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Volume 13 - 2022 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.832495">https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.832495</a>
This article is part of the Research TopicApplication of Fishes as Biological Models in Genetic Studies<a class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--medium Link--icon Link--chevronRight Link--right" aria-label="View all 16 articles" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/23269/application-of-fishes-as-biological-models-in-genetic-studies/magazine" target="_self" data-event="customLink-linkType-a_viewAll16Articles">View all 16 articles</a>
The genus Gymnotus is a large monophyletic group of freshwater weakly-electric fishes
with wide distribution in Central and South America
It has 46 valid species divided into six subgenera (Gymnotus
Tigrinus and Pantherus) with large chromosome plasticity and diploid numbers (2n) ranging from 34 to 54
there is controversy about whether Gymnotus (Gymnotus) carapo species is a single widespread species or a complex of cryptic species
Cytogenetic studies show different diploid numbers for G
ranging from 40 to 54 chromosomes with varied karyotypes found even between populations sharing the same 2n
Whole chromosome painting has been used in studies on fish species and recently has been used for tracking the chromosomal evolution of Gymnotus and assisting in its cytotaxonomy
Comparative genomic mapping using chromosome painting has shown more complex rearrangements in Gymnotus carapo than shown in previous studies by classical cytogenetics
These studies demonstrate that multiple chromosome pairs are involved in its chromosomal reorganization
suggesting the presence of a complex of cryptic species due to a post zygotic barrier
carapo occidentalis &#x0201c;catal&#x000e3;o&#x0201d; (GCC
30m/sm&#x0002b;10st/a) from the Catal&#x000e3;o Lake
were hybridized with whole chromosome probes derived from the chromosomes of G
The results reveal chromosome rearrangements and a high number of repetitive DNA sites
carapo chromosomes that could be individually identified (GCA 1&#x02013;3
most kept the number of signals in GCC (GCA [5
The remaining chromosomes are rearranged in the GCC karyotype
carapo cytotypes shows extensive karyotype reorganization
this suggests that the different cytotypes analyzed here may represent different species and supports the hypothesis that G
have shown many different species-specific karyotypes and even population variants
Those studies showed a higher level of chromosomal rearrangement than previously thought between these species
In this study we used GCA42 WCP (<a href="#B47">Nagamachi et al., 2010</a>) for mapping the karyotype of G. c. occidentalis &#x0201c;Catal&#x000e3;o&#x0201d; (GCC 2n &#x0003d; 40), a distinctive population which has been proposed as a new species (<a href="#B22">da Silva et al., 2014</a>). The results were compared with those obtained from GCA40 (<a href="#B47">Nagamachi et al., 2010</a>), GCP34 (<a href="#B48">Nagamachi et al., 2013</a>) and GAR44 (<a href="#B38">Machado et al., 2018</a>)
Samples of G. carapo &#x0201c;Catal&#x000e3;o&#x0201d; (GCC) were collected in Amazonas, Brazil (<a href="#F1">Figure 1</a>)
The Cytogenetics Laboratory from Centro de Estudos Avan&#x000e7;ados da Biodiversidade (UFPA) has permit number 19/2003 from the Ministry of Environment for sample transport and permit 52/2003 for using the samples for research
The Ethics Committee from Para Federal University (Comit&#x000ea; de &#x000c9;tica Animal da Universidade Federal do Par&#x000e1;) approved this research (Permit 68/2015)
Sample collections were authorized by Instituto Chico Mendes de Conserva&#x000e7;&#x000e3;o da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) and Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente do Par&#x000e1; (SEMA-PA) under permit 020/2005 (Registration: 207419)
A distribution map was made using QGIS v.3.10.7. The shapefiles containing country limits were obtained from DIVA-GIS (<a href="#B31">Hijmans et al., 2004</a>). We used the hydrographic regions limits provided by <a href="#B10">Braga et al. (2008)</a> and we created the shapefiles on QGIS v.3.10.7. The localities numbered are shown on <a href="#T1">Table 1</a>
Gymnotus carapo occidentalis &#x0201c;Catal&#x000e3;o&#x0201d; (GCC) has 2n &#x0003d; 40 with 30m/sm&#x0002b;10st/a chromosomes (<a href="#F2">Figure 2A</a>) without differentiated sex chromosomes in male and female specimens
(A) A DAPI stained karyotype of GCC; the numbers on the right represent the G
(B) Dual color fish with the probes of R3 (pairs 4&#x02013;8 and 17&#x02013;19; red) and R4 (pairs 9&#x02013;15 and 21; green)
Chromosome segments hybridizing with 2 colors indicate repetitive DNA sequences
The chromosomes or segments in blue (DAPI) represent the NOR-bearing chromosome of GCA42 (pair 20) and the chromosomes corresponding to R2 of GCA42 (pairs 1&#x02013;3 and 16)
The regions of homology with GCA42 are indicated on the karyotype of GCC arranged from DAPI-stained chromosomes (<a href="#F2">Figure 2A</a>)
Dual color FISH with the probes of GCA42 from R3 (pairs 4&#x02013;8 and 17&#x02013;19; red) and R4 (pairs 9&#x02013;15 and 21; green) define the chromosome groups in GCC40 corresponding to the four groups in <a href="#F2">Figure 2B</a>
The chromosomes or segments in blue (DAPI) represent the GCA42 NOR-bearing chromosome (pair 20) and the chromosomes corresponding to R2 (pairs 1&#x02013;3 and 16)
From the 12 chromosome pairs of GCA42 that can be individually differentiated (pairs 1&#x02013;3, 6, 7, 9, 14, 16 and 18&#x02013;21), 8 pairs (1, 2, 6, 9, 14, 19, 20, 21) conserve homeology within GCC40 (pairs 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 14, 18, 19). GCA42 pair 20 hybridizes one whole chromosome in GCC40, pair 19. Four chromosome pairs of GCA42 (3, 7, 16, and 18) show 2 signals on GCC40 (<a href="#F2">Figure 2</a>)
The GCA42 probes that represent two chromosome pairs (4,8)
and the one that represents three pairs (12
15) reveals 3 signals on the GCC40 chromosomes
The following chromosome associations of GCA42 are present in GCC40 pairs: 3 (7/C/21); 4 (7/C/16); 12 (16/C/16/18); 16 (3/C/3/[4
carapo &#x0201c;catal&#x000e3;o&#x0201d; 2n &#x0003d; 40 (GCC40) (present study)
FIGURE 4. Representative phylogeny based on <a href="#B21">da Silva et al. (2019)</a>, with the syntenic blocks shared by the nodes. Chromosome numbers refer to the G. carapo 2n &#x0003d; 42 chromosomes (see <a href="#F3">Figure 3</a>)
Syntenic blocks shared among analyzed species with WCP
GCA42&#x02014;Gymnotus carapo 2n &#x0003d; 42; GCA40&#x02014;G
carapo &#x0201c;Catal&#x000e3;o&#x0201d; 2n &#x0003d; 40; GAR44 - G
Compared to GCP, GCC shares three individual pairs (GCA 1,20,21) and the same number of signals as GCA (4,8), (10,11) and (12, 13, 15). All species share homeology to GCA 1,20,21 (<a href="#F3">Figure 3</a>; <a href="#T2">Table 2</a>)
The syntenic block of GCA42 6 is conserved in four of the five analyzed karyotypes by painting, except for GAR (<a href="#F3">Figure 3</a>; <a href="#T2">Table 2</a>), in which it is divided into two signals in pairs 4 and 16, while the syntenic block 18 of GCA 42 is shared with GAR, but not with GCC or GCA 40 (<a href="#F3">Figure 3</a>; <a href="#T2">Table 2</a>)
The higher 2n &#x0003d; 52 and 54 is found only in G
&#x0201c;Paran&#x000e1;&#x0201d; and &#x0201c;Atl&#x000e2;ntico Sudeste&#x0201d; hydrographic regions
This suggests that the reduction in diploid number in the amazon region happened after colonization of the area
Whole chromosome probes of GCA42 have been used in previous studies comparing two cytotypes of G. carapo (GCA42 and GCA40), G. capanema (GCP34) and G. arapaima (GAR44). The results demonstrate highly rearranged karyotypes, more than found by classical cytogenetics alone (<a href="#B47">Nagamachi et al., 2010</a>; <a href="#B48">Nagamachi et al., 2013</a>; <a href="#B38">Machado et al., 2018</a>)
carapo &#x0201c;Catal&#x000e3;o&#x0201d; (present study)
confirming that the chromosomal evolution in this group is quite complex
the results presented here support that these populations with different cytotypes of G
carapo occidentalis &#x0201c;Catal&#x000e3;o&#x0201d;
along with the geographic-specific 2n &#x0003d; 48 and 2n &#x0003d; 54) may be a cryptic species complex
Analyses by chromosome painting of more cytotypes of G
carapo as well as other species of this genus coupled with molecular studies of those samples could help elucidate the chromosomal evolution and pattern of speciation in the group and help identify same-species populations from endemic species that have recently diverged
All data presented in this study are found in the article
The animal study was reviewed and approved by The Ethics Committee from Para Federal University (Comit&#x000ea; de &#x000c9;tica Animal da Universidade Federal do Par&#x000e1;) approved this research (Permit 68/2015)
MM: Conceptualization; Data Curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Visualization; Writing original draft; Writing review and editing
MS: Investigation; Methodology; Visualization; Writing review and editing
EF: Investigation; Methodology; Funding acquisition; Visualization; Writing review and editing
PM: Investigation; Methodology; Visualization; Writing review and editing
MF-S: Investigation; Methodology; Resources; Visualization; Writing review and editing
JP: Data Curation; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Resources; Visualization; Writing review and editing
CN: Data Curation; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Project administration; Resources; Supervision; Visualization; Writing review and editing
are grateful to CNPq for Productivity Grants and MS (160155/2018-5) for a scholarship from CNPq
This study is part of the Doctoral Thesis in Genetic and Molecular Biology of MM who is recipient of a CNPq Doctor Scholarship
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations
Any product that may be evaluated in this article
or claim that may be made by its manufacturer
is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher
The authors are grateful to members of the team of the cytogenetics laboratory UFPA for the fieldwork and chromosomal preparations
Shirley Nascimento and Maria da Concei&#x000e7;&#x000e3;o for assistance in laboratory work
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Received: 09 December 2021; Accepted: 10 February 2022;Published: 24 March 2022
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2018  (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Five Star Diamonds Limited (TSX-V:STAR) Five Star Diamonds Limited (“Five Star” or the “Company”) is pleased to announce very promising results from the ongoing diamond drilling programme at the Catalao project
The Catalao Diamond project is located in Goias State
Brazil and contains an indicated mineral resource of 517,000 tonnes grading 23.5 cpht and additional inferred mineral resources of 7.76 Mt grading 26.7 cpht
both estimated based on a US$ 200/ct average carat value
The actual project resources were distributed in three kimberlite pipes named CAT-01A
CAT-01B and CAT-01C (together “CATs-01ABC”)
The indicated resources represent the upper oxide zone of the three pipes and the inferred resources are related to the fresh material (Catalão Diamond Project – NI 43-101 Technical Report  dated 9 February 2017 and prepared by S.Hutchin)
the Company has acquired the majority of the equipment to commence mining at the oxide zone
 A Dense Media Separator plant (“DMS plant”) and major equipment is already on site
The construction of the DMS plant is expected to take 6-8 months from receipt of final funding with production of the oxide material from CATs-01ABC to commence shortly thereafter
The decision to bring the Catalao mine in to production
is not based on a feasibility study establishing mineral reserves demonstrating economic and technical viability and thus may increase uncertainty and specific risks of failure associated with this production decision
Five Star started a diamond drilling programme to test new exploration targets which were selected based on the results of a detailed ground magnetic survey and a shallow auger drilling programme previously developed by the Company since exploration activities started in 2015
the Company has concluded 14 exploration drill holes for a total of 948.65 linear-meters
All drill holes are using an HQ (63.5mm) diameter and have been drilled vertically or inclined at 60 degrees
The ongoing drilling programme is being conducted by a major Brazilian drilling company and Five Star has an additional budget to drill another 2,500 linear-meters this year
The actual exploration drilling  programme resulted in the discovery of three new kimberlite pipes
CAT-11A and CAT-11B pipes are located approximately 1,000 to 1,100 meters southwest of CATs-01ABC and approximately 1,450 to 1,500 meters southwest of the planned site for the DMS plant [figure 01]
Both pipes are part of a group of 4 circular to sub-circular magnetic anomalies which are strongly controlled by a northwest-southeast major structure
similar to the structural control on CATs-01ABC pipes [figure 02]
The CAT-11A kimberlite pipe was discovered by drill hole CAT-DDH-18-033 which intersected 23.16 meters of a weathered kimberlitic rock located close to the surface
The interval is composed by a typical upper Yellow Ground1 (orange saprolite of kimberlite) followed by a lower Blue Ground2 (green saprolite of kimberlite)
Both zones are highly magnetic and contain high chromium values
The weathered CAT-11A kimberlite pipe is covered by a high magnetic reddish brown soil horizon with a thickness of about 8 vertical meters
The CAT-11B kimberlite pipe was discovered by drill hole CAT-DDH-18-034 which intersected 31.04 meters of a weathered kimberlitic rock close to surface
The drill interval is similar to the one obtained on CAT-11A pipe
starting with an upper orange saprolite (Yellow Ground) and changing to a lower dark green saprolite (Blue Ground)
the weathered kimberlitic material is highly magnetic and contains anomalous chromium values
The soil cover over this pipe is about 10 vertical meters
1 Yellow Ground represent the upper portion of the weathering profile commonly developed on top of kimberlite pipes on tropical regions
This term is widely used in South Africa.2 Blue Ground represent the lower portion of the weathering profile commonly developed on top of kimberlite pipes on tropical regions
The Blue zone sits just on top of the fresh rock This term is widely used in South Africa
The third discovery represents the CAT-01K pipe which is located 270 meters southeast of CATs-01ABC and 350 meters south of the planned site for the DMS plant [figure 01]
This pipe was intersected by drill hole CAT-DDH-18-023 which returned with an interval of 17.15 meters of weathered (saprolite) to semi-weathered (saprock) kimberlitic intrusion
The semi-weathered portion contains mantle and crustal xenoliths ranging from 1 to 8 centimeters in size [figure 03]
Kimberlite Indicator Minerals (“KIM”) such as garnet
Cr-spinnel are present together on the mantle xenoliths and as free crystals in the rock matrix
The whole intersection contains a high magnetic response
ten (10) drill holes already concluded on other exploration targets have uncovered new kimberlite intersections with variable sizes ranging from 1.31 meters up to 13.50 meters
The company is reviewing these actual results and is considering making additional infill holes on some of these targets after the conclusion of the ongoing drill target testing phase
“We are very excited with these new discoveries at Catalao which supports our belief that Catalao is a highly prospective diamond project with multiple kimberlites
This provides a positive backdrop as we look to complete our financing
commence construction and then start production at Catalao” said Matthew Wood
Five Star will continue to focus on further defining and expanding resources at Catalao
The diamond drilling programme will continue testing new potential exploration targets and delineating the size of the new discoveries
The Company is also planning to split and use half-core from CAT-11A and CAT-11B pipes to be submitted for a caustic fusion
followed by a macro and micro diamond analysis
it is under consideration to conduct shallow excavations on CAT-11 pipes to collect bulk samples to be run on a pilot plant
The Maravilha Diamond project is located in Minas Gerais State
Five Star announced the results of a bulk sampling program to test the M3 kimberlite pipe at the Maravilha Diamond Project
A total of 658 macro and microdiamonds were recovered
the Company initiated a preliminary diamond drilling programme to evaluate the shape of the M3 kimberlite
to acquire enough core material for further caustic fusion and a micro-macro diamond analysis
The diamond drilling programme was concluded on July 20
2018 and included the completion of 9 (nine) drill holes for a total of 736,33 meters drilled and distributed on 4 (four) drill section approximately 40 meters apart
7 (seven) drill holes intersected the M3 kimberlite pipe with widths ranging from 0.3 meters up to 20.18 meters
77.00 linear-meters of kimberlitic material is available for further analysis
Table 01 – Kimberlite drilling intervals on M3 kimberlite intrusion
The M3 kimberlite is a tabular body extending lateraly on a northeast-southwest direction and hosted on a biotite granite intrusion
Ramifications such as dyke-like structures filled by kimberlitic material are present on the northeastern sector of the main M3 body
two different fácies have been recognised and described as Tufisitic Kimberlite (“TK”) which is locally brecciated (“TKB”) and an Hypabissal Kimberlite (“HK”)
A transition zone between TK and HK was also present in some intersection
Five Star Diamonds is listed on the TSX Venture Exchange under the ticker symbol STAR
The Company controls a dominant and highly enviable position in the Brazilian kimberlite diamond sector owning 23 diamond projects comprising an aggregate of 41 exploration licences and applications across 76,426 hectares
the Company has conducted exploration programs on seven projects with the Catalao
Jaibaras and Maravilha Projects proven to contain diamond bearing kimberlites
Five Star Diamonds is focused on acquiring and developing advanced staged diamond projects in Brazil
it has pursued an accelerated growth strategy and aims to be one of the first producers of diamonds from kimberlite deposits in Brazil
The Company is focused on the development of sustainable kimberlite pipes and is not involved in alluvial diamond mining with its associated environmental issues
state and federal authorities in Brazil to foster an open
transparent and legal diamond industry in Brazil
This release is an update by the Company on its 100% owned Catalao and Maravilha Diamond Project
It is expected that the company will be able to provide further updates on this and its other Projects over the coming months and we look forward to keeping shareholders informed of our progress as we move towards building a truly unique Brazilian Diamond Company
Paulo de Brito is a geologist based in Brazil
has over 30 years of experience in the mining industry
industrial minerals and more recently diamonds
Brito is a Principal of consulting group Brasgeo and was until recently Exploration Manager of Paringa Resources Limited
he worked as a senior geologist with WMC Resources Ltd for 18 years until the closure of their activities in Brazil in 2002.The exploration activities and their related results included in this announcement were directly supervised and managed by Mr
all exploration work carried out to date on the Projects mentioned in this release follow clear mining industry standards
is a member of AIG (Australian Institute of Geoscientists)
a professional geologist of CREA-RJ (Conselho Regional de Engenharia e Agronomia do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) and a Qualified Person as defined in National Instrument 43-101
Brito reviewed and approved the scientific and technical information contained in this press release
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The Company cautions investors that any forward-looking statements by the Company are not guarantees of future results or performance
and that actual results may differ materially from those in forward looking statements as a result of various factors
many of which are beyond the Company’s control
among other things: variations in the nature
quality and quantity of any mineral deposits that may be located
significant downward variations in the market price of any minerals produced
the Company’s inability to obtain any necessary permits
consents or authorizations required for its activities
to produce minerals from its properties successfully or profitably
to raise the necessary capital or to be fully able to implement its business strategies
A mine production decision that is not based on a feasibility study demonstrating economic and technical viability does not provide adequate disclosure of the increased uncertainty and specific risks of failure associated with such a production decision.Accordingly
conditions and results may differ materially from the estimates
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The investment is aligned with the company’s strategy to track the development of the agriculture market in Goiás – which has outgrown the national average in recent years
Although part of the production may be sold to Tocantins State farmers
the focus of this unit will be rural producers in Goiás State
the agricultural market in Goiás State – which is responsible for a huge part of the main Brazilian export crops
such as soybean and corn – is essential to the company's plans in the country
"To invest in fertilizer distribution in Goiás is strategic for Yara and reinforces our commitment to provide the best solutions to Brazilian farmers
we maintain the efforts to increase the fertilizer production in order to reduce the national dependence on imports of raw materials"
the unit has a total capacity of 300 thousand tonnes per year
The acquisition depends on the approval of the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (Cade)
Yara will begin the process of adapting the unit to the company’s standards
This investment highlights Yara's commitment to Brazilian agriculture
Yara has invested approximately USD 1.5 billion in the country
including the acquisition of Bunge Fertilizantes (2013)
the construction and revitalization of the most moderns industrial blending units of Brazil
as well as the announcement of a substantial investment in its Rio Grande complex
Yara International ASADrammensveien 131 0277 Oslo - NorwayTel:+47 24 15 70 00<a href="/contact-us/">Visit our Contact us page</a>
Life beneath the waters of the Amazon is probably not the first thing that comes to mind when you think of the world’s largest rainforest
primary colors direct your eyes aboveground
But beneath the murky waters of the Amazon swims the highest diversity of freshwater fish on Earth
This stunning diversity may be “out of sight
Kirk Winemiller from Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research and his Brazilian colleagues
Investigating long-term data from a floodplain lake near the confluence of the Amazon and Negro rivers
Winemiller and his team found that fish populations drastically changed after a severe drought in 2005
And numbers of many species haven’t recovered since
Such changes are not only ecologically significant: fish are an important source of protein for people residing in these regions
and these life-sustaining fisheries are now imperiled by overfishing and climate change
Climate change is increasing drought intensity and frequency – and this is likely to impact freshwater fish populations in the Amazon and beyond
Changes in biodiversity directly affect “the lives of most organisms living in and around freshwater environments
the lead author of the paper from the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia in Manaus
When precipitation levels are high during the rainy season
But when there is not enough water in the dry season
much of the cycling is dictated by how much rain falls on the headwaters
Cycling between floods and droughts affects water connectivity and quality
and primary production – an important ecological step where primary producer like plants make energy available through photosynthesis
climate change is putting its stamp on this naturally occurring cycle
by shifting rainfall patterns and making these extreme events more frequent and intense
But climatic changes are also affecting headwaters differently
extreme floods are occurring more often in the headwaters of the Negro river
which is the second largest tributary of the Amazon river
The Madeira river – the largest tributary – has seen more extreme droughts
Many studies have focused on how changes in rainfall may affect forest dynamics in the tropics
Winemiller and his Brazilian colleagues analyzed data from monthly surveys of freshwater fish conducted in Lago Catalão
a floodplain lake near the confluence of the Amazon and Negro rivers
the surveys gathered detailed information about the fish
Lago Catalão represents a large portion of the freshwater fish found in the Amazon floodplains
there are minimal conservation efforts in the area
the largest of which are local initiatives for fisheries management
The study shows that rainfall patterns have important direct and indirect effects on lake ecology
droughts may cause shifts in what fish are consuming
causing trickle-down changes throughout the ecosystem
Seasonal water changes determine when the floodplain lake is connected to both rivers
an intense drought dried up 70 percent of the floodplain habitats in this region
Lago Catalão was disconnected from the Negro river for about three months
This suggests that intrinsic biological factors – like reproduction
many fish species are less abundant in the floodplain lake than before the drought
including many large fish species that are important for human consumption
Declines in large fish may be a result of an inability to migrate from river to lake
the study found that small fish that reproduce quicker are now higher in abundance than before the drought
One example is the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum),a seed and fruit eating giant that weighs up to 88 pounds
Tambaqui is a migratory species that declined after the drought
the catch per unit efficiency (CPUE) – a measure of abundance for fish – of tambaqui was approximately 0.035
this declined to approximately 0.0025 – more than a 90 percent drop from the pre-drought CPUE
this species is also important to local fish markets and has a high-market value
the study found only small changes in the abundance of primary consumers
fish that rely on only plant material as their food source
omnivores and secondary consumers – fish that rely on animals like insects or other fish – markedly declined
Despite the importance of fish for local consumption
many species with consumer value are overexploited
“Our study found that some of the most affected fish species were also the ones that were valuable in local fish markets
climate change in the Amazon region likely will influence fisheries,” explained Winemiller
As climate change increases the intensity and frequency of droughts
More droughts may lead to more overexploitation
And this would be on top of the declines already seen in this study
this can greatly affect the lake’s ecology and the resilience of the fish communities as a whole
Each fish species fulfills a different role in the community
If a specific role is taken away it may not be filled as quickly – or at all – after extreme events
“Reduced supply of fish would possibly result in starvation and migration of these people to other areas,” said Röpke
She added that the study highlighted the “need for protection areas in large rivers and floodplains because these areas could work as refuges for fish population preventing collapses and biodiversity loss under a scenario of increased frequency of drought.”
Between the number of hooks in the water and prevalent drought conditions
the situation looks murky for Amazonian fish
The “fortress conservation” model is under pressure in East Africa
as protected areas become battlegrounds over history
and global efforts to halt biodiversity loss
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Volume 10 - 2019 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00190">https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00190</a>
This article is part of the Research TopicBacterial Cell Wall Structure and Dynamics<a class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--medium Link--icon Link--chevronRight Link--right" aria-label="View all 15 articles" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/7085/bacterial-cell-wall-structure-and-dynamics/magazine" target="_self" data-event="customLink-linkType-a_viewAll15Articles">View all 15 articles</a>
which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)
is one of the leading cause of death by an infectious diseases
The biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall (CW) is an area of increasing research significance
as numerous antibiotics used to treat TB target biosynthesis pathways of essential CW components
The main feature of the mycobacterial cell envelope is an intricate structure
the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan (mAGP) complex responsible for its innate resistance to many commonly used antibiotics and involved in virulence
A hallmark of mAGP is its unusual peptidoglycan (PG) layer
which has subtleties that play a key role in virulence by enabling pathogenic species to survive inside the host and resist antibiotic pressure
This dynamic and essential structure is not a target of currently used therapeutics as Mtb is considered naturally resistant to most &#x03B2;-lactam antibiotics due to a highly active &#x03B2;-lactamase (BlaC) that efficiently hydrolyses many &#x03B2;-lactam drugs to render them ineffective
The emergence of multidrug- and extensive drug-resistant strains to the available antibiotics has become a serious health threat
places an immense burden on health care systems
and poses particular therapeutic challenges
it is crucial to explore additional Mtb vulnerabilities that can be used to combat TB
Remodeling PG enzymes that catalyze biosynthesis and recycling of the PG are essential to the viability of Mtb and are therefore attractive targets for novel antibiotics research
This article reviews PG as an alternative antibiotic target for TB treatment
how Mtb has developed resistance to currently available antibiotics directed to PG biosynthesis
and the potential of targeting this essential structure to tackle TB by attacking alternative enzymatic activities involved in Mtb PG modifications and metabolism
in combination with the lack of progress in developing new effective treatments
is threatening the ability of tackling the outcomes caused by highly resistant Mtb strains
This highlights the need of considering alternative therapeutic schemes to combat the global increase in resistance to the current anti-TB regimens
This review summarizes the current knowledge about the mechanisms employed by mycobacteria to circumvent the activity of currently available antibiotics that target PG biosynthesis with an emphasis on recent advancements regarding the efficacy of carbapenems
a more recent class of extended-spectrum &#x03B2;-lactams against highly drug-resistant Mtb clinical strains
and the potential application of mycobacteriophage-encoded lysis proteins to kill mycobacteria by weakening the CW
the functional significance of these modifications for Mtb drug resistance is unknown
The emergence of MDR and XDR Mtb strains has become a serious health threat and has initiated the search for new therapeutic strategies. Some of those strategies include revisiting the potential use of &#x03B2;-lactams as an alternative therapeutic approach to tackle drug-resistant TB when no acceptable alternative exists (<a href="#ref47">Hugonnet et&#x000A0;al., 2009</a>; <a href="#ref55">Keener, 2014</a>; <a href="#ref23">Diacon et&#x000A0;al., 2016</a>)
opens new avenues to find suitable synergistic antibiotic combination schemes for effective treatments
More research is needed in the near future that could lead to the design and development of therapeutics that increase the efficacy of currently available antibiotics and enzymes that target PG metabolism
which is not currently considered as an alternative to treat TB
MC and MP conceived and designed the study and wrote the manuscript
and MP participated in manuscript revising and editing
This work was funded by a Research Grant 2018 of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and Funda&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o para a Ci&#x000EA;ncia e Tecnologia (FCT)
through research grant PTDC/BIA-MIC/31233/2017 awarded to MC
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Oldie but goodie: repurposing penicillin for tuberculosis
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Received: 04 October 2018; Accepted: 23 January 2019; Published: 11 February 2019
Copyright &#x000A9; 2019 Catal&#x000E3;o, Filipe and Pimentel. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)</a>
&#x0002A;Correspondence: Maria Jo&#x000E3;o Catal&#x000E3;o, <a id="encmail">bWpjYXRhbGFvQGZmLnVsaXNib2EucHQ=</a>
25.8.2016 14:28:20 CEST | Yara International ASA | Press release
25 August 2016: In a further step to expand its participation in the agricultural market in the Brazilian Midwest
Yara International ASA today announces the signing of an agreement for the acquisition of the fertilizers blending unit of Adubos Sudoeste in Catalão
The investment is aligned with the company’s strategy to track the development of the agriculture market in Goiás – which has outgrown the national average in recent years.Lair HanzenAlthough part of the production may be sold to Tocantins State farmers
Senior VP of Yara International and President of Yara Brazil
distributors’ and industrial customers’ businesses profitably and responsibly
crop nutrition programs and technologies increase yields
improve product quality and reduce the environmental impact of agricultural practices
Our industrial and environmental solutions improve air quality by reducing emissions from industry and transportation
and serve as key ingredients in the production of a wide range of goods
We foster a culture that promotes the safety of our employees
 Founded in 1905 to solve emerging famine in Europe
with close to 13,000 employees and sales to about 160 countries
the company is headquartered in Porto Alegre with an office in São Paulo
the company has three production units with granulation
acidulation and bagging of fertilizers and 25 blending terminals with bagging and distributing fertilizers
with presence in the main ports and agricultural production centres in the country
Yara has entered into an agreement to acquire a 60% stake in Galvani
and started a joint venture to produce e distribute about 1 million/tons of phosphate products
Yara and Galvani are also developing new fertilizer production projects in the country
supporting to reduce dependence on imports
In the segment of environmental solutions and industrial products
the company has five production and sales units
Its fertilizers portfolio - ranging from of blending beads to special products such as foliar fertilizers and NPK in granules - and nutrition programs to help produce the food required for the world's growing population
Yara's research and development initiatives (R&amp;D) are focused on sustainable agriculture and the search for new environmental solutions
such as reducing water use and application of the precise amounts of fertilizers to produce healthy and higher quality foods
<a href="http://www.yarabrasil.com.br">www.yarabrasil.com.br</a>
https://www.facebook.com/YaraBrasilOficial
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoXnCAtSlI3mK9DYMPVrGLw">https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoXnCAtSlI3mK9DYMPVrGLw</a> 
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Statkraft og Aker Horizons inngår en intensjonsavtale om partnerskap for å produsere og utvikle en verdikjede for grønt hydrogen og grønn ammoniakk i Norge med Herøya som første prosjekt
Prosjektet kan bli et av de største klimatiltakene i norsk industrihistorie
og samtidig bidra til å utvikle ny industri
skape nye arbeidsplasser og et konkurransefortrinn for Norge i den raskt voksende hydrogenøkonomien
desember 2020: Yara annonserer planer for fullskala grønn ammoniakkproduksjon på Herøya i Porsgrunn
med mulighet for å kutte 800.000 tonn CO2 og bidra til utviklingen av utslippsfri skipsfart og avkarbonisering av matproduksjon
Yara er partner for fredsprisfeiringen 2020
2020: Antall mennesker utsatt for akutt sult kan dobles i kjølvannet av Covid-19-pandemien
den norske regjeringen og afrikanske institusjoner
skal Yara bruke 250 millioner kroner til å brødfø mer enn én million mennesker i Sør- og Øst-Afrika
Yara and IBM invite early movers from the agriculture and food industry to jointly pilot concrete test cases and define the principles and practicalities of data collaboration
plans to invest 4 billion reals in a plant in Catalao
a Brazilian company that manufactures vehicles for the Japanese automaker has said
The investment will be used for not only making adjustments to production lines to manufacture new products
but also technology development for hybrid cars and flexible-fuel vehicles
and research to build sustainable manufacturing systems
After the Brazilian government announced measures for the decarbonization of the country&#8217;s car industry at the end of last year
auto giants such as Japan&#8217;s Toyota Motor Corp
of the United States announced large-scale investments in Brazil
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