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Montevideo, May 5th 2025 - 13:25 UTC
The beach resort of Camboriú in the southern Brazilian State of Santa Catarina has been declared under emergency Thursday following heavy rains that flooded that place and others such as Florianópolis
First responders have been working around the clock while State authorities also set up shelters as the need for improved drainage systems and flood prevention infrastructure has been highlighted
Residents were also advised to exercise extreme caution in flood-prone areas
Camboriú Mayor Juliana Pavan declared the emergency after more than 120 millimeters of rainfall were recorded in just a few hours flooding city streets and adjacent roads such as BR-101
Argentine tourists were reported to be arriving en masse for the second half of January as a convenient exchange rate advises against vacationing in their home country
about 130 millimeters in the cities of Itajaí
Camboriú and Balneário Camboriú
More than half the volume expected for the entire month of January, Santa Catarina Governor Jorginho Mello pointed out
According to Camboriús Urban Mobility's Ricardo Pastrana
lines were over 26 kilometers long in either direction passing through Porto Belo
Pavan's measure triggered the Emergency Disaster Response Plan
summoning volunteers to reinforce response actions and crowdfunding campaigns
The City Council also announced the opening of three emergency shelters
The Response and Action Coordination Group (GRAC) and teams from Civil Defense
the Department of Public Works and Public Safety are working together in the area to ensure the safety of the population and tourists
especially considering that these climatic phenomena increase the probability of landslides
no weather model predicted Thursday's crisis
characteristic of maritime circulation rains
caught people in Itajaí and Camboriú by surprise
Santa Catarina's experimental meteorological station Epagri/Ciram is not capable of detecting this type of weather phenomenon in time
Epagri/Ciram's expert Gilsânia Cruz told local media that identifying this type of phenomenon depends on smaller-scale precision models
in addition to meteorologists being able to handle new forecasting models
Foul weather is expected to continue until at least Saturday
Brazil's Civil Defense Department predicted heavy and persistent rains will continue to affect Bombinhas
Mello had already made headlines Wednesday when he highlighted that the city of Pomerode
known as the most German city in Brazil stands out for the color of people's skin. According to Brazil's Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)
The Governor's statement during the opening of the 40th Pomeranian festival was posted on the Santa Catarina State's website on audio and went viral for its alleged racist tint which could result in criminal charges against the State's Chief Executive
and this accusation doesn't apply to me, Mello insisted
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there is no English translation for the word ‘hike.’ At least
Home / Living
there is no English translation for the word 'hike.' At least
being a native speaker and an enthusiastic hiker
This may be because many Brazilians do not view hiking as a leisure activity
if there is a gorgeous beach on the other side of a mountain
Brazilians will always find a way to get there and enjoy it
This holiday season I experienced my first Brazilian hike
a municipality in the southern state of Santa Catarina
We were there to spend time with family and to enjoy the flawless beaches that line the coast
My grandparents own a small condo just two blocks from one of the area's most easily accessible and popular beaches
They've had the getaway for nearly a decade
and the whole family has fallen in love with this beach
no matter how crowded it gets around the holidays
Praia de Palmas' popularity is growing rapidly
Some might say too rapidly for the infrastructure that is currently in place
who have been there since the town was first starting to take shape
We spent several mornings on the bustling beach and
although we were having a fantastic time taking in the sights and sounds
when my cousins suggested a trip to a 'secret' beach
hidden behind the green hills that surrounded Palmas
My cousin Juliane told us there would be walking and a forest trail involved in this adventure to find the beach called Praia do Sissial
but what she described sounded like a hike to me
so Cody and I prepared with tennis shoes and whatever hike-appropriate gear we packed
The drive to the trailhead was only around 3 miles south of Palmas and easy to find
Once the car was maneuvered to fit neatly into the side of the hill
The first part of the hike was a very steep and wide trail that appeared to have been originally intended for vehicles to pass through but has now been roped off
This section of the hike was before hitting the tree line of the forest
so it boasted some amazing views of the surrounding hills
This was my favorite part on the way back to the car after our hike
and I was grateful for having worn my tennis shoes
We were all panting and sweating within the first five minutes of our journey
imagine my surprise when a little boy carrying a folded chair happily strolled past us
They were all carrying a multitude of beach essentials and wearing only flip-flops on their feet
further illustrating the great lengths Brazilians will go to just to find a good beach
I was still happy with my footwear decision
the trail narrowed and the temperature cooled
as the summer heat can be quite intense when not counterbalanced by a sea breeze
I was enjoying the safari of flora and fauna
butterflies and even a lizard as we made our way toward the beach
We reached the beautiful and secluded beach quickly; from the moment we stepped out of our vehicle to the moment we set our feet in the sand of Sissial
the beach is very similar to Palmas: white sand
clear ocean and green hills curving in at each end to cradle this little slice of paradise
the size and tranquillity gave it a more 'boutique' feel
There were only a few other beachgoers there
including the flip-flop family from earlier
and we decided to set up camp near large boulders nestled on the north end of the beach
they reminded me of a grown-up jungle gym and added another unique experience to our day at the beach
We climbed on them and sat watching the waves roll in and out in between swims in the crystal-clear water
there is absolutely no infrastructure on this beach
making Praia do Sissial a beautiful reminder of our planet's natural beauty but also requiring that you pack everything you might need while spending time there
When we began to feel the burning sun linger just a tad too long on our shoulders and our stomachs began to grumble for lunch
There are several hidden beaches in Governador Celso Ramos
and many trails winding through the hills to find them
The trail to Praia do Sissial is a great place to start
as it is just challenging enough to scratch that hiking itch but not so challenging that you can't carry some beach gear with you
I intend on beach-hopping to some of the other hidden beaches in the area
I also want to bring folding chairs and lunch to Praia do Sissial and spend the entire day enjoying this secluded paradise
If you ever have the chance to visit Governador Celso Ramos
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Airbnb announced a global ban on parties and events at Airbnb listings
with an occupancy cap of 16 people worldwide
"This party ban applies to all future bookings on Airbnb and it will remain in effect indefinitely until further notice," according to a company statement provided by Airbnb spokesperson Ben Breit on Thursday
Parties have been a problem for the short-term rental company for some time
both before and during the coronavirus pandemic
One party at a New Jersey Airbnb attracted more than 700 people
More: Florida author captures biz-booming Black community Glenwood in new photo book
the company removed its "event friendly" search filter and its "parties and events allowed" house rules from listings that had previously allowed them
It also required guests to follow local COVID-19 public health laws
This led to an effective patchwork ban on parties and events
But as public health attitudes have shifted depending on COVID-19 rates
Unauthorized parties were never technically been allowed on the platform
with 73% of its listings already banning them as part of their house rules
The company laid down stricter limits last year with a ban on "party houses" worldwide
"listings that create persistent neighborhood nuisance." It's also done manual reviews of what it considers high-risk reservations and restricted the rental permissions for guests under the age of 25 as part of its effort to get house parties under control
The company announced earlier this year that U.S
guests under the age of 25 who have fewer than three positive reviews and any negative reviews would be restricted from booking entire homes in areas close to where they live
they are still allowed to book "any type of listing outside their local area" in addition to private rooms and hotel rooms anywhere
There many be an exception to the new more-than-16-people policy: "We are currently scoping a potential exception process for specialty and traditional hospitality venues (i.e
boutique hotels)," per the company's statement
"Guests will be informed about Airbnb’s party rules and informed that they may be legally pursued by Airbnb if they violate our policy
This work is currently being operationalized and will be rolled out in the near future."
Airbnb acknowledges that 16 people is no "magic number," saying that it will "continue to enforce our party rules against groups of any size and will be taking action both on guests and listings if we receive reports from neighbors," the statement concluded
And given that the service largely runs on the honor system
it's likely guests will still try to get away with whatever they can
Airbnb on Wednesday filed preliminary paperwork for selling stock on Wall Street
undaunted by a global pandemic that has taken some wind out of its home-sharing business
This comes as the company continues to contend with the effects of the pandemic
including an onslaught of refund complaints
It also recently suspended home-rental service Domio from its platform following a damning report from The Information
"An investigation shows (Domio) has engaged in efforts to flout local rental laws with misleading online identities and other questionable business practices," according to the outlet
According to another statement from Breit: "We have indefinitely suspended all of Domio’s associated host accounts and listings as we expand our investigation into their activity dating back to 2016
We will not hesitate to take aggressive action to remove suspicious content from our platform and
depending on the outcome of our investigation
we will determine the appropriate long-term action to take against these accounts."
The pandemic initially hurt demand for the 7 million properties listed by Airbnb
Chesky has said that Airbnb's 2020 revenue will likely be less than half what the company booked last year
The company funded operations with $2 billion in loans
including a $1 billion investment from private equity firms Silver Lake and Sixth Street Partners
But demand has rebounded some as some travelers see home rentals as safer than than crowded hotels
the company said guests booked more than 1 million nights' worth of future business
It was the first time that threshold had been reached since March 3
PET with 18F-FDG has been considered of limited value for detection of bladder cancer because of the urinary excretion of the tracer
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of PET/CT in the detection and restaging of bladder cancer using furosemide and oral hydration to remove the excreted 18F-FDG from the bladder
Methods: Seventeen patients with bladder cancer (11 without cystectomy
6 with total cystectomy and urinary diversion) underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT from head to the upper thighs 60 min after the intravenous injection of 370 MBq of 18F-FDG
Additional pelvic images were acquired 1 h after the intravenous injection of furosemide and oral hydration
Results: PET/CT was able to detect bladder lesions in 6 of 11 patients who had not undergone cystectomy
These images changed the PET/CT final reading in 7 patients: Recurrent bladder lesions were detected in 6 patients
pelvic lymph node metastases in 2 patients
This technique overcame the difficulties posed by the urinary excretion of 18F-FDG
Hypermetabolic lesions could be easily detected by PET and precisely localized in the bladder wall
Seven of 17 patients (41%) were upstaged only after delayed pelvic images
Conclusion: Detection of locally recurrent or residual bladder tumors can be dramatically improved using 18F-FDG PET/CT with delayed images after a diuretic and oral hydration
The limitation of 18F-FDG PET has been attributed to the urinary excretion of 18F-FDG
The pooled activity in the urinary bladder makes the evaluation of bladder wall lesions difficult or even impossible
The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of 18F-FDG PET/CT with delayed images after diuretic and oral hydration in the detection of local and regional recurrences of bladder cancer
All patients with a known history of bladder cancer referred to our laboratory from June 2003 to December 2004 for whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT were retrospectively included for analysis
PET/CT scans were requested for restaging purposes
as the patients did not have symptoms of recurrence and no abnormalities were detected in previous radiologic studies
2 females) underwent PET/CT with 18F-FDG from head to the upper thighs
All patients had been previously submitted to primary tumor resection by transurethral resection or cystectomy
Histopathology confirmed transitional cell carcinoma in all cases
The time interval between the primary tumor resection and the PET/CT scan was at least 3 mo to minimize inflammatory reaction caused by the surgical procedure
Patients were divided into 2 groups: those without cystectomy (11 patients) and those with total cystectomy and urinary diversion (6 patients)
All patients underwent routine restaging studies
such as serial cystoscopy or MRI after PET/CT
Fourteen patients were submitted to a single PET/CT study and 3 patients were submitted to 3 consecutive studies
23 studies were available for interpretation
Patients were instructed to fast for at least 4 h before the intravenous injection of 370 MBq (10 mCi) of 18F-FDG
Blood glucose was measured before injection of the tracer to ensure glucose blood levels below 120 mg/dL
patients were kept lying comfortably in a quiet
No urinary bladder catheterization was performed
and no diuretics were administered at this time
Saline infusion (approximately 500 mL) was given before tracer injection
Whole-body PET/CT images were acquired 1 h after radiotracer injection
using a Biograph PET/CT scanner with bismuth germanate detectors (Siemens Medical Solutions USA
CT images were acquired without breath-holding instructions
The PET emission scan was obtained immediately after acquisition of the CT scan
with an acquisition time of 5 min for each bed position
starting from the pelvis and ending at the base of the skull
An additional single bed position acquisition was always performed for the head
PET image datasets were reconstructed iteratively using the CT data for attenuation correction
and coregistered images were displayed on a workstation
After obtaining the PET/CT acquisitions from head to the upper thighs
the patients were injected with 20 mg of furosemide intravenously
They also received oral hydration with 800–1,000 mL of water
Patients were instructed to void frequently
Additional pelvic images were acquired 1 h after the intravenous injection of furosemide
PET/CT images before and after furosemide were compared with each other and their findings correlated with MRI
All PET/CT images were interpreted by 2 experienced nuclear medicine physicians; a third nuclear medicine physician helped to interpret the study when a final consensus was needed
all patients demonstrated high tracer activity in the urinary bladder after the standard PET/CT acquisition
Delayed pelvic images after furosemide and oral hydration showed marked reduction of urinary bladder activity: Urine with a low concentration of 18F-FDG replaced urine with a high concentration of the tracer in the bladder as a result of the diuresis promoted by oral hydration and furosemide
Bladder activity was reduced to background levels in all bladder-preserved patients
PET/CT Findings Before and After Diuretic and Hydration
and PET/CT pelvic images (from left to right) show high concentration of 18F-FDG in urinary bladder
(B) Delayed pelvic images after intravenous furosemide and oral hydration show excellent tracer washout
A marked hypermetabolic lesion (maximum standardized uptake value [SUVmax] = 9.0) is easily seen in posterior wall of bladder (arrow)
Note mild bladder wall thickening in CT images
Bladder lesions were not known before PET/CT
Of the 6 patients with positive bladder findings
2 were confirmed by MRI and further cystoscopic biopsy
The maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) ranged from 5.0 to 10.1 for all hypermetabolic bladder lesions
Histopathologic grades were not available for all biopsy samples
Only 1 of the 6 patients with PET/CT-positive finding was submitted to radical cystectomy after the PET/CT scan
The pathologic study of this patient's bladder was concordant with the previous cystoscopic biopsy
The remaining 5 patients were treated with bladder-preserving strategies
None of the 5 patients with negative bladder PET/CT had positive findings in other diagnostic imaging studies
This subgroup of patients and the patients with bladder diversions followed routine restaging protocols such as serial cystoscopies and MRI
malignancy was completely ruled out and therefore bladder wall biopsies were not performed
PET/CT false-positive results due to inflammatory reaction after cystoscopic biopsy or transurethral resection were not observed in the bladder wall
The 3-mo time interval between the primary tumor resection and the PET/CT scan was enough to heal any possible inflammatory reaction
and PET/CT images (from left to right) before furosemide (A) show a pelvic lymph node on left side (SUVmax = 17.0)
Delayed pelvic images after intravenous furosemide and oral hydration show excellent tracer washout (B–D)
It is possible to identify diffuse uptake in bladder wall (SUVmax = 10.0) (arrow) adjacent to pelvic lymph node (dotted arrow)
Note that there is no bladder wall thickening in the CT images
and PET/CT images (from left to right) before furosemide (A) are normal
Delayed pelvic PET/CT images (B) after intravenous furosemide and oral hydration show hypermetabolic lesions in bladder wall and in prostate gland (arrows) that could not be identified before diuretic injection
A 67-y-old male patient with bladder cancer after cystectomy and urinary diversion
and PET/CT pelvic images (from left to right) show high concentration of 18F-FDG in neobladder
(B) Delayed pelvic images after intravenous furosemide and oral hydration show mild tracer washout
all images were iteratively reconstructed and no streak artifacts were observed in the early or delayed images
Since the pioneering study of Harney et al. (8), a small number of studies have investigated the value of PET with 18F-FDG in bladder cancer. Kosuda et al. used retrograde saline irrigation of the urinary bladder to remove 18F-FDG radioactivity, but they were unable to reduce tracer activity to background levels and reported a 40% false-negative rate for detection of recurrent or residual tumor in the bladder (11)
continuous bladder irrigation and immediate postvoid images are not effective in reducing intravesical activity because the kidneys keep filling the bladder with urine with high concentration of 18F-FDG
catheters and postvoid images were not used because these techniques make the CT evaluation of the bladder walls more difficult
A full bladder is required to avoid artifactual thickening of the walls
and bladder catheterization and continuous irrigation are too invasive for routine use
Most investigators have obtained poor results when injecting a diuretic shortly before image acquisition
The increased diuresis at this time cannot dilute the urine because there is still a high concentration of 18F-FDG in the blood
The optimal time to inject furosemide is key to obtaining a satisfactory urinary dilution
Kamel et al. have recently shown the potential of PET images to detect abdominopelvic malignancies (including 12 bladder lesions) after furosemide and parenteral saline infusion (30)
the present study is the first to evaluate the usefulness of delayed pelvic images after diuretic administration and oral hydration with 18F-FDG PET/CT in bladder cancer patients
PET images alone were not compared with PET/CT or CT alone
CT images could detect bladder wall thickening and ruled out known pitfalls such as bladder wall diverticulum and urinary leaks
Focally increased 18F-FDG uptake in the pelvis revealed by delayed PET images alone after furosemide could be in the bladder wall or in lymph nodes close to the bladder as well
PET/CT images were of great importance to precisely locate pelvic hypermetabolic lesions
As a metabolic and anatomic diagnostic tool, PET/CT with 18F-FDG has the ability to overcome the limitations of stand-alone PET and conventional imaging modalities leading to changes in patient management (10). Our results show that delayed 18F-FDG PET/CT images after diuretic and oral hydration can detect hypermetabolic lesions in the bladder walls with high-quality images.
Besides the improvement in the detection of bladder wall cancer, delayed pelvic images after furosemide and oral hydration also helped to detect 2 lymph nodes close to the bladder and 1 prostate invasion. These lesions would otherwise be missed. However, the small number of patients with such lesions does not allow more advanced conclusions.
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Winds of over 120 km/h were reported in the state of Santa Catarina
The states of Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná were also badly affected
The wild weather has also brought the threat of flooding
Storm surge has prompted warnings for coastal flooding in Santa Catarina
river levels are above flood stage in some areas of after the storm brought rain of over 140mm in 24 hours
Almost 50 cities or municipalities in Santa Catarina state were affected by the cyclone
State Civil Defence reported wind speeds of between 60 and 90 km/h in many parts of the state
with winds reaching 120km/h in Morro da Igreja
Emergency services in Santa Catarina responded to hundreds of calls for assistance during the storm
Over 1 million people were left without electricity after winds downed power lines
Chapecó; Santo Amaro da Imperatriz; Governor Celso Ramos; Islet; Itaiópolis and Rio dos Cedros
One person was reported missing in Brusque
Although full details are yet to be confirmed
it appears most of the deaths were a result of wind damage
According to the Civil Defence in the state of Rio Grande do Sul
1,119 people and 921 homes were affected by rain and strong winds across the country
Over 500 people were evacuated in Vacaria and 400 in Capão Bonito do Sul
One fatality was also reported in the state of Rio Grande do Sul
where heavy rain in Nova Prata is thought to have triggered a landslide that buried a construction worker
the cyclone affected 3,127 people in 30 cities
damaging over 600 houses and forcing at least 81 people to temporarily leave their homes
Warnings remain in place for storm surge and coastal flooding in Santa Catarina
So far the heaviest of the rainfall occurred in Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul Civil Defence said the heavy rain brought by the storm has increased river levels
The Ijuí and Gravataí rivers are close to flood levels
The Sinos River is already above the flood stage near Campo Bom and is expected to rise further
— Defesa Civil RS (@defesacivilrs) July 1, 2020
BrazilBreaking News
China – Deadly Floods in Yunnan
Myanmar – Jade Mine Landslide Kills Over 160
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Many efforts have been made to standardize the interpretation of 18F-FDG PET/CT in multiple myeloma (MM) with qualitative visual analysis or with quantitative metabolic parameters using various methods for lesion segmentation of PET images
The aim of this study was to propose a quantitative method for bone and bone marrow evaluation of 18F-FDG PET/CT considering the extent and intensity of bone 18F-FDG uptake: Intensity of Bone Involvement (IBI)
Whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT of 59 consecutive MM patients were evaluated
Compact bone tissue was segmented in PET images using a global threshold for HU of the registered CT image
A whole skeleton mask was created and the percentage of its volume with 18F-FDG uptake above hepatic uptake was calculated (Percentage of Bone Involvement - PBI)
IBI was defined by multiplying PBI by mean SUV above hepatic uptake
IBI was compared with visual analysis performed by two experienced nuclear medicine physicians
IBI calculation was feasible in all images (range:0.00–1.35)
Visual analysis categorized PET exams into three groups (negative/mild
that had different ranges of IBI (multi comparison analysis
There was an inverse correlation between the patients’ hemoglobin values and IBI (r = −0.248;p = 0.02)
IBI score is an objective measure of bone and bone marrow involvement in MM
allowing the categorization of patients in different degrees of aggressiveness of the bone disease
The next step is to validate IBI in a larger group of patients
before and after treatment and in a multicentre setting
Early and precise evaluation of bone involvement is crucial for staging and correct disease management
MTV and TLG only consider areas visually defined as lesions and ignore diffuse uptake of the bone marrow
we propose a semi-automatic method to obtain a quantitative parameter for metabolic activity of the bone affected by MM in 18F-FDG PET/CT images
defined as Intensity of Bone Involvement (IBI)
CT-based bone segmentation is critical to obtain a standardized and reproducible quantitative assessment of bone 18F-FDG uptake
since the direct segmentation of PET images is difficult to standardize
especially in cases of diffuse involvement
IBI calculation was performed in five major steps: pre-processing, CT-based segmentation, bone mask creation, creation of a PET image containing only the bone and bone marrow tissues (PETbone/bm) and metabolic metrics calculation. Figure 1 shows an overview of the process used for IBI calculation.
Five major steps for Intensity of Bone Involvement (IBI) calculation
(a) Original PET was pre-processed to clean the high intensity areas of physiological uptake and external objects
the image was segmented according to the Hounsfield scale (HU) of the registered CT
the skull region had to be excluded from the mask to reduce the artifacts caused by the overlapping of brain uptake (for patients with focal lesions on skull
a manual correction for IBI can be performed
(c) Masked PET was transformed into a binary matrix and a morphological close was performed to achieve the final bone mask
(d) Multiplication between bone mask and subtracted PET resulted in the PET image containing only the bone and bone marrow tissues (PETbone/bm)
Image pre-processing was performed to reduce the influence of artifacts on metabolic results
It included manual extraction of external objects (e.g.
patient table and urinary catheter) and subtraction of high intensity areas of physiological uptake (heart
etc) through auto-segmentation of the PET image
Hounsfield index (HU) higher than 100 was used as a criterion to segment the whole compact bone in the CT image
All voxels below this value was set to zero
and it corresponded to anatomical contour of compact bone in the functional image
the skull region had to be excluded from the mask because the pre-processing was not enough to reduce the artifacts caused by the overlapping of brain uptake
a manual correction for IBI calculation was performed (see bellow)
Bone marrow has the same HU range as soft tissues and for this reason it is not included when CT-based segmentation is performed
To include the bone marrow in the masked region
the Masked PET was turned into a binary image and a morphological close operation was performed using a disk-shaped structuring element with radius of 3 pixels
The result was a binary bone mask that included also the medullary cavity
Element-wise multiplication of bone mask and subtracted PET was performed
everything that is outside the mask was set to 0
The final result was a segmented PET image that shows only bone and bone marrow uptake (“PET bone/bone marrow” or PETbone/bm)
PETbone/bm is the foundation image to obtain the metabolic metrics of bone and bone marrow tissue for MM patients
Three basic metabolic metrics where directly extracted from the images: maximum SUV of bone tissue (SUVmax)
mean SUV of bone tissue (SUVmean) and standard deviation of bone tissue SUV (σ)
A volume of interest was defined (VOI) as the volume whose 18F-FDG uptake is above the mean liver uptake plus two standard deviation (\(\overline{SU{V}_{liver}}+2{\sigma }_{liver}\)); this is the volume considered to be metabolically active
This VOI comprises any voxel within this criterion
even if it is isolated in an area with lower 18F-FDG uptake
We defined as percentage of bone involvement (PBI) the fraction of segmented bone tissue whose 18F-FDG uptake is above the liver uptake. PBI is calculated as the division of VOI by the total bone mask volume (BMV), Eq. (1)
The other metabolic parameter proposed is the Intensity of Bone Involvement (IBI). IBI is calculated as the multiplication of PBI and mean SUV of the VOI, Eq. (2)
it is not based on an absolute volume but on a fraction of volume and second
diffuse pattern of 18F-FDG uptake is always included in the calculation
For patients with focal lesions in the skull
a manual correction for IBI calculation can be performed
For a patient with “n” focal skull lesions
where SLVi is the volume of the i-th skull lesion manually determined and \({\overline{SUV}}_{i}\) is its respective mean SUV
The mean and standard deviation of hepatic SUV of the 59 patients were calculated to assess the variability of this parameter in these patients
The patients were instructed to fast for at least 6 hours
All patients were scanned from head to feet
according to the standard protocol for MM of our center
Image acquisitions started 60 min after the injection of 0.12 mCi/kg of 18F-FDG
in a Biography mCT40 PET/CT scanner (Siemens Medical
The CT part of the study was acquired with 120–140 kV
The emission scan was performed in a 3D mode
PET images were reconstructed using a standard iterative algorithm (3D-OSEM + PSF+TOF with 2 iterations and 21 subsets)
with the CT data utilized for attenuation correction and image fusion
A spherical VOI of 34,69 cm3 (radius ∼2,0 cm) was placed in the liver of each image to find the mean and standard deviation of the background SUV
The following clinical and laboratory parameters were obtained from patients: stage of disease according to the International Stage System (ISS), hemoglobin, percentage of plasma cell of bone marrow (BM), lactate dehydrogenaze (LDH), serum calcium and creatinine. Patients’ characteristics are described in Table 1
Visual analysis of all whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT images was performed by two experienced nuclear medicine physicians
The criteria to consider 18F-FDG PET/CT as “positive” for MM bone involvement was the presence of hypermetabolic focal bone lesions and/or diffuse increased uptake in the bone marrow
Lesion 18F-FDG uptake lower or similar to liver uptake
moderately higher or markedly higher than the liver uptake
The number of focal lesions on 18F-FDG PET/CT image of each patient was also evaluated by the nuclear medicine physicians
Images were classified into four groups: no focal lesions
4 to 10 focal lesions and more than 10 focal lesions
Maximum instensity projection (MIP) of PET images of six different patients progressively aligned from left to right
according to the extent of bone involvement
as stated by a subjective visual analysis of PET images: negative/mild (the two images on the left)
moderate (the two central images) and marked bone involvement (the two images on the right)
Note that the Intensity of Bone Involvement (IBI) score increases progressively
so that the bone/bone marrow involvement can be evaluated as a continuous numerical variable
Significant differences in the IBI scores were found between the group of patients with more than 10 focal lesions and the groups with 1–3 and 4–10 lesions (p-value < 0.05)
There was an inverse correlation between the hemoglobin values of the patients measured at the time of PET and IBI (r = −0.248; p = 0.02) and PBI(r = −0.264; p = 0.043) but not with \(\overline{SU{V}_{VOI}}\) (r = 0.13; p = 0.14)
Focal skull lesions were found in three of 59 PET images
The initial IBI values of these patients (without correction for skull region exclusion) were 0.07
After manual correction for the skull lesions
The mean hepatic SUV in our group of 59 patients was 2.21 and the standard deviation 0.44
No focal lesions were identified in any of the patients
No patient had diffuse liver involvement detectable by FDG-PET/CT
Artifacts that may influence Intensity of Bone Involvement score calculation
(a) Original (left) and processed (right) images: note the brain uptake overlapping the skull (arrow)
(b) Heart uptake overlapping the ribs (circumferences on the original and processed images)
(c) Bone mask contour influenced by a metallic femoral prosthesis (arrow)
When analyzing 18F-FDG PET/CT images of MM patients
it is usually not difficult to identify extra-osseous lesions
it is sometimes very challenging to classify bone marrow involvement in the PET scans of many of these patients
because both focal and diffuse bone lesions may coexist in MM
The IBI score objectively addresses this issue
Although this method is very comprehensive and considers different types of osseous and extra-osseous sites of lesions
it is not practical in daily routine and does not provide a general parameter that represents the degree of whole bone involvement
The simple visual analysis is a practical alternative
it is somewhat subjective and depends on the observer’s experience
it is of limited reproducibility among different centers
Since normal bone marrow FDG uptake is generally lower than hepatic uptake
using the liver as an internal reference allowed us to highlight the metabolic activity of the disease in IBI
This is because including “normal uptake” (below hepatic) in IBI would reduce the differences between the several degrees of MM involvement
mild and moderate bone involvement would have relatively close numerical values if we added the “normal uptake” value to both
The central idea of the IBI score is to provide a consistent and objective numerical variable for grading the intensity of bone marrow involvement in MM patients
using a measure related to an internal control (liver)
both at the initial evaluation as well as for assessment of response to treatment
Bone segmentation through the HU scale of CT images is crucial for the reproducibility of the proposed parameter
making it less operator-dependent than methods that use only the PET images for segmentation
We found that IBI score had a good agreement with the subjective analysis of the extent of bone involvement in 18F-FDG PET/CT images
High values of IBI were related to a more extensive and/or intense 18F-FDG uptake
allowing patients to be graded according to the intensity of bone involvement
the number of focal lesions had a poor agreement with the IBI score
mainly when no focal lesions were identified on the 18F-FDG PET/CT images
That could be expected since just counting the number of lesions does not consider the presence of diffuse bone marrow involvement
anemia can also be due to chronic renal insufficiency
and more rarely by hemolysis or myelodysplasia
SUV harmonization is essential for comparing results among patients
for the same patient in its follow-up or in multicenter trials
since IBI utilizes the hepatic SUV as a reference and a large bone volume for calculation (the skeletal mask)
the influence of SUV is probably less than for other techniques that use a fixed SUV threshold for lesion segmentation
all with relatively small lesions compared to those of the spine and pelvis
We manually included the skull lesions in IBI calculation of these patients
even though we found no important changes in IBI values after this correction
probably due to the small size of these lesions
Albeit making the method more operator-dependent
this manual option can be used in selected cases with extensive cranial involvement or other imaging artifacts
since no focal liver lesion or diffuse involvement was detected
We found a mean liver SUV of 2.21 with a standard deviation of only 0.44 in these patients
The mean liver SUV of 2.21 found in our MM patients with no known liver disease could also be used as fixed threshold
the operator should simply avoid overlap them when drawing the reference liver ROI
Although we had no cases in which lytic lesions were excluded in the proposed method for bone masking
it is theoretically possible that very extensive lytic lesions could not be incorporated by the bone mask
since the HU scale of that region would be very different from a healthy bone tissue
manual contour corrections of the masks should be performed
IBI does not evaluate isolated extra-osseous MM lesions and
the method described here has some complexity
but the image processing steps used for PBI and IBI calculation are available on many commercial workstations and image software (including some free ones
morphological operations and matrix multiplication
which are simple operations compared to machine and deep learning
We believe it can be an accessible method in terms of operational complexity and feasible in clinical practice
The proposed IBI score is an objective measure of bone marrow lesions in patients with MM with different degrees of bone involvement
It may allow comparisons among patients in multicenter settings and measurements before and after treatment
It seems to be a feasible parameter for use in clinical practice and research
Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible clinical role of IBI in patients with MM
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to protect the identity of research subjects but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request
risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma
Contrast enhanced MRI and 18F-FDG PET-CT in the assessment of multiple myeloma: A comparison of results in different phases of the disease
Diagnostic performance of 18 F-FDG PET/CT and whole-body MRI before and early after treatment of multiple myeloma: a prospective comparative study
Comparative diagnostic performance of 18F-FDG PET/CT versus whole-body MRI for determination of remission status in multiple myeloma after stem cell transplantation
Interpretation criteria for FDG PET/CT in multiple myeloma (IMPeTUs): final results
IMPeTUs (Italian myeloma criteria for PET USe)
Image interpretation criteria for FDG PET/CT in multiple myeloma: a new proposal from an Italian expert panel
IMPeTUs (Italian Myeloma criteria for PET USe)
Metabolic tumor volume assessed by 18F-FDG PET/CT for the prediction of outcome in patients with multiple myeloma
Assessment of total lesion glycolysis by 18F FDG PET/CT significantly improves prognostic value of GEP and ISS in myeloma
Current methods to define metabolic tumor volume in positron emission tomography: which one is better
Assessment of bone segmentation quality of cone-beam CT versus multislice spiral CT: a pilot study
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod
Quantitative evaluation of bone density using the Hounsfield index
Effects of CT image segmentation methods on the accuracy of long bone 3D reconstructions
CT image segmentation methods for bone used in medical additive manufacturing
Tumor treatment response based on visual and quantitative changes in global tumor glycolysis using PET-FDG imaging: the visual response score and the change in total lesion glycolysis
Landgren, O. & Rajkumar, S. V. New Developments in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Assessment of Response in Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res., https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-0866
Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis
Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans
Image Processing Toolbox: For Use with MATLAB [user’s Guide]
Concordance between four European centres of PET reporting criteria designed for use in multicentre trials in Hodgkin lymphoma
Prognostic value of metabolic tumor burden on 18 F-FDG PET in nonsurgical patients with non-small cell lung cancer
18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic tumor volume and total lesion glycolysis predict outcome in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Prognostic value of metabolic tumor volume and total lesion glycolysis on preoperative 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with pancreatic cancer
Prognostic value of volumetric parameters of 18 F-FDG PET in non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis
Metabolic tumor volume metrics in lymphoma
Role of imaging in the staging and response assessment of lymphoma: consensus of the International Conference on Malignant Lymphomas Imaging Working Group
FDG-PET standardized uptake values in normal anatomical structures using iterative reconstruction segmented attenuation correction and filtered back-projection
Klein, A. et al. Automatic bone segmentation in whole-body CT images. Int J CARS., https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-018-1883-7 (2018)
Update on the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) for the management of anemia of multiple myeloma and lymphoma
Standards for PET image acquisition and quantitative data analysis
EANM/EARL harmonization strategies in PET quantification: from daily practice to multicentre oncological studies
A systematic review of the factors affecting accuracy of SUV measurements
Comparison of 11C-Choline and 11C Methionine PET/CT in Multiple Myeloma
(18)F-fluoro-ethyl-tyrosine ((18)F-FET) PET/CT as a potential new diagnostic tool in multiple myeloma: a preliminary study
The role of 68Ga-DOTA-TATE PET/CT scanning in the evaluation of patients with multiple myeloma: preliminary results
Rasche, L., Kortüm, K.M., Raab, M.S. & Weinhold, N. The Impact of Tumor Heterogeneity on Diagnostics and Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci., https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051248
State of the art imaging of multiple myeloma: comparative review of FDG PET/CT imaging in various clinical settings
Current concepts in MRI of focal and diffuse malignancy of bone marrow
Detection of Extramedullary Multiple Myeloma in Liver by FDG-PET/CT
18F-FDG PET/CT in primary AL hepatic amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma
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We thank the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN-CNEN)
for kindly supplying the radiopharmaceuticals used in the present project (IPEN/UNICAMP agreement No
We are grateful for financial support from FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo)
Grant Numbers 2009/54065-0 and 2018/00654-4
The study was also partially financed by Cooperação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) finance code 001
ILM has a research grant from CNPq (National Council of Research) proc 305110/2018-7
CDR has a research grant from CNPq (National Council of Research) proc 311841/2018-0
made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work
were responsible for acquisition and/or interpretation of data
to which all authors contributed edits throughout
have first approved the submitted version and were followed by all the other authors
The authors declare no competing interests
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52740-2
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The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) released a detailed report last week that criticizes attempts to patrol the Arizona-Mexico border using high-cost technologies
The report comes ten months after the cancellation of SBInet
Boeing’s “virtual” fence project that started in November 2005 and eventually cost the United States over one billion dollars
While the project in theory required less manpower and provided 24/7 patrols of the border using surveillance towers and software platforms
Criticism of SBInet ranged from outright technological failures
Although the Department of Homeland Security ended SBInet’s expansion, the GAO report makes clear that the broader emphasis on such technologies has hardly waned
The flawed SBInet system will actually continue to operate along 53 miles of Arizona’s 387-mile border with Mexico
and Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) estimates spending $36 million dollars to continue that project through 2012
the Arizona Border Surveillance Technology Plan
will be a mixture of different surveillance technologies and platforms
with funding requests totaling $427 million over the next two years
The GAO report indicates that the new systems also lack quantifiable metrics or thorough cost-benefit analyses; some of the same problems that plagued SBInet
“virtual” fence technologies seem like an answer to immigration issues along the U.S.-Mexico border
like other attempts to wall-off Mexico from U.S
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Cisplatin (CDDP) combined with radiotherapy (RT) is employed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with variable toxicities and clinical response
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) participate in CDDP excretion from cells
This prospective study aimed to evaluate the roles of GSTM1
and GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphisms in outcomes of HNSCC patients treated with CDDP chemoradiation
Ninety patients were genotyped by multiplex PCR
Urinary CDDP measurements were performed by HPLC
Treatment side effects and response were analysed by conventional criteria
Patients with GSTT1 genes showed 7.23- and 5.37-fold higher likelihood of presenting vomiting and ototoxicity
and lower elimination of CDDP in urine relative to patients with deleted genes
Patients harbouring the GSTP1 IleVal or ValVal genotypes showed 4.28-fold higher likelihood of presenting grade 2 or 3 vomiting and lower GFR with treatment than those harbouring the IleIle genotype
patients with the GSTP1 105ValVal genotype had 3.87 more chance of presenting disease progression than those with the IleIle or IleVal genotype (p < 0.01)
Our findings provide preliminary evidence that inherited abnormalities in CDDP metabolism
related to GSTT1 and GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphisms
alter outcomes of HNSCC patients treated with CDDP and RT
Variability in patient responses can be caused by differences in genetic regulation of metabolic pathways
Considering the limited number of studies that investigated these genes
we conducted this prospective study to determine whether the GSTM1
and GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphisms alter toxicity
and survival in HNSCC patients treated with CDDP and RT
All patients were homogenously treated with RT at a total dose of 75 Gy and 80–100 mg/m2 of CDDP as initial dose as previously described (100 mg/m2 of CDDP was administered to patients with Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) 80–100% and without comorbidities
and patients with KPS 60–70% without comorbidities or KPS higher than 70% with comorbidities received CDDP at dose of 80 mg/m2)
As recommended by the institutional protocol
13 patients who presented adverse side effects of grades 3 or 4 received CDDP at lower dose (50–75 mg/m2) in further administrations or had suspension of CDDP
A total of 68 patients (75.5%) received three infusions of CDDP
while 22 patients (24.5%) received only two CDDP infusions because of hematologic or renal toxicities
Urinary cisplatin (CDDP) and probability of event-free survival (EFS) of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated with CDDP-chemoradiation
Average levels of CDDP after three CDDP infusion in 43 patients who collected urine in all three periods proposed in study
where *shows difference between CDDP excretion in 0–12 and 12–24 hours (p < 0.001)
and **shows difference between CDDP excretion in 0–12 and 24–48 hours (p < 0.001) (A)
Total CDDP urinary concentration in the same stratified by GSTM1
where *shows difference between patients with GSTT1 null genotype and patients with GSTT1 wild-type genotype (p = 0.04
Probabilities of EFS by Kaplan-Meier estimates in 90 patients stratified by genotypes of the GSTP1 Ile105 Val polymorphism (C)
All cases were followed-up for a median period of 21 months (range: 3.0–74)
The cumulative probabilities of event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) at 24 months follow-up were 35.0% and 40.0%
of which 6 had HNSCC and 17 did not have HNSCC
of which 59 mortalities were associated with tumour effects and eight were attributed to unrelated causes
The polymorphisms at the GSTP1 Ile105Val locus in the analyzed participants were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) (χ2 = 2.80
and GSTP1 IleIle genotypes showed the highest reported total CDDP elimination rate (545.42 µg CDDP/mg creatinine)
A history of tobacco and alcohol consumption but the low prevalence of HPV infection indicate that history of tobacco and alcohol consumption were in fact the most important factors influencing tumour development in the analysed patients
Our previous findings indicated that the GSTP1 IleVal or ValVal genotype
was associated with vomiting; in the current study
vomiting was strongly associated with the presence of both GSTT1 and the GSTP1 IleVal or ValVal genotype
The contrasting results between the two studies can be attributed to the differences in patient stratification based on the severity of vomiting grade
patients were stratified based on grade 0 or 1 vs
whereas patients in the present study (n = 90) were stratified based on grade 0 vs
which could have modified the effects of the GSTT1 gene
increased apoptosis of CDDP-damaged enterochromaffin cells of the intestines
which is associated with the less active “Val” allele of the GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism
may have influenced the severity of vomiting in the HNSCC patients
They postulated that nutrient deficiency with lack of GSH production and impaired detoxification of free radicals of CDDP in the sensory inner ear cells consequently increased ototoxicity
The same mechanisms are likely to occur in HNSCC patients in the present study
and GSTP1 IleIle genotypes showed the highest total CDDP elimination rate
we are aware that the number of patients enrolled in study was not large
and that further larger studies and functional analyses of relevant polymorphisms are required to confirm the roles of these GSTs in disease
HNSCC patients diagnosed at the Clinical Oncology Service of the General Hospital of University of Campinas between June 2011 and February 2014 were selected to undergo CCDP chemoradiation as definitive treatment due to locoregional unresectable tumour
refusal of surgery related to expected functional
or anatomic sequels or an organ preservation protocol
The following exclusion criteria were considered: (1) refusal to participate in the study; (2) low KPS score; (3) renal dysfunction; (4) previous hearing dysfunction; and/or (5) other therapeutic protocol
The present study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committees of the University of Campinas (n° 274/2011; CAAE: 0218.0.146.000-11)
All patients provided written informed consent after they were informed about the study and any associated risks
the worst grade for each toxicity was included in analysis
Surgical tumour resection was indicated to patients with good clinical condition and partial response or tumour relapse
Patient follow-up was performed in three-month intervals
The end of the follow-up period was September 2018
Positive and negative controls were used in all genotyping reactions
The amount of 15% of genotype determinations was carried out twice in independent experiments and showed 100% of concordance
Sample measurement and standard curves were performed in duplicate
Urinary CDDP was normalized with urinary creatinine and measured using akinetic kit (Creatinine Laborclin kit
The final concentration of urinary CDDP was calculated as the sum of all measurements obtained after each CDDP administration
EFS and OS were calculated for each participant from the date of diagnosis until the date of tumour progression
or last follow-up and from the date of diagnosis until the date of death by any cause or last follow-up contact
Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot EFS and OS curves
and log-rank test was conducted to determine significant differences between curves
Multivariate Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted for potential possible discrepancies in clinical aspects (p ≤ 0.10 in univariate Cox regression)
Bootstrapping (n = 1,000) based on repeatedly random sampling was applied to ensure the stability of the model by applying the bias-corrected and accelerated method
P-values were two-sided and considered statistically significant at p < 0.05
Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 21.0 software (IBM Corporation
The authors declare that all data of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request
The relationship of the human glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphism and chemotherapeutic sensitivity in head and neck squamous carcinoma
Cisplatin in cancer therapy: molecular mechanisms of action
Biological consequences of radiation-induced DNA damage: relevance to radiotherapy
Cisplatin-associated ototoxicity: a review for the health professional
Adverse drug reactions and kinetics of cisplatin excretion in urine of patients undergoing cisplatin chemotherapy and radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: a prospective study
Mechanisms of invasion in head and neck cancer
Concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for organ preservation in advanced laryngeal cancer
Glutathione-associated enzymes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and response to cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms: cancer incidence and therapy
Glutathione-S-transferase family of enzymes
Do genetic polymorphisms modulate response rate and toxicity of cisplatin associated with radiotherapy in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma?: a case report
Genetic risk factors of cisplatin induced ototoxicity in adult patients
XPF c.2505T > C and CASP9 c.-1339A > G Polymorphisms and severity of vomiting in head and neck cancer patients treated with cisplatin chemoradiation
Association between GSTM1 and CYP1A1 polymorphisms and survival in oral cancer patients
Polymorphisms in GSTM1 and XPD genes predict clinical outcome in advanced oral cancer patients treated with postoperative radiotherapy
Validation of genetic sequence variants as prognostic factors in early-stage head and neck squamous cell cancer survival
An intergroup phase III comparison of standard radiation therapy and two schedules of concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell head and neck cancer
High-dose cisplatin concurrent to conventionally delivered radiotherapy is associated with unacceptable toxicity in unresectable
non-metastatic stage IV head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Pharmacogenetics of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
Evaluation of patients with head and neck cancer performing standard treatment in relation to body composition
Pharmacological aspects of anticancer drug-induced emesis with emphasis on serotonin release and vagal nerve activity
Cytoprotective and regulatory functions of glutathione S-transferases in cancer cell proliferation and cell death
Association between long-term neuro-toxicities in testicular cancer survivors and polymorphisms in glutathione-s-transferase-P1 and -M1
Glutathione S-transferase P1 single nucleotide polymorphism predicts permanent ototoxicity in children with meduloblastoma
Ototoxicity: mechanisms of cochlear impairment and its prevention
Genetic polymorphisms and the efficacy and toxicity of cisplatin-based chemotherapy in ovarian cancer patients
A Comprehensive review on the genetic regulation of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity
High performance liquid chromatographic determination of platinum in blood and urine samples of cancer patients after administration of cisplatin drug using solvent extraction and N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-propanediamine as complexation reagent
Population pharmacokinetic analysis of cisplatin and its metabolites in cancer patients: possible misinterpretation of covariates for pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from the concentrations of unchanged cisplatin
Germline polymorphisms in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer receiving first-line platinum-gemcitabine chemotherapy: a prospective clinical study
Glutathione S-transferase genotypes and cancer risk
Association of GSTP1 polymorphism and survival for esophageal cancer
Free radicals hasten head and neck cancer risk: A study of total oxidant
Organic anion transporter 5 (Oat5) urinary excretion is a specific biomarker of kidney injury: evaluation of urinary excretion of exosomal Oat5 after N-acetylcysteine prevention of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity
Protective role of misoprostol against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity
Cost-minimization analysis of GSTP1 c.313A > G genotyping for the prevention of cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting: a Bayesian inference approach
Multicenter approach to recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis in the United States: the North American Pancreatitis Study 2 (NAPS2)
A novel evaluation system of metastatic potential of oral squamous cell carcinoma according to the histopathological and histochemical grading
American Joint Committee on Cancer: Cancer Staging Manual
XPD c.934G > A polymorphism of nucleotide excision repair pathway in outcome of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with cisplatin chemoradiation
National Cancer Institute. Cancer therapy evolution program. Common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) v 4.0, 2009. Available at, http://ctep.cancer.gov
New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1)
Human Genetic Diseases: A Practical Approach
Prevalence of homozygosity for the deleted alleles of glutathione S-transferase mu (GSTM1) and theta (GSTT1) among distinct ethnic groups from Brazil: relevance to environmental carcinogenesis
Glutathione S-transferase P1 genotype and prognosis in Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Validation of an AAS method for the determination of platinum in biological fluids from patients receiving the oral platinum derivative JM216
Urine analysis of platinum species derived from cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) by high-performance liquid chromatography following derivatization with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate
A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for determination of cisplatin in plasma
Park, H. M. Hypothesis testing and statistical power of a test. Working Paper. The University Information Technology Services (UITS), Indiana University. In, http://www.indiana.edu/~statmath/stat/all/power/index.html
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We thank Miss Cleide Aparecida Moreira Silva and Miss Juliana Luz Passos Argenton from the Faculty of Medical Sciences for the statistical analysis guidance
This work was supported by “Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) (grant number 2012/1807-2)
Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology
made relevant contributions to the conception of work
made relevant contributions to conception of the work
performed identification and control of side effects and conducted the urinary C.D.D.P
analysed histological grade and human papillomavirus type 16 status
analysed computed tomography images of the necks of patients
analysed glomerular filtration rate measured by 51Cr-EDTA
was responsible for the concept and study design
All authors approved the final version of the manuscript
Publisher’s note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45808-6
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Many travellers are wish-listing the Hobbit Hole in Washington © Airbnb
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Governador Celso Ramos, Brazil - August 2019 - Last August 6, in the town of Governador Celso Ramos, numerous faithful, especially children and young people from the Salesian parish "São João Bosco" in Itajaí, celebrated the opening the Month of Vocations 2019 of the Archdiocese of Florianópolis, under the motto: "In every community a new vocation". In all, circa 4,500 people participated.
ANS - “Agenzia iNfo Salesiana” is a on-line almost daily publication, the communication agency of the Salesian Congregation enrolled in the Press Register of the Tibunal of Rome as n 153/2007.
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CancerThera in the Media: news about the Center
Cancer is a major global public health problem and is among the leading causes of death
The identification of new agents for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with tumors is highly desirable
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metals and their compounds – stable or radioactive – are applied rationally in neoplasms
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new metallo-drugs with action potential in the diagnosis and blocking of tumor cell replication will be synthesized
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The compounds will be radiolabeled mainly with the gallium-68/lutetium-177 pair – which respectively enable the diagnosis and treatment (theranostic) of neoplasms – in addition to other radioisotopes
The biodistribution and anti-tumor action of the compounds will be evaluated in several preclinical studies
assays of antiproliferative activity and cell death in tumor cell lines and in inflammation/gene expression assays of toxicity and efficacy in animal models
Clinical Research: simultaneously with the basic arm
possible new uses for molecules already known
such as the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)
but which will be used only in non-prostatic neoplasms
and the fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI)
With the existing radiopharmacy infrastructure in the host institution
currently in addition to the current international project
several radioisotopes will be used to mark these substances that will be tested in the diagnosis and possible treatment of various neoplasms
squamous cell carcinoma of the head/neck and skin
and Ph1-negative chronic myeloproliferative diseases (mainly primary myelofibrosis) will be initially studied
The genetic analysis of the catchment lesions will be made
FORMER Philippine Olympic Committee (POC) President and one time Commissioner of the Philippine Sports Commission (PSC) Celso Dayrit passed away Wednesday night due to health reasons
Dayrit served as head of the country’s Olympic governing body from 1999 to 2004 and was commissioner of the sports government agency under the time of President Fidel Ramos
has long been associated with the sport of fencing as his father Don Francisco ‘Paco’ Dayrit Sr
was considered the ‘Father of Philippine Fencing’ and founded in the 1930s the Philippine Amateur Fencers Association which is now known as the Philippine Fencing Association
Celso Dayrit himself became head of the federation from 1997 to 2008
He would later take his act of propagating fencing within Asia as he became President of the Fencing Confederation of Asia since 2005 until the time of his death
"Celso Dayrit is a big loss to sports world wide
being a former president of the Philippine Olympic Committee
including the presidency of the Philippine and Asian fencing federations," said Philippine Journalists Inc
Editor In-Chief Augusto 'Gus' Villanueva
who was media liason officer of the POC during the time when Dayrit was at the helm of the local Olympic body
"Let's pray for the eternal repose of his soul
Dayrit led POC with the noblest principles and was hardworking
Both the POC and PSC likewise remembered the legacy Dayrit left in them
He is one of my very first friends in sports and I have always admired his deep understanding of Olympism and sports dynamics in the country
He will be truly missed," said PSC Chairman William 'Butch' Ramirez
POC President Abraham 'Bambol' Tolentino referred to Dayrit as 'one of my mentors.'
he gave me one message that I will publish soon," said Tolentino
"He was big help to me in foreign relations especially in the Southeast Asian Games Federation
Dayrit’s extensive work not only in fencing but also in the entire sports community had been recognized by no less than the International Olympic Committee (IOC)
which made him the only Filipino accredited International course Director of the Olympic Solidarity Itinerant Administration School for sports leaders
He was awarded in 2007 by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)
and was given the Olympic Merit Award in 2006 by the Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC) which was personally handed out by former IOC President Jacques Rogge
Dayrit is also an Honorary Member of the Federation Internationale D’Escrime and representative of the Veteran’s Council
He likewise founded the Philippine Olympic Academy and the Philippine Olympians Association
“I am filled with immense sadness at Cito Dayrit’s passing,” said former POC President and Association of Boxing Alliances in the Philippines (ABAP) head Ricky Vargas
“He was a friend and valued adviser and I relied on his professionalism
“Philippine and international sports just suffered a devastating loss.”
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