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ABC News’ Leah Sarnoff reported Tuesday that “persistent rains and destructive flooding continue to wreak havoc in Brazil
Corn Belt crop and livestock producers with constant access to integrated information and expertise to better manage their farm businesses
Farmdoc&#39;s &#34;web-first&#34; Extension delivery model was born
and with it formed a team of faculty who agreed to place all of their Extension materials on the website and brand everything under the farmdoc umbrella
Chula Vista resident Leonardo Bauer is the executive chef at NOVO Brazil Brewing
Gauchos are traditional cowboys in regions across Southern Brazil with a unique culture and lifestyle
Their love for Southern Brazil culture and a cuisine focused on meat
gauchos have carried their long traditions found on family ranches for centuries
Bauer worked at the famed Brazilian-themed Fogo de Chao
Bauer has brought his gaucho culinary traditions to NOVO with his picanha
Bauer frequently travels between his home in Chula Vista and his family’s ranch and farm in Cachoeira do Sul
which shares a rich gaucho culture with its neighbors in Argentina and Uruguay since the 18th and 19th centuries
These skilled horsemen and cattle herders lived a nomadic lifestyle
roaming the grassy plains in search of grazing pastures for their livestock
Bauer said he was born in the small city in Southern Brazil
There are no waterfalls here,” he said laughing
His grandparents moved from Germany to Brazil during World War II
Southern Brazil gained many German and Italian immigrants
“That is where my passion for cooking and hospitality that we have from the oceans in Southern Brazil,” he said
“It is naturally something we do when we gather at home or have friends come over
That is what makes being in the restaurant business so easy because it is basically what I have done my whole life
I used to see my grandmother cook in a wood oven with cast iron pans
I know that it makes a lot of difference when you know where things come from
then harvest and bring them in the house and make them into food to feed the people.”
Bauer said he always had an interest in the horses
Angus cows for beef that were on his farm growing up
“I understand from my grandmother baking homemade bread and pastas from scratch
“I learned from the elders in the family how to cook these things in an older traditional way
they use drones to take care of the farm and the fields
It is nice putting that together and serving people here in the United States
providing the hospitality to make their experience great
Someone who has grown up on the range and has comfort with the farm and the animals is a different style of life
Growing up as a gaucho is a very different style of living
I think that made a big difference in the person that I became when I moved to California
Bauer was studying animal science in a public university in Brazil and in 2005 his university had a strike
so he used his German passport to come to California to learn more about the U.S
with the intention of staying for only a few months to enjoy and learn how to surf
He started working in the restaurant industry so he could buy better surf boards and a car
He did return to Brazil after three months
but after a month back home he told his family he was returning to California to also make a living here
“I started working at fancy restaurants in LA in Beverly Hills,” he said
and meeting many celebrities and working with renowned chefs
Bauer opened his first restaurant with his brother
sold the restaurant and he began working for Fogo de Chao in 2013
“All they talk about is the culture of the gauchos,” he said
“I worked with Fogo to learn more about restaurants
Fogo de Chao transferred Brauer to San Diego to open one of its first restaurant in this region
He then went back to LA to become a manager of the restaurants
he helped a friend open a steak house in Los Angeles
he was going to move back to San Diego or Hawaii
“Tiago Carneiro showed me his big project here in Chula Vista in Otay Ranch,” he said
with ‘handyman skills” continued working for NOVO
He helped them open its Ocean Beach location
and the Imperial Beach and Mission Valley locations
“It has been successful because every game
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Taking into account that the transport of grains can be carried out over long distances and that the mass of grains during transport often has high moisture content
there may be risks of heat and moisture transfer and heating of the grains mass
this study aimed to validate a method with probe system for real-time monitoring of temperature
relative humidity and carbon dioxide in the grain mass of corn during transport and storage to detect early dry matter losses and predict possible changes on the grain physical quality
The equipment consisted of a microcontroller
digital sensors to detect air temperature and relative humidity
a non-destructive infrared sensor to detect CO2 concentration
Real-time monitoring system determined early and satisfactorily in an indirect way the changes in the physical quality of the grains confirming by the physical analyses of electrical conductivity and germination
The equipment in real-time monitoring and the application of Machine Learning was effective to predict dry matter loss
due to the high equilibrium moisture content and respiration of the grain mass on the 2-h period
equaling the multiple linear regression analysis
there are few studies addressing the qualitative losses due to metabolic activity in the transport process as a possible influencer for the triggering and intensification of losses across the subsequent post-harvest operations
real-time monitoring of corn grain mass during transportation and the employment of predictive algorithms could help in the early detection and prediction of possible quantitative and qualitative losses of corn grains
this study aimed to validate a non-destructive technological system for real-time monitoring of temperature
and carbon dioxide in corn grain mass during transportation and storage as a function of different initial moisture content
in order to detect early losses of dry matter using Machine Learning algorithms and predict possible changes in the physical quality of the grains
</a>Block diagram of the monitoring operating system (A)
Connection of the components to the microcontroller using jumper cables (B)
Structural part of the probe for application in the grain mass (C)
Flowchart of the programming used for the operation of the monitoring system (D)
The equipment has its own power supply with three series-connected batteries
relative humidity and carbon dioxide sensors were placed in probes with different hole diameters (7.5
235 and 117.5 mm) and grain moisture content (12 and 16%)
The holes were drilled to allow air to enter and facilitate the sensors’ response
For setting the best fitting probe diameter and drilling height
one of the requirements was that they meet the two moisture content analyzed
After defining the hole diameter and drilling height that best suited the corn kernels
the equipment was validated in the laboratory
temperature and relative humidity sensors were placed in the probe at the higher
while the carbon dioxide sensor was placed in the center position
To perform the monitoring of the above-mentioned variables in the grain mass
the probe with the sensors was placed into a box built with plywood material (dimensions 0.2 × 0.2 × 1.8 m)
simulating the grain load profile in a transportation system
Sensor readings were taken until the values of temperature
relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration were stabilized
Representation of the grain mass profile (higher
center and lower positions) and the monitoring system (B)
Representation of the monitoring system and grain transportation (C)
where EMC—equilibrium moisture content (°C)
CO2—carbon dioxide concentration measured in the grain mass (%)
ρ—apparent specific mass of grains (kg m−3)
R—constante dos gases perfeitos (8.314 kJ kmol−1 K−1)
All analyses were performed on an Intel® CoreTM i5 CPU with 6 GB of RAM
Te experimental research and feld studies on plants and plant material were comply with local and national regulations
and international guidelines and legislation
Te authors complied with the IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora for the collection of plant or seed specimens
Te authors declare that no wild plants were collected and/or used in this scientifc work
</a>Temperature and relative humidity of corn grain mass with 12% (A)
25% (C) moisture contents in tube with holes of 6.5
7.0 and 7.5 mm and drilling heights of 117.5
CO2 concentration of corn grain mass with 12% (D)
25% (F) moisture contents in tube with holes of 6.5
The authors found that CO2 concentration was sensitively detected at a horizontal distance of 2 m from the hot spot
and 1 m from the hot spot in the vertical direction
the method of detecting CO2 concentration at multiple fixed points helped to more accurately quantify grain deterioration
and 30 °C and grain moisture contents of 14.0
The authors found that the respiration rate of corn increased with increasing grain temperature and moisture content
it had a greater effect on the diffusion pattern when measuring the effective CO2 diffusion coefficient
The effective CO2 diffusion coefficients ranged from 3.10 × 10–6 to 3.93 × 10–6 m2 s−1
which is justified by the scale of application
which was close to a real condition in grain volume
where a grain transportation system was simulated
and CO2 were monitored to determine the indirect physical quality of the grains with moisture contents of 12 and 16% in three vertical positions of the grain mass profile (higher
carbon dioxide (D) of the intergranular air in the corn grain mass at 12% moisture content (w.b.) over time
cotton and quinoa grains packed in airtight bags and traditional packaging materials
The authors observed that the moisture contents of the grain increased in the traditional packaging materials with increasing relative humidity
the storage of the grains in hermetic bags reduced the respiration of the mass of grains and the variation of the moisture contents
collaborating to the maintenance of the equilibrium moisture content of the grains in safe storage conditions
loss of dry matter (E) of the intergranular air in the corn grain mass at 16% moisture content (w.b.) over time
the greatest significant differences in CO2 concentrations were seen as a function of storage time and temperatures of 40 °C
15 and 17% moisture contents from 0.130 to 20.272 mg CO2/(kgdms)
</a>Evaluation of the cell structure of corn grains by the electrical conductivity test (A) and by the germination percentage (B) of corn grains with 12 and 16% moisture content (w.b.) over time
The electrical conductivity results reflected on the germination of the grains (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-32684-4#Fig6">6</a>B)
The percentage of germinated grains was lower in the higher position of the grain layer and mainly for the grains with moisture contents of 12%
provided heating and a higher respiratory intensity of the grain mass
mainly for the grains with moisture contents of 16%
the increase of the metabolic activity of grains with 16% of moisture content (hydrated) within 24 h of monitoring
collaborated to the increase of the percentage of germination when submitted to the test
It is noteworthy that the germination of grains is not desirable during transportation
the results obtained from germination are indicative of possible physical changes that can influence the final quality of the mass of grains
corn grains with initial moisture contents of 14.8 and 17.9% were packed in bags and stored at temperatures of 15
the concentrations of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were measured
and samples of the grains were taken for determining the moisture content
the loss of dry matter in corn grains stored with a 14.8% moisture content was approximately 3.5 times lower than that for the product stored with a 17.9% moisture content
a limit of 0.015% of loss of dry matter can be considered acceptable to maintain the integrity of the grains
the authors evaluated the quality of corn grains stored at temperatures of 5
and electrical conductivity indicated that the greatest changes were observed in grains stored at the highest temperatures
indicating that the safe storage time of grains under these conditions should be shorter when compared to storage at low temperatures
The analysis of the first two canonical variables gathered 98.4% of the total variation among treatments for the evaluated variables (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-32684-4#Fig7">7</a>A). In this biplot, treatments close to the Figure show high similarity. The vectors (arrows) point to the variables that most influenced the similarity of specific treatments.
</a>Analysis of the qualitative canonical variables of corn grains (A)
Pearson correlation analysis of the qualitative variables of corn grains (B)
Green lines link variables to positive correlation and red lines link negatively correlated variables
The thickness of the line is proportional to the correlation magnitude
we verified the formation of three distinct groups
with clear patterns of associations with most of the variables evaluated
The first group allocated the treatments 8
and 24 that stood out in relation to the LDM and CO2 variables
The second group gathered the treatments 1
12 with less variation in the variables T and EC
which did not stand out for any variable in a specific way
EMC and G did not stand out for any of the treatments
and 16% (w.b.) and temperatures of 25 °C and 40 °C
There were statistical differences (p-value &lt; 0.01) between the evaluated machine learning techniques regarding the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and mean absolute error (MAE) between the observed and estimated values for all the evaluated variables
</a>(A) Boxplot for Pearson correlation coefficient (r), and (B) mean absolute error (MAE) between observed and estimated values of apparent specific mass in corn grains by different machine learning models and inputs. Means followed by equal letters in the same column do not differ by the Scott–Knott test at 5% probability.
</a>(A) Boxplot for Pearson correlation coefficient (r)
and (B) mean absolute error (MAE) between observed and estimated values of electrical conductivity in corn grains by different machine learning models and inputs
Means followed by equal letters in the same column do not differ by the Scott–Knott test at 5% probability
</a>(A) Boxplot for Pearson correlation coefficient (r), and (B) mean absolute error (MAE) between observed and estimated values of germination in corn grains by different machine learning models and inputs. Means followed by equal letters in the same column do not differ by the Scott–Knott test at 5% probability.
and (B) mean absolute error (MAE) between observed and estimated values of loss of dry matter in corn grains by different machine learning models and inputs
Means followed by equal letters in the same column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability
Real-time monitoring of the variable temperature
and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the intergranular air determined early and satisfactorily in an indirect way the changes in the physical quality of the grains during transportation
confirmed by the physical analyses of electrical conductivity and germination
In the first two hours of corn grain transport under the conditions of 16% moisture content in the top position of the grain mass profile suffered the highest physical quality changes
due to the high equilibrium moisture content and respiration of the grain mass
The application of Machine Learning predictive algorithms predicted the quantitative and qualitative losses of corn grains during transportation
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files: code programation and highlights]
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request
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American Society of Agricultural Engineers
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The authors would like to thank UFSM-Federal University of Santa Maria (Research Group at Postharvest Innovation: Technology
This work and each organization’s of resources and scholarships was financially supported by CAPES (Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination)-Financial code 001
CNPq (National Council for Technological Scientific Development)
and FAPERGS-RS (Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio Grande do Sul) (2019-2022)
Paulo Carteri Coradi &amp; Lanes Beatriz Acosta Jaques
Larissa Pereira Ribeiro Teodoro &amp; Paulo Eduardo Teodoro
The authors declare no competing interests
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Agronomist Sergio Rubin kneels in a field of oats to remove some of the straw covering the soil
in what has been a winter marked by great fluctuations
Thermometers here in the state of Rio Grande do Sul hit 25C in mid-August – well above the average in the Brazil’s southernmost region – while on Rubin’s farm in Júlio de Castilhos
the previous week’s heavy rain had not yet evaporated from the soil
crumbly earth that had been seen here just months earlier
caused by one of the worst droughts in Rio Grande do Sul’s recent history
which lasted four years and destroyed a significant portion of the state’s soy crops.&nbsp;
Rubin plants oats as a cover crop to keep moisture and nutrients in the soil that will be sown with soy seeds in October
“The drought taught us that we can’t leave the soil bare,” explains the 65-year-old producer
“It always needs to be well nourished and protected with different mulches to keep moisture in.”
Soy is a key crop in Rio Grande do Sul, and its production had been climbing until the arrival of <a href="https://dialogue.earth/en/agriculture/370215-la-nina-ends-but-drought-exposes-deeper-problems-for-argentina/">La Niña</a> in mid-2020
which caused output to plummet in the following years
This climate phenomenon causes the waters of the Pacific Ocean to cool abnormally
this rare “triple-dip” La Niña event brought more rain to Brazil’s north and north-east regions
southern Brazil’s farmers are now facing a new set of challenges following the arrival of El Niño
this phenomenon causes an abnormal warming of the waters of the Pacific Ocean
bringing changes in the winds and increased rainfall in Rio Grande do Sul from spring – planting season
Rain is a determining factor in the success of a soy harvest
There are two crucial moments: germination
which takes place between January and February in the state
This second phase was particularly affected by the years under the influence of La Niña
when part of the crop did not even flower.&nbsp;
The first drop came in the 2019/20 harvest, which fell 41% compared to the previous period, from 19.5 million to 11.4 million tonnes harvested in the state, according to data from <a href="https://www.conab.gov.br/info-agro/safras/graos/boletim-da-safra-de-graos">CONAB</a>
Brazil’s agricultural supply and statistics agency
the drought gave way and the sector began to recover
as 9 million tonnes were harvested in 2021/22
In the last season under the influence of La Niña
production was 13 million tonnes – a level that had been surpassed in the past decade
following the expansion of plantations and an improvement in agricultural techniques.&nbsp;
Producers in Rio Grande do Sul had already <a href="https://atlassocioeconomico.rs.gov.br/estiagens-e-secas">dealt</a> with serious droughts – in 1985
But they couldn’t remember one as severe as the last four years
“I remember [a drought season] more than 30 years ago in which we harvested 19 bags per hectare
but [last year] never reached an average of 13 bags,” recalls producer Glenio Soldera
his farm’s productivity exceeds 65 bags per hectare
Soldera says he is one of the largest soy producers in Tupanciretã
a municipality in the centre of Rio Grande do Sul that is considered the state’s soy capital
the farmer recalls that though irrigation helped
it could not fully overcome the damage of the drought
“In areas with pivots [artificial irrigation systems]
we harvested 30 bags per hectare,” says Soldera
the fourth son of a family of farmers.&nbsp;
imposed export quotas to safeguard its domestic market
“It was the worst-case scenario: crop failure and an increase in the cost of production,” says Argemiro Brum, a professor in rural development at the Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul. A drought <a href="https://monitorestiagem.proclima2050.rs.gov.br/?page=Situa%C3%A7%C3%A3o&amp;views=Exibir-18">monitoring body</a> run by the state government estimated that more than 100,000 soy and corn farmers were affected by the four year-drought
“Brazil increased soy exports to China in 2022
even with the crop failure in Rio Grande do Sul
because of the harvests in Mato Grosso and Matopiba,” says Brum
using the name for the region comprised of the states of Maranhão
These states are covered by the Amazon and Cerrado biomes
A <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-022-00968-8">study</a> published in 2022 in Nature Sustainability revealed that the soy boom of the last 15 years has put pressure on sensitive biomes such as the Amazon. Grain crops currently occupy more than 5.8 million hectares, according to <a href="https://brasil.mapbiomas.org/2023/08/31/perda-de-vegetacao-nativa-no-brasil-acelerou-na-ultima-decada/">Mapbiomas</a>
“Soy in the Amazon accounted for 30% of the growth in commodity plantations in the country in the period,” agronomist Alencar Zanon
a professor at the Federal University of Santa Maria and one of the authors of the study
if Brazil does not abandon its model of land expansion built on deforestation
5.7 million additional hectares of savanna and forest could become farmland in the next 15 years.&nbsp;
Zanon points to another possibility: “Brazil could produce 1.7 tonne more soy per hectare a year by investing in sustainable practices to improve productivity without cutting down any trees or converting new areas.”
hinders the soy productivity potential in southern Brazil
“The lower amount and the bad distribution of rainfall in Rio Grande do Sul leave the state at a disadvantage compared to the Cerrado
climatologists are still debating the strength of El Niño
another climatic phenomenon that officially arrived in Brazil at the beginning of June
The National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet) expects it to be moderate to intense.&nbsp;
Rio Grande do Sul “should have a better chance of successfully exploiting the crop” than in recent seasons
a soy researcher at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) in Londrina
But everything depends on the distribution of rainfall in the region
intensified by climate change according to experts
In the region where Tupanciretã and Julio de Castilhos are located
250 millimetres of rain accumulated in just two days
almost twice the average level of precipitation in August
“There has already been a break in maize and wheat, which is in full bloom – and more rain is coming,” laments Glenio Soldera. In the Taquari Valley, east of the producing municipalities, at least <a href="https://www.estado.rs.gov.br/12h-apos-identificacao-de-corpo-chega-a-50-o-numero-de-mortos-nas-enchentes-do-vale-do-taquari">50 people died</a> in what is already considered the state’s biggest natural disaster in six decades
For the next harvest, with above-average rainfall forecast, according to Inmet bulletins, producers also need to watch out for plant diseases such as <a href="https://www.embrapa.br/soja/ferrugem">soybean rust</a>
as most of them tend to appear with an increase in humidity
“It’s a big problem when the humidity rises and the temperature doesn’t drop,” warns Farias
“Weed management practices and insects are also hampered by the frequency of rain
This can hinder management because you apply the product
but laments a difficult situation for producers often left to fend for themselves
“Not having [private] technical assistance is a very serious mistake
especially after four years of bad harvests,” says the producer
whose family history is intertwined with that of soy in the state
started planting in the 1980s on a small property of around 20 hectares
who shared the work with his five brothers.&nbsp;
Davi’s three children grew up in the countryside of Júlio de Castilhos
but were encouraged to study in Santa Maria
a university hub 65 kilometres from their hometown
Evandro graduated as an agronomist and worked for a technical consultancy company before joining the family in 2015 to manage four properties
where they plant 3,000 hectares of soy in the municipalities of Cachoeira do Sul
Júlio de Castilhos and Dilermando de Aguiar
and has been focused on preparing the soil after consecutive years of drought
This seemed to be a common concern among the producers Diálogo Chino spoke to.&nbsp;
“What we have to do is ensure that the soil is better able to conserve rainwater,” says Pedro Barcellos Alves
an agronomist and administrator from Tupanciretã
who is also working to ensure the health of his own crops.&nbsp;
Alves grows oats in the same way as Sérgio Rubin
“Each one has roots of different sizes that penetrate the soil
forming galleries through which water enters and is stored
a retired researcher from Rio Grande do Sul’s State Agricultural Research Foundation
where he worked on the genetic improvement of the commodity
Unprotected soil retains neither water nor nutrients
while some plant species protect the soil despite extreme phenomena
shouldenable the grain to ripen at the right time
quite different from what happened in the last year of drought
“Some of the grains harvested were still green
The plant was in so much trouble physiologically that it didn’t know if it was ripening or not,” he says.&nbsp;
some of the ill-fated La Niña-period crops are still in the silos drying out before they can be sold
Rio Grande do Sul soybean producers will hope that their fortunes will change by the next harvest – though as they are faced once more with unpredictable weather
Sílvia Lisboa is a journalist who has written for InfoAmazonia
Pedro Nakamura is a freelance investigative journalist
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<a href="/articles/s41598-022-06534-8/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics details</a>
The study had as objective to evaluate occupational hazards on grain storage unit to define a conceptual model
implemented in an algorithm to manage the grains storage facilities safety standards compliance
Sampling points location were defined for static quantification of noise
dust and heat stress hazards in grains pre-processing operations to indicate the effectiveness of the control measures implemented
Safety standards applied to grain handling and storage facilities were identified and selected
Chart flows were elaborated to the algorithm logics and conceptual modeling
The highest level of noise was present in the grain cleaning operation (99.1 dB)
while the expedition operation has the highest level of dust (20.27%)
The heat stress was present in the grain drying operation (43.64 WBGT)
Noise analysis did not show a difference between grains
The flow of corn grain mass caused higher dust concentrations in the expedition operation
The method applied to characterize and quantify the hazards in grain storage units was satisfactory
for use in corn and soybean grains handling and storage units
The algorithm to manage occupational safety at storage facilities collaborates to monitor the safety compliance on postharvest operations
The agribusiness value highlights the emphasis on actions aimed to prevent incidents and occupational diseases
evaluate and quantify occupational hazards at grain storage facility is fundamental
Given the importance of postharvest processes in agriculture
the objective of this study was to quantify and evaluate noise
dusts and heat occupational hazards on grain storage unit at unloading
drying and expedition processes and compare results between operations
that was used to define software architecture to manage the grains storage facilities safety standards compliance
The data were extracted from a Collector type Storage Unit
these kinds of storage unit receives the grains directly from the crops and provide pre-processing and storage services to various producers
In addition to receiving grains from different producers
this type of storage unit has the characteristic of containing throughout the harvest
a large flow of grains on the different pre-processing operations
The high grain flow can increase the occupational risks with dust
The grain storage unit pre-processes and stores grains of soybean and corn in bulk. The structure has operations for grains receiving, pre-cleaning, drying, cleaning, storage and shipping (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-022-06534-8#Fig1">1</a>A–B).
</a>Representation of the grains unloading and cleaning area (A)
The sampling points determined for the application of the methodologies for quantifying occupational hazards in the environment
aimed to represent centralization in the environments for receiving
which have circulation of workers in the execution of their tasks
the proposed configuration of points makes it possible to capture the noise distribution in the discharge and in the loading of grains in the transport vehicle
allowing to identify the stages of the operation that present greater noise intensity
The noise quantification in the grain unloading operation was carried out at the rear of the vehicle in unloading by means of hydraulic tipping equipment
at a height of 1.6 m in relation to the ground
For the dust quantification in the grain unloading operation
the equipment was positioned at a height of 1.6 m in relation to the ground
centralized in relation to the vehicle being unloaded and 3 m away from the rear of the vehicle
This positioning allows sampling of the dust concentration in the surroundings of the operation
The access gates to the environment remained open
The noise sampling points in the cleaning operation included the positions corresponding to the monitoring
the quantification occurred on the elevated platform of cleaning machine operation
at 1.6 m height in relation to the platform
the dust sampling equipment was positioned at a height of 1.6 m in relation to the ground and 2 m away from the front of the cleaning machines
The heat stress measuring equipment was installed in front of the furnace that is manually supplied with firewood
The installation height of the equipment was 1.2 m
which corresponds to the height of the furnace feeding opening and the height of the operator's chest
There were no obstacles between the equipment and the furnace
The noise quantification in the grain expedition operation took place on the platform where the operator performs the opening of the discharge bins by hatches
at a height of 1.6 m in relation to the platform
The sampling took place in 3 different positions corresponding to the initial
middle and final portions of the vehicle body being loaded
the dust sampling pump was positioned on the platform where the operator opens the discharge bins by hatches
The position was central in relation to the open spouts
The differential of this study is to approach the application of these methodologies
for the static environmental quantification of occupational hazards of noise
dust and heat stress in the grain storage unit and the definition of the critical points of sampling by grains unloading
the proposed standard may be employed in the evaluation of grain storage units
in order to determine the effectiveness of hazards control measures
with reference to the height of 1.6 m above the floor surface
The readings were performed during the workday
with the equipment facing the noise generating source
</a>Representation of noise data collection points (A)
noise collection points in top view of the grain receiving and cleaning area (B)
representation of dust data collection points (D)
representation of heat stress data collection points (E)
the sampling points included the positions around and in front of the machine
inspection and adjustments of the machine and also for waste collection
It is important to quantify when only one machine is in operation
due to the smaller flow of grains in pre-processing and when all machines are in joint operation
as it is expressed in a logarithmic function
from the platform that the operator performs the opening of the discharge spouts
these being: in the initial portion of the vehicle body (E1)
closest to the vehicle cabin; in the vehicle's average body position (E2); and
This configuration of noise quantification points makes it possible to capture the grain load distribution uniformly in the transport vehicle
cleaning with one machine and cleaning with two machines and shipping) and types of grain (corn and soybeans)
Lower Confidence Limit (LIC) and Upper Confidence Limit (LSC)
Noise quantification was performed for operations related to bulk corn and soybean
being in the months of August and September 2019 for soybean and in January 2020 for corn
The noise readings were executed in two conditions
The first evaluation considers only one cleaning machine activated and the second evaluation comprises two machines in operation at the same time
The grain dust quantification was performed in the operations of corn grains unloading in the hopper
corn grains cleaning and corn and soybean grains expedition
Samples for the quantitative assessment of total dust were carried out on random days
over the period of corn receiving and cleaning and the soybean and corn expedition
A sampling pump Gilair 34 (Sensidyne Industrial Health &amp; Safety Instrumentation
USA) and flow calibrator 4146 (TSI Incorporated
USA) were used collection device and hoses
The sampling pump was calibrated for a flow rate of 1.5 L/min and positioned by means of a metallic support
with the equipment being positioned at a fixed point
in order to determine the effectiveness of the control measures
The time taken to collect the dust samples in the grain unloading process at the hopper corresponded to the grains unloading from one vehicle; in the grains cleaning process
it corresponded to the loading of grains in one vehicle
the sampling pump was positioned centrally
3 m away from the rear of the unloading vehicle
the equipment was positioned 2 m away from the front of the cleaning machines
Finally, in the grain expedition process, the sampling pump was positioned on the platform where the operator performs the opening of the discharge spouts, in a central position in relation to the open spouts (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-022-06534-8#Fig2">2</a>D)
This configuration of dust quantification points makes it possible to capture the dispersion of dust around the operation being performed
The laboratory sent the filter holders (cassettes)
with a flow rate from 1 L / min to 2 L / min
with the respective PVC membrane filters of 5 μm pore
37 mm in diameter and 4 mm diameter orifice for the entry of air
The results obtained, by process and by product, were treated statistically<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 43" title="Leidel, N. A., Busch, K. A., &amp; Lynch, J. A. Occupational exposure sampling strategy manual. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) EUA (1977)." href="/articles/s41598-022-06534-8#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d338245040e814">43</a>
recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)
and compared to the tolerance limit established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
for total cereal dust and particles not otherwise specified (PNOS)
The natural wet bulb thermometer reservoir was filled with distilled water and the cotton wick was immersed
The temperature readings were taken after the passage of 20 min
considering the installation of the device in the environment
The furnace door remained closed during the firing and was only opened for refueling
in order to allow stabilization of the measurement set and data collection
the sensor bar was removed from the instrument and positioned on the tripod
the instrument being handled by means of a remote cable at a distance of 3 m
The period of 60 continuous minutes was evaluated
corresponding to the most unfavorable thermal overload condition during the working day
A digital stopwatch was used to determine the length of stay of the worker in each thermal situation
The duration of each identified physical activity was determined by timings
obtained by observing the worker activities performance
As in most storage units where the drying process uses a furnace
it is manually supplied with wood and the activity includes the search for combustible material in an open environment
the activities performed by the worker correspond to the furnace supply; followed by a period of rest and rehydration; the grains sampling in the drying process
both in the same environment where the furnace is located; and the search for firewood
which consists of bringing it in a wheel hand cart from an external environment
Initially, we performed the analysis of canonical variables to verify the interrelationship between the variables evaluated (noise and dusts) and the postharvest pre-processing and storage conditions of unloading, cleaning and expediting (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41598-022-06534-8#MOESM1">S1</a>)
This technique is similar to main components
but it allows considering the residual variation between repetitions of the same treatment (processing condition in this case)
we estimated Pearson's correlation coefficients to verify the association between variables in processing conditions
We used the correlation network to graphically express the results
green lines link variables with positive correlation and red lines join negatively correlated variables
The line thickness is proportional to the magnitude of the correlation
it becomes important to apply a method of assessing the level of occupational safety regulation compliance for grain storage facilities
identifying the regulatory requirements in conformity and non-conformity
in order to ensure the safety management and the standards compliance
</a>Chart flow to algorithm development on rural company safety management (A)
chart flow to algorithm development on rural company safety structure (B)
chart flow to algorithm development on safety at confined space (C)
chart flow to algorithm development on safety at machinery and equipment (D)
chart flow to algorithm development on safety at work at height (E)
chart flow to algorithm development on noise measurement (F)
chart flow to algorithm development on dust measurement (G)
chart flow to algorithm development on heat stress measurement (H)
the concept of algorithm comprises four screens set
reports screens and action follow-up screens
The register screens are to register users
the process machinery and equipment and the selected safety standards
The verification screens are to verify the conformity with safety standards, the verification could be by grain handling and storage facility, process, machinery and equipment, standard or by standard item (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-022-06534-8#Fig4">4</a>).
The reporting screens are to report the items compliant and non-compliant and the compliance percentage by grain handling and storage facility
there are reports related to actions follow up
The actions follow-up screens are to assign actions to solve non-compliant items
how much should be the investment ad how will be implemented
</a>Noise level measurement on Upper Confidence Limit (UCL)
average and Lower Confidence Limit (LCL) at corn unloading (A)
corn cleaning with one machine (B) operation
corn cleaning with two machines (C) operation
corn expedition (D) and soybean expedition (E)
during the corn grains unloading from the transport vehicle to the hopper
the beginning of corn grains unloading (I1) obtained the highest noise result
The statistical analysis showed that the lower confidence limit was higher than the tolerance limit of 85 dB (A)
there is a 95% probability that the exposure at the beginning of the grains unloading is non-compliant
the maximum allowable daily exposure in an eight-hour working day is 85 dB (A)
and the exposure should be reduced as the sound pressure level increases
the measurements taken in the middle and at the end of the discharge vehicle generated an upper confidence limit below the tolerance limit
which leads to a 95% probability that this is an exposure in accordance with the tolerance limit of 85 dB (A)
established by the Brazilian Regulatory Standard NR 9
it is necessary to adopt noise monitoring and control measures
the noise dose to which the worker is exposed when carrying out the activity of corn grains unloading was calculated
which includes the tasks of: (a) waiting for the vehicle to enter the hopper area; (b) the vehicle's entrance; (c) making adjustments
such as opening and closing the truck body
among others; (d) unloading the grains; and
the noise level and the respective tolerance limit
in which case the calculated noise dose is 0.79 and the equivalent noise level (TWA) is 84 dB (A)
a value that does not exceed the tolerance limit
but it reaches the action level given by NR 9
in which it is necessary to adopt risk monitoring and control measures
the results of quantified sound pressure level when only one machine is activated (C1)
showed an average value of 92.1 dB (A) and standard deviation of 1.862
The calculation of the lower confidence limit indicated a result higher than the tolerance limit
that the exposure to noise is non-compliant
The individualized results of the noise quantification on the operator platform
in front of the machine and on its right and left sides also indicated average values above 90 dB (A)
with the highest noise value on the operator platform
it was considered the time that the worker spends during the daily work day journey
performing the tasks related to the operation of a cleaning machine
in addition to other tasks that the operator can do
The calculated noise dose is 2.17 and the equivalent noise level (TWA) is 88.4 dB (A)
the two cleaning machines working together noise level (C2) was quantified
the average noise was 93.5 dB (A) and the standard deviation was 2
This result characterizes an exposure above the tolerance limit
The noise dose calculated for the exposure during the entire working day in the operation of the two machines is 3.19 and the equivalent noise level (TWA) is 90 dB (A)
noise attenuation measures at its source or in its trajectory are recommended
while noise mitigation measures are implemented
the operator time of exposure to the hazard could be reduced or limited
alternating the operation of cleaning machines with the execution of other activities in an environment with the noise level below the noise tolerance limit
The expedition operation (E) was quantified in relation to noise for corn and soybean grains
E2 and E3 showed increasing as they approach the additional noise source
The task of entering the vehicle in the expedition area and the point located in the front of the vehicle showed values above the tolerance limit
the noise dose to which the operator is exposed was calculated when carrying out the activity of corn grains expedition during the entire working day journey
which includes the tasks of: (a) waiting for the vehicle to enter the dispatch area; (b) the vehicle's entrance; (c) making adjustments
such as closing the openings in the vehicle body
among others; (d) filling the vehicle body with grains; and
(e) leaving the vehicle from the expedition area
In the daily workday 41 work cycles are possible and
the calculated noise dose is 0.79 and the equivalent noise level (TWA) is 84 dB (A)
a value that does not exceed the limit of tolerance
but reaches the action level given by NR 9
and it is necessary to adopt risk monitoring and control measures
it is worth mentioning that the vehicle remains activated throughout the grain loading period
In carrying out this study in the storage unit
it can be seen that there is no established hearing conservation program
and the use of hearing protectors has not been evidenced
Measures to mitigate occupational noise at the source or in the path include acoustic insulation of walls and/or ceilings
redistribution of the arrangement of machines and equipment in the environment
Enclosure can be carried out by means of booths or acoustic barriers
Silencers can also be used to prevent airborne noise from being dissipative or resonant
Another very important point is the proper maintenance with repairs and replacement of parts that are causing the noise
finally to replacing the machine with a soundless one
which are efficient in determining hazard zones and serve to make decisions
The first map was created with only one grains cleaning machine activated (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-022-06534-8#Fig6">6</a>A), in which the maximum value was 94.4 dB (A). The blue curves represent the areas in which the tolerance limit has not been exceeded. However, analyzing the environment, there are no places with values below the control level of 80 dB (A), the lowest value being 82.3 dB (A).
</a>Noise level map measurement results at grain unloading and cleaning area with one machine (A) operation and two machines operation (B)
comprises the location of the grain elevator
which is activated together with the cleaning process
in order to promote the transport of the product to the cleaning machines
this equipment is an additional source of noise
Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-022-06534-8#Fig6">6</a>B was constituted with the two grains cleaning machines
The noise readings are higher than 85 dB (A) and reach 99.1 dB (A)
proving to be an unsafe environment in all sampled points
Readings above 90 dB (A) advance to the vicinity of half the building
including the unloading area and the grain elevator area
This configuration of equipment disposition is common to be found in the storage units
hoppers and cleaning machines located in the same environment
with the use of grain elevators to transport them from one operation to the other
</a>Total dust measurement on Upper Confidence Limit (UCL)
corn expedition (C) and soybean expedition (D)
The corn grains unloading process showed dust quantified values above the tolerance limit
with the Lower Confidence Limit (LIC) value greater than 1
confirming the hypothesis of non-compliance
in which the tolerance limit is exceeded with 95% certainty
after carrying out the statistical treatment of the data
it was calculated that the probability of the dust exposure in the corn unloading process is 100% of the workdays
The result of non-compliance was also observed in the corn grains cleaning process
and from the statistical treatment of the data
there is a probability of the dust exposure in 85.08% of the workdays
Regarding to corn grains expedition process
with the tolerance limit being exceeded with 95% certainty
Through the statistical treatment of the data
it was found that the probability of the dust exposure is 90.66% of the workdays
the dust concentration generated during the expedition process presented results were the concentrations were lower than those quantified in the corn expedition
but the concentration exceeded the tolerance limit
the probability of dust exposure obtained in the soybean grains expedition process is 93.19% of the workdays
more than 90% of the Ohio farmers reported using any kind of respiratory protection during grain handling work
highlighting the importance of system efficiency and sizing
by the Wet Bulb Globe Thermometer Index (WBGT)
considered the exposure cycle in the wood supply to the furnace
the calculation of the metabolic rate weighted average
relative to the physical activities performed by the worker
in the same 60 min considered in the calculation of the metabolic rate
Considering the limits established in NR 15
this occupational exposure does not exceed the tolerance limit
which is up to 30.3 °C of WBGT for a metabolic rate of 197 W
in which the operator monitors the operation of the equipment
Such fact may have been the differential in the thermal overload presented in the activities performance
</a>Canonical variables (A) for noise in corn (NC)
relative air humidity (RHA) and air temperature (AT) evaluated in different processing conditions (P)
Person's correlation network (B) between the variables noise in corn (NC)
relative air humidity (RHA) and air temperature (AT) evaluated in different processing conditions
with the same behavior especially with regard to relative air humidity
whose highest values were obtained in grain unloading and cleaning pre-processing operations
The grain cleaning condition P6 stood out among the others for obtaining the highest values of noise for corn and soybean
It is possible to observe 4 distinct groups with different behaviors
without influence of the analyzed variables
P11 and P12 with little influence of the air temperature and the lowest noise levels
which correspond to the grain unloading and grains expedition operations
Clusters P2 and P10 stood out for presenting the highest values of dust for corn and soybean
cluster P6 represents the grains cleaning operation
with the highest values of occupational noise
the inversely proportional influence of the relative air humidity in the presence of dust
the higher the values relative to the dust concentration in the environment
the air temperature does not show much influence on the dust concentration
has a direct influence on the occupational noise level and the air temperature has an inversely proportional influence on the noise level
cleaning showed the highest level of occupational noise
the highest concentration of dust is in the operation of corn grains expedition
This fact occurs due to the grain cleaning process mechanization and the simultaneous movement of a larger amount of dry grains during the expedition process
which generates a higher dust concentration
the operation that presented the lowest values for occupational noise is grains expedition
but with higher values related to dust concentration
the height of grains displacement fall is lower
when compared to the operation of grain unloading from the transport vehicle to the hopper
the values of total dust in the grain unloading are lower than in the grain expedition
because in unloading operation the grains have moisture content higher than in the expedition operation
The generated Pearson correlation network is contained in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-022-06534-8#Fig8">8</a>B
The most expressive correlation (r = 0.91 and p-value &lt; 0.05) occurred between noise in corn and noise in soybean in a positive way
The other variables showed low magnitude correlations
whose values were not significantly different from zero by the t-test (p value &gt; 0.05)
</a>Algorithm simplified to manage occupational safety at grain handling and storage facilities chart flow.
</a>Algorithm detailed to manage occupational safety at grain handling and storage facilities chart flow.
</a>Algorithm to manage occupational safety at grain handling and storage facilities register screens
Noise and dust were characterized as occupational hazards in the pre-processing and storage operations for corn and soybean grains
and it is important to adopt hazards control and mitigation measures
The grains cleaning and expedition operations were considered to be the operations that present the higher occupational hazard of noise and dust in grain storage units
The sampling points determined in the operations of grains unloading
drying and expedition characterized the occupational hazards of noise
dust and heat stress present in the grain storage unit
Noise analysis did not show a difference between grains (corn and soybean)
being the grains cleaning operation the most critical point
Dust was the higher occupational hazard observed in the grains storage unit flow
The flow of corn grain mass with low water content
in the pre-processing and storage operations
caused higher dust concentrations in the expedition operation
In the environment of the pre-processing and storage operations
the relative air humidity variable had a higher influence on the dust concentration and occupational hazard increase
The heat stress hazard was the higher occupational hazard present in the grain drying operation
It was concluded that the proposed evaluation and the method applied to characterize and quantify the noise
dust and heat stress hazards in grain storage units were satisfactory
Bearing in mind that until today there is no recommendation for a sampling plan that identifies the location of the data collection points and application of occupational hazards assessments for the control and monitoring
in conjunction with the norms and guidelines of the countries or region
The Algorithm to manage occupational safety at grain handling and storage facilities is a simple and practical tool to identify and monitor the safety compliance on postharvest operations
The experimental research and field studies on plants and plant material were comply with local and national regulations
The authors complied with the IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora for the collection of plant or seed specimens
The authors declare that no wild plants were collected and/or used in this scientific work
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The authors would like to thank UFSM (Federal University of Santa Maria)-Research Group at Postharvest Innovation: Technology
CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel)
CNPq (National Council for Scientific Technological Development)
FAPERGS-RS (Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio Grande do Sul) for their contributions to the development research project
and laboratories for carrying out the experiments
Sabrina Dalla Corte Bellochio &amp; Paulo Carteri Coradi
Laboratory of Postharvest-Research Group at Postharvest Innovation: Technology
Paulo Carteri Coradi &amp; Marcos Alves dos Santos
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06534-8
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Obtaining soybean genotypes that combine better nutrient uptake
higher oil and protein levels in the grains
and high grain yield is one of the major challenges for current breeding programs
To avoid the development of unpromising populations
selecting parents for crossbreeding is a crucial step in the breeding pipeline
our objective was to estimate the combining ability of soybean cultivars based on the F2 generation
aiming to identify superior segregating parents and populations for agronomic
Field experiments were carried out in two locations in the 2020/2021 crop season
Leaf contents of the following nutrients were evaluated: phosphorus
Agronomic traits assessed were days to maturity (DM) and grain yield (GY)
fiber and ash contents were also measured in the populations studied
There was a significant genotype × environment (G × A) interaction for all nutritional traits
The parent G3 and the segregating populations P20 and P27 can be used aiming to obtain higher nutritional efficiency in new soybean cultivars
The segregating populations P11 and P26 show higher potential for selecting soybean genotypes that combine earliness and higher grain yield
The parent G5 and segregant population P6 are promising for selection seeking improvement of industrial traits in soybean
in a study to classify soybean genotypes for industrial variables
they found a strong positive correlation between oil and protein contents
Diallel studies carried out to establish segregating populations in soybean predominantly evaluate agronomic traits (plant height
Research seeking to understand the inheritance of agronomic traits together with nutritional (macro and micronutrient contents) and industrial traits (such as protein and oil contents) in soybean is scarce
The objectives were: (i) to select parents and segregating populations for nutritional
and industrial traits in soybean and (ii) to understand the relationship between these traits
There was a significant effect of genotypes (p-value &lt; 0.05) for the nutritional contents of P and Mg (Table S1)
GCA effect was significant only for Mg content
while SCA effects were significant for P and Mg content
Environment effects (E) were significant for all nutrient contents
Genotypes by environments interaction (G × E) and SCA × E were significant for all nutritional contents
Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-45271-4#Tab1">1</a> shows the grouping of means among the genotypes for the levels of macronutrients evaluated
Segregating population P1 stood out by presenting the highest mean levels of K
The populations P4 and P5 stood out by obtaining the highest means of P
Except for the Mg content in Chapadão do Sul
the population P20 and the parent G7 had the highest averages for all macro-nutrients evaluated
The grouping of means for the micronutrient contents are shown in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-45271-4#Tab2">2</a>
The segregant population P7 stood out by obtaining higher means for Cu and Zn in Aquidauana and Fe
The population P21 stood out by having higher Cu and Mn means in Aquidauana and Fe in Chapadão do Sul
There were significant effects of genotypes and SCC (p-value &lt; 0.05) for grain yield (Table S2)
Environmental effects (E) were significant for DM and GY
GCA × E and SCA × E interactions were significant for DM
Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-45271-4#Tab3">3</a> contains the grouping of means for the agronomic traits DM and GY
The G1 parent showed the highest mean for DM in Aquidauana
P19 and parents G2 and G7 showed higher means for DM in both sites
G6 and G8 obtained the highest DM means in Chapadão do Sul
There was significant effects of genotypes (G) and environments (E) (p-value &lt; 0.05) for the industrial traits PC and OC (Table S3)
There were significant GCA and SCA effects for OC
G × E and SCA × E interaction were significant for all the evaluated traits
GCA × E interaction was significant for all traits except AC
Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-45271-4#Tab4">4</a> contains the grouping of means for the industrial traits
The segregant population P16 obtained the highest means for PC in Chapadão do Sul
The parents G2 and G5 and segregant populations P10
P15 and P20 obtained higher means for PC in both sites
The segregant population P24 obtained higher means for FC in both environments
Populations P13 and P17 obtained higher AC in both environments evaluated
The G3 parent stood out for contributing positive values to the contents of K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn in both evaluated environments (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-45271-4#Tab5">5</a>)
except for Fe levels in Aquidauana and Mn in Chapadão do Sul
except for K levels in Chapadão do Sul and Ca in Aquidauana
SCA estimates for macronutrient contents evaluated in the F2 segregating populations of soybean are shown in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-45271-4#Tab6">6</a>
Population P7 stood out for presenting positive estimates for the contents of P
except for the K levels in Chapadão do Sul
P20 also presented positive estimates for these traits
Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-45271-4#Tab7">7</a> contains CEC estimates for micronutrient levels evaluated in F2 segregating populations
Population P7 stood out for presenting positive estimates for Cu
Population P13 presented positive estimates for all micronutrients except for Fe in Aquidauana and Zn in Chapadão do Sul
Population P15 presented positive estimates for all micronutrients at both locations except for Mn
For the GCA of the DM trait (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-45271-4#Tab8">8</a>)
the parent G3 stood out for presenting negative values at both evaluated locations
the parents G6 and G8 presented positive GCA estimates for this trait in Aquidauana and Chapadão do Sul
The segregating populations P1 and P15 stood out by presenting positive SCC estimates for the traits days to maturity and grain yield (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-45271-4#Tab9">9</a>)
Other populations that deserve to be highlighted are P11
P12 and P26 for presenting negative estimates for DM in both locations
as well as positive GCA estimates for grain yield
The parent G5 stood out by contributing positive values for all industrial traits in both locations (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-45271-4#Tab10">10</a>)
Segregant populations P1, P24, P25, P26 and P27 stood out by showing positive estimates of protein content for both environments (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-45271-4#Tab11">11</a>)
The segregant population P6 showed positive estimates for protein and oil content in Aquidauana and Chapadão do Sul
The population P11 obtained positive estimates for oil and fiber in both locations and ash in Aquidauana
The segregant population P19 obtained positive estimates for oil and ash contents in both locations evaluated
GCA was defined by Sprague and Tatum (1942) as the mean behavior of a parent line across a series of hybrid combinations
and this behavior results from the additive gene effect of the alleles
These authors defined the SCA as the vigor of a cross compared to that expected by the estimated GCA of the parents used in hybridization
which is determined by dominance genetic effects (complete or partial) and or epistasis
the physical–chemical properties of the soil are important factors for the occurrence of significant genotype × environment interaction
Besides the need to obtain more productive cultivars
it is necessary to spend more on fertilizers
Adopting nutrient-efficient genotypes is a strategy
aiming to save costs and prevent environmental impacts
classified the cultivars studied into four groups: efficient and responsive
The authors found that selecting P-use efficient cultivars in an environment with low availability of this nutrient favored the selection of cultivars responsive to the nutrient
may result in degradations that lead to nutritional disorders in plants
selecting genotypes containing higher levels of micronutrients is crucial for breeding programs
The parents G3 and G8 and the populations P7
and P15 stood out for their relationship with micronutrients
selecting efficient genotypes in micronutrient uptake and metabolization makes the plant require a reduced amount of nutrients and have the same performance as the others to grow adequately in areas with nutrient limitations
and P26 showed positive values for grain yield
with P11 and P26 showing the highest means
found protein contents ranging between 33.4% and 35.1%
it is known that fiber levels have decreased over the years due to the increase in oil content
the oil content tends to decrease by selecting genotypes for higher protein content
the genotypes that stood out for the industrial variables should be used further in the breeding process
seeking to improve such traits simultaneously with the other characteristics of interest in the breeding pipeline
The parents and segregating populations showed distinct responses for selecting nutritional
These genotypes should be monitored in the breeding process because they guide the breeders toward what they want to improve and attempt to achieve genotypes containing one or more traits of interest in a soybean cultivar
Seeking to identify segregating parents and populations of soybean that get better characteristics regarding the uptake and metabolism of nutrients
our study aimed to identify this genetic variability between parents and populations through a diallel analysis
Our findings reveal that the parent G3 and the segregating populations P20 and P27 can be used for improved nutritional efficiency in new soybean cultivars
The segregating populations P11 and P26 show higher potential for selecting genotypes combining early maturity and high grain yield
The parent G5 and segregant population P6 are promising for selection seeking to improve industrial traits in soybean
All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines with relevant institutional
Cultivation of the F1 hybrids was carried out in the greenhouse
The hybrids were sown in 3 L plastic pots (0.4 m of height and 0.3 m of width) and
after identification of the hybrid plants characterized by the purple color of the hypocotyl
Pest and disease control was performed according to technical recommendations for the crop using 2 L of soil in each pot
</a>Location of experiments in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)
the trial was carried out at the experimental field of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul
with mean annual rainfall of 1850 m and mean annual temperature of 20.5 °C
the soil of the experimental area was classified as a sandy-textured Red Dystrophic Argissolo
with the following chemical properties: pH (CaCl2) = 6.2; organic matter = 19.7 (g dm−3); P = 67.5 (mg dm−3); H + Al = 3.2; K = 32.0 (mg dm−3); Ca = 3.30 (cmolc dm−3); Mg = 2.10 (cmolc dm−3); cation exchange capacity (CEC) = 5.1 (cmolc dm−3); base saturation (V) = 45.0%
The soil of the experimental area in Chapadão do Sul was classified as Red Dystrophic Latossolo
and has the following chemical properties: pH (CaCl2) = 4.8; organic matter = 17.6 (g dm−3); P = 5.0 (mg dm−3); H + Al = 5.3; K = 69.0 (mg dm−3); Ca = 1.6 (cmolc dm−3); Mg = 0.5 (cmolc dm−3); cation exchange capacity (CEC) = 7.6 (cmolc dm−3); base saturation (V) = 30.0%
liming was performed on the soil of both experimental areas to raise the base saturation to 60%
the experiments were implemented adopting a tillage system with one plowing and two harrowing (crusher and leveling harrows)
Row opening and fertilization were mechanized with a five-row seeder spaced at 0.45 m between rows
The base fertilizer used was 300 kg ha−1 of the 04-14-08 NPK formulation
Seeding was performed manually by distributing 15 seeds per meter
Seeds were treated with fungicide (Pyraclostrobin + Methyl Thiophanate) and insecticide (Fipronil)
at a rate of 200 mL of the commercial product for every 100 kg of seeds to protect against the attack of pests and soil fungi
the seeds were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium spp
bacteria using a rate of 200 mL of concentrated liquid inoculant for every 100 kg of seeds
Crop management was performed according to the needs of the soybean crop. Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-45271-4#Fig2">2</a> shows the weather conditions during the experiment.
</a>Weather conditions during the 2019/2020 crop season in the municipalities of Aquidauana (left) and Chapadão do Sul (right)
A randomized block design was used with two repetitions, eight parents (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-45271-4#Tab1">1</a>) and 28 F2 populations (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-45271-4#Tab2">2</a>)
The plots consisted of one three-meter row
with 0.45 m spacing between rows and a density of 15 plants m−1
This size was adopted due to the limited quantity of seeds from the crosses carried out so that the genotypes could be evaluated in two locations
we used the third fully developed leaf from the plant's apex
considered diagnostic for soybean nutritional analysis
where most metabolic processes responsible for energy acquisition occur
Twenty-five leaves with petioles were collected from each experimental unit
The nutritional contents of macronutrients were expressed in g kg−1
while micronutrients were expressed in mg kg−1
Agronomic traits evaluated were: days to maturity (DM) and grain yield (GY
DM corresponded to the days between emergence and maturation of more than 50% of plants in each experimental unit
GY was evaluated by harvesting the central 2 m of each plot and correcting for 13% moisture
%) contents in F2 populations was performed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (Metrohm
Grain samples were homogenized and placed in a sampling dish
The analysis was based on illuminating a sample with a specific radiation wavelength in the near-infrared region and then measuring the difference between the amount of energy emitted by the spectroscope and reflected by the sample to the detector (AOAC
This difference was measured in several bands
The output was compared with a calibration set and expressed as a percentage
a joint analysis of variance was performed in Genes software according to the statistical model described below:
wherein: Yijk is the observation in the k-th block
evaluated in the i-th genotype and j-th environment; µ is the overall mean of the experiments; B/Ejk is the effect of the block k within the environment j; Gi is the effect of the i-th genotype considered as fixed; Aj is the effect of the j-th environment taken as random; GxAij is the random effect of the interaction between genotype i and environment j; eijk is the random error associated with Yijk
wherein: Yij is the mean of the crossbreeding between the i-th line from group 1 and the j-th line from group 2; µ is the overall mean of the diallel; gi is the general combining ability of the i-th line from group 1; gj is the general combining ability of the j-th line from group 2; sij is the specific combining ability between the lines from groups 1 and 2; eij is the mean experimental error
following the procedures recommended by Cruz et al
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The authors would like to thank the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS)
National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)—Grant numbers 303767/2020-0
and Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino
Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT) to numbers 88/2021
of Higher Education Personnel—Brazil (CAPES)—Financial Code 001
Dthenifer Cordeiro Santana &amp; Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS)
State University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS)
contributed with a critical review of the manuscript
All authors read and approved the final manuscript
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45271-4
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Drying and storage methods are fundamental for maintaining the grain quality until processing
the aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of the drying temperature with storage systems and conditions as a strategy for preserving the quality of maize grain postharvest on laboratory and field scales
An increase in temperature accelerated the reduction in grain moisture
The wetting during the storage period reduced the grain quality
Hermetic and aerated storage systems maintained the chemical quality of the grains
The control with healthy and whole corn dried at 80 °C and stored in silos with natural aeration provided a satisfactory quality
equivalent to those of controlled drying and storage under airtight conditions and at low temperatures
Different conditions of drying and storage of corn on the laboratory and field scales were evaluated
which provides an appropriate management of these operations to maintain the grain quality
choosing the best drying and storage alternatives and monitoring system according to the region can minimize the losses
this study was carried out to understand the drying kinetics and effects on the quality of corn kernels at high temperatures associated with the storage with different technologies
The aim was to evaluate the association of drying temperatures with the technology and storage conditions as a strategy for preserving the quality of maize grain postharvest on laboratory and field scales
Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-020-78914-x#Fig1">1</a> shows the drying curves of corn, which describe the time required to reach the desired storage water content (&lt; 12%). The main differential of the process was the increase in the drying air temperature.
The analysis of the bulk density showed that the increase in storage time reduced the grain mass in all forms of storage
The worst density results were observed in storage silos without an aeration system
The airtight storage best preserved the initial weight of the grains (thousand grain weight) over time
followed by the storage system in sacks and storage silo with an aeration system
the determination of the apparent density is an evaluation criterion for product quality and helps determine market prices
The apparent density also corresponds to the weight of the grain mass contained in given volume
and thousand kernel weights is considered of importance for studies involving heat and mass transfer and air movement in granular masses
these data are basic parameters for the study of drying conditions and storage of agricultural products and consequently facilitate the prediction of loss of quality of the material until the time of marketing
Both wheat and oat exhibited no significant variations in germination percentage
while the corn kernels exhibited a significant decrease after five years of storage
Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-020-78914-x#Tab4">4</a> shows significant changes (P &lt; 0.05) in the water content
and acid value of the corn grains as a function of the grain shape
An increase in water content over the storage time was observed
The storage with aeration and low-quality grains (broken) led to a larger increase in water content
while no difference between the types of grains in the storage without aeration was observed
batch-to-batch consistency of corn prevailed upon increasing the water content
which could be observed in lots of whole grains and broken grains
a higher increase in water level in the broken grains was observed
The factor of largest variation in terms of water content was the storage form
although the grains stored in the hermetic system maintained the quality
the variations in water content were similar
the effects of the storage environment prevailing with respect to the quality of the grains were similar between the normal batches and broken grains
The grain storage bins with aeration and airtight systems provided the best results for crude protein
the percentage of protein was significantly high for lots with whole grains
the storage time had the strongest influence on the reduction in protein percentage for whole corn grains
The acid value of the corn decreased with the increase in the storage time for all treatments
mainly for the batches of mixed corn (normal)
it can be assumed that the storage effects were positive in maintaining the quality of maize and agree with the results of ashes
Reductions in the levels of ash over time were observed
regardless of the storage and type of corn grain
This study shows that the water content throughout the storage is low
which indicates a low deterioration of the grains
and thus a low ash content during the storage
</a>Variations in moisture content—desorbed and absorbed water during the drying and wetting procedures: (A,D) 80, (B,E) 100, and (C,F) 120 °C. *Significant at a probability of 5% in the Tukey test.
</a>Variations in the percentage of dissolved and adsorbed water—electrical conductivity during the drying and moistening processes: (A,D) 80, (B,E) 100, and (C,F) 120 °C. *Significant at a probability of 5% in the Tukey test.
</a>Volumetric shrinkage variation and expansion—electrical conductivity during the drying and wetting procedures: (A,D) 80
*Significant at a probability of 5% in the Tukey test
</a>Principal component analysis (A physical quality
E physicochemical quality) and Pearson’s correlations (B physical quality
F physicochemical quality) of the effects of the whole
and normal corn grain lots stored for different times under different storage conditions in hermetic systems
(C) Principal component analyses and (D) Pearson’s correlations of the effects of the initial water content of the grains and temperature of the drying air on the variations in water desorption and adsorption as a function of storage time and physical quality of the corn grain lots
(G) Principal component analyses and (H) Pearson’s correlations of the effects of the drying air temperature
and storage time on the physicochemical quality of the corn grains
According to the principal component analysis of the effects of the whole, broken, and normal corn grain lots stored for different times under different storage conditions in hermetic systems, aerated and non-aerated metal silos, and bags on the physical quality (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-020-78914-x#Fig5">5</a>A)
group 1 consisted of the smallest number of treatments (A5
which were associated with higher electrical conductivities
The grouping pattern of these treatments is mainly associated with the type of corn (broken corn)
The Pearson’s correlations for the effects of the whole, broken, and normal corn grain lots stored for different times under different storage conditions in hermetic systems, aerated and non-aerated metal silos, and bags on the physical quality were negative with most of the evaluated variables (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-020-78914-x#Fig5">5</a>B)
except for the positive correlation with the sphericity
Group 2 consisted of the other treatments with emphasis on the variables germination
These variables had strong positive correlations
These variables were strongly negatively correlated with the water content
The other treatments were allocated to group 2
This variable was negatively correlated with the other evaluated variables
the clustering pattern obtained by the principal component analysis is associated with the storage time
The treatments in group 1 were associated with zero time
Group 2 consisted of the individuals associated with the storage period of six months
with higher crude protein and ash contents
which were positively correlated variables
The association of corn drying and storage conditions enabled to define the best strategy for the preservation of grains in the postharvest on the field scale of production
The increase in the drying air temperature accelerated the reduction in the water content of corn until the storage condition was met
The storage time of six months influenced the physical properties and reduced the physicochemical quality of corn in the storage at 23 °C
the storage at 10 °C maintained the quality of the physical and physicochemical properties of the corn grains over six months
The alternatives of storage with and without aeration in bags and airtight environments did not influence the physical properties of corn kernels
the hermetic and aerated storage systems maintained the chemical quality over the storage period
did not maintain the quality of the stored grains with defects and broken kernels
The presence of deteriorated grains had a larger influence on the final quality of the corn lots
The increase in water content due to the wetting during the storage period caused losses in the quality of the corn kernels
similar to the drying for the conditions of safe storage water contents
The process control with homogenization of healthy and whole grain corn lots subjected to drying with an air temperature of 80 °C and storage in silos with natural aeration yielded satisfactory results
which were equivalent to those of uncontrolled drying and storage under airtight conditions and at low temperatures
</a>Material flow for the field experiment
Corn kernels were subjected to drying in a commercial continuous-flow dryer on a full scale (KW Dryer
air flow: 220 m3 h−1) in three separate tests
The dried corn lots were then stored for six months in four storage systems
100-L polyethylene terephthalate containers were used
permeable nylon packages with a capacity of 1000 kg were used
For the storage of grains with and without aeration
vertical silos with a capacity of 20 ton were used
completely clean and without defects (clean grains)
grains with 2–4% impurities (normal grains)
and grain lots with 5–7% broken grains (broken grains)
Three samples of each lot were collected in the upper
and middle parts of the airtight container and in the upper and lower parts of the vertical silos
and six months for the evaluation of the physical quality and at times of zero and six months for the assessment of the physicochemical quality
One hundred and fifty grains were collected from each sample to be stored in controlled environments (bio-oxygen demand (BOD) chamber) at 10 °C and relative air humidity of 90%
The grains were then dried at the same air temperature during the same wetting period
kernel volumes of contraction and expansion
and electrical conductivity were measured to evaluate the deterioration of cellular tissues
a sample was collected under drying conditions at 80
and 120 °C for storage in two controlled environments
refrigeration at 10 °C and relative humidity of 40% and at 23 °C and relative humidity of 60% over six months
The environment and status of the grains were monitored to characterize the physicochemical qualities at the beginning and end of storage
Modeling the process and costs of fuel ethanol production by the corn dry-grind process
Moisture physical and mechanic properties of dent corn (Zea mays var indentata Sturt) seeds (Ada-523)
Diffusion and production of carbon dioxide in bulk corn at various temperatures and moisture contents
Management of stored maize by AERO controller in five Brazilian locations: a simulation study
Generation of product structures during drying of food products
Grain supply and storage 603 (Campineiro Institute of Agricultural Education
Response of storage molds to different initial moisture contents of maize (corn) stored at 25 °C
and effect on respiration rate and nutrient composition
Development of carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor for grain quality monitoring
Drying of high-moisture corn: changes in properties and physical quality
Moisture diffusivity data compilation in food stuffs
Effect of different high oxygen treatments on preservation of seedless long jujube in low temperature storage
Effects of storage temperature and relative humidity on viability and vigor of treated soybean seeds
Systems modeling and intelligent control of meat drying process
In 10th IEEE System of Systems Engineering Conference
Coupled mathematical model for simultaneous microwave and convective drying of wheat grains
Kinetic modelling of drying and conversion of isoflavones during infrared drying of soybean
Changes in physicochemical characteristics of rice during storage at different temperatures
Quality of soybean cultivars in the drying and storage processes in real scale and experimental
Drying and Storage of Grains and Oilseeds 450 (The AVI Publishing Company
Modeling drying process using semi-theoretical and empirical models
Technological and sustainable strategies for reducing losses and maintaining the quality of soybean grains in real production scale storage units
Quality of corn stored and infested by Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum
A site-directed CO2 detection method for monitoring the spoilage of stored grains by insects and fungi in Chinese horizontal warehouses
Influence of storage environment on maize grain: CO2 production
dry matter losses and aflatoxins contamination
Influence of the drying conditions on the drying constants and moisture diffusivity during the thin-layer drying of figs
Storage stability of three genotypes of sunflower seeds
Cellular water and proton relaxation times of Thai rice kernels during grain development and storage
Interstitial concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen in stored canola
Assessment of new in-bin drying and storage technology for soybean seed
Effects of seed storage time and salt stress on the germination of Jatropha curcas L
Thermistor based system for grain aeration monitoring and control
Predicting soybean losses using carbon dioxide monitoring during storage in silo bags
Effect of moisture content on some engineering properties of peanut varieties
Effect of storage temperatures on the head rice yield in relation to glass transition temperatures and un-freezable water
Study on the feasibility of quantifying the population density of stored product insects in air-tight grain storage using CO2 concentration measurements
Moisture adsorption isotherms and quality of seeds stored in conventional packaging materials and hermetic Super Bag
Modeling shrinkage during convective drying of food materials: a review
Effect of variety and moisture content on some engineering properties of paddy rice
Physical properties of pea (Pisum sativum) seed
Some physical properties of rough rice (Oryza Sativa L) grain
Moisture dependent physical properties of soybean
Physical and mechanical properties of Jatropha curcas L fruits
Physical properties of tung seeds: an industrial oil yielding crop
Comparison of moisture-dependent physical and mechanical properties of two varieties of corn
Moisture dependent physical properties of maize kernels
Moisture-dependent properties of barnyard millet grain and kernel
Hermetically sealed storage of cereal seeds and its influence on vigour and germination
Germination responses of Jatropha curcas L seeds to storage and aging
Development of a threshold model to predict germination of Populus tomentosa seeds after harvest and storage under ambient condition
Application of whole sections of mature cereal seeds to visualize the morphology of endosperm cell and starch and the distribution of storage protein
Ageing of stored rice: changes in chemical and physical attributes
Moisture dependent physical properties of chickpea seeds
A Thin layer drying model of parboiled wheat
Assessment of the initial moisture content on soybean drying kinetics and transport properties
The thin-layer drying characteristics of corn
Moisture diffusivity and shrinkage of broad beans during bulk drying in an inert medium fluidized bed dryer assisted by dielectric heating
Comparison of equilibrium and logarithmic models for grain drying
Moisture dependent physical and mechanical properties of chickpea seeds
Quality of grain and oil of maize subjected to UV-C radiation (254 nm) for the control of weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky)
Physical Properties of Plant and Animal Materials 891 (Gordon and Breach Publishers
In Seed Vigor: Concepts and Tests (eds Vieira
Association of Official Analytical Chemists
Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 17th edn
<a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41598-020-78914-x?format=refman&amp;flavour=references">Download references</a>
The authors would like to thank Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)
National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)
Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS-RS)
Federal University of Santa Maria (Research Group at Postharvest Innovation: Technology
Quality and Sustainability) and Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul for their contributions to research projects
and scholarships for carrying out the experiments
Paulo Vinícius da Silva Daí &amp; Paulo Eduardo Teodoro
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78914-x
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Monitoring the intergranular variables of corn grain mass during the transportation
and storage stages it possible to predict and avoid potential grain quality losses
For monitoring the grain mass along the transport
and carbon dioxide sensors was developed to determine the equilibrium moisture content and the respiration of the grain mass
These same variables were monitored during storage
the drying air and grain mass temperatures
For the prediction of the physical and physical–chemical quality of the grains
the results obtained from the monitoring were used as input data for the multiple linear regression
A Pearson correlation was applied to verify the relationship between the monitored and predicted variables
we verified that the intergranular relative humidity altered the equilibrium moisture content of the grains
contributing to the increased respiration and hence dry matter losses along the transport
the artificial neural network model was the most indicated to predict the electrical conductivity
The random forest model satisfactorily estimated the dry matter loss
the air temperature caused volumetric contraction and thermal damage to the grains
increasing the electric conductivity index
Artificial neural network and random forest models were the most suitable for predicting the quality of dry grains
the environmental conditions altered the moisture contents causing a reduction in the apparent specific mass
Artificial neural network and random forest were the best predictors of moisture content and germination
the random forest model was the best predictor of apparent specific mass
Whereas measuring the carbon dioxide concentration in the intergranular air or in the environment that the grain mass is in can provide an early response to the respiratory intensity of the grain
the models that best predicted soybean quality varied depending on processing and storage conditions
the objective of this study was to predict corn grain quality at the transportation
and storage stages by real-time monitoring of easily measured intergranular variables using sensors and ML models
The experiment was carried out on a real scale in commercial storage units involving the transportation, drying and storage steps of corn grains (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-56879-5#Fig1">1</a>). The data collection for each step was performed through indirect monitoring of the corn grain quality, using technologies developed in the laboratory.
</a>Experimental characterization in the post-harvest
</a>Block diagram of the components of the device control system (A)
micro-controller connection by jumper cables (B)
and conditioning and attachment of the set of sensors to the polyvinyl chloride probe (C)
</a>Grain sampling tube for conditioning the probe
(A) internal and external view of the tube
(E) application of the monitoring system in the corn grain mass
</a>Experimental characterization of data collection at the corn grain transport stage
</a>Experimental characterization of data collection at the corn grain storage stage
\({{\text{C}}}_{{{\text{CO}}}_{2}}\): \({{\text{C}}}_{{{\text{CO}}}_{2}}\) concentration (v/v) measured inside the metal silos
\(\Delta {{\text{C}}}_{{{\text{O}}}_{2}}\): change in \({{\text{O}}}_{2}\) concentration throughout storage considering the initial concentration of 21%
\(\upvarepsilon \): porosity of the granular mass (40%)
ASM: apparent specific mass of the grains (kg m−3) (750 kg m−3)
MC: moisture content of the grains (decimal
R: perfect gas constant (8,314 kJ Kmol−1 K−1)
medium and minor axis of one hundred grains for each sample were measured using a digital pachymeter
near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (Metrohm
Switzerland) with high optical accuracy was used
The samples were homogenized and placed in the sampling dish
The analysis was based on illuminating a sample with radiation of a specific wavelength in the near-infrared and then measuring the difference between the energy emitted by the spectroscope and reflected by the sample to the detector
The result obtained was compared to a calibration set
</a>Experimental characterization of the applicability of Machine Learning models on monitored and predicted variables in the transportation
For the three post-harvest steps (transportation
the correlation coefficient (r) and the mean apparent error (MAE) were obtained to analyze the prediction accuracy of the models
variance analysis was performed adopting the completely randomized design
and RF) and the multiple linear regression (MLR) were compared
Ten repetitions (folds) were adopted for each model
MAE and r means for each model were grouped by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability and shown through boxplot graphs
These analyses were performed on the R software using the ExpDes.pt and ggplot2 packages
The authors declare that the research was conducted within ethical standards and that there is no ethical conflict to highlight in this work
The authors declare consent to participate in the research
</a>Monitoring relative humidity and intergranular air temperature at 12% (A) and 16% (B) moisture content
equilibrium moisture content at 12% and 16% moisture content (C)
carbon dioxide concentrations at 12% (D) and 16% (E) moisture content
and dry matter loss (F) at 12% and 16% moisture content in corn grains throughout transportation
</a>Pearson correlation network between the variables apparent specific mass loss (ASM)
and carbon dioxide concentrations (CO2) at the transport stage
The correlation of MC and RH variables affected dry matter and biochemical properties
inhibiting the components that conferred grain germination
The variable EC had a medium positive correlation with ASM and negative with RH
There was negative correlation between time (ST) and temperature (T)
indicating that increased transport time provided higher changes in grain quality
</a>Boxplot for mean comparison of correlation coefficient (r) and mean absolute error (MAE) between the multiple linear regression (MLR) and Machine Learning models: Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
and Random Forest (RF) for predicting dry matter loss-DML (A)
For the variable dry matter loss (DML) of grain mass during transport, we verified that the artificial neural network (ANN) and random forest (RF) models outperformed the other models (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-56879-5#Tab1">1</a> and Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-56879-5#Fig10">10</a>B)
The grain mass during transport suffered actions of several variants
which are conditioning effects on grain cellular respiration
The metabolic intensification caused the grain mass to lose part of its dry matter
predicted by the response of the ML models
influenced by the variables moisture content and temperature that acted simultaneously on the respiration process
The damage to the cellular tissues also altered the physicochemical composition of the grains
from real-time monitoring of easily measured variables
The results of r and MAE demonstrated that the ANN models satisfactorily predicted germination
Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-56879-5#Fig11">11</a> shows the drying curves of corn grains for different drying air temperatures. We observed that the drying temperature of 80 °C extended the drying time to 4.83 h. Whereas, at a drying temperature of 100 °C, the time was reduced to 4.5, while the drying time was only 3.5 h at 120 °C. The grains reduced the moisture content by up to 11% for all drying conditions.
</a>Drying curves of corn grains for different air temperatures
</a>Pearson correlation network established between the variables: volumetric shrinkage (VS)
</a>Boxplot for means comparison of correlation coefficient (r) and mean absolute error (MAE) between the multiple linear regression (MLR) and Machine Learning models: Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
and Random Forest (RF) in predicting volumetric shrinkage-VS (A)
starch-STA (B) and electrical conductivity-EC (C) in corn grains at drying stage
</a>Early monitoring of relative humidity and intergranular temperature (A)
</a>Pearson correlation network established between the variables: storage time (ST)
Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-56879-5#Tab3">3</a> shows the results of the correlation coefficients (r)
coefficient of determination (R2) and the mean absolute error (MAE) of the ML models for predicting the quality variables of stored corn grains: apparent specific mass (ASM)
and ST) for the different ML models were significant (p &lt; 0.05) by the Scott Knott (SK) test
The artificial neural network (ANN) and random forest (RF) models were the best predictors of MC
Whereas the M5P model satisfactorily predicted ASM
and Random Forest (RF) in predicting moisture content-MC (A)
apparent specific mass-ASM (B) and electrical conductivity-EC (C) in corn grains at storage stage
where stored corn grains dried at 35 °C obtained higher moisture contents (14.45%) over those dried at 120 °C (11.20%)
M5P and RF models can be used to predict the apparent specific mass
and Random Forest (RF) in predicting germination-GERM (A)
fat-FAT (B) and ash-ASH (C) contents in corn grains at storage stage
For starch (STA) prediction, the ANN, M5P, and RF models were the most accurate, which did not differ from each other by SK test (p &lt; 0.05) (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-56879-5#Fig18">18</a>A). The traditional MLR model obtained the lowest accuracy, with the highest MAE (1.01) and lowest r value (0.68). It is also noteworthy that the model with the highest accuracy was RF, with R2 of 79.21%.
and Random Forest (RF) in predicting starch-STA (A)
crude protein-CP (B) and crude fiber-CF (C) in corn grains at storage stage
</a>Synthesis of the results and monitoring and prediction scheme for post-harvest processes
The author (Paulo Carteri Coradi—paulocoradi@yahoo.com.br) make available the research data and materials
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The authors would like to thank UFSM (Federal University of Santa Maria)-Laboratory of Postharvest (LAPOS)-Research Group at Postharvest Innovation: Technology
Quality and Sustainability for their contributions in the research project
The authors thank CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel)-Financial Code 001
and FAPERGS-RS (Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio Grande do Sul) for funding in the research projects
laboratories for carrying out the experiments
Rosana dos Santos Moraes &amp; Marisa Menezes Leal
Larissa Pereira Ribeiro Teodoro: statistical analysis
The authors declare consent to participate in the publication of the research
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56879-5
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Friction surfacing (FS) is a solid-state coating technology for metallic materials
where the deposition of a consumable material on a substrate is enabled via friction and plastic deformation
The deposited layer material commonly presents a significantly refined microstructure
where corrosion could be an issue due to this grain refinement within the layer deposited
The present work investigates the corrosion behavior of the FS deposited material as well as stud base material and substrate using cyclic polarization tests and open circuit potential (OCP) monitoring
Comparing the FS deposited material and the respective consumable stud base material (both AA5083)
the grain size is correlated with the results from the corrosion tests
where the deposited material shows more equiaxed and refined grains in comparison to the stud base material
The cyclic potentiostatic polarization tests showed that the stud base material is more resistant to pitting nucleation presenting smaller pits and a lower amount of pits compared to deposited material and substrate
the stud base material is also more stable on a chloride solution compared to the substrate and the deposited material
The phenomena in the stirred zone are even more complex when dissimilar materials are welded
The present study aims for a further understanding of the corrosion behavior of FS deposited material
The FS approach is capable to locally deposit material
where a material of higher corrosion resistance could be chosen in order to protect another alloy
a non-precipitation-hardenable Al-Mg alloy was selected to be deposited onto a high-strength Al-Cu substrate
The MLFS structure generated was used for analyses via potentiodynamic polarization and open circuit potential
The corrosion behavior is directly compared to the consumable stud base material and the results are discussed with perspective to the processing route and microstructural characteristic of the materials
the results are discussed in the view of the findings reported for other processing routes
</a>Top view of five-layer multi-layer friction surfacing (MLFS) stack (AA5083) deposited on an AA2024 substrate at constant process parameters of 9 kN axial force
1500 rpm rotational speed and 6 mm/s travel speed
The pre-programmed deposition path had a length of 175 mm
The second half of the stack was machined in order to remove unbonded parts and the process-characteristic rough surface
For the corrosion testing, the samples (dimension of 12 mm \(\times\) 5 mm taken from AA2024 substrate material and AA5083 deposited material) were cold mounted in epoxy resin, where the sides were insulated to avoid crevice corrosion. Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-60431-w#Fig2">2</a> shows the schematics of the sample extraction
where corrosion samples were extracted from the machined part of the structure
leaving a gap of 10 mm between unmachined and machined part
a cross-section was taken from the unmachined part of the structure
Additional samples were taken from consumable stud base material (AA5083-H112) for comparison
The samples for corrosion tests and microstructural investigation were ground with 80 to 1200 grit SiC paper and polished with 4 µm and 1 µm diamond paste
The samples were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath
Afterwards they were cleaned with isopropyl alcohol and dried with nitrogen
</a>Schematic of multi-layer friction surfacing (MLFS) stack
where one part of the structure was machined
The samples were extracted as follows: #1 (AA5083 FS deposted material) and #2 (AA2024 substrate) for open circuit potential
#3 (AA5083 FS deposted material) and #4 (AA2024 substrate) for cyclic potentiostatic polarization test as well as #5 for microstructure analysis
All tests were performed in the submerged sample and using the top surface
which is typically exposed to the environment
The open circuit potential (OCP) was measured for 600 s before the polarization test
For the substrate and consumable stud base material
the specimens were polarized from -900 mV to 0 mV vs
the polarization ended at -200 mV and return to -900 mV
were analyzed to determine the size of pits in µm\(^2\) and radius in µm
where the image analysis (a length of 490 pixels accords to 250 µm) was conducted via MATLAB
The same analysis was performed before the polarization test
where no pits were found for all samples investigated
Black particles with a diameter below 2 µm were excluded from analysis to eliminate any potential presence due to dispersoid particles
or other phases within the materials used on this work
(a.1,b.1,c.1) etched (Barker’s solution of HBF\(_4\)) and (a.2,b.2,c.2) from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)
for the microstrutctual analysis of (a) AA5083 MLFS deposited material
(b) AA2024 substrate material and (c) AA5083 stud base material
</a>Backscattered electrons (BSE) micrographs of AA5083 deposited onto AA2024 substrate material (a)
The white box indicates where BSE was performed with higher magnification (b)
arrows point to particles present in the FS deposited material
</a>Polarization curves for AA2024 substrate material
AA5083 deposited material and AA5083 stud base material
Ag/AgCl (3 mol/L KCl) was used as reference electrode (RE) and Pt as counter electrode (CE)
Current density was measured in A/cm\(^2\)
who showed a poorer corrosion resistance for friction stir welded AA6061 with respect to the base metal
The authors stated that this is an effect caused by the finer grain sizes within the nugget zone
For the AA5083 stud base material, a much smaller amount of pits was observed (470 ±  22), corroborating with electrochemical tests. Larger pits are more frequently discovered on the AA2024 substrate material as well as the AA5083 deposited material. Nonetheless, there is a noticeable inclination towards more small pits rather than larger ones, showing that for the materials investigated, nucleation predominates over existing pit expansion.
</a>Distribution of pits by number and diameter
AA5083 deposited material and AA5083 stud base material after cyclic polarization test
In the case of the consumable stud base material
corroborating the results of the polarization tests that showed less pits
indicating a greater resistance to localized corrosion for the AA5083 stud base material compared to AA5083-O sheet and AA5083 FS deposited material
The presented work investigated the corrosion behavior for a dissimilar aluminum multi layer friction surfacing stack
The analyses were performed for the AA2024 substrate material
the MLFS AA5083 deposited material as well as for the respective AA5083 consumable stud base material
The obtained results were discussed with regard to the materials’ microstructure and composition
The main observations can be summarized as follows:
The AA5083 stud and deposited material differ in terms of grain size
where the deposited material presents a significantly refined microstructure with an average grain size of 3.28 ±  1.83 µm
The fine-grained microstructure presents more grain boundaries
which are more susceptible for corrosion in 5 mmol/L NaCl aerated solution at room temperature
The AA5083 deposited material shows a \(\beta\) phase (Al\(_3\)Mg\(_2\)) on the grain boundaries and all over the grains
which can result in more pronounced corrosion in comparison to the respective AA5083 stud base material
During the cyclic potentiostatic polarization tests
it was shown that the fine-grained MLFS deposited material is more susceptible to nucleation of pits and also showed bigger pits in comparison to the respective consumable stud base material
The pit distribution allowed the assessment in terms of material behavior on electrochemical tests
where the AA5083 stud base material was found to be more resistant to corrosion than AA5083 deposited material and AA2024 substrate material
OCP showed that the AA5083 stud base material is more stable compared to the AA5083 deposited material
AA5083-O sheet material as well as AA2024 substrate material
the consumable stud base material is more noble and resistant to corrosion in the 5 mmol/L NaCl compared to MLFS deposited material
The AA2024 substrate material has more and larger pits in comparison with AA5083 when exposed to solution of NaCl
The substrate material has a more severe corrosion compared to deposited material and stud material
which is mainly related to the alloy composition
The FS process can be very useful for coating and repair; however
for the materials and corrosion testing environment investigated in this study
the deposited material is less noble than the respective stud base material
the AA5083 deposited material showed a similar behavior compared to AA5083-O sheet material
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request
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Financial support from DAAD via funds of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under project number 57598245 is gratefully acknowledged
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas
Institute for Production Technology and Systems
Henrique Ribeiro Piaggio Cardoso: Data curation
Tiago Falcade: Writing review &amp; editing
Supervision Benjamin Klusemann: Conceptualization
Wrinting review &amp; editing; Supervision
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Anticipating the harvest period of soybean crops can impact on the post-harvest processes
This study aimed to evaluate early soybean harvest associated drying and storage conditions on the physicochemical soybean quality using of mathematical modeling and multivariate analysis
The soybeans were harvested with a moisture content of 18 and 23% (d.b.) and subjected to drying in a continuous dryer at 80
The drying kinetics and volumetric shrinkage modeling were evaluated
the soybean was stored at different packages and temperatures for 8 months to evaluate the physicochemical properties
the data were submitted to cluster analysis
we use Euclidean distance and Ward's hierarchical method
we constructed a graph containing the dispersion of the values of the variables and their respective Pearson correlations for each group
The mathematical models proved suitable to describe the drying kinetics
the effective diffusivity obtained was 4.9 × 10–10 m2 s−1 promoting a volumetric shrinkage of the grains and influencing the reduction of physicochemical quality
It was observed that soybean harvested at 23% moisture
and stored at a temperature below 23 °C maintained its oil content (25.89%)
it is to note that these correlations' magnitude was substantially more remarkable for the treatments allocated to the G2 group
the electrical conductivity was negatively correlated with all the physicochemical variables evaluated
the correlation between crude protein and oil yield was positive and of high magnitude
the early harvest of soybeans reduced losses in the field and increased the grain flow on the storage units
The low-temperature drying and the use of packaging technology close to environmental temperatures conserved the grain quality
The anticipation of the soybean harvest period can impact the post-harvest processes
early harvesting of soybeans with higher moisture content can reduce adverse effects of weather and climate conditions
the completion of the harvest period will be possible to manage the soybean batches to improve post-harvest operations and reduce losses in these stages
the shrinkage of plant products during drying is not only linked to water content; it depends also on the drying conditions
changes also occur in the physicochemical and technological properties of soybean
The changes are related to the storage time
associated with the temperature and moisture content of the soybean
In addition to the effects caused by the storage conditions
some changes in the soybean may also come from the harvest period and drying conditions used
To minimize the effects of drying and storage operations
it is suggested to manage the soybean batches after harvest
with moisture contents close to 23% (d.b.) would not compromise the flow of batches in the storage units
which would help in the conservation of soybeans during storage at a temperature below 23 °C
The anticipation of the harvest it could be increasing the time for crop rotation in the field
reduce investments with drying and storage structures
Due to a large number of treatments in researches in this area
the analysis of principal components and correlations allow verifying the interrelationship of these treatments with the variables evaluated clearly
making it possible to better explore these results
Depending on the experimental conditions involved in this study
it is suggested to apply the technique to verify the groupings of factors and correlations of quantifiable and qualitative variables for a better conclusion
The objective of the study was to evaluate early soybean harvest associated with drying and storage conditions on the physicochemical properties quality using mathematical modeling and multivariate analysis
Soybean (Glycine max L.) of the cultivar BRS 7570 IPRO with an average cycle of 109 days was cultivated at a density of 360 to 380 thousand plants per hectare
reaching a productivity of 4920 kg per hectare
Soybeans were harvested with 23% (d.b.) and 18% (d.b.) moisture content
</a>Schema of the dryer system (Software SolidWorks@, student version, <a href="https://www.solidworks.com/pt-br/product/students">https://www.solidworks.com/pt-br/product/students</a>)
Three tests were performed for each initial moisture content grain harvested (18 and 23%) and drying air temperature (80
soybean samples were collected at 15 min intervals to determine the moisture content and volumetric shrinkage
In total was collected 102 samples of 2 kg were at the exit of the drying chamber on the bucket elevator belt
Drying was carried out until the grains reached moisture contents of 11% (d.b.)
a sample of each repetition (a total of 18 samples) was collected to determine the physicochemical grain quality
We also measured the temperature and relative humidity of the ambient
The temperature and relative humidity were checked with studio monitors with the aid of a psychrometer
The unitary volumetric shrinkage (Ψg) during the drying of the product was determined by the ratio between the final and initial volumes of the grain for each moisture content
\(\psi_{g} = a\left\{ {1 - \exp \left[ {b(\overline{X} - X_{0} )} \right]} \right\}\)
\(\psi_{g} = a + \beta_{1} (\overline{X} - X_{0} )\)
\(\psi_{g} = a + \beta_{2} (\overline{X} - X_{0} )\)
\(\psi_{g} = 1/\left[ {a + b\exp (\overline{X} )} \right]\)
\({\overline{X} }\): moisture content of the product (d.b.)
X0: initial moisture content of the product (d.b.)
\({MR = {\text{exp}}\left( { - kt} \right)}\)
\({MR = {\text{exp}}\left( { - kt^{n} } \right)}\)
\({MR = {\text{exp}}\left( { - (kt)^{n} } \right)}\)
\({MR = a{\text{exp}}\left( { - kt} \right)}\)
\({MR = a{\text{exp}}\left( { - kt} \right) + c}\)
\({MR = a{\text{exp}}\left( { - k_{o} t} \right) + b{\text{exp}}\left( { - k_{{1}} t} \right)}\)
\({MR = a{\text{exp}}\left( { - \kappa \tau } \right) + \left( {{1} - a} \right){\text{ exp}}\left( { - kat} \right)}\)
\({MR = a{\text{exp}}\left( { - kt} \right) + b{\text{exp}}( - k{}_{{0}}t) + c{\text{exp}}( - k_{{1}} t)}\)
\({MR = a{\text{exp}}\left( { - kt^{n} } \right) + bt}\)
\({MR = a{\text{exp}}\left( { - kt} \right) + ({1} - a){\text{exp}}( - kbt)}\)
where Xe : equilibrium moisture content of the product (d.b.)
R: universal gas constant (8314 kJ kmol−1 K−1)
Soybeans harvested at different moisture content (18 and 23%) and dried at different temperatures (80
and 120 °C) were stored in paper and plastic raffia-polyethylene bags at 15
Three repetitions per treatment were performed
A total of 432 soybean samples were collected and submitted to physicochemical quality assessments
To adjust the mathematical models of analysis of soybean drying
using the computer program Statistica 7.0®
the significance of the regression coefficient by t-test was considered
adopting the 1 and 5% level of probability
the magnitude of the coefficient of determination (R2)
and verified the behavior of the distribution of residuals
The relative average error and the average error estimated for each model were calculated according to the following expressions
\({\hat{Y}}\): value calculated by the model
</a>Moisture content adjusted by the Wang &amp; Singh model (A)
volumetric shrinkage of soybeans in the drying using the model of Rahman
at initial moisture content of 23% (d.b.) (B) and 18% (d.b.) (C)
</a>Ratio of experimental values and estimated by the Wang &amp; Singh model at initial moisture content of 23% (d.b.) (A)
and at initial moisture content of 18% (d.b.) (B)
effective diffusion coefficient (m2 s−1) for 23% (d.b.) of the initial moisture content in the grains (C)
effective diffusion coefficient (m2 s−1) for 18% (d.b.) of the initial moisture content in the grains (D)
The moisture remotion occurs fast in the first half of the process
it is slower since the diffusion of the water in the grain's inner geometry is more difficult to happen
Even though the process parameters require an air temperature of 100 °C to obtain a faster drying
the literature recommends that the temperature should be lower
so as not to damage the structure of soybeans and accelerate degradation
It was found that the effects of initial moisture content and temperature on drying time were proportional
which means that both factors influenced the soybean quality
These models had a higher coefficient of determination and lower estimates and average errors relative
the Rahman model was recommended to predict the phenomenon of shrinkage of the soybean
Harvesting soybeans with 18% moisture content
in addition to the adverse effects of the climate that the grains were subjected to
still needs to be subjected to faster drying at a higher temperature for more efficiency in the process
the grain storage at 30 °C causes excessive respiration
altering the physicochemical properties and losses in oil quality of approximately 59.6% (90 days)
regardless of storage conditions and packaging
the storage temperature of 23 °C was the most negatively altering the quality of soybeans
the storage in air temperature of 3 °C was most favorable for the quality of soybeans
although some quality results were similar
and 32 °C) of soybeans on the functional properties of the protein isolate
Protein solubility reduced 18% with increasing temperature from 11 to 32 °C in soybean stored with 12% moisture
When the soybeans were stored with 15% moisture
the protein solubility reduced by 16% with increasing temperature from 11 to 32 °C
when soybeans were stored at the same temperature
increasing moisture from 12 to 15% reduced protein solubility by 4%
</a>Cluster analysis of treatments using Euclidean distance and Ward's hierarchical method
</a>Dispersion and Pearson’s correlation between the variables evaluated according to the groups defined by the cluster analysis
59% lower compared to the protein isolate from not defective soybeans
The acidity of oil extracted from fermented
2248% higher than the acidity of oil extracted from not defective soybeans
the importance of optimizing the conditions for drying and storing soybeans is evident
The low drying air temperatures decreased the effective diffusivity and the time of volumetric shrinkage
Although storage time was the main factor influencing grain quality
adopting drying systems with air temperatures of 80 °C
and storage in controlled environments with temperatures below 23 °C are favorable to conserve the physicochemical quality of the soybean
The parameters obtained from soybean harvesting
and storage make it possible to improve the management of the grain mass
improve transport and distribution logistics
and add value to the marketing of soybeans
The results and conclusions obtained in this research are indicated for future investigations in soybean pre-processing and storage units
to optimize harvest and post-harvest operations
it is suggested to carry out diagnoses on the different existing technologies of drying and storage
to propose a project that can more effectively implement the conclusive parameters of this study
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The authors would like to thank at Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)-Research Group at Postharvest Innovation: Technology
for contributions to carry out the experiments
Department of Postgraduate Agricultural Engineering
Newiton da Silva Timm &amp; Camila Fontoura Nunes
Paulo Carteri Coradi &amp; Letícia de Oliveira Carneiro
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02724-y
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The aim of this study is to evaluate if the duration of the consultation has influence on the intensity of noise in the dental clinic environment
The measurement was performed using the decibelmetre IDETEC 300
It was turned on among 10 dental equipment at basal time (BT) and in the first
second and third hours of activity by 10 times with 1-week interval
The average noise was 67.39±1.11 dB for BT and 82.38±3.85
representing a significant difference (ANOVA
In the first and second hours of clinical care there was more noise intensity in the work environment compared to BT and to the third time
the noise peaks became closer to the limit of 85 dB
which can threaten hearing loss with repeated exposure throughout a dentist’s career
The findings presented here show how much the dental surgeon is exposed to the level of noise since his time of study
the aim of this study is to evaluate if the clinical consultation time has influence on the intensity of noise in a teaching clinic of dentistry and whether this environment level of noise is in accordance with the maximum level allowed by legislation to reduce the risk of hearing loss
</a>Measurement of noise using the decibelimetre
the students arrived and started to prepare their workstation in the clinic
an auxiliary table and a shelf to put their instruments on; the sources of noise were the talking of the people
Students were instructed not to trigger to test the dental equipment during the time of the measurement of environmental noise
A new measurement was performed at the first hour when all patients were under attention and the students
patients and teachers were in movement into the environment and were sometimes talking also
with the same background noise of environment as described at BT
several devices working at the same time were observed (hand pieces of high-speed turbine and low-speed
eventually music and other dental devices)
The same data collection method was applied in the second and third hours when each class was finishing
The obtained data were assessed by means of descriptive statistics and to compare the mean of level noise in all moments by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc test (P&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant)
the device was turned on for 5 min and the maximum measured noise of 67.39±1.11 dB was recorded
there was a statistically significant difference among several times of the assay (ANOVA
</a>Representation of the average noise intensity in four analysis moments
In <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/bdjopen201710#Tab1">Table 1</a>
the difference among several measurements was statistically significant (P&lt;0.0001)
The noise level observed in this study was obtained using a decibelimetre turned on among 10 workstations in the clinical school of dentistry
where the maximum noise level almost reached the limit allowed by Brazilian law of 85 dB in 8 h of work to prevent NIHL
Even if the highest level has not been continuous and maintained throughout the analysis time
these findings again justify this type of research
Whereas the mean in the former study was from 58.1 to 66.43 dB
here the values can reach 82.38 and 80.99 dB in the first and second hours of evaluation
This difference could be attributed to the methods
the assessed subjects wore a collar with a decibelimetre attached to determine the personal noise dose in the hearing zone instead of the noise level in working area
The second way was realised as they recorded the noise in each minute obtaining a mean period in contrast to the present study where only the peak of noise in 5 min was recorded
the environment was assessed and the level of noise was slightly bigger than those recorded in the hearing zone
These findings in both studies can suggest that the level of noise that really damaged the hearing of students could be a little bit lower than that registered in the dental clinic
it would be necessary to compare the level of noise of private practices with environment of teaching of dentistry
preclinical laboratories and longitudinal audiometric assessments of student’s hearing ability from the first year to the last year of dental school to better understand the risk and to prevent hearing loss throughout the exposure
Considering the methods and the data obtained and discussed in this experiment the authors concluded that in the first and second hours of clinical care there is more noise intensity in the work environment compared to BT and the third time
the noise peaks become closer to the limit of 85 dB
which can determine reduction of hearing to the dental surgeon with daily work time and longer time of profession
The findings presented here show how much the dentist is exposed to high intensity of noise since the begging of dental school
programs preventing hearing loss with the aim of keeping not only the hearing
but also the mental and physical health of those professionals are extremely necessary
Can noise in dental clinic produce hearing loss
Comparison of anxiety levels associated with noise in the dental clinic among children of age group 6–15 years
Predictive validity of a retrospective measure of noise exposure
Use of historical data and a novel metric in the evaluation of the effectiveness of hearing conservation program components
Effect of daily noise exposure monitoring on annual rates of hearing loss in industrial workers
Análise experimental dos níveis de ruído produzido por peça de mão de alta rotação em consultórios odontológicos: possibilidade de humanização do posto de trabalho do cirurgião dentista de ruído
Brasil, Ministério do Trabalho. Disponível em, 2013. <a href="http://www.mte.gov.br/legisla%E7%E3o/normas_regulamentadoras/nr_07_.pdf" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="http://www.mte.gov.br/legisla%E7%E3o/normas_regulamentadoras/nr_07_.pdf">www.mte.gov.br/legislação/normas_regulamentadoras/nr_07_.pdf</a> (accessed 12 October 2013)
Brasil, Ministério do Trabalho. Disponível em, 2013. <a href="http://www.mte.gov.br/legisla%E7%E3o/normas_regulamentadoras/nr_15_.pdf" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="http://www.mte.gov.br/legisla%E7%E3o/normas_regulamentadoras/nr_15_.pdf">www.mte.gov.br/legislação/normas_regulamentadoras/nr_15_.pdf</a> (accessed 12 October 2013)
Ruído nos consultórios pode comprometer a audição do cirurgião dentista
Noise levels in dental offices and laboratories in Hamedan
Assessment of noise levels of the equipments used in the dental teaching institution
Perda auditiva induzida pelo ruído em cirurgiões-dentistas
Hearing assessment in dental practitioners and other academic professionals from an urban setting
Early prognosis of noise­induced hearing loss
Measurement of the noise level produced by household appliances
Noise exposure assessment in a dental school
Aferição do nível de ruído provocado por instrumentos de alta e baixa rotação
JBC J Bras Clin Estét Odontol 2001; 5: 133–135
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Rubem Beraldo dos Santos &amp; Celso Afonso Klien Júnior
The authors declare no conflict of interest
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/bdjopen.2017.10
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Friction taper stitch welding (FTSW) is a novel technique that uses multiple inserts to conceal surface crack in a given substrate
The inserts are rotated and forced to fill the crack as plasticized material
and forge with the substrate in solid-state
The process is well suited for alloys such as duplex stainless steel
which suffers degradation of properties during fusion welding
A detailed experimental and theoretical investigation is presented here on FTSW of a duplex stainless steel (DSS)
The experimental results show the presence of a ferrite-rich phase along the interface
The results computed by the numerical process model reveal a direct influence of thermal cycle in the amount of ferrite along the joint interface
The welded joint shows near homogeneous structure and properties similar to those of the substrate
Although FTSW is a potential solid-state joining technique
detailed investigations uncovering the influence of important process conditions on the joint structure and properties especially for duplex stainless steel are absent in the literature
The authors could restrict the formation of brittle intermetallic phases within the permissible limits for offshore structures (DNV-RP-F112)
A detailed quantitative investigation on FTSW of a DSS grade is therefore reported in the present work using experimental investigations and a computational process model
The effect of the process condition on the structure and properties of the joint area is presented
The mechanical properties of the joint region are examined by using micro-tensile samples and compared with the base material properties
The computed temperature field is utilized to explain the observed structure and properties of the FTSW joint
an attempt is made to explain the experimentally measured microhardness distribution based on the numerically computed thermal cycles
</a>Schematic illustration of (a) substrate with a crack open to the surface
(b) at beginning of plugging of 2nd insert at a given offset distance
(c) fully repaired substrate with three inserts (d) substrate cross section (Y–Z plane) depicting two thermocouples TC1 and TC2
f) dimensions of the tensile test specimens used to measure tensile properties along the (e) transverse
and (f) longitudinal directions of the welding
A separate set of experiments is conducted on a crack free substrate to monitor the thermal cycles during the processing of 1st insert
A set of K-type thermocouples is used for the monitoring of thermal cycles at a sampling rate of 10 Hz
Four tensile tests are performed at room temperature and the average of the measured results is considered
The microhardness distribution is measured along the joint longitudinal section (X–Z) at three different depths of 2.6 mm
5.4 mm and 8.0 mm from the substrate top surface
The microhardness is measured at a regular interval of 0.25 mm
</a>Half symmetric solution domain considered for the modelling of friction taper stitch welding with (a) crack
and during the processing of (b) 1st insert
(e) top-view of the section A-A highlights the processed zone and crack opening on either side of the substrate-hole
respectively during the processing of 2nd insert
The heat transfer for the joining of each insert is modelled using the three-dimensional heat conduction equation
The model uses a linear relation between the hardness and the phase fraction transformed at constant temperature to find the microhardness as
where H0 is the maximum hardness due to phase change, H∞ is the hardness after a long time, t = ∞, β(T), Q, R and n are the kinetic constant, frequency factor, activation energy, universal gas constant and time exponent, respectively. The JMA constants used for the calculation are shown in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-48754-6#Tab1">1</a>
Further description about the hardness prediction methodology along with the sample calculation are provided in Appendix-2
</a>Computed isotherms (a–d) at a processing time (s) of (a) 2.0
The computed and corresponding measured thermal cycles during the processing of 1st insert at a monitoring location of (e) TC1
The white dashed line depicts the original substrate hole boundary
Higher peak temperature of the interface region aids towards the solid-state coalescence between the substrate and deformed material
</a>Computed isotherms with crack at the end of the processing stage during the processing of (a) 1st insert
and the computed thermal history at location L3
The white dashed and dotted lines depict the original substrate hole and crack boundaries
Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-48754-6#Fig4">4</a>d presents the computed temperature history at location L3, which is marked with a black dot in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-48754-6#Fig4">4</a>a–c
The location is chosen in such a way that this critical point encounters the maximum possible number of thermal cycles with high temperatures
The location L3 typically experiences two potential thermal cycles with peak temperatures exceeding the phase transformation temperatures above 1073 K
the model can be used to compute the temperature history at any given spatial location of the solution domain
The computed temperature distribution is further utilized to compute the hardness at any given location of the solution domain
The computed values are validated with the corresponding experimentally measured results
</a>(a) Welded joint macrograph in the longitudinal direction of crack
(b–e) microstructures of the weld joint cross-sections depicting different weld zones
</a>(a) Stress–strain responses of substrate and FTSW joint
Macrographs of the fractured tensile testing specimens (b) substrate
(d) The hardness distribution at three different depths
The longitudinal specimen in Fig (c) contained three inserts within the gauge length of the specimen
Microhardness measurements were carried out without etching
and then a macrograph was produced separately (and shown behind the microhardness data in this figure)
a novel numerical heat conduction model is reported to compute the transient temperature field for FTSW of DSS 2205 that involves joining of multiple inserts into a substrate to conceal a longitudinal crack
The frictional heat generation due to introduction of each insert is estimated in a unique manner
The computed thermal cycles are found to be in fair agreement with the measured results
The computed thermal cycles are used further to estimate the distribution of hardness following Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (JMA) relation
A detailed experimental investigation is undertaken to realize the joint structure and properties
A systematic coupled experimental and numerical investigation on friction taper stitch welding (FTSW) of DSS 2205 is carried out in the current investigation
The model calculations indicate the occurrence of the peak temperature of ~ 1537 K
which is ~ 93% of the solidus temperature of DSS 2205 at the interface between the insert tip and the substrate crack-hole bottom
The temperature along the side wall of the crack-hole remains little
The temperature field is longitudinally asymmetric around the insert axis as individual inserts are introduced and welded one-by-one along the length of the crack
The last insert to close the crack is likely to experience a near symmetric frictional heating all around its wall interface
The computed thermal cycles from the numerical model can be used to realize the influence of process conditions on the joint structure and properties
A marginally higher hardness of around 302 HV along the insert hole interface is observed as compared to that in the substrate (280 HV) due to the fine-grained microstructure with an acceptable phase proportion
The estimated hardness distribution from the computed thermal cycles results were in good agreement with the corresponding experimentally measured results
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-48754-6#MOESM1">supplementary information</a> files
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Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS)
Cleber Rodrigo de Lima Lessa &amp; Arlan Pacheco Figueiredo
Physical Metallurgy Laboratory (LAMEF) - PPGE3M/UFRGS
Guilherme Vieira Braga Lemos &amp; Thomas Clarke
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SANTA CRUZ DO SUL BRAZIL STAKE: (May 20, 2018) President — Alberto Hubner Kunde, 41, production coordinator, ELISEUKOPP; wife, Cleonice Martins Kunde. Counselors — Daniel Luiz Henkes, 31, electrical products analyst, MULTMEC; wife, Priscila Cunha da Luz Henkes. Glauber Rogerio Roja Fortes, 48, technical coordiantor, UNIMED Centro; wife, Luci Mara Borges Fortes.
SOLOLÁ GUATEMALA STAKE: (May 13, 2018) President — Vincio Yaxon Par, 35, maintenance, MAGA; wife, Adriana Angelica Batz Chuc. Counselors — Juan Reanda Pacach, 33, technological facilitator, Mundo Posible; wife Sandra Patricia Hom Güit. Enós Oliverio Coj Orozco, 31, vice principal, Raquel Tzay; wife, Irma Elizabeth Cumes Bocel.
AGUASCALIENTES JARDINES MEXICO STAKE: (May 13, 2018) President — Adrian Quiroga Contreras, 41, regional controller, Bachoco SA CV; succeeding Mauricia Hernandez Aranda; wife, Olga Gonzalez Gonzalez. Counselors — Daniel Rodea Rodriguez, 50, technical manager, Grupo CIT; wife, Castro de Rodea Angelica. Octavio Acosta Guitiérrez, 42, customer service consultant, Aero Mexico; wife, Diana Jaramillo López.
CABIMAS VENEZUELA STAKE: (May 6, 2018) President — Josmel Olinto Sanchez Rondon, 42, supervisor, PDVSA; succeeding Alberto Navarro Mavarez; wife, Olan Elena Solarte de Sanchez. Counselors — Douglas José Betancourt Mindiola, 33, facilities manager, LDS Church; wife, Virginia de Betancourt Silva Romero Saraid. Correa Raúl Núñez, 50, technical consultant, IMSCA; wife, Carmen Herrera de Núñez.
CUMANÁ VENEZUELA STAKE: (May 6, 2018) President — Rolando José Rodriguez Marcano, 37, air conditioning technician, Toyota de Venezuela; succeeding Alexander G. Navas; wife, Petra del Carmen Gamardo. Counselors — David José Pereira Hidrogo, 42, teacher, MPPE; wife, Eileen Arlín Martínez Bravo. José Francisco Tarache Fuentes, 44, financial advisor; wife, Luisa Isabel Panagua Almandoz.
DRESDEN GERMANY STAKE: (May 6, 2018) President — Jens Kleinert, 52, bank management, Deutsche Kreditbank AG; succeeding Christoph Menzel; wife, Christiane Gäbler Keinert. Counselors — Dlat Jens Ebisch, 55, car adjuster, DEKRA Automobiles, wife; Katrin Bartsch Ebisch. Toni Seyfert, 37, salesman, Firma Pfefferminzl; wife, Anne Lechner Seyfert.
LAGUNA NIGUEL CALIFORNIA STAKE: (May 6, 2018) President — Blaine Hill Evanson, 39, partner, Gibson Dunn; succeeding Robert L. Davis; wife, Robin Leighann Parker Evanson. Counselors — Matthew Scott Miller, 48, dentist; wife, Patrice Whitaker Miller. Brian Scott Neff, 57, self-employed; wife, Stephanie Holt Neff.
LOGANDALE NEVADA STAKE: (May 6, 2018) President — Brandon Nick Leavitt, 47, manager, Las Vegas Paving; succeeding Matthew D. Messer; wife, Miranda Lee Parker. Counselors — Darren H. Leavitt, 50, general manager, Granite Operation Interior Specialists; wife, Mindy Jo Applegate Leavitt. Charles Hamilton Burt, 42, branch manager, Les Olson Company; wife, Jamie Miller.
MOAB UTAH STAKE: (May 6, 2018) President — Duane Clark Riches, 57, owner, Melon Vine Foods/Ace Hardware; succeeding B. Todd Stubbs; wife, Penny Jo Duncan Riches. Counselors — Douglas Nixon Garrett, 59, divisional contoller, Intrepid Potash; wife, Stacey Lynn Mortensen Garrett. Daniel Henry Dalton, 56, sales and warehouse manager, Packard’s Wholesale; wife, Mary Sue Matheson Dalton.
MONTERREY MEXICO ANÁHUAC STAKE: (May 6, 2018) President — Jacob Heriberto, 43, administrator, Latina Eventos; succeeding Raul Tapia Zavala; wife, Laura Leticia López Infante. Counselors — Rafael Sánchez Treviño, 37, regional manager, FOCOOP; wife, Nadia Selene Zamora Aguirre. José Miguel Rosales Romero, 31, software developer, INAVANT; wife, Abril de Rosales Martinez.
NAMPA IDAHO WEST STAKE: (May 6, 2018) President — Cory Brent Woolstenhulme, 43, high school principal, Nampa School District; succeeding Eric S. Asay; wife, JJ Schlerf Woolstenhulme. Counselors — Roarke Jake Miller, 45, dentist; wife, Holly Glavinic Miller. Jonathan William Wilford, 43, sales / purchasing manager, Woodgrain Millwork; wife, Valerie Dame Wilford.
NAPERVILLE ILLINOIS STAKE: (May 6, 2018) President — Andrew John Child, 43, tax manager, BP; succeeding Gregory S. Boswell; wife, Jessice Johnson Child. Counselors — Glen Parker Davis, 59, chief financial officer, JP Morgan Chase; wife, Cynthia Cannon Davis. Nathan Robert Lingard, 42, director of design, MA Mortenson Construction; wife, Keri Elaine Jensen Lingard.
PADUCAH KENTUCKY STAKE: (May 6, 2018) President — Randy Dewain Balmforth, 41, radiologist, Heartland Regional Medical Center; succeeding Masaru Okuda; wife, Jennifer Kay Pehrson Balmforth. Counselors — Victor Conrad Zimmerman, 48, superintendent schools, Livingston Co. Schools; wife, Angela Tara Glynn Zimmerman. Clinton Jed Baline, 46, emergency room PA, Team Health; wife, Kelly Cheryl Sutton Blaine.
QUERETARO MEXICO STAKE: (May 6, 2018) President — Laia Adolfo Miguel, 57, general manager, MG Asociados; succeeding Alejando Rohas Hidalgo; wife, Maria del Carmen Gutierrez de los Reyes. Counselors — Pérez Conrado Olguin, 57, real estate agent; wife, Moyao Sara Zubillaga. Villagrán Gerardo Ortega, 37, quality manager, Minda KTSN Plastic; wife, Linda Angelica Tellez Gonzalez.
SAN PABLO PHILIPPINES STAKE: (May 6, 2018) President — Lysander Dioso Guevarra, 42, regional sales head, Globe Telecom; succeeding Aretemio C. Maligon; wife, Gigi Guerra Cabadal Guevarra. Counselors — Edilberto Zamora Andal, 53, instructor / professor / dean, Laguna State Polytechnic University; wife, Leila Caneta Puno Andal. Philip Ferdinand Artillaga Aranguren, 39; wife, Annabella Robles Jimeno Aranguren.
SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO ARGENTINA STAKE: (May 6, 2018) President — Cristian Falvio Zurita, 39, sales executive, Ceramica Alberdi S.A.; succeeding Pablso A. Badami; wife, Silvia Estela Mara Tapia. Counselors — Leonardo Badami Jose, 40, self-employed; wife, Alejandra Palazzi de Badami. Cesar Gomez Julio, 43, self-employed; wife, Edith Mariela Miraglio.
UCON IDAHO STAKE: (May 6, 2018) President — Arthur Jason Ward, 42, senior engineer, Melaleuca; succeeding Bart J. Davis; wife, Jaci Claire Searle Ward. Counselors — Dennis Ray Stanley, 52, president/founder, Two Roads, INC; wife, Lori Ann Grant Stanley. Rodney Wade South, 37, sales, Dome Technology; wife, Kylene Simmons South.
Francisco Salzano bolstered genetic research of the country’s human populations
Genetics Museum at PPGBM-UFRGS</a> Meeting of scientists in Tainhas, Rio Grande do Sul, in 1956: Antônio Cordeiro, Salzano, Danko Brncic, L. Glock, and Dobzhansky (beginning at left)Genetics Museum at PPGBM-UFRGS
Pedro Vargas-Pinilla</a> According to his team
the door to his office was always ajar for people to consult him; it was a trademark of the geneticistPedro Vargas-Pinilla
“All researchers who wanted to study human genetics in Brazil consulted Salzano,” says Pena
Salzano collaborated on studies of other populations
and on research projects involving medical genetics
The researcher from Rio’s Cachoeira do Sul was born in 1928 and was also one of the key individuals responsible for the development of the Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM) at UFRGS
“Professor Salzano advised 41 PhD students and 48 master’s students,” confirms Maria Cátira Bortolini
coordinator of PPGBM and of the Laboratory of Human and Molecular Evolution at UFRGS
and a frequent collaborator of the geneticist
“It was a real pleasure to speak about any subject with him
from stories involving the indigenous to those related to encounters with notable scientists,” remembers Bortolini
“He made time to meet with all those who sought to speak or consult with him
of the Institute of Biosciences at USP and also a collaborator of Salzano
“He began working long before DNA analysis techniques existed
He participated in the very first anthropological studies
living with the indigenous tribes and integrating this knowledge with protein analyses from blood samples and anthropometric measurements
even with more recent genomic studies,” she confirms
“He was always a pioneer and enthusiastic about everything,” she concludes
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promises to highlight tensions in Brazilian and global contemporary art
“Choreography of the Impossible,” echoes the last biennial’s reference to the Martinique philosopher Édouard Glissant and his emphasis on the Global South’s art and political potential
The team of Brazilian and European curators cited diasporic film histories as a conduit for exploring the many possibilities of agency and movement
outside the notion of “freedom,” as defined by Western neoliberal economies
As the Brazilian art scene shakes off the ultra-conservative culture wars
and women artists are gaining a foothold in what’s traditionally been an art scene dominated by white male artists
as much as to its own utopian modernist past to shape this new art movement
Here are 10 trailblazing Brazilian artists everyone should know
their primary media were performance and public art
The artists gained some notoriety—and press opprobrium—for covering the heads of public statues of famous national figures with plastic bags
interventions that were interpreted as acts of sheer vandalism
Each of the artists then launched their individual practice—Hudinilson Jr
in the newly burgeoning field of Xerox art
<a href="https://www.artsy.net/artist/luiz-roque">Luiz Roque</a>’s art blends cinema—borrowing from science fiction and music videos—and critical theory
in which authorities hunt down transsexuals
claiming that their saliva causes the spread of a new virus
The work echoed the homophobic language of the AIDS pandemic
while also referring to the climate of gender violence in Brazil
and her works featured in the 34th São Paulo Bienal were a fine example of this rich amalgam: A series of photographs
showed Uýra as a hybrid forest being amid plentiful plant life
and the LGBTQ+ communities were all under threat following the impeachment of the left-leaning president Dilma Rousseff
in addition to two museum solo shows in Rio
the artist participated in Manifesta 14 and was awarded the prestigious art prize Prêmio PIPA
Maya WeishofVesuvius love, 2022Duarte SequeiraMaya WeishofBetween talks and myths, 2022Duarte Sequeira<a href="https://www.artsy.net/artist/maya-weishof">Maya Weishof</a>’s paintings are unapologetically bawdy, deploying curvaceous forms and reveling in fleshy, lewd humor which takes inspiration from a range of sources, from antiquity and classical Italian painting to the early <a href="https://www.artsy.net/gene/1860-1969">modernists</a>
Graziela Kunsch’s practice as a writer, educator, and artist is rooted in psychoanalytic and pedagogical approaches. It also draws on the work of iconic Brazilian artists such <a href="https://www.artsy.net/artist/lygia-clark">Lygia Clark</a>—particularly Clark’s notion of art as a proposition
Kunsch used her house in São Paulo as a public residency: Casa da Grazi (Grazi’s House) invited collaborators from across Brazil in a series of workshops and exhibitions
while also running a restaurant and a library
In addition to numerous other solo projects in her native Brazil
the artist also participated in the 2021 Oslo Biennial
during which she presented an issue of a magazine
where she conceived a daycare for children up to three years of age along with their parents and guardians—a pedagogical project inspired by pediatric concepts of play
Their survey show “Five Times Brazil,” at the New Museum in New York in 2022
showed many of their video works that delve into race
and ideological affiliation—with a keen eye to gender performance and power dynamics
delves into the Evangelical music and performance traditions
originally commissioned for the Brazilian pavilion in the 58th Venice Biennale
depicting a standoff between competing dance groups—part record of a vibrant cultural expression
<a href="https://www.artsy.net/artist/brigida-baltar">Brígida Baltar</a> was a member of the vibrant group of artists associated with Rio de Janeiro’s prestigious visual art school Parque Lage, founded by the conceptual artist <a href="https://www.artsy.net/artist/rubens-gerchman">Rubens Gerchman</a> in 1975
and the natural environment into experimental art projects
thus embodying Parque Lage’s conceptual ethos
installation view of “4.000 A.D.” at Galeria Luisa Strina
Baptistelli also participated in the exhibition “The Culture: Hip Hop and Contemporary Art in the 21st Century” at the Baltimore Museum of Art in 2023
illustrated the depth and the consistency of Rennó’s practice
there’s her long-standing interest in the materiality of film
boarded-up photographs take on muted sculptural forms
showing how language is profoundly contaminated by the image
Jaider EsbellUntitled, 2019Galeria Marília RazukJaider EsbellWarayo’ (Homem) - da Série Jenipapal, 2020Millan<a href="https://www.artsy.net/artist/jaider-esbell">Jaider Esbell</a>
left an indelible legacy as part of the first generation of Brazilian Indigenous artists finding representation with commercial art galleries
who founded a community-oriented gallery in his native Roraima
coined the phrase Arte Indígena Contemporânea (AIC
<a href="//en.tempo.co/editor/news/41/laila-afifa">Laila Afifa</a>
TEMPO.CO, Jakarta -&nbsp;Ten people died and 21 are missing due to heavy rains this week in <a href="https://www.tempo.co/search?waktu=1tahun&amp;kanal=&amp;subkanal=&amp;domain=2&amp;q=brazil">Brazil</a>'s southern state of Rio Grande do Sul
with the local government warning that the situation is critical and could deteriorate further
state governor Eduardo Leite said he had spoken with President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva seeking all possible federal assistance
"We are experiencing in Rio Grande do Sul the worst moment
extraordinarily serious what is happening in Rio Grande do Sul right now," Leite said
Lula is due to travel to the state on Thursday
storms have caused the most extensive devastation in the state in recent years
leaving several towns isolated after bridges collapsed and roads were destroyed amid floods and mudslides
Leite declared the suspension of classes statewide for the remainder of the week and emphasized that he had requested full support from the armed forces "to effectively participate in coordinating this moment
Authorities tallied over 3,400 displaced individuals in the wake of storms that led to rising river levels and flooding in various parts of the state
the state's government predicted a flood risk "across practically the entire state" given the prospect of continued "heavy precipitation" in the coming days
The bulletin also said flooding would be severe in the basins of many rivers
with the possibility of flash floods and mass movements of earth in regions with steep slopes
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To help the population of Rio Grande do Sul face one of the biggest natural disasters in Brazilian history, the Federal Government has adopted a series of immediate actions and mobilized a number of the ministries to support the state since the flooding began. Many resources have been allocated to the recovery of Rio Grande do Sul. Find out more <a href="https://brasilparticipativo.presidencia.gov.br/processes/unidospelors/f/120/">here</a>
Within the scope of the Ministry of Integration and Regional Development [Ministério da Integração e do Desenvolvimento Regional/MIDR]
to date BRL 758.2 million and 818 work plans have been approved to serve 253 municipalities
183 have been simplified —114 for humanitarian assistance and 69 towards supplies for pets
358 plans are for restoration; 129 for humanitarian aid; and 148 for reconstruction
Check out below the main actions of the Federal Government to support Rio Grande do Sul:
On May 15, the Federal Government announced <a href="http://www.gov.br/mdr/pt-br/auxilioreconstrucao">Auxílio Reconstrução</a> [Reconstruction Aid]
a program that will provide BRL 5.1 thousand—in a single installment—to families left homeless or displaced by the disaster
The benefit was created to help recover properties lost in floods
There is no predetermined use attached to those funds
The sum may be used in any way the beneficiaries see fit
A total of 444 cities have been recognized by the Federal Government for facing a state of emergency or public calamity
This status recognition is a precondition for the release of emergency funds for families in the disaster areas
The deadline for municipalities to register families that are entitled to the Auxílio Reconstrução benefit on the website is July 26
The Federal Government expects to serve 375 thousand families in Rio Grande do Sul, representing BRL 1.9 billion in resources for the benefit. Initially, the allocated funds totaled BRL 1.23 billion for 240 thousand families. Following publication of <a href="https://www.gov.br/mdr/pt-br/noticias/copy_of_MP.pdf">Provisional Measure No. 1,235</a>
the Ministry of Integration and Regional Development was granted an extraordinary credit of over BRL 689.6 million
another 135,000 families have been benefited
The Federal Government has suspended the debt that Rio Grande do Sul owes the Union for three years, releasing BRL 11 billion for a state reconstruction fund. Additionally, it granted interest exemption on the debt stock for the same period, which represents a forgiveness of BRL 12 billion. Find out more <a href="https://brasilparticipativo.presidencia.gov.br/processes/unidospelors/f/120/">here</a>
has launched an emergency program to renegotiate the debts of companies affected by the floods in Rio Grande do Sul: special renegotiation conditions and temporary suspension — for up to 12 months — of interest payments
payment of remuneration taxes and principal of loans contracted in the direct modality
Finep approved a BRL 1.6 billion credit line in support of the productive and innovation capacity of companies affected by the floods
This line will be operated by financial agents operating in Rio Grande do Sul — such as Badesul
and Cresol — and will grant financing under attractive conditions to companies that meet the following requirements:
Company is headquartered or has a branch in Rio Grande do Sul
Company has been affected by the extreme weather event;
Find out more <a href="http://www.finep.gov.br/noticias/todas-noticias/6802-finep-aprova-linha-de-credito-de-r-1-6-bilhao-para-apoiar-empresas-inovadoras-do-rio-grande-do-sul-afetadas-pelas-inundacoes">here</a>
The Extraordinary Secretariat of the Presidency to Support the Reconstruction of Rio Grande do Sul [Secretaria Extraordinária de Apoio à Reconstrução do Rio Grande do Sul] was created around a central goal: to help face the public calamity and provide support for the reconstruction of the state
has authorized BRL 1,828,262,094.00 in new extraordinary credit for measures to support reconstruction efforts in the state of Rio Grande do Sul
Among the funds is authorization of the extra installment of the Municipal Participation Fund [Fundo de Participação dos Municípios/FPM]: BRL 189,856,138
the resources announced by the government reach BRL 62.5 billion
and individual entrepreneurs from municipalities in a state of public calamity in Rio Grande do Sul can access the BRL 15 billion resources from BNDES Emergencial
The lines of credit are for those who suffered economic and social losses as a result of extreme weather events and, referring to the calamity decree in 95 municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul. Find out more <a href="https://www.gov.br/secom/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2024/06/bndes-disponibiliza-r-15-bilhoes-em-linhas-de-credito-para-empreendedores-gauchos-a-partir-desta-terca-11">here</a>
the Federal Government took stock of one month of actions in favor of Rio Grande do Sul
Below is a list of the following measures to support companies
- Public banks suspended payment of financing for 12 months (BNDES
- Federal tax collection was extended for up to 3 months
a credit line of BRL 30 billion was made available with a guarantee fund and a subsidy of BRL 1 billion
a BRL 5 billion credit line was made available with a guarantee fund
a BRL 4 billion credit line was made available through equalization and subsidy
The Federal Government has coordinated the delivery of basic food baskets to solidarity kitchens
which prepare meals for families affected by the floods
According to data from the ministries of Social Development and Assistance
and the Fight Against Hunger [Ministério do Desenvolvimento e Assistência Social
Família e Combate à Fome/MDS] and of Agrarian Development and Family Agriculture [Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário e Agricultura Familiar/MDA]
BRL 30.6 million have been allocated to purchasing food baskets (MP nº1 .218
more than 103,625 thousand baskets (2,227 tons) had been distributed
All information qualifying measures by Brazil’s Unified Registry (CadÚnico) have been suspended
everyone that is currently part of the program is guaranteed to continue until December 2024
The Federal Government has also ensured that payments be made in unison on the first day of the calendar month until the end of this year
the Ministry of Social Development and Assistance
and Combating Hunger (MDS) has included new families in its programs
and is working to reverse cancellations of beneficiaries who regularized their data within CadÚnico
Around 14 thousand families identified as eligible for the Bolsa Família benefit were included in July 2024
Adding up the inclusions and re-inclusions carried out between the months of May and July
MDS has served more than 61 thousand families in the state
representing an investment of BRL 44 million per month
Find out more about Bolsa Família in Rio Grande do Sul <a href="https://brasilparticipativo.presidencia.gov.br/processes/unidospelors/f/118/posts/240">here</a>
The Federal Government released the payment of social security benefits and the second installment of the thirteenth salary for the population of Rio Grande do Sul
Due to the natural disasters that occurred in Rio Grande do Sul
payments to policyholders who receive assistance and social security benefits from Social Security (the INSS)
which would be credited from May 24 to June 7
were made on the first day of the payment calendar
The second installment of the 13th salary advance also followed the same schedule
To see the list of municipalities whose calendars were advanced, click <a href="https://www.gov.br/inss/pt-br/assuntos/pagamentos-de-beneficios-e-da-segunda-parcela-do-130-salario-comecam-nesta-sexta-24">here</a>
the Federal Government had 13 field hospitals
distributed in different cities in Rio Grande do Sul
to guarantee medical care to the population
According to data from the Ministry of Defense [Ministério da Defesa/MD]
it is estimated that 44,049 people had been assisted as of July 4
- Installations linked to the Ministry of Health [Ministério da Saúde/FN SUS]: Canoas
- Installations linked to the Brazilian Army [Exército Brasilero/EB]: Porto Alegre
- Installations linked to the Brazilian Navy [Marinha do Brasil/MB]: Rio Grande
- Installations linked to the Brazilian Air Force [Força Aérea Brasileira/FAB]: two hospitals in Canoas
available to receive donations destined for Rio Grande do Sul
A survey carried out on July 12 indicated the collection of 30,840 tons in donations
Furthermore, the Brazilian Air Force has been working, as of April 30, on Operation Taquari II. Among the activities carried out is operational support in the separation and transportation of donations. Find out more <a href="https://todospelosul.fab.mil.br/">here</a>
Since the beginning of the actions in support of Rio Grande do Sul, the Federal Government has worked to free up the highways. On the Ministry of Transport [Ministério dos Transportes/MT] website, an interactive map shows the progress of the recovery of federal roads listing where there are blockages, closures, and what is already open. Find out more <a href="https://www.gov.br/transportes/pt-br/ministeriodostransportes-pelo-rs/">here</a>
The Federal Government developed an emergency plan to reestablish road flow on strategic routes
The so-called “assistance paths” were designed to provide assistance to the population of Rio Grande do Sul
and to guarantee the supply of essential products
The Federal Government took a series of measures to facilitate the transport of donations and the movement of passengers in Rio Grande do Sul
of the National Land Transport Agency [Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres/ANTT] a set of measures was formalized
- Exemption from toll fees for official vehicles in operational procedures to serve the affected population;
- Exemption from toll fees for road freight transport vehicles transporting donations
as long as they are accompanied by official vehicles;
- Priority service and exemption from inspection at Vehicle Weighing Stations for road freight transport vehicles carrying donations;
- Flexibility in road passenger transport;
- Recommendation for federal highway concessionaires to facilitate the flow of road freight transport vehicles transporting donations
The Federal Government has already delivered 135 emergency kits to serve Rio Grande do Sul
Each kit has 32 types of medicine and 16 types of supplies
8 million units of medicines and supplies were delivered to the state
Since the beginning of the support actions for Rio Grande do Sul
the Federal Government has worked to quickly restore energy
According to data from the Ministry of Mines and Energy [Ministério de Minas e Energia/MME]
the reconnection of 561 thousand customers had been registered and
the electricity supply had been normalized across the state
The Federal Government organized a task force to reestablish essential services in Rio Grande do Sul
the Ministry of Communications [Ministério das Comunicações/MCom] reported that all cities in Rio Grande do Sul had some type of connectivity in operation (telephone signal and internet)
meaning no municipality was 100% disconnected
and the Fight Against Hunger signed an agreement with Telecomunicações Brasileiras S.A
(Telebras) to offer better internet connectivity to the affected cities
seven of the 15 planned transportable antennas were already in operation
as they do not require the use of electrical energy
The antennas help employees who work for the MDS and municipal governments in including and updating people in the Unified Registry (CadÚnico)
a requirement for receiving benefits such as Bolsa Família
Telebras is also supporting actions by the Federal Public Defender's Office [Defensoria Pública da União/DPU] aimed at families in situations of social vulnerability
The company is providing antennas that provide access to satellite internet during the Public Defender's Office’s services
which occur within the Caravan of Rights for the Reconstruction of Rio Grande do Sul
To find out more about the Caravan, please click <a href="https://brasilparticipativo.presidencia.gov.br/processes/unidospelors/f/113/posts/378">here</a>
The Brazilian Navy's Atlantic Multipurpose Aerodrome docked on May 11 at the port of Rio Grande
two water treatment plants with the capacity to produce 20 thousand liters of drinking water per hour
24 small boats and three helicopters were made available
Nine thousand indigenous families (around 30 thousand people) affected by the floods in Rio Grande do Sul were identified
The Federal Government will deliver nine thousand food baskets to these families every 15 days
In partnership with the Ministry of Women [Ministério das Mulheres]
there will also be work to deliver personal hygiene kits with items aimed at women's needs
the Ministry of Health began distributing 500 water purifiers and four water treatment plants to affected indigenous populations
The measure will assist more than 30 communities in Rio Grande do Sul
through the Ministry of Racial Equality [Ministério da Igualdade Racial/MIR]
constantly works to map and monitor quilombola communities
religious and other communities of African origin
and Romani people who have been directly or indirectly affected by the extreme weather events in the state of Rio Grande do Sul
A total of 8,155 food baskets had been delivered to quilombola communities as of July 5
280 baskets were delivered to Romani families and 808 baskets to people of African descent and African religious communities
The MIR has an exclusive page to present support measures for the population of Rio Grande do Sul <a href="https://www.gov.br/igualdaderacial/pt-br/assuntos/rio-grande-do-sul">here</a>
To coordinate support measures for Rio Grande do Sul families
the Federal Government created two command centers to guide teams from ministries and other bodies
A situation room was set up in Brasília on May 2
a monitoring office was opened in Porto Alegre
Located at the headquarters of Caixa Econômica Federal bank in the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, the space guarantees more agility in decision-making and easy coordination among federal teams and the state and municipal spheres dedicated to helping families and rebuilding the state. Find out more <a href="https://www.gov.br/secom/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2024/05/governo-federal-inaugura-escritorio-de-monitoramento-em-porto-alegre">here</a>
The Unified National Public Service Exam [Concurso Público Nacional Unificado/CPNU] has been postponed across Brazil
The registration confirmation card with details about the test locations will be released on August 7
Final results will be released by November 21
and the call for inauguration should begin in January 2025
A refund is available for those who wish to withdraw from taking the test on the new date; there is also a provision for extraordinary application of the test in the event of new disasters
Candidates who live in Rio Grande do Sul who were scheduled to take the test in other states or candidates living in other states who would take the test in Rio Grande do Sul may request to change the test location
The period for requesting refunds (for any registered candidate)
and for changing the test location (for those who live in Rio Grande do Sul and would take the test in another state
or for those from another state and would take the test in Rio Grande do Sul)
residence in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and
chose to take the test outside the state of Rio Grande do Sul; and 2) indicated
their residence outside the state of Rio Grande do Sul and
chose to take their tests in the state of Rio Grande do Sul
The Exam will bring together more than 2.1 million candidates competing for 6,640 vacancies for 21 federal public administration bodies
Additional information can be found on the official CPNU website <a href="https://www.gov.br/gestao/pt-br/concursonacional">here</a>
The Federal Government guaranteed all residents of Rio Grande do Sul exemption from the registration fee for the National High School Exam [Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio/Enem] 2024
with an extra period for residents to register in the state
The tests will be administered on November 3 and 10
but the Ministry of Education [Ministério da Educação/MEC] is assessing the need to open a new date for participants from Rio Grande do Sul
MEC also made changes to the calendar of the National Examination for Certification of Skills for Young People and Adults [Exame Nacional para Certificação de Competências de Jovens e Adultos/Encceja]
introducing a new registration period specifically for people living in Rio Grande do Sul
The extended deadline was from May 13 to 24
Find out more <a href="https://www.gov.br/mec/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2024/junho/enem-2024-termina-hoje-21-inscricao-para-moradores-do-rs">here</a>
through negotiations mediated by the General Secretariat of the Republic [Secretaria-Geral da República/SG/PR]
the Ministry of Mines and Energy [Ministério de Minas e Energia/MME]
and the National Supply Company [Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento/Conab]
was met with a very important demand: the National Union of the Liquefied Petroleum Gas Distribution Companies [Sindicato Nacional das Empresas Distribuidoras de Gás Liquefeito de Petróleo/Sindigás) guaranteed that
the distribution companies will supply free cooking gas to community kitchens in Rio Grande do Sul
At least 9 thousand cylinders are expected to be delivered during the period to produce meals for those affected by the catastrophe
Find out more <a href="https://www.gov.br/secretariageral/pt-br/noticias/2024/maio/empresas-distribuidoras-garantem-3-meses-de-fornecimento-de-gas-de-cozinhas-comunitarias-no-rs">here</a> and <a href="https://www.gov.br/secom/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2024/06/governo-federal-garante-gas-a-191-cozinhas-solidarias-do-rio-grande-do-sul">here</a>
through the Ministry of Cities [Ministério das Cidades]
is offering a digital form to register the housing needs of municipalities affected by the climate tragedy in Rio Grande do Sul
which will serve as a starting point for planning the restructuring of cities
municipal entities will be able to enter initial estimates of housing needs
information that will be used as a basis for mapping housing solutions
Among the information being collected is data on the number of completely or partially destroyed properties in urban and rural areas, and the average monthly income of directly affected families. Find out <a href="https://www.gov.br/secom/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2024/05/ministro-da-casa-civil-se-reune-com-prefeitos-do-rio-grande-do-sul-para-tratar-de-moradias">here</a>
under the coordination of the Ministry of Defense [Ministério da Defesa]
Army and Air Force directly involved in supporting the affected regions in Rio Grande do Sul
The measures include the use of vessels (ships
and drones to locate people at risk; field hospitals; as well as vehicles and engineering equipment
The Federal Government prepared 40 veterinary kits to offer care to up to 8,800 animals in the state of Rio Grande do Sul
In addition to helping animals in temporary shelters
the supplies will reinforce the control of zoonoses that can affect human health
The Federal Government also sent 188 tons of feed for the state's animals. Find out more <a href="https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/mma-envia-kits-para-atendimento-a-8-mil-animais-no-rs">here</a>
through the Ministry of Tourism [Ministério do Turismo/MTur]
is aligning measures related to the economic recovery of Rio Grande do Sul through tourism
Among the measures initiated is the provision of BRL 200 million from the General Tourism Fund [Fundo Geral de Turismo/Novo Fungetur] aimed at granting financing with special conditions to affected tourist activities
The resources can be used for working capital
Another initiative is the awareness campaign “Não Cancele
Reschedule!”] launched in May to encourage tourists to reschedule trips to Rio Grande do Sul to other periods
the organization of a special air network to provisionally meet the state's needs
the expansion of Caxias do Sul airport and the creation of a medium-sized airport in the cities of Torres and Canela are under debate
the Federal Government will give visibility to Rio Grande do Sul's tourist attractions at major international festivals to promote tourism in the region
As an honoree at the International Tourism Fair
which takes place in Buenos Aires in September
Brazil will prioritize the promotion of the state's attractions
The government is also working so that the International Tourism Fair scheduled for January 2025 in Madrid
pays homage to tourism in the state of Rio Grande do Sul
which provides for emergency measures to mitigate the effects of the crisis resulting from natural disasters in the tourism and culture sectors of Rio Grande do Sul
The Federal Government is organizing the logistics
and Rio Grande do Sul has already received drainage pumps to speed up the flow of water in the affected cities
The Federal Government, through Provisional Measure No. 1,221, of May 17, 2024, has ensured greater agility to public purchases to face the calamity in Rio Grande do Sul. Find out more <a href="https://www.gov.br/secom/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2024/05/governo-federal-dara-agilidade-as-compras-publicas-para-enfrentamento-da-calamidade-no-rs">here</a>
there was an extension of the validity and deadlines of agreements and contracts for the transfer of federal resources to the state and municipalities
the Federal Government had already transferred BRL 22 million to fund school meals
the Federal Government took stock of one month of measures in support of Rio Grande do Sul
Measures for the municipalities included the following:
- Extra installment from the Municipal Participation Fund [Fundo de Participação dos Municípios/FMP):
BRL 190 million already paid - 47 municipalities facing calamity
 - Civil Defense measures - BRL 310 million approved for 207 municipalities:
BRL 22 million already paid - 120 thousand people in 88 municipalities
- Credit analysis with Union endorsement for 14 municipalities:
 - National Nursing Minimum Wage [Piso Nacional da Enfermagem] - advance payment of BRL 19 million: Paid out
SRI also created a panel that records how much the Federal Government has paid out in parliamentary amendments. The data can be accessed <a href="https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiOTJkYTRmNTctNDQ5Ny00Y2NlLTkxZDUtNzg3N2Q0OWM1NTFjIiwidCI6IjFjYzNjNTA4LTAxYzctNDQ2MC1iZDJiLWFmZTk1ZTgwYjhhZiJ9">here</a>
an ordinance was signed that allows the purchase of properties ready to serve those left homeless by the floods
The properties are intended for families in bands 1 and 2 of the Minha Casa
My Life/MCMV] program with a monthly income of up to BRL 4,400.00
the ordinance established a new procedure in the Federal Government's housing program
This is the first time that MCMV has acquired ready-made properties
The measure sought to speed up assistance to displaced families
according to information from the Secretariat for Support for the Reconstruction of Rio Grande do Sul
the Federal Government will also finance the down payment for the purchase of new properties in band 3 of the MCMV for families affected by the floods
City halls and the state can also contribute to increasing this value
through the Emergency Financial Support Program
will send a minimum wage (BRL 1,412.00) to workers
The measure will benefit employees of companies located in affected areas
companies have to maintain the person hired for at least four months (two of which coincide with the period of the benefit
Companies have until July 12 to join the Program
The operation is coordinated by the Ministry of Labor and Employment [Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego/MTE]
A total of 17,485 companies had already joined the Program as of June 26
The Federal Government established the Caravan of Rights for the Reconstruction of Rio Grande do Sul [Caravana de Direitos na Reconstrução do Rio Grande do Sul] program
and integrate measures that promote access to rights in favor of the population affected by the floods in the state
the Caravan will visit 111 municipalities (those hit with greater gravity) for in-person assistance
The Federal Public Defender's Office [Defensoria Pública da União/DPU] will also provide online services to those assisted in the 474 municipalities affected by the floods
Each mission will have a team made up of federal public defenders and lawyers
as well as staff from the areas of social assistance
Staff from Caixa Econômica Federal and the Ministry of Social Development and Assistance
and the Fight Against Hunger will also participate
delivered 30 ambulances from the Mobile Emergency Care Service [SAMU 192] to 25 municipalities: Agudo
where five vehicles have already been delivered
1,000 computers were distributed to 365 health units and hospitals across 142 municipalities
The Federal Government announced a series of measures in favor of the cultural community of Rio Grande do Sul
Some of the measures that have already been carried out are as follows:
▪ BRL 75 million as an Emergency Credit Line from the Audiovisual Sector Fund [Fundo Setorial Audiovisual/FSA] for Rio Grande do Sul companies in the audiovisual sector and suspension of FSA financing charges for up to 12 (twelve) months
▪ BRL 6.8 million in payments from Ministry of Culture [Ministério da Cultura/MinC] actions
prioritizing those covered in Rio Grande do Sul in the following tenders: Sérgio Mamberti
and the Immaterial Heritage National Program
▪ Establishment of a Governance Committee under the coordination of the Ministry of Culture
involving the Brazilian Institute of Museums [Instituto Brasileiro de Museus/Ibram] Institute of National Historical and Artistic Heritage [Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional/Iphan]
The Committee is responsible for proposing public policies to recover damage to historical and archaeological heritage
and archives caused by the floods in Rio Grande do Sul; and coordinating thematic WGs that involve representations from dozens of universities
UNESCO activated the emergency fund and will contribute
by providing specialists in calamity and post-war situations
similar to what it has done  for the reconstruction of the National Museum [Museu Nacional] in Rio de Janeiro
Further actions involve payment of grants to cultural agents [Bolsa Retomada Cultural RS]; financial support for Culture Points
and Quilombola Communities [Retomada - Diversidade Cultural RS]; cultural grants for creating shows
carrying out exchanges [Retomada Cultural - Ações Artísticas Continuada​s]; and financing restoration actions and acquisition of collections [Retomada Cultural - Rouanet RS]
Find out more <a href="https://www.gov.br/cultura/pt-br/retomadaculturalrs">here</a>
the Emergency Fiscal Regularization Program to Support Rio Grande do Sul – SOS-RS Transaction [Programa Emergencial de Regularização Fiscal de Apoio ao Rio Grande do Sul – Transação SOS-RS]
this program offers special conditions for the regularization of tax debts with the Union such as
the reduction of up to 100% of the value of interest
The program is open for membership from June 24, 2024 until 7pm on July 31, 2024, exclusively through the Regularize platform <a href="https://www.regularize.pgfn.gov.br/">here</a>
Hiring urban cleaning services / purchasing cleaning and personal care kits
The Federal Government will carry out emergency contracting of labor rental services
and construction equipment for cleaning and unblocking urban areas
The measure aims to serve municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul that are in a situation of public calamity or emergency due to the heavy rains in the region
With an estimated total value of BRL 61 million
78 of which are in a state of public calamity and 340 are in emergency state
another front of Government measures is the acquisition of residential cleaning and personal care kits
The total estimated value for purchasing the kits is BRL 42 million
covering approximately 145 thousand products of each type of kit
The measure seeks to ensure that affected families can resume their daily activities with dignity and safety
the Federal Government announced the payment of BRL 1.3 billion in reimbursement credits to the population of Rio Grande do Sul
The BRL 1,345,989,237.29 sum covers companies of all sizes
The Federal Revenue Service [Receita Federal] had also carried out early analysis and release of Individual Income Tax refunds for 2024
ensuring that 1,216,996 taxpayers from Rio Grande do Sul received BRL 1.4 billion in the batches of May 31 and June 28
Although the radial engine for an ag-plane in the United States was the mainstay before the advent of turbine powered ag-aircraft
the engine never gained much popularity in Brazil
During the early years of radial engine use in Brazil
obtaining support and a parts inventory was difficult
even fewer of these radial engines are used
but where there is a radial engine ag-plane
Produtiva Aeroagrícola Ltda operates not one
but two radial engine Air Tractor AT-401Bs
One has been converted to use alcohol at the approximate cost of $30,000 USD
As many Brazilian operators know from operating the alcohol Ipanema with its IO-540 Lycoming engine
this type of fuel in Brazil can be very economical compared to av-gas
This is also true for the powerful R-1340 engine manufactured by Pratt and Whitney over 50 years ago
about 120,000 hectares (300,000 acres) a year
Produtiva Aeroagrícola has an impressive fleet of alcohol powered ag-aircraft; a Cessna C-188B Ag-Truck
an EMB-202A Ipanema and the Air Tractor AT-401B
It has not been converted to burn alcohol because Marino Neto
would like to sell it and replace it with a turbine powered ag-plane
Why is the R-1340 better when powered by alcohol
but the engine produces more power than its factory-rated 600 horsepower
the engine consumes about 200 liters an hour (&lt;50 gph)
compared to the av-gas version that burns about 150 liters per hour (about 36 gph)
The high cost of av-gas in Brazil offsets the smaller fuel burn
There are other advantages to using alcohol as a fuel instead of av-gas in piston-powered aircraft engines
Alcohol burns cleaner with less carbon build up
which can be an issue with a radial engine
the cylinder head temperatures (CHTs) are about 100°C cooler with alcohol
This is very critical because one of the weak points of an R-1340 is the cylinder heads are prone to cracking
sometimes even separating from the engine while in flight
“I have logged over 400 hours just this last season in the 401 with its alcohol and fuel injection (the original engine was carbureted) conversion and have not experienced any problems with it,” explains Marino
the driving factors for using alcohol over ag-gas is the economics and availability
primarily because it is manufactured from sugarcane
Alcohol (at this writing) costs approximately $2.50 reais per liter x 200 l/hr = $500 reais per hour (about $155 USD)
av-gas costs about $6 reais per liter x 150 = $900 reais per hour (about $280 USD)
When Marino considers that he flies the alcohol powered AT-401 around 250 hours a year
the savings of $400 reais per hour x 250 hours exceeds $100,000 reais (about $31,000 USD)
This means the $30,000 USD conversion pays for itself every year
Like other sugarcane operators in São Paulo state
Marino’s Produtiva Aeroagrícola’s season begins after the first rains in November with liquid fertilizer applications made at 50 liters per hectare (5 GPA)
A liter of this fertilizer weighs about 1.2 kilograms (2.64 pounds)
A typical load for the AT-401B is 1,200 liters (1,400 kilograms = 3080 pounds)
The swath width for this application is 23 meters (about 75 feet)
These applications are applied at 30 liters per hectare (3 GPA) to control the “cigarrinha” insect (spittlebug)
This insects creates a spit-like nest and damages the sugarcane plants
From the middle of January until the middle of February
ethephon (brand name Ethrel) is applied as a growth regulator and an insecticide is added if needed
Sugarcane can be harvested as many as seven times in a five-year period
then sprouts for another harvest in slightly under a year
The insecticide applications continue until the middle of June
Produtiva Aeroagrícola aircraft operate within a 120-kilometer radius (about 75 <a href="https://air-miles-guide.com/">miles</a>) of its main base at the Joaquin airport
It uses up to six satellite airstrips to be able to take off and land closer to fields being treated
Marino formed Produtiva Aeroagrícola in 2011
He completed CAVAG (Brazilian FAA required ag-pilot training) at Santos Dumont in Cachoeira do Sul in 1991
He started his ag-flying career with Tangará Aeroagrícola in Orlândia
he flew for Garcia Aviação Agrícola in Ribeirão Preto
he flew for Precisão Aero Agrícola in Goiás before forming Produtiva Aeroagrícola
Produtiva Aeroagrícola employs four pilots for its four ag-planes
including Marino as the chief pilot and owner
while the Ipanema has a Satloc Bantam and the Cessna uses a Satloc Litestar
All the aircraft are outfitted with STOL flood nozzles
it does not matter whether it is being grown for sugar or alcohol
The price for the commodity determines whether sugar or alcohol is produced
When asked about the future of ag-aviation in São Paulo state
“Our ag-aviation industry is growing despite Brazil’s political issues.”
na 2ª edição do Diário Oficial do Estado (DOE) de terça-feira (21/5)
que atualiza a lista de municípios em estado de calamidade pública e em situação de emergência
a medida foi tomada a partir de requerimentos e novas informações trazidas pelos municípios sobre as áreas afetadas e sobre a extensão dos danos ocorridos
Também foi motivada pela ampliação do acesso pelo Estado
ampliando as informações sobre as consequências do evento meteorológico registrado entre o fim de abril e o início de maio no Rio Grande do Sul
Além da reclassificação da intensidade do desastre
também houve a inclusão de municípios na declaração estadual
foram identificados 46 municípios em estado de calamidade e 320 em situação de emergência
o Decreto 57.626 entra em vigor na data da publicação (21/5)
retroagindo seus efeitos a 13 de maio de 2024
o plantio de oliveiras e a produção de azeite extravirgem vêm se consolidando como uma das áreas mais promissoras da agricultura gaúcha
prestigiou a 8ª Abertura Oficial da Colheita da Oliva
A força do empreendedorismo gaúcho é um dos principais motivos para a expansão do plantio de oliveiras
Ranolfo Vieira Júnior citou a necessidade de diversificar as culturas e destacou a coragem de quem investe
“A colheita da oliva simboliza exatamente essa garra dos empreendedores”
o investimento privado na implantação de olivais e viveiros e na instalação de fábricas de azeite no Rio Grande do Sul passou dos R$ 100 milhões
gerando mais de mil empregos na metade Sul
O RS é o estado com maior área e perspectiva para a cultura no Brasil
Considerando-se que mais de 99% do azeite e das azeitonas em conserva consumidos no país são importados
o investimento no setor é promissor e o desafio
O Brasil é o segundo maior importador de azeite de oliva do mundo
e a produção nacional corresponde a apenas 0,3% do consumo brasileiro
Com dez unidades agroindustriais extratoras de azeites operando no RS
a previsão para a safra de 2019 é positiva
Estima-se que será a maior colheita de todos os tempos
com produção de cerca de 160 mil litros de azeite
Para o presidente do Instituto Brasileiro de Olivicultura (Ibraoliva)
o inverno frio e a primavera equilibrada contribuíram para a supersafra deste ano no RS
A oliveira no Brasil está ainda pré-adolescente e temos muito a aprender”
a qualidade das azeitonas possibilita a produção de um dos azeites mais puros do mundo
Para amplificar a produção de uma área com futuro promissor
Marchetti destacou a necessidade de maior investimento em pesquisas e cursos técnicos sobre olivicultura
exaltou a importância do empreendedorismo para que o município cresça
“Formigueiro se consolidou na produção de arroz e de soja e na pecuária
enaltecendo especialmente o trabalho de Arno Werlang
Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (Seapdr) tem participado ativamente no desenvolvimento do setor
a secretaria financiou os primeiros pomares
fornecidos a produtores de Caçapava do Sul
a área cultivada no RS vem apresentando uma curva ascendente – de 80 hectares para 4,5 mil hectares
Cerca de mil desses hectares estão em idade produtiva
A metade Sul do estado concentra a maioria dos olivais – Canguçu
destacou que "o papel da secretaria é ficar ao lado do produtor
reforçando a importância do agronegócio para o desenvolvimento econômico do RS."
Para consolidar a olivicultura como um setor sustentável e competitivo
foi lançado o Programa Estadual de Desenvolvimento da Olivicultura (Pró-Oliva)
cujo objetivo é intensificar a cooperação e as ações envolvendo instituições estaduais
Texto: Suzy ScartonEdição: André Malinoski/Secom
O endere&ccedil;o abaixo n&atilde;o existe na globo.com
Um dos principais produtores de azeite extravirgem do Brasil
Com a presença do governador Eduardo Leite
ocorreu a 9ª Abertura Oficial da Colheita da Oliva
município que integra a Rota das Oliveiras
Leite reconheceu a coragem e a resiliência daqueles que se aventuram a produzir no campo
“Além de todos os desafios jurídicos e econômicos de quem empreende no país
As condições da safra 2018/2019 para a cultura foram positivas
resultando em 1,4 milhão de quilos de azeitonas
Isso culminou na produção de 198,6 mil litros de azeite extravirgem
as condições da safra 2020/2021 foram abaladas devido a fatores climáticos
O presidente do Instituto Brasileiro da Olivicultura (Ibraoliva)
projeta uma expectativa de quebra de produção
Pouco frio e semanas de temperaturas elevadas proporcionaram uma floração desuniforme”
a expectativa é de que a qualidade do óleo produzido se mantenha
“O volume da safra não interfere na qualidade dos azeites gaúchos
que se caracterizam pelo sabor intenso e picante devido à colheita com azeitonas ainda verdes
o nosso azeite chega às mesas dos consumidores com o frescor do azeite jovem”
onde ocorreu a solenidade de abertura da colheita
“Temos o compromisso de impulsionar a olivicultura no Estado
Além da importância para o mercado gastronômico
a produção de azeite e o cultivo das oliveiras se tornam um atrativo turístico
A olivicultura no Estado tem grande potencial de expansão e já cresceu de 80 hectares em 2006 para 6 mil hectares em 2020
cultivados por mais de 300 produtores em 65 municípios
o Brasil conte com 25 mil hectares plantados de olivas
Santana do Livramento e Sentinela do Sul concentram a maioria dos olivais
entregou o documento que homologa a situação de emergência do município devido ao período de estiagem
foram definidas algumas das medidas que serão tomadas para diminuir o impacto da falta de chuva nas produções agrícolas do Estado
a ampliação do número de agentes da Defesa Civil responsáveis pela análise da documentação enviada pelos prefeitos
a fim de agilizar o levantamento da quantidade de perfuração de poços e de caixas d'água necessárias e dos decretos de situação de emergência
Também compareceram à cerimônia de abertura da colheita o presidente da Assembleia Legislativa
Luís Augusto Lara e Luiz Fernando Mainardi
o Programa Estadual de Desenvolvimento da Olivicultura (Pró-Oliva)
com o objetivo de intensificar a cooperação e as ações envolvendo instituições municipais
estaduais e federais e a iniciativa privada em prol da cultura
o Pró-Oliva está baseado em subprogramas de mudas de qualidade e defesa sanitária
industrialização de azeites e de conservas e crédito e financiamentos
depois de dezenas de reuniões da Câmara Setorial das Oliveiras
os produtores criaram o Instituto Brasileiro de Olivicultura (Ibraoliva)
foi promulgada uma lei que criou a Rota das Oliveiras
Texto: Suzy ScartonEdição: Vitor Necchi/Secom