FILE — A farmer helps plant trees at a volunteer group planting event in Casimiro de Abreu New trees help to lock away planet-warming carbon But the choice of trees matters: Nonnative species can also harm biodiversity (Maria Magdalena Arrellaga/The New York Times) human needs can make problems like climate change and biodiversity collapse seem insurmountable The world still relies on fossil fuels that are dangerously heating the planet but agriculture is a top driver of biodiversity loss But what if we’re looking at those problems the wrong way commissioned by 147 countries and made public on Tuesday offers the most comprehensive answer to date examining the sometimes dizzying interconnections among biodiversity “Our current approaches to dealing with these crises have tended to be fragmented or siloed,” said Paula Harrison a co-chair of the assessment and an environmental scientist who focuses on land and water modeling at the UK Center for Ecology & Hydrology “That’s led to inefficiencies and has often been counterproductive.” consider a parasitic disease known as schistosomiasis which affects more than 200 million people Spread by freshwater snails that thrive amid invasive aquatic plants nourished by fertilizer runoff the disease is typically seen through the lens of the health sector and treated with medication But a project in rural Senegal looked at the problem from additional angles Clearing the invasive plants from bodies of water reduced infection rates in children by 32% the vegetation can be used as a cheap alternative to cattle feed by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services an independent panel that advises governments on biodiversity issues It includes scores of potential interventions along with their cascading effects the authors note that efforts like incorporating prairie strips or strategically locating trees on farmland can help with biodiversity water quality and climate change all at once Not all situations will have multiple wins But people should be aware of the trade-offs and make them deliberately from national governments all the way to local communities we don’t take account of a lot of the trade-offs,” said Pamela McElwee also a co-chair of the assessment and a professor of human ecology at Rutgers University agriculture and fisheries sectors were estimated at $10 trillion to $25 trillion per year Negative health consequences were especially costly she pointed to the 9 million people a year who die from air pollution and the rise in obesity and diabetes because of unhealthy diets that also harm biodiversity and contribute to climate change Direct public subsidies that are damaging to biodiversity amount to about $1.7 trillion per year incentivizing the private sector to invest even more in harmful activities which joins assessments on global biodiversity loss invasive species and the use of wild animals hit tensions between business interests and nature and ran into overtime The purpose of such reports is to evaluate and synthesize the sprawling universe of existing and sometimes contradictory research Governments use the findings to inform their policymaking at home and in global negotiations had to overcome the very problem it sought to examine: the entrenched silos separating sectors “The biodiversity literature is quite separate from the water literature which is quite separate from the health literature which is quite separate from the food literature and climate change and so forth,” McElwee said Such divisions were also apparent among the 165 experts who contributed They had to learn new language and sometimes found themselves outside their comfort zones as they engaged with people and ideas from other fields Adding to the urgency of the work is the reality that as these crises worsen Collapses in pollinator numbers and droughts fueled by climate change make it harder to grow food when it comes to avoiding unintended consequences which helps in tackling climate change and could make money for landowners through carbon markets But people often choose fast-growing commercial species that can have negative effects on biodiversity and water Your browser is out of date and potentially vulnerable to security risks.We recommend switching to one of the following browsers: Account processing issue - the email address may already exist Would you like to receive our daily news? Signup today Invalid password or account does not exist Submitting this form below will send a message to your email with a link to change your password An email message containing instructions on how to reset your password has been sent to the email address listed on your account Brazil (AP) — This small city in the state of Rio de Janeiro is on high alert after authorities confirmed the death of one man by yellow fever and are investigating several other possible cases Health authorities this week confirmed that 38-year-old Watila Santos died from the illness on March 11 was infected and sent for treatment to a hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro Authorities are investigating possible cases involving four relatives of Santos In the city center and rural areas of Casimiro de Abreu about 93 miles (150 kilometers) from Rio de Janeiro a large tent has been set up to vaccinate people Authorities say around 30,000 of the city's 42,000 people have been vaccinated in recent days "I'm really scared," said Tais de Silva Almeida a mother of two who arrived Friday to get vaccinated "If adults can't deal with the illness Yellow fever is transmitted by mosquito and causes fever Rio de Janeiro's state Health Department has announced plans to vaccinate its entire population as a preventative measure It says it will need 12 million doses to reach a 90 percent vaccination rate by year's end The vaccinations come as cases continue to be confirmed in several areas nationwide Brazil's Health Ministry says that at least 424 people have been infected with yellow fever in the largest outbreak the country has seen in years and more than 900 other cases are under investigation The vast majority of confirmed cases and deaths have been in the southeastern state of Minas Gerais health workers visited houses in rural areas and inspected stagnant water The state also sent experts to nearby parks and reserves with monkey populations to monitor the situation with the primates which are a primary reservoir of yellow fever in a group of houses near a lush jungle area a few miles (5 kilometers) from downtown relatives of Santos wait for news about the four members of the family who may be infected said he took solace in knowing that the death raised alarm bells that could save others he knows that because he died a lot of lives were saved," said Santos Associated Press photographer Leo Correa contributed to this report from Casimiro de Abreu Metrics details Although there are many studies on the control of mosquito vectors of the yellow fever virus (YFV) in tropical forests there are still few ecological studies regarding abiotic factors effect on these mosquitoes Here we characterize these effects on oviposition behavior The study was conducted in Córrego da Luz Municipal Park Ovitraps were placed at ground level and 3 m high The data were tested for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test followed by an independent sample analysis The Shannon Diversity Index was used to evaluate the abundance of mosquitos' eggs collected at both ground level and 3 m high We highlight the presence of Haemagogus janthinomys and Hg and Aedes terrens (58%) was higher at the height of 3 m albopictus (52%) was higher at ground level Aedes albopictus was positively correlated with temperature Culicidae monitoring is essential for assessing the YFV transmission cycle in Atlantic forest fragments According to Pessanha11 an increasing number of cases of zoonotic diseases have been noticed in transition areas over the last three decades as the process of deforestation has intensified A clearer understanding of mosquito communities’ biodiversity in forest environments such as the Atlantic Forest either during anthropic activities or periods of vegetation recovery is crucial to understanding changes in behavior patterns among these wild mosquito populations there are still few ecological studies that focus on changes in the populations and communities of these vectors in fragmented forested environments especially on how climatic factors affect the oviposition behavior of these mosquitoes we evaluate the influence of oviposition behavior and abiotic factors (temperature and rainfall) on the abundance and diversity of mosquito vectors of YFV from July 2018 to December 2019 in a remnant of Atlantic Forest of Córrego da Luz Municipal Park During the study period from July 2018 to December 2019 6535 mosquito eggs were collected in the Córrego da Luz Municipal Park area Both genera are epidemiologically important as they are known vectors of arboviruses such as dengue and yellow fever The abundance of Hg. leucocelaenus (63%), Hg. janthinomys (75%), and Ae. terrens (58%) was greater at the height of 3 m, while Ae. albopictus (52%) was more abundant at ground level (Table 1) There was no statistically significant difference in the number of individuals of Hg terrens (p = 0.7) collected at the ground level and 3 m high a significant difference was observed (p ≤ 0.05) between the numbers of Hg terrens (p = 0.03) and a very significant difference (p ≤ 0.01) between Hg a very significant difference was also observed between Hg Species of Culicidae collected at ground level and 3 m The abundance of the two most common species, Ae. albopictus and Hg. leucocelaenus, were tested for correlation with rainfall and temperature (Brazilian Institute of Space Research – INPE, 2020) using linear regressions. Neither species was correlated with rainfall, though Ae. albopictus showed a significant positive correlation with temperature (p-value = 0.004; Fig. 2). The highest number of cases was reported in 2017 leucocelaenus was abundant in the foci of the disease and detected high rates of natural infections According to Consoli and Lourenço-de-Oliveira33 janthinomys also shows a clear preference for biting at the highest strata of the forest and adapted behavior regarding the search for hosts in the flight trend concerning the oviposition traps installed at different stratification levels Monitoring the population dynamics of yellow fever vectors in areas of increased transmission risk is a critical component of the yellow fever health surveillance system Elucidating the acrodendrophilic elements of these vectors’ oviposition and the effect of climatic variables that may influence these dynamics can be useful for yellow fever control programs by assisting in the development and improvement of health surveillance procedures by providing relevant biological data The results of our study provide information of interest for prophylaxis and control strategies such as the definition of expanded risk areas and the prediction of silent virus circulation which may help target the intensification of local vaccination campaigns in high-risk areas Sampling sites in the Córrego da Luz Municipal Park, located in the city of Casimiro de Abreu, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Maps were prepared in ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.5. Redlands, CA (ESRI) (https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-pro/overview/ A total of twenty traps were installed at random intervals with two traps per tree (one at ground level and another one at 3 m above the ground) The traps were installed at ten different sampling sites under the same height conditions The paddles in the traps were examined monthly and taken to the Diptera Laboratory of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute Positive paddles (containing eggs) were separated in the laboratory had their eggs counted and were immersed in transparent trays containing dechlorinated water The eggs were then placed in a controlled experimental environment with a thermoperiod regulated at a temperature of 28 °C ± 1 °C These conditions allowed us to keep the specimens alive to adulthood for species determination all specimens were incorporated into the Entomological Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute under the collection name “Atlantic Forest” The number of individuals of each species found at ground level and 3 m was tested for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test followed by an analysis of independent samples The Shannon Diversity Index was used to evaluate the abundance of mosquitoes’ eggs collected at both ground level and 3 m high The Simpson Dominance Index was used to measure the probability of two individuals randomly selected in the sample belonging to the same species; higher values of the latter index imply lower diversity levels The relationship between the number of specimens per Culicidae species and the climatic variables of rainfall and temperature was shown to have a normal distribution through the Shapiro–Wilk test The linear regression test was used to evaluate the relationship and influence of abiotic factors on the number of specimens per Culicidae species The permanent license for collecting and transporting zoological material from the Córrego da Luz Municipal Park within Brazil was granted by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) through the Brazilian Biodiversity Information and Authorization System (SISBIO) under permit number 34911-1 dated 06/14/2020 Importância da biodiversidade para a saúde humana: uma perspectiva ecológica Docile, T. N., Figueiró, R., Portela, C. & Nessimian, J. L. Macroinvertebrate diversity loss in urban streams from tropical forests. Environ. Monit. Assess. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5237-z (2016) and local knowledge of larval habitats of Anopheles gambiae s.l Ecological niche partitioning between Anopheles gambiae molecular forms in Cameroon: the ecological side of speciation Yellow fever and dengue: a threat to Europe? Effect of climate change on vector-borne disease risk in the UK Alencar, J. et al. Ecosystem diversity of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a remnant of Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil . Austral Entomol. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12508 (2020) Flight height preference for oviposition of mosquito (diptera: Culicidae) vectors of sylvatic yellow fever virus near the hydroelectric reservoir of simplicío Diversity of yellow fever mosquito vectors in the Atlantic forest of Rio de Janeiro Febre Amarela : uma visão do cenário atual De Abreu, F. V. S. et al. Combination of surveillance tools reveals that yellow fever virus can remain in the same atlantic forest area at least for three transmission seasons. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760190076 (2019) Reemergência de febre amarela: Detecção de transmissão no estado de São Paulo Estratégias e ações para a conservação da biodiversidade no estado do Rio de Janeiro Evaluation of multiple immersion effects on eggs from Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) under experimental conditions (Edusp - Editora da Universidade de São Paulo Revisão de mosquitos Haemagogus Williston (Diptera: Culicidae) do Brasil Revised list of abbreviations for genera and subgenera of Culicidae (diptera) and notes on generic and subgeneric changes Ecology of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in areas of Serra do Mar State Park Critical review of the vector status of Aedes albopictus Yellow fever outbreak in Brazil: the puzzle of rapid viral spread and challenges for immunisation Epizootics due to Yellow Fever Virus in São Paulo State Brazil: viral dissemination to new areas (2016–2017) High risk for chikungunya virus to initiate an enzootic sylvatic cycle in the tropical Americas Mosquitoes infected with dengue viruses in Brazil Zika virus in Brazil and the danger of infestation by aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa) - 2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus? Aedes albopictus em área rural do Brasil e implicações na transmissão de febre amarela silvestre Mosquitos no Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos Evidências Preliminares De Estratificação Vertical De Postura De Ovos Por Alguns Culicidae (Diptera) Em Floresta No Município De Manaus - Amazonas A comparative study of the effect of multiple immersions on Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito eggs with emphasis on sylvan vectors of yellow fever virus Aedes e Psorophora | Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory Principais Mosquitos de Importância Sanitária no Brasil - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz): Ciência e tecnologia em saúde para a população brasileira with special reference to Aedes albopictus Aedes novalbopictus and Armigeres subalbatus Infusion-baited ovitraps to survey ovipositional height preferences of container-inhabiting mosquitoes in two Florida habitats Potential for Zika virus to establish a sylvatic transmission cycle in the Americas Geographic patterns and environmental factors associated with human yellow fever presence in the Americas Seasonal population dynamics of the primary yellow fever vector haemagogus leucocelaenus (Dyar & shannon) (diptera: Culicidae) is mainly influenced by temperature in the atlantic forest The effect of various temperatures in modifying the extrinsic incubation period of the yellow fever virus in Aedes Aegypti Determination of the spatial susceptibility to yellow fever using a multicriteria analysis Evaluation of the temperature influence on the development of Aedes albopictus Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Associated Entomofauna in Bromeliads from a Forest Patch within a densely Urbanized Area Download references This work was supported by the Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ; Grant Number E-26/202.658/2018) the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq; 301707/2017-0) and Mico-Leão-Dourado Association Fabiana Fagundes Fumian & Jeronimo Alencar Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro Foundation State University Center of the West Zone (UEZO) Ronaldo Figueiró & Fabiana Fagundes Fumian Laboratory of Professional Education in Health Surveillance (LAVSA) Joaquim Venâncio Polytechnic School of Health Application Institute Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira (Cap-UERJ) responsible for the statistical analyses of the paper and edited the tables and graphs of the paper and participated in the revision of the manuscript participated in the writing and revision process of the paper C.F.M and J.A collected the mosquito samples in the field C.F.M constructed the map representing the collection sites of the study participated in and reviewed the statistical analyses of the study carried out the bibliographic research and wrote the manuscript The authors declare no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85752-y Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Anthropocene newsletter — what matters in anthropocene research Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker works on her tree cultivation in Casimiro de Abreu reforestation assistants make holes before planting new trees in Madre de Dios Scientists working for CINCIA _ a Peru-based nongovernmental group _ planted more than six-thousand saplings of various species native to this part of the Amazon They are testing which biofertilizers work best to replenish the soil gold collected after a day of work is ready to be weigh at a mining camp that uses a machine that uses a special system to collect gold without the need to use mercury in the process Golden lion tamarins are seen in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest in Silva Jardim A small hill is seen planted with Atlantic Forest trees as part of the restoration program of the ONG Golden Lion Tamarin Association in Silva Jardim Peru (AP) — Destruction of the forests can be swift people are putting shovels to ground to help it happen where illegal gold mining has scarred forests and poisoned ground scientists work to change wasteland back to wilderness on former coal mining land across Appalachia workers rip out old trees that never put down deep roots and make the soil more suitable to regrow native tree species a nursery owner grows different kinds of seedlings to help reconnect forests along the country’s Atlantic coast benefiting endangered species like the golden lion tamarin They labor amid spectacular recent losses — the Amazon jungle and the Congo basin ablaze smoke from Indonesian rainforests wafting over Malaysia and Singapore fires set mostly to make way for cattle pastures and farm fields an area the size of the United Kingdom was stripped of forest each year Rebuilding woodland is slow and often difficult work And it requires patience: It can take several decades or longer for forests to regrow as viable habitats and to absorb the same amount of carbon lost when trees are cut and burned “Planting a tree is only one step in the process,” says Christopher Barton a professor of forest hydrology at the Appalachian Center of the University of Kentucky there is urgency to that work — forests are one of the planet’s first lines of defense against climate change absorbing as much as a quarter of man-made carbon emissions each year water and sunlight to produce chemical energy to fuel their growth; oxygen is released as a byproduct so has an already overloaded Earth’s capacity to cope with carbon emissions Successful reforestation programs take into account native plant species They are managed by groups with a sustained commitment to monitoring forests they economically benefit the people who live nearby — for instance or reducing erosion that damages homes or crops The impact could be great: A recent study in the journal Science projected that if 0.9 billion hectares (2.2 billion acres) of new trees were planted — around 500 billion saplings — they could absorb 205 gigatonnes (220 gigatons) of carbon once they reached maturity The Swiss researchers estimated this would be equivalent to about two-thirds of man-made carbon emissions since the start of the Industrial Revolution Other scientists dispute those calculations while some fear the theoretical promise of tree-planting as an easy solution to climate changes could distract people from the range and scope of the responses needed forestry researcher Jhon Farfan steered a motorcycle through the dense Peruvian jungle He was following a narrow path cut by illegal gold miners in the heart of the Amazon he was on a quest to reforest abandoned gold mines within the world’s largest tropical forest he reached a broad clearing where knee-high saplings stood in rows their yellow-green leaves straining for the sun Farfan whipped out a clipboard with a diagram of the saplings planted months earlier “The goal is to look for the survivors,” he said only a sliver of light escapes to the forest floor Often more can be heard than seen: a chorus of howler monkeys the chatter of red-crowned parakeets — reminders that the Amazon is home to more species diversity than anywhere on the planet A former illegal mining camp destroyed by the police and soldiers is seen amid thousands of destroyed hectares of Amazon jungle in what is called "La Pampa" in Madre de Dios But the rainforest is under increasing threat from illicit logging In a region of southeastern Peru called Madre de Dios Farfan’s job involves inspecting lands where the forest has already been lost to illegal mining spurred by the spike in gold prices following the 2008 global financial crash the floor of the jungle was turned upside down There are no gold seams in the lowland areas of the Amazon but only flakes of gold washed down from the Andes mountains by ancient rivers After cutting and burning centuries-old trees miners used diesel pumps to suck up deep layers of the earth then pushed the soil through filters to separate out gold particles which binds the gold together but also poisons the land Left behind are patches of desert-like land — dry stripped of topsoil and ringed by trunks of dead trees Farfan and other scientists with the Peru-based nonprofit CINCIA planted more than 6,000 saplings of various species native to this part of the Amazon “Most tree deaths happen in the first year,” Farfan added typically they’re going to be there a long time.” A study of former gold mines in Peru by scientists at CINCIA and Wake Forest University several years ago found that seedlings transplanted with soil were more likely to survive than “bare-root seedlings,” and the use of special fertilizers also helped growth Some of the trees tested had absorbed trace amounts of mercury through contaminated soil but it’s not clear yet how this will affect them the team has planted more than 42 hectares (115 acres) with native seedlings the largest reforestation effort in the Peruvian Amazon to date The group is in discussion with Peru’s government to expand their efforts “It’s very hard to stop mining in Madre de Dios The challenge now: to plant a tree that can grow in this soil While scientists struggle with tainted landscapes in the Amazon activists a continent away are reckoning with flawed past attempts to heal the land After miners left West Virginia’s Cheat Mountain in the 1980s there was an effort to green the coal mining sites to comply with federal law The companies used heavy machinery to push upturned soil back into place compacting the mountainside with bulldozers The result was soil so packed in that rainwater couldn’t seep down Companies planted “desperation species” — grasses with shallow roots or non-native trees that could endure but wouldn’t reach their full height or restore the forest as it had been On Cheat Mountain and at other former mining sites across Appalachia more than a million acres of former forests are in similar arrested development “It was like trees trying to grow in a parking lot — not many could make it,” said Michael French director of operations for the Kentucky-based nonprofit Green Forests Work The Appalachian highlands once supported a large and unique ecosystem dominated by 500,000 acres of red spruce forest a century and a half ago But commercial logging in the late 1800s and later coal mining in the 20th century stripped the landscape leaving less than a tenth of the red spruce forests intact Now French and colleagues at Green Forests Work are collaborating with the U.S Forest Service to restore native Appalachian forests and the rare species they support — by first tearing down other trees “We literally go in with a giant plow-like machine and rip the guts out of the soil,” by dragging a 4-foot ripping shank behind a bulldozer the University of Kentucky professor and founder of Green Forests Work gives rainwater and tree roots a better chance to push down into the soil A 2008 study found that disrupting the soil on U.S brownfield sites through this method helped tree growth trees planted on “ripped” sites had more roots compared to those where deep ripping didn’t occur The idea of ripping up the ground seemed startling at first a lot of our colleagues thought we were crazy Earlier efforts at reforesting old mining sites within West Virginia’s Monongahela National Forest hadn’t fared so well; sometimes But in areas where the team has deep-ripped over the last decade the survival rate of saplings has been around 90% Green Forests Work has now reforested around 800 acres within the Monongahela and it is taking a similar approach to other former mining sites across Appalachia having reforested around 4,500 total acres since 2009 Their ultimate goal is to restart the natural cycle of the forest — so that scientists’ work becomes invisible again Other reforestation crusades are more personal runs a tree nursery that grows seedlings of species native to Brazil’s lesser-known jungle — the Atlantic coastal rainforest She collaborates with a nonprofit group called Save the Golden Lion Tamarin which works to protect and restore the forest habitat of the endangered namesake monkey “The Atlantic rainforest is one of the planet’s most threatened biomes more than 90 % of it was deforested,” said Luis Paulo Ferraz Dona Graça says she is furious at what has happened to the forest which was whittled down to allow for the urban expansion of Rio de Janeiro and other cities She deplores “the stupidity and ignorance” of people who have “destroyed most of the trees and continue destroying them I try to do it properly to rescue those trees.” between feeding her chickens and raking the leaves she grows seedlings of rare species — pau pereira they don’t exist anymore.” She mixes limestone and clay places it in plastic nursery bags and plants seeds in them; she irrigates them with water and cow urine Local replanting efforts — which aim to reconnect fragmented parcels of forest — often use the seedlings from Dona Graça’s nursery which gives her both income and great satisfaction that memory I tried to leave for the people is: It’s worth it to plant Federica Narancio contributed to this report from Peru and West Virginia Metrics details The Original Article was published on 25 February 2021 After publication it was observed that there were data transcription failures these only occurred in the supplementary file The errors do not impact the rest of the rest of the paper Both files (old and new) are available in this correction article Download references Maria Verônica Monteiro de Abreu & Claudia Fernanda de Lacerda Vidal Maria das Graças Washington Casimiro Carreteiro Maria Carolina Andrade Lins de Albuquerque : Incorrect supplementary file as originally published unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07770-z Rio-based firm successfully develops large-sized unmanned aircraft for defense and security missions Brazil has come a step closer to entering the group of nations producing large drones technically known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) a remotely piloted air system measuring 500 kilograms (kg) in weight Named after a large marine bird commonly seen along Brazil’s coast the UAV is designed for both civilian and military applications and is the largest Brazilian-built aircraft of its kind to successfully take flight The Atobá is designed for use by the military in border and coastal surveillance and recognizance missions, and by law enforcement in monitoring major events and in search and rescue missions. It has a 70 kg payload capacity for equipment such as radar systems, surveillance cameras, and multispectral sensors, which capture images using different wave frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum, such as infrared. Stella tecnologia The Atobá was developed at a cost of R$11.5 million and in collaboration with students and professors from UFRJStella tecnologia the UAV is propelled by a 4-stroke 60 horsepower (hp) gasoline engine and has an endurance (flight time without refueling) of 28 flight hours Its range of 250 kilometers (km) is limited by the ground station communication radius The Atobá can fly at speeds of up to 150 km/h and at altitudes as high as 5,000 m where it is imperceptible to the naked eye—for comparison the Atobá can be adapted to deploy missiles and bombs within its payload capacity a UAV expert and a professor at the School of Computing and Informatics at Mackenzie Presbyterian University explains that the maiden flight of an aircraft is a significant milestone in that it demonstrates the project has been successful so far But the manufacturer will still need to run a large number of flight tests before the Atobá becomes an operational UAV And while the drone developed at Stella Tecnologia is a breakthrough for the Brazilian aerospace industry it is less sophisticated than other projects being developed elsewhere to develop artificial intelligence-enabled unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) as wingmen for manned fighter aircraft which is expected to fly at speeds as high as 2,400 km/h,” he says Breternitz believes it is important for Brazil to develop the capabilities to manufacture military UAVs in the class of the Atobá “I very much believe in developing solutions locally Initiatives such as Stella Tecnologia’s drive local research and build manufacturing capacity,” he says the ideal approach to the UAV market would be that used by successful players in the aerospace industry: find and build world-class capabilities in a niche market to win global market share A case in point is Brazilian aircraft manufacturer Embraer the São José dos Campos-based company specialized in regional short-haul aircraft and has now become the global market leader in this segment Development of the Atobá started five years ago and has cost R$11.5 million so far “I had no third-party funding; the entire investment came from the sale of my first drone company I’m now looking for investors to complete the project,” says Buffara who still has work to do to refine the UAV’s design Before the airworthiness certification process begins the Atobá will be fitted with a locally produced autopilot system in replacement of its current Engineering students from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) participated in the project through an academic internship arrangement with Stella Tecnologia UFRJ also provided access to laboratories for testing including testing on materials for the UAV frame—the wings and fuselage are made of composite materials that are lighter and stronger than conventional aluminum One of the biggest challenges was designing and then building the fuselage “It was difficult as very little technical information is publicly available on this type of equipment We were only successful after a lot of trial and error,” says Buffara Another challenge was integrating the aircraft’s electrical and control systems so they operate properly together “We had resolve electromagnetic interference issues affecting the different systems.” who has a degree in business administration leveraged his extensive experience in drone development SantosLab—which Buffara cofounded with a partner—designed and built a small UAV with a wingspan of less than 2 m and a weight of just 4 kg “This was the Armed Forces’ first order for this type of equipment,” he says assembled a team of professionals with prior experience of developing aircraft—mostly mechanical and systems engineers but also aeronautical engineers—and founded Stella Tecnologia to develop the Atobá he has received support from several consultants in developing the UAV’s design head of the unmanned aircraft department at the Brazilian Aerospace Industry Association (AIAB) believes there is strong global demand for UAV classes like the Atobá but that the success of the project will largely depend on whether it secures interest from the Brazilian government “What really matters is whether a firm’s host country will support the development of the project through to production by placing orders,” he says “A previous initiative by Avibras to build a UAV of this size was discontinued after it failed to attract commercial interest in Brazil.” Buffara is currently in talks with the Brazilian military but no firm negotiations have yet taken place Stella Tecnologia is accredited by the Ministry of Defense as a Strategic Defense Company (EED)—an approved supplier to the Armed Forces The Brazilian Air Force currently operates at least three different UAV models: the Hermes 450 and Hermes 900 The Hermes 450 is similar in size and operational capabilities to the Atobá; the other two are in a larger class of UAVs weighing more than 1 ton “The Brazilian Air Force’s remotely piloted aircraft are used in surveillance missions to provide ground and air forces with accurate intelligence and reconnaissance data,” the Air Force Public Affairs Agency said in a statement about the UAVs Neither the Air Force nor the Ministry of Defense have responded to requests from Pesquisa FAPESP to comment on whether the government has any interest in the Atobá “The Air Force paid about US$25 million for two Hermes 450 UAVs including the ground control station and training would cost a third of that amount,” says Stella Tecnologia’s CEO but also boasts a longer endurance than its Israeli competitor’s 17 hours (as specified on the manufacturer’s website) as well as accommodating more advanced sensors and cameras We hope to complete the project and make it operational later this year.” © Revista Pesquisa FAPESP - All rights reserved Metrics details The golden lion tamarin is an endangered primate endemic to Brazil’s Atlantic Forest Centuries of deforestation reduced numbers to a few hundred individuals in isolated forest fragments 80 km from Rio de Janeiro city Intensive conservation action including reintroduction of zoo-born tamarins into forest fragments 1984–2000 southeastern Brazil experienced the most severe yellow fever epidemic/epizootic in the country in 80 years we documented the first death of a golden lion tamarin due to yellow fever We re-evaluated population sizes and compared them to results of a census completed in 2014 Tamarin losses were significantly greater in forest fragments that were larger had less forest edge and had better forest connectivity factors that may favor the mosquito vectors of yellow fever The future of golden lion tamarins depends on the extent of additional mortality whether some tamarins survive the disease and acquire immunity and the potential development of a vaccine to protect the species against yellow fever A family group of golden lion tamarins in Brazil’s Atlantic Forest Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado monitors about 15 groups of tamarins to detect changes in population sizes The goal was increased to 2,000 GLTs in at least 25,000 ha of connected and protected forest as a buffer against future loss of forest These science-based targets were adopted as conservation goals for the species in 2005 geographic range of most golden lion tamarins 80 km northeast of the city of Rio de Janeiro Management units (MUs) are fragments of forest used by tamarins (i.e below 500 m elevation) that are partially or completely isolated from other fragments of tamarin habitat AMLD did not detect mortality of GLTs during this period and it was unclear if GLTs were susceptible to the disease with the exception of one individual GLT (see discussion) eight complete groups disappeared from their territories in Poço das Antas Reserve (MU 6a) Four of these groups were actively monitored by AMLD and four were not monitored at the time but had known territories 39 individuals is unknown but yellow fever is a strong possibility (see discussion) The eight groups were part of AMLD’s GLT monitoring program occupied stable territories and comprised individuals habituated to the presence of human observers AMLD has monitored the compositions of 7–13 groups in this reserve at weekly intervals for over 30 years Batteries in radiocollars on individuals in the four monitored groups failed in October–November 2017 AMLD biologists failed to find sign of these GLTs at bait platforms Non-systematic surveys using recorded playbacks of GLT vocalizations also failed to detect the four monitored groups and the four groups not being monitored a landowner reported two dead GLTs and three dead howler monkeys in Cambucaes (MU 6b) AMLD recovered part of the skeleton of one howler monkey but found no sign of the dead GLTs Forest fragments (green) were identified using Landsat satellite images Yellow and red polygons indicate randomly selected 48 ha or 120 ha quadrats sampled in the 2014 playback survey Quadrats resampled in 2018 are indicated by an X or a diamond observers played recorded GLT vocalizations at points 200 m apart along transects in each quadrat These estimates represent an overall decline of 30% (method one) or 32% (method two) from the 3706 GLTs estimated in situ in the 2014 survey A comparison across the two surveys provides additional information supporting reductions in GLT populations since 2014 There was a significant change from 2014 to 2018 in the proportion of quadrats with detected GLTs (P < 0.001 For 15 quadrats in which GLTs were detected in both surveys we calculated the number of meters along the transect to first detection of GLTs in 2014 and 2018 The number of meters to first detection was significantly greater in 2018 than in 2014 (t14 = 2.22 plus the number of native non-human primate species in the MU and the presence/absence of non-native marmosets (Callithrix spp.) Three variables entered the final model: categorical ranking for forest area size in the MU N = 26) and with these three variables correctly classified 72.7% of quadrats without GLTs and 80% of quadrats with GLTs Quadrats with reduced detections of GLTs were more likely to be found within a larger MU with higher percent core area and higher dIIC This report documents the first death of a golden lion tamarin to yellow fever and the results of a survey quantifying GLT losses throughout the species’ geographic range Despite documented concurrent yellow-fever-caused mortality in humans and two species of non-human primates (GLT and howler monkeys) in the municipalities where we conducted the 2018 survey we cannot confirm that reductions in GLT numbers were caused by yellow fever alone We considered three alternative explanations for the declines Results showed that GLTs respond to playbacks by vocalizing and approaching closely in over 80% of playbacks and that responses dropped off significantly at 120 m from the playback speaker The distance between the playback points for the 2014 survey was 200 m To reduce the possibility of not detecting a GLT group in 2018 we did playbacks at intervals of 100 m It is unlikely that trained observers would fail to detect GLTs at this distance population estimates for 2018 were increased by 17% to account for potential false negative detections (lack of response by GLT present in the sampled quadrat) A second alternative explanation for GLT reductions is that GLT populations were declining between 2014 and 2018 because of reduced birth rates or other demographic changes we ran an analysis of variance comparing the compositions of 36 monitored groups for 2013–2014 (average of two years) with 19 groups monitored in 2018 number of juveniles and number of infants present in the groups were included as dependent variables MU size was not a significant predictor of the dependent variables Groups were not significantly larger in 2018 (P = 0.070) but contained significantly more adults (P = 0.015) and significantly fewer infants (P = 0.017) than in 2013–2014 It is important to note that GLTs that were monitored in late 2018 either survived yellow fever or were not exposed to the disease Differentiating between these two circumstances will be important for evaluating future risk imposed by yellow fever and formulating strategies in response and mean density from 0.121 GLTs/ha to 0.109 Despite persistent high predation during these years GLTs continued to occupy all suitable habitat in the study area and maintained a neighborhood of adjacent territories a pattern very different from the vacant territories observed in 2018 It’s unlikely that the rapid losses of GLTs in 2018 is explained by predation it’s unlikely that hunting or poaching explain the declines in GLT populations Hunters in this region hunt large mammals as a source of food GLTs are not large enough to warrant shooting The two biological reserves are patrolled by guards and AMLD field staff systematically monitor GLTs there and in several other MUs Trapping GLTs requires setting bait platforms well in advance of trapping to habituate the tamarins to the presence of bait and traps AMLD field staff would likely discover any attempt to trap GLTs in areas where GLTs are monitored using radiotelemetry AMLD staff and members live in the local communities and actively support GLT conservation when AMLD began intensive environmental education in the region we have not observed poachers attempting to trap GLTs The lone adult male spent eight months moving around the Reserve We conclude that yellow fever is the most likely explanation for the near-complete decimation of the GLT population in Poço das Antas Reserve When we began field research on GLTs in 1984 several forest fragments of suitable habitat did not contain GLTs It’s impossible to know if GLTs in these fragments were decimated by a disease such as yellow fever or trapped for sale to legal or illegal animal trade markets concluded that Haemagogus mosquitoes are capable of rapidly infecting local populations of non-human primates which would result in explosive epizootics followed by near extinctions The few survivors are assumed to acquire immunity to yellow fever for life The geographic scope of our study is modest in comparison To attempt to explain variation in losses of GLTs in this relatively small area we looked for relationships with landscape variables related to proximity of humans the distribution of non-human primate species which may facilitate persistence of the virus in the forest and environmental factors perhaps favoring survival and reproduction of mosquito vectors e.g We found no statistical relationship between human activities and losses of GLTs to yellow fever Proximity to roads or cities were not significant predictors of GLT losses in forest fragments the forests in this region are heavily occupied by permanent and weekend residents living in villages Illegal hunting is common on some privately-owned land Perhaps the highest human density is in Imbaú I (MU 8) an area that had relatively low losses of GLTs The areas with the lowest human densities are União and Poço das Antas Reserves União Reserve had relatively low losses of GLTs while Poço das Antas suffered very high losses We did not attempt to quantify the density of non-human primates in the sampled areas anecdotal observations suggest that areas of apparent high density of non-human primates an area with apparent low density of non-human primates before the yellow fever outbreak and in 2017–2018 Samples from mosquitoes in the other two municipalities tested negative that study sampled only a single point each in Silva Jardim and Casimiro de Abreu The small sample size may have contributed to non-detection of YFV in mosquitoes sampled in these areas These results emphasize the need for more extensive monitoring of vector and virus presence and prevalence in order to better understand current and future risks to both human and non-human primate populations The cost of planting these additional forest corridors will be significant AMLD estimates the cost of completing planted forest connections between MUs 7 and 12 at US$138,216 Additional funds also will be necessary to monitor and manage small populations of GLTs by translocations until forest connections are in place method 2) plus 155 native GLTs in two MUs not sampled) If yellow fever persists in forests occupied by GLTs a vaccine to protect GLTs may make the difference between losing this endangered species and keeping it from extinction All data were collected under research and ethics permit number 17409 The permit was granted by Brazil’s Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) Sistema de Autorização e Informação em Biodiversidade (Sisbio) the federal agency responsible for authorizing research and conservation projects on Brazil’s biodiversity Methods approved in this permit include playbacks of GLT vocalizations along designated transects and monitoring of GLT social groups using radio-telemetry Delivery to a scientific institution of animals found dead does not require a permit under Brazilian law (Article 25 Playbacks of GLT vocalizations along the transect line were conducted at 100 m intervals in 2018 Playbacks continued until GLTs were detected or the researchers reached the end of the quadrat without detecting GLTs AMLD researchers played vocalizations at a maximum of 20 points along the transect in large quadrats and up to 12 points in small quadrats While the average group size was taken from well-studied populations observers noted the number of responding GLTs seen and heard A total of 26 quadrats were selected for study in 2018 The same AMLD observers conducted both surveys and each person had over 15 yrs experience collecting data on GLTs We used two methods to estimate the number of GLTs in each sampled MU. In method 1 (Table 2) we multiplied the percent of quadrats in which GLTs were detected in 2018 representing reductions from the 100% detection rate in 2014 by the number of GLTs estimated for that MU in 2014 To adjust for the possibility of failing to detect GLTs in quadrats that were occupied by GLTs we calculated the percent of quadrats sampled in 2014 in which we knew GLTs were present but in which we failed to detect them using standardized methodology: 3 of 18 quadrats we multiplied population estimates for each MU by 1.17 AMLD staff conducted playback surveys in the northern half of the Reserve and detected no GLTs in areas that were occupied previously by eight groups of GLTs The low detection rate of 25% in the 2018 survey supported this conclusion During extensive surveys along trails in the northern half of the Reserve from October–December 2018 AMLD observers saw only 16 GLTs in five groups in the northern half of the Reserve with an average of 2.6 (SE = 0.678) adults per group to estimate GLT density in Poço das Antas we divided 16 GLTs by half the forested area of the Reserve AMLD does not monitor GLTs in MU Pirineus thus the only information we have on GLT density is from the 2014 and 2018 surveys Because the 29% detection rate in 2018 was similar to that for Poço das Antas Reserve All data were resampled to 5 m resolution for analysis We measured the importance of patch habitat for maintaining landscape connectivity using delta values in the integral index of connectivity (dIIC): We used a McNemar’s test to determine if there was a significant change in the number of quadrats with GLT detections between the 2014 and 2018 surveys A mixed-model ANOVA was used to test the number of meters until first detection of GLTs between the two surveys Year was used as a repeated-measures variable We ran a logistic regression to determine which variables might impact the presence/absence of GLTs in the 26 surveyed quadrats MU identity was included in the model to control for variance associated with MU-level data (e.g management strategy and GLT habituation to presence of human observers) Potential explanatory variables included categorical rank (1–3) of the MU based on amount of forest area (ranked largest (3) to smallest (1): Pirineus and Aldeia I each ranked 3; Poço das Antas and Imbaú I each ranked 2; União I and Cambucaes each ranked 1) number of non-human primate species in the MU and presence/absence of non-native marmosets (Callithrix spp.) Data not included in this manuscript are available by contacting the corresponding author To help ensure the safety of endangered golden lion tamarins we will not share geographic coordinates of tamarin group locations Distribution and ecology of the genus Leontopithecus Lesson In The Biology and Conservation of the Callitrichidae (ed G.) 131–136 (Smithsonian Institution Press The golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia: a conservation success story Estimating population sizes to evaluate progress in conservation of endangered golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) In Lion Tamarins Biology and Conservation (eds Kleiman In Population Management for Survival and Recovery: Analytical Methods and Strategies in Small Population Conservation (eds Ballou In Primates: The Road to Self-sustaining Populations (ed The conservation program for the golden lion tamarin Polygyny and female reproductive success in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) Foraging ecology and use of space in wild golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) Behavioral evidence for monopolization of paternity in multi-male groups of golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) VORTEX: A computer simulation model for population viability analysis Structure of the VORTEX simulation model for population viability analysis A stochastic simulation of the extinction process (IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group Lion Tamarin Population and Habitat Viability Assessment Workshop 2005 Understanding and managing isolation in a fragmented population of golden lion tamarins Losses and reproduction in reintroduced golden lion tamarins Leontopithecus rosalia Census and distribution of the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) Kierulff, M. C. M., Rylands, A. B. & de Oliveira, M. M. Leontopithecus rosalia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T11506A3287321, https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T11506A3287321.en (Downloaded on 08 October 2018) Temporal genetic dynamics of reintroduced and translocated populations of the endangered golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) Population genetic structure of an endangered endemic primate (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) in a highly fragmented Atlantic coastal rain forest Nucleotide sequence variation of the envelope protein gene identifies two distinct genotypes of yellow fever virus Genetic variation in yellow fever virus: Duplication in the 3′ noncoding region of strains from Africa Phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among yellow fever virus isolates in Africa Out of Africa: a molecular perspective on the introduction of yellow fever virus into the Americas Evolutionary and ecological factors underlying the tempo and distribution of yellow fever virus activity Vertical transmission of the yellow fever virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera Culicidae): dynamics of infection in F1 adult progeny of orally infected females Spatial response to linear infrastructures by the endangered golden lion tamarin Dispersion of forest mosquitoes in Brazil; further studies The whole iceberg: estimating the incidence of yellow fever virus infection from the number of severe cases World Health Organization, Yellow Fever, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-fever (2018) Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis Guia de vigilância de epizootias em primatas não humanos e entomologia aplicada à vigilância da febre amarela Fioravanti C. 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Pesquisa Fapesp, http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/2018/01/11/o-alarme-dos-macacos/ (2018) and humans in the occurrence of a yellow fever outbreak in a fragmented landscape in south Brazil: Protecting howler monkeys is a matter of public health Yellow fever outbreak affecting Alouatta populations in southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul state) Secretaria do Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Informações Estratégicas de Vigilância em Saúde/Unidade de Resposta Rápida – CIEVS/URR Monitoramento das emergências em saúde pública – Febre amarela Outbreak of yellow fever among nonhuman primates Brazilian forests fall silent as yellow fever decimates threatened monkeys Subsecretaria de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro Ocorrrência de epizootia de primatas por Febre Amarela Leontopithecus rosalia (Mico-leão-dourado) Monitoramento do período sazonal da febre amarela– Brasil 2018/2019 Point transect sampling with traps or lures Metodologias de amostragem de populações: aplicação e comparação em populações de mico-leão-dourado (Leontopithecus rosalia) e sagüis (Callithrix spp.) na bacia do rio São João (Campos dos Goytacazes: Universidade estadual do Norte Fluminense Predation rate and future reproductive potential explain home range size in golden lion tamarins Sudden short-term increase in mortality of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Amboseli National Park Demography and life histories of sympatric patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Laikipia Golden lion tamarin sleeping site use and pre-retirement behavior during intense predation Do cavity-nesting primates reduce scent marking before retirement to avoid attracting predators to sleeping sites A vigilância de primatas não humanos e a febre amarela silvestre no brasil Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Animal) - Escola Veterinária and adult body mass in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) História da Febre-Amarela no Brasil (Ministério da Saúde Susceptibility of marmosets to different strains of yellow fever virus Studies on cyclic passage of yellow fever virus in South American mammals and mosquitoes; marmosets (Callithrix penicillata and Leontocebus chrysomelas) in combination with Aedes aegypti Studies on South American yellow fever: III Transmission of the virus to Brazilian monkeys Susceptibility of capuchin (Cebus) monkeys to yellow fever virus The transmission of yellow fever: Further experiments with monkeys of the New World Impact of yellow fever outbreaks on two howler monkey species (Alouatta guariba clamitans and A Outbreak of yellow fever affects howler monkeys in southern Brazil Epizootias em primatas não humanos durante reemergência do vírus da febre amarela no Brasil Status of the northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) in the time of yellow fever Predicting yellow fever through species distribution modeling of virus 1777) exóticos invasores na bacia do rio São João Rio de Janeiro: biologia populacional e padrão de distribuição em uma paisagem fragmentada (Campos dos Goytacazes: Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Ocorrência e densidade populacional de bugio (Alouatta guariba Lacépède 1799) e macaco-prego (Cebus nigritus Erxleben 1777) em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Vertical oviposition activity of mosquitoes in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil with emphasis on the sylvan vector Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Diptera: Culicidae) Distribution of the mosquito communities (Diptera: Culicidae) in oviposition traps introduced into the Atlantic Forest in the State of Rio de Janeiro Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Haemagogus janthinomys are the primary vectors in the major yellow fever outbreak in Brazil Oviposition behavior of Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Diptera: culicidae) Flight height preference for oviposition of mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors of sylvatic yellow fever virus near the Hydroelectric Reservoir of Simplício Distribution of Haemagogus and Sabethes species in relation to forest cover and climatic factors in the Chapada Dos Guimarães National Park Tree and forest characteristics influence sleeping site choice by golden lion tamarins (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to the microclimates of the Caxiuanã National Forest Detection of seasonal variability in microclimatic borders and ecotones between forest and savanna Fragmentation impairs the microclimate buffering effect of tropical forests Lion tamarin population and habitat viability assessment workshop 2005 Landscape resistance influences effective dispersal of endangered golden lion tamarins within the Atlantic Forest GitHub, LS_Metrics, https://github.com/LEEClab/LS_METRICS (2019) Conefor Sensinode 2.2: A software package for quantifying the importance of habitat patches for landscape connectivity CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute Fundação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Repositório público de mapas e shapefiles para download, http://www.fbds.org.br/ (2018) Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Mapas IBGE, https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/ (2018) United States Geological Survey, Digital elevation model, https://www.usgs.gov/ (2018) A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscape conservation planning: comparison with existing indices and application to a case study Comparison and development of new graph-based landscape connectivity indices: towards the priorization of habitat patches and corridors for conservation A common currency for the different ways in which patches and links can contribute to habitat availability and connectivity in the landscape Download references We thank the Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado (AMLD) for logistic support assistance in production of figures and these AMLD staff for conducting the 2018 playback survey: Elisamã Moraes dos Santos Jadir Hilário Ramos and Ademilson de Oliveira The Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense provided support for part of the field work We thank Marcos da Silva Freire for providing technical information on yellow fever virus We are grateful to the following for providing major funding for aspects of this study: Copenhagen Zoo Smithsonian National Zoological Park and Zoo Atlanta We thank Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) for permission to conduct this research and work in the Poço das Antas and União Biological Reserves We are grateful to the late Adelmar Coimbra Filho and the late Devra G Kleiman for their pioneering work in golden lion tamarin conservation and research Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM/UFRJ) led the field survey teams and collected and compiled the data; L.P.F provided additional data on regional epizootic events in howler monkeys; S.J.H performed the GIS analyses and produced the figures; J.M.D took the lead in drafting the manuscript; B.R.A. contributed to the manuscript; all authors reviewed the manuscript Publisher’s note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49199-6 International Journal of Primatology (2024) International Journal of Primatology (2022) Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science Metrics details Significant pathogens that have resurfaced in humans originate from transmission from animal to human populations yellow fever cases in humans are usually associated with spillover from non-human primates via mosquitoes The present study characterized the prevalence of the yellow fever vector Haemagogus leucocelaenus in Rio de Janeiro The Atlantic Forest fragment chosen is an area of translocation of the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) where 10 ovitraps were installed to collect mosquito eggs in Fazenda Três Irmãos of which 1153 were viable; 50% belonged to medically important mosquito species and 24% to the yellow fever vector species and January 2022 (n = 252) had the highest densities of this vector Haemagogus leucocelaenus was positively correlated with temperature (r = 0.303) and humidity (r = 0.48) with eggs hatching up to the 15th immersion with higher abundance of females Implementing mosquito monitoring for arbovirus activity can help protect both the golden lion tamarin and human populations from the threat of arbovirus transmission the current study aims to characterize the prevalence and biodiversity of Haemagogus spp. Fluctuation in the number of mosquito eggs collected per month Number of mosquito eggs collected in the dry and rainy seasons (A) Number of hatched and unhatched eggs in the rainy (B) and dry season (C) There was a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.607) between the number of Culicidae eggs and temperature and a positive but weak correlation between the number of eggs and rainfall (r = 0.222) (Fig. 3). There was a positive correlation between Hg. leucocelaenus and the environmental variables temperature (r = 0.303) and humidity (r = 0.48). Linear regression between the number of eggs collected and the environmental variables temperature (A) and rainfall (B) the number of females and males was very similar with 157 females (56%) and 125 males (44%) resulting in a difference of 11% more females The months with the highest number of females were March The only month with a higher number of males was August 2022 May and October 2020 had an equal number of males and females janthinomys/capricornii were found together in three of the 10 ovitraps (5 terrens were also observed in the same ovitrap (3) and possible contact with reservoirs and humans in fragments of the Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro is of great interest to public health since it can help predict possible areas of YF spillover Knowledge regarding mosquito vector populations plays a critical role in providing a framework to protect wild primates and humans’ health along with the preservation of the ecosystems we share Monitoring arbovirus activity in mosquitoes and primates is essential for detecting and responding to potential outbreaks it is also important to consider the broader ecological context of disease transmission including the role of wildlife and human activities in shaping the risk of disease emergence Deforestation and changes in land use can increase the frequency of contact between wildlife increasing the risk of disease transmission leucocelaenus and its role as an arbovirus vector in the GLT translocation area is essential for effective conservation and disease management efforts Implementing mosquito monitoring for arbovirus activity can help protect both the GLT and human populations from the threat of arbovirus transmission The study was carried out in accordance with scientific license number 44333 provided by the Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA) Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) Biodiversity Information and Authorization System (SISBIO) in Atlantic Forest areas of Rio de Janeiro with the agreement of the properties or the state government where the mosquitoes were captured All members of the collection team were vaccinated against YFV and aware of the potential risks in the study areas no animals or humans were used in the development of this study and the t-test was used to compare the number of Culicidae eggs collected in the rainy and dry seasons Correlations between the number of eggs and vector species with climatic and environmental variables were assessed from 2020 to 2022 were retrieved from the Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos [Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies]—CPTEC/INPE (INPE 2023) The data for this study is stored at Fundação Oswaldo Cruz and can be made available by the corresponding author (JA) upon request Emerging pathogens: The epidemiology and evolution of species jumps Global trends in emerging infectious diseases Recent sylvatic yellow fever virus transmission in Brazil: The news from an old disease Infectivity of blood during the course of experimental yellow fever Estrada, A. et al. Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primates: Why primates matter. Sci. Adv. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600946 (2017) Yellow fever in Brazil threatens successful recovery of endangered golden lion tamarins Occurrence of the sylvatic yellow fever vector mosquito Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Diptera: Culicidae) in an Atlantic Forest fragment of the touristic State of Rio de Janeiro Oviposition behavior of Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Diptera: Culicidae) Seasonal population dynamics of the primary yellow fever vector Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Dyar & shannon) (Diptera: Culicidae) is mainly influenced by temperature in the atlantic forest Feeding patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Atlantic Forest Yellow fever outbreak in Brazil: The puzzle of rapid viral spread and challenges for immunisation Febre amarela no Brasil: Reflexões e hipóteses sobre a emergência em áreas previamente livres MS. Ministério da Saúde alerta para a necessidade de ampliar a cobertura vacinal.https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/apresentacoes/2018/febre-amarela-pdf (2018) de Abreu, F. V. S. et al. Combination of surveillance tools reveals that Yellow Fever virus can remain in the same Atlantic Forest area at least for three transmission seasons. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760190076 (2019) CDC. Diseases Carried by Vectors. (2020) https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/vectors.htm Effects of seasonality on the oviposition activity of potential vector mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the São João River Basin environmental protection area of the state of Rio de Janeiro Circadian and seasonal preferences for hematophagy among Haemagogus capricornii leucocelaenus (Diptera: Culicidae) in different regions of Brazil The Yellow Fever Mosquito—Its Life History Bionomics and Structure (Cambridge University Press Mapping environmental suitability of Haemagogus and Sabethes spp mosquitoes to understand sylvatic transmission risk of yellow fever virus in Brazil Oviposition activity of Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Diptera: Culicidae) during the rainy and dry seasons in areas with yellow fever virus circulation in the Atlantic Forest Natural infection and vertical transmission of zika virus in sylvatic mosquitoes aedes albopictus and Haemagogus leucocelaenus from Rio de Janeiro Interaction of Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Diptera: Culicidae) and other mosquito vectors in a forested area and environmental risk factors for Zika and Chikungunya virus infections in Rio de Janeiro The role of temperature in shaping mosquito-borne viruses transmission Diapause and quiescence: Dormancy mechanisms that contribute to the geographical expansion of mosquitoes and their evolutionary success Vinogradova, E. B. Diapause in aquatic insects, with emphasis on mosquitoes. In Diapause in Aquatic Invertebrates Theory and Human Use (eds Alekseev, V. R. et al.) 83–113 (Springer Netherlands, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5680-2_5 Principais mosquitos de importância sanitária no Brasil Giovanetti, M. et al. Yellow fever virus reemergence and spread in southeast Brazil, 2016–2019. J. Virol. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02008-19 (2019) Flora do estado do Rio de Janeiro: Avanços no conhecimento da diversidade Epidemiologia (Edusp - Editora da Universidade de São Paulo Download references We thank the Associação Mico-Leão Dourado for the support in field logistics This work was carried out with the support of CNPq and FAPERJ (JA—Jeronimo Alencar) was supported by the Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ; grant number E-26/200.956/2002/2022) the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq; grant number 303286/2021-0 and 150966/2023-7) Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Hematology Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Shayenne Olsson Freitas Silva & Jeronimo Alencar and J.A.; wrote the main manuscript text and S.O.F.S. Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39629-x