Research TopicDecentralized Wastewater Treatment TechnologiesView all 8 articles Nutrient recovery and recycling are of great importance in sustainable development Blackwater (BW) refers to wastewater from toilets The highly concentrated nutrients of blackwater could be collected through source separation and treated adequately to recover nutrients efficiently and economically The review intends to give an overview of the characteristics of BW and different techniques to recover nutrients and other valuable products A number of these technologies are currently under development or being tested at laboratory or pilot scale The perspective for blackwater nutrient recovery technologies is very positive due to their great potential For application of source-oriented sanitation infrastructure and systems there is still a long way to go for development of commercial technologies and valuable products Wastewater in the source separation sanitation system the K available from urine was approximately 1.68 million metric tons (with a similar mass available in feces) the K available from urine and feces could account for 22% of the total global K demand the available K from urine associated with the population increase only will increase to 2.16 million metric tons (with a similar mass available in feces) adequate treatment and final recycling of the nutrients TABLE 1. Calculated estimation of the yearly nutrients in urine and feces (source: Larsen et al., 2016; Malila et al., 2019; Otterpohl, 2002; Stintzing and Salomon, 2004) Applying source-separation systems in rural areas may enable the recovery of four times more K and over thirty times more N compared with those obtained in current wastewater treatment systems (Malila et al., 2019). Kjerstadius et al. (2017) used an attributional life cycle assessment to investigate the carbon footprint and potential for nutrient recovery of two sanitation systems for a hypothetical urban area in Southern Sweden The carbon footprint and nutrient recovery (P and N) results obtained revealed that the source separation system could increase nutrient recovery while decreasing the carbon footprint to a greater extent compared with the conventional system BW may provide not only a source of different valuable resources Nutrient recovery technologies for BW have drawn great concerns but are far from well development a overview of the characteristics of BW and different techniques to recover nutrients and other valuable products are given This work can also help researchers develop ideas concerning future research areas and make more informed decisions TABLE 2. Characteristics of feces found in the literature (source: Levitt and Duane, 1972; Otterpohl, 2002; Penn et al., 2018; Rose et al., 2015) Blackwater characteristics from different sewerage system For safe and clean nutrient recovery from BW multiple-step treatment processes are required the individual core processes employed in research or practical applications are presented firstly As urine and feces are collected separately in some specific systems the raw materials for nutrient recovery technologies include urine Processes for nutrient recovery by physicochemical means reported in the literature are summarized in Table 4 Physicochemical processes for blackwater treatment Although such processes have only been tested at the laboratory scale they also show great potential for practical applications in the near future The drying technology could be combined with non-sewered sanitation system to provide safe local discharge and efficient nutrient/energy recovery Biochar can also recovery nutrients and remove E. coli and faecal coliform bacteria from BW. Mamera et al. (2022) removed 89%–98% bacteria and recovered 68% N and 98% P from faecal sludge using pinewood biochar through different soil-bed biochar column Besides the adsorbate properties of biochar the solid content significantly impacts the efficiency of recovering nutrients from BW by biochar the studies on recovering nutrients from BW by biochar are still insufficient It generally act as additive for improving anaerobic digestion in terms of applying biochar in BW treatment Because of their low cost and easy operation and maintenance, biological treatment processes have been widely applied for BW, faecal sludge, or brown water treatment. Anaerobic digestion, composting, and partial nitrification processes are mainly used for nutrient recovery. Table 5 summerizes biological treatment processes Biological processes for blackwater treatment have been used for anaerobic digestion according to the characteristics of BW and hygienization demands Anaerobic digestion does not remove nutrients valuable as fertilizer and presents an appropriate BW treatment for the agricultural cycle when combined with safe pasteurization several factors drive the anaerobic digestion of BW within the scope of resource management sanitation: • Safe sanitation: The hazardous compounds in excreta which present serious dangers to public health • Production of biogas for cooking lighting and electricity: The produced biogas is a reliable renewable energy source • Nutrients recovery for agriculture: The residues of anaerobic digestion are valuable fertilizers • Water saving: The application of pour or low-flush technology reduces the consumption of high-quality drinking water BW can also be anaerobically co-digested with kitchen waste or other organic matter to improve the efficiency of biogas production (Gunnarsdóttir et al., 2014; Rajagopal et al., 2014; Hertel et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2020). The microbial community dynamics and inhibition effects of anaerobic digesters on BW have also been investigated (Gao et al., 2019a; Gao et al., 2019b) Measures to enhance anaerobic digestion, such as granular activated carbon-assisted digestion, biochar addition, and zero-valent Fe addition, have been investigated (Florentino et al., 2019; Pan et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2019). Mamera et al. (2022) figured out that biochar contributed to remove N the addtion of faecal sludge decreased the sludge settle-ability and reduced the average granular size More efforts are necessary to improve the efficiency and consistency for full-scal application Composting of human excreta from waterless toilets and the solid fraction or digestate of BW has been applied in practice. In cold regions, greenhouses could be used to keep a relatively constant ambient temperature for composting processes (Mahmood et al., 2015) Nitrification refers to the biological oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrite, followed by oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. Nitrification of urine can only oxidize half of the available ammonium until nitrification ceases due to low pH conditions and the absence of other relevant buffers at significant concentrations in urine (Maurer et al., 2006; Feng et al., 2008) Urine storage has been widely applied to hygenization and urine utilization as fertilizer at the household and residential levels in many countries, such as Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, China, and some African countries (Hanæus et al., 1997; Alemayehu et al., 2020) coli from BW treated with microalgae Chlorella vulgaris further researches on recovering nutrients from BW by algal-bacterial aerobic granular sludge are required and meaningful This paper summarizes and reviews currently available processes for nutrient recovery of BW, urine, and feces. In most cases, nutrient recovery requires a treatment system consisting of multiple steps not only for nutrient recovery but also for discharge control and removal of harmful substances (Kakimoto et al., 2007) A wide range of technological options are available for nutrient recovery from BW Depending on the overall goal of the resource-oriented treatment process a specific technical solution or combination of technologies may be determined to meet requirements most of the techniques developed thus far present different weaknesses that limit their practical applications Future BW treatment solutions will likely consist of a combination of treatment processes recovery of biogas energy by anaerobic digestion followed by recovery of N and P by struvite precipitation Source separation has shown to be advantageous for improving treatment capacity, food security, and efficiency; however, these systems are still immature and considered risky by professionals and, thus, scarcely implemented (McConville et al., 2017; Trimmer et al., 2019) Possible barriers to the practical application of these systems may include: • Unproven technologies in practices • Unproven cost benefit in comparison with conventional wastewater systems • Complex operations and maintenance • Lack of a source control collection system • Fluctuation of the target product value additional research is needed to improve or enhance existing processes and find promising process combinations with great effectiveness However, non-sewered sanitation system, that is not connected to a networked sewer, and collects, conveys, and fully treats BW to allow for safe reuse or disposal, is a practical option for BW treatment and resource recovery. Non-sewered sanitation system was awarded as one of the top 10 breakthrough technologies in 2019 by MIT Technology Review (Winick, 2019), seems a feasible solution for decentralized BW management (Cheng et al., 2022) The developed technologies are useful for such systems the perspective for resource-oriented BW management technologies is very positive due to their great potential More attention should be paid and more efforts should be spent to develop efficient technologies and improve the feasibility It provides clear evidence that resource-oriented technologies are very important tools for sustainable development and IJ discussed and edited the manuscript This study was supported by National Key Research and Development Plan (2019YFC0408700) MOST High-level Foreign Expert Project (G2022105016 and LG2022105013L) the USTB Research Center for International People-to-People Exchange in Science The authors would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere appreciation for the 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management of blackwater: A review Received: 26 October 2022; Accepted: 19 December 2022;Published: 05 January 2023 Copyright © 2023 Wang, Chen, Li, Cheng, Mang, Zheng, Jan and Harada. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use *Correspondence: Zifu Li, emlmdWxpQHVzdGIuZWR1LmNu; Shikun Cheng, Y2hlbmdzaGlrdW5AdXN0Yi5lZHUuY24= Get the latest news to your email inbox FREE! Detectives from Blackwater Criminal Investigation Branch have charged a 32-year-old Blackwater man with child sex offences following extensive investigations into […] © 2025 Central Queensland Media Pty Ltd. All rights reserved. Connecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas, Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information, news and insight around the world in a $1.1 billion deal that helps the Australian miner pay down the cost of acquiring the operation just a few months ago Nippon Steel Corp. will buy 20% of the Blackwater mine in Queensland state, while JFE Steel Corp. will purchase 10% the Australian miner said in a statement on Thursday The Japanese companies are already long-term buyers of Blackwater coal and the transaction is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2025.