The ad-free version is ready for purchase on iOS mobile app today we couldn't find that page";var n=e.querySelector("h2");return n&&n.remove(),{staticContent:e,title:t}},d=function(e){var t=document.createElement("button");return t.innerText=e,t.classList.add("error-page-button"),t},f=function(e){var t=document.createElement("div");t.id="recirculation-404",t.classList.add("brand-hint-bg");var n="\n \n \n \n \n \n '.concat(e,' Tick here if you would like us to send you the author’s response Please select what you would like included for printing: Copy the text below and then paste that into your favorite email application of New Bedford passed away peacefully on Saturday 2024 at home surrounded by her loving family Maria was born in Freguesia da Conceição to the late Jesuina (Borges) Da Silva and João Da Silva She worked as a Stitcher at Ginger Peachy Manufacturer until she retired She then took on housekeeping until her passing Maria adored spending time with her family Maria João Gambão; her dearest cousin Almerinda Almeida; as well as several nieces Maria’s visiting hours and funeral services will be held on Friday Visiting hours will be held at Perry Funeral Home from 8:00 A.M and followed by a Mass of Christian Burial at Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church at 10:00 A.M Burial will immediately follow in Rural Cemetery Funeral arrangements were entrusted to Perry Funeral Home Enter your phone number above to have directions sent via text This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply Service map data © OpenStreetMap contributors The dates displayed for an article provide information on when various publication milestones were reached at the journal that has published the article activities on preceding journals at which the article was previously under consideration are not shown (for instance submission Environment InternationalCitation Excerpt :The level of MPs abundance detected in QTP sediments was substantially lower than that found in China’s coastal regions and comparable to that measured in rivers in China In contrast to China and other nations including Spain the range of MPs abundance discovered in QTP soil is relatively low and the difference is up to two orders of magnitude(Dahl et al. MPs were detected at low levels in the water sediment and soil at QTP compared to other areas All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. La Germania si consacra come protagonista assoluta delle distanze lunghe con un gruppo di atleti in grado di dominare il panorama internazionale the first typical quad since the lead up to 2016 The 2025 Acropolis Swim Open hosted in the 2004 Olympic Aquatic Center will bring over $50,000 in prizes to a usually-elite international field Breaststroke specialist Landry Liston has announced her commitment to continue both her academic and athletic careers at George Mason University Olympic champion Florian Wellbrock put on a show in the men’s 1500m freestyle joined by fellow Germans Sven Schwarz and Oliver Klemet in the exciting race April 04th, 2022 Brazil, Latin America & Caribbean, News, Previews & Recaps The first finals session of the 2022 Brazil Trophy saw a handful of FINA ‘A’ cuts achieved. In the women’s 100 breast, Jhennifer Conceicao roared to a new Brazilian Record of 1:07.12 to grab a decisive victory Not only was a performance a new national record and personal best Conceicao cleared the FINA ‘A’ standard of 1:07.43 in the event earning her a spot on Brazil’s World Championships roster Conceicao used her speed on the front half of the race getting out to a 31.32 start on the first 50 of the race In the men’s 400 free, Guilherme Costa downed the Championship Record, swimming to a 3:47.42 for his fastest time of the year so far. Fernando Scheffer the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Bronze medalist in the 200 free Scheffer just dipped under the FINA ‘A’ cut of 3:48.15 meaning both Costa and Scheffer have qualified to swim the event at the World Champs this summer both Costa and Scheffer were already qualified for Brazil’s World Champs roster by virtue of qualifying for an Olympic final last summer Scheffer was already on the roster in the 200 free while Costa is already slated to race the 800 free In a great race, Felipe Silva and Joao Gomes went head-to-head in the men’s 100 breast Gomes matched his prelims time of 1:00.01 for 2nd both men were just off the FINA ‘A’ time of 59.75 which they needed in order to qualify for World Champs Viviane Jungblut roared to victory in the women’s 400 free although she would go on to win the race by 4 seconds Jungblut came in well under the FINA ‘A’ cut and nearly took down the Brazilian Record in the process Swimming a tough double of both the 400 free and 400 IM, Gabrielle Goncalves won the latter The time comes in 10 seconds under her prelims swim of 4:56.36 but Goncalves was still well off the FINA ‘A’ standard of 4:40.06 meaning Brazil won’t have a representative in the event at Worlds this summer Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value" More from Spencer PenlandSee All Subscribe to our newsletter and receive our latest updates Metrics details The class of imidazolium salts contains effective anticorrosion additives for metal substrates This study evaluated the potential of 1-carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (HO2CC1MImNTf2) for application in cultural heritage exploring it as anticorrosion additive in chitosan-based coatings for the protection of copper-based alloys Under accelerated corrosion conditions with HCl vapor the chitosan coating with HO2CC1MImNTf2 was less effective than the one with benzotriazole The coating with a combination of HO2CC1MImNTf2 and benzotriazole resulted in the optimal protective efficacy of the bronze surface and it also maintained high transparency without changing the bronze appearance moisture or marine aerosol from outdoor environment can start the degradation processes Aggressive species such as volatile organic compounds can be also present in indoor environments due to inadequate aeration Imidazolium salt explored in this study Imidazolium salts tested in the selection step The degradation processes in bronze objects are very complex and can be induced by several species chloride ions were selected to perform the tests since they are among the most aggressive degrading agents for copper-based alloys it was possible to rapidly obtain information about the protective efficacy of the investigated formulations with chemical composition and dendritic metallurgical structure similar to those commonly used in bronze objects of art In this work the comprehensive results related to the morphological chemical and functional characterization of the best CHT-based coatings modified with BTA HO2CC1MImNTf2 and the mixture BTA- HO2CC1MImNTf2 are reported does not affect the esthetical characteristics of pristine CHT-based coating and when used at 35 wt% with respect to CHT and in the presence of 2 wt% of BTA has a positive effect on the anticorrosion effectiveness of the resulting coating when compared to the CHT system containing only 2 wt% of BTA This result is likely ascribed to an improvement of interfacial adhesion between the CHT matrix and the metal substrate this preliminary study on the active protection of bronze alloys with CHT-based coatings modified with BTA and the IS HO2CC1MImNTf2 is innovative and similar uses of IS in cultural heritage were not reported so far lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (LiNTf2 ACS reagent) and sodium hydroxide (≥ 97.0% ACS reagent) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Glacial acetic acid (99.9%) was purchased from Carlo Erba thoroughly washed with distilled water to remove impurities The alloy disks have been polished by using SiC papers at 1200 grit and the Cu-based alloy disks were cleaned with ethanol Surface roughness was measured with a Dimension 3100 atomic force microscope equipped with a NanoScopeIV controller (Veeco Phosphorus-doped silicon probes with a resonant frequency of around 275 kHz and a nominal spring constant of 20/80 Nm were employed (RTESP) (Veeco A scan rate of 0.2 Hz was employed at a resolution of 384 pixels/line The root mean square roughness of polished bronze substrate was determined in a scan area of 50 × 50 μm2 1.05 equiv.) and water (25.0 mL) were mixed and stirred at room temperature (rt) for 24 h This solution was extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 35 mL) and the joined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate Filtration followed by solvent evaporation afforded HO2CC1MImNTf2 NMR spectra of HO2CC1MImCl and HO2CC1MImNTf2 were recorded on Bruker (400 MHz) and Varian Inova (300 MHz) spectrometers at ambient temperature The chemical shifts are given in parts per million (ppm) and referenced to the residual solvent signal (D2O = 4.79 (1H); dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 = 39.52 (13C)) The MS–ESI spectrum of HO2CC1MImNTf2 was recorded on an electrospray ionization (ESI) Q-Tof Micro™ equipment (Micromass IS and BTA were washed several times with phosphate buffer solution and freeze dried to obtain dry powders IS and BTA solutions in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (GIBCO® by Life Technologies 350 and 500 μg mL−1 were prepared in an incubator shaker at 37 °C for 3 h and then sterilized for 2 h under ultraviolet radiation (280 < λ< 200) The wells of Falcon® 48-well culture plates were seeded with 5000 cells (50 μL) of 80% confluent mouse fibroblast (L929) cell line (in accordance with the standard international guideline ISO10993-5) followed by the addition of 350 μL of a chosen IS or BTA solution Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium without IS and BTA was used as negative (non-toxic) control The incubation was performed at 37 °C (5% CO2 97% air humidity) for 1 and 5 days of exposure Italy) was used as a redox indicator to evaluate biocompatibility This assay quantified the redox indicator that changed to a fluorescent product in response to chemical reduction by mitochondrial enzymes such as dinucleotide adenine flavin dehydrogenase and dinucleotide adenine nicotinamide dehydrogenase providing a quantifiable indication for the metabolic activity of living cells the medium was removed and a 200 μL aliquot of diluted Alamar Blue (1:10) in red phenol-free medium (GIBCO® by Life Technologies 100 μL of each solution was transferred to a 96-well plate for colorimetric analysis (n = 4) Wells without any cells were used to correct any background interference of the redox indicator Cell viability was correlated with the magnitude of the dye reduction and expressed as  % AB reduction according to the manufacturer’s protocol The pure CHT formulation (CHT) was prepared by adding the CHT powder (1.0 wt%/vol%) to an aqueous DGL solution (0.05 M) and then the mixture was kept under stirring for 24–30 h to achieve complete solubilization of the polymer The final pH of the solution was adjusted to 6 by the addition of 1 M sodium hydroxide solution The corrosion inhibitor BTA (2.0 wt% with respect to CHT) was added to the CHT suspension from DGL (pH = 6) to prepare the formulation CHT/BTA The formulation CHT/IS was prepared by dissolving 35 wt% (with respect to CHT) of HO2CC1MImNTf2 in the water/ethanol CHT solution from DGL (pH = 6) The CHT/BTA-IS formulation was prepared by adding both BTA (2.0 wt% with respect to CHT) and HO2CC1MImNTf2 (35 wt% with respect to CHT) to the pure CHT solution from DGL (pH = 6) All the solutions were diluted with ethanol to obtain formulations with a final water/ethanol composition of 50/50 vol%/vol% The coatings were prepared by solvent casting dropping 320 μL of the water/ethanol CHT-based formulations on the reference bronze disks with a diameter of 30 mm and subsequent drying overnight at rt The nanoscratch test was performed to investigate the abrasion resistance of the coatings The experiments were carried out with a NanoTest Platform made by Micro Materials Ltd. equipped with a Berkovich diamond tip of three-side pyramidal geometry the indenter tip was moved tangentially over the coating surface at a fixed velocity of 1 µm s−1 while progressively increasing the applied normal load up to 50 mN over a scratch length of 2 mm Treatment environment for accelerated corrosion of bronze under a HCl atmosphere OM images were first equalized and converted into grayscale in which lighter tones correspond to not corroded areas a threshold tone distinguishing corroded and not corroded areas was arbitrary and uniquely defined the percentage of corroded area was estimated from the histograms corresponding to the relative frequency of the tones extracted from each grayscale image Images of untreated coated disk were used as reference No ATR correction has been applied to the data The determination of the thickness (before and after the corrosion test) and micro-chemical and -morphological characterisations of the coatings (before and after the corrosion test) were performed by means of a scanning electron microscope Cambridge 360 equipped with a LaB6 filament and a high brilliance LEO 1530 field emission scanning electron microscope apparatus equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) CH3); the number of peaks and their corresponding integrals verify the chemical identity of HO2CC1MImNTf2 The same counts for the 13C NMR data (100 MHz dimethyl sulfoxide-d6): δ (ppm) 169.8 (CO2H) MS-ESI(+) detected m/z 141.1201 for the cation of HO2CC1MImNTf2 which is close to the calculated value of 141.0659 for C6H9N2O2+ Cytotoxicity of a HO2CC1MImNTf2 and b BTA against L929 mouse fibroblast cells after 1 day and 5 days (CTR = control = IS- and BTA-free) To assess the efficacy of the CHT-based coatings functionalized with the IS HO2CC1MImNTf2 and/or BTA a copper-based alloy was used as metal model substrate The alloy disks were polished to obtain a flat and smooth surface with a mirror-like finish Surface analysis by AFM enabled the determination of the root mean square roughness The preparation of CHT-based formulations was optimized to obtain uniform compact and transparent films after deposition on Cu-based disks and drying DGL was used to solubilize the polymer and an ethanol/water mixture with composition of 50/50 vol%/vol% was selected as liquid medium (formulation CHT) The commonly used corrosion inhibitor BTA (2 wt% with respect to CHT; formulation CHT/BTA) the IS HO2CC1MImNTf2 (35 wt% with respect to CHT; formulation CHT/IS) and the mixture of BTA and HO2CC1MImNTf2 (2 and 35 wt% with respect to CHT respectively; formulation CHT/BTA-IS) were added to the CHT formulation and investigated as protective agents and CHT/BTA-IS coatings deposited on bronze disks The spectra of pristine BTA and HO2CC1MImNTf2 are also given as reference a Representative SEM micrograph (scale bar = 500 μm) of the bronze disk covered with CHT/BTA-IS (right: darker area) and after removal of this coating (left: brighter area) b Magnification of the part coated with CHT/BTA-IS (scale bar = 50 μm) d EDS spectra of both parts are also shown A representative output of the progressive-load nanoscratch measurements is given in Fig. 7, showing both the optical micrographs of the scratch paths and the initial parts of the nanoscratch profile curves, which enabled determining the coating failure. Representative optical micrographs of the scratch paths for a CHT c CHT/IS and d CHT/BTA-IS coatings on bronze disks The corresponding initial part of the nanoscratch curves (applied normal load between 5 and 30 mN) is also given for the same coatings; the curves have been vertically shifted for the sake of clarity the positively charged CHT matrix (rich of ammonium ions due to the solubilisation performed in acidic conditions) may strongly compete with the imidazolium cations of the IS to interact with the functionalized substrate the polymer forms a continuous film that protects the substrate and increases the adhesion to the metal of the modified film: With the aim to investigate the protective efficacy of the developed coatings all the coated disks were subjected to accelerated corrosion treatments and the occurrence of surface modifications was observed at different time intervals by optical microscopy In the case of the coatings CHT and CHT/IS, significant modifications of the alloy surface were observed after 6 h of accelerated corrosion test (Fig. 8). Optical micrographs (magnification 100×) of bronze disks coated with CHT (1) CHT/BTA (3) and CHT/BTA-IS (4) before (a) and after (b) exposure to HCl vapor for 6 h ATR–FTIR spectra of CHT/IS coated bronze disk before (a) and after 6 h (b) of accelerated corrosion treatment Optical micrographs (magnification 100×) of bronze disks coated with the formulations CHT/BTA (1) and CHT/BTA-IS (2) after 12 h of accelerated corrosion ATR–FTIR spectra of CHT/BTA-IS coating on bronze disk before (a) and after 12 h (b) of accelerated corrosion treatment SEM micrographs (different magnifications) of the boundary between the CHT/BTA-IS film and the alloy after 12 h of accelerated corrosion and film removal (a) Enlargements of the coating (b) and of the alloy surface after film removal (c) SEM micrograph of the boundary between the coating CHT/BTA and the alloy after accelerated corrosion treatment and film removal (1) b) of the metal surface in the area where the coating was removed Percentage of corroded surface calculated by image analysis as a function of the duration of the accelerated corrosion treatment carried out on bronze disks coated with CHT (black squares) CHT/IS (blue triangles) and CHT/BTA-IS (green diamonds) The obtained results show that the coating CHT/BTA-IS is able to protect the copper alloy surface avoiding the formation of degradation product These results also suggest that HO2CC1MImNTf2 plays an important role increasing the stability and the protective properties of the CHT/BTA formulation IS HO2CC1MImNTf2 was investigated as potential novel corrosion inhibitor Although this IS is less effective than BTA in the protection of bronze substrate the use of HO2CC1MImNTf2 in combination with BTA improves the protective efficacy of the CHT-based formulation showing a synergistic effect of the two additives This result is of particular interest for the development of more sustainable and less toxic materials for the conservation of cultural heritage The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared Mass spectrometry–electron spray ionization 1-Methoxycarbonylmethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-Carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-Carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide Coating of CHT with corrosion inhibitor BTA (2.0 wt% with respect to CHT) Coating of CHT with IS HO2CC1MImNTf2 (35 wt% with respect to CHT) Coating of CHT with BTA (2.0 wt% with respect to CHT) and HO2CC1MImNTf2 (35 wt% with respect to CHT) Investigation of the corrosion protection of chemically and electrochemically formed Patinas on recent bronze Rebuilding of the burial environment from the chemical biography of archeological copper-based artifacts Artificial patina formation onto copper-based alloys: chloride and sulphate induced corrosion processes Surface studies of patinas and metallurgical features of uncommon high-tin bronze artefacts from the Italic necropolises of ancient Abruzzo (Central Italy) Managing intellectual property in China: a user’s guide Natl Assoc Surf Finish Annu Tech Conf 2006 Investigation of the benzotriazole inhibition mechanism of bronze disease Advances in corrosion protection by organic coatings: what we know and what we would like to know Container-based multifunctional self-healing polymer coatings Inhibiting effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline on the corrosion of silane-based sol-gel coatings on AA 2024-T3 Development of multi-component fluoropolymer based coating on simulated outdoor patina on quaternary bronze Inhibition of copper corrosion by 1,2,3-benzotriazole: a review Novel coatings from renewable resources for the protection of bronzes Organosilane coatings applied on bronze: influence of UV radiation and thermal cycles on the protectiveness Chitosan-based coatings for corrosion protection of copper-based alloys: a promising more sustainable approach for cultural heritage applications Long-lasting efficacy of coatings for bronze artwork conservation: the key role of layered double hydroxide nanocarriers in protecting corrosion inhibitors from photodegradation Biodeterioration of incralac used for the pof bronze monuments Deconstructing incralac: a formulation study of acrylic coatings for the protection of outdoor bronze sculpture A review of the development and testing of incralac lacquer Effect of benzotriazole on corrosion inhibition of copper under flow conditions Chitosan as a smart coating for controller release of corrosion inhibitor 2-mercaptobenzothiazole Photodegradation of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and 1,2,3-benzotriazole corrosion inhibitors in aqueous solutions and organic solvents Impedance spectroscopic study of corrosion inhibition of copper by surfactants in the acidic solutions Inhibition of copper corrosion in aerated hydrochloric acid solution by heterocyclic compounds containing a mercapto group alkylphenols and bisphenol A in municipal wastewaters and in the Glatt River Cysteine as a non-toxic corrosion inhibitor for copper alloys in conservation Ether-functionalized imidazolium ionic liquids Versatile 4,6-dimethyl-2-mercaptopyrimidine based ionic liquids as high-performance corrosion inhibitors and lubricants From molten salts to ionic liquids: a “Nano” journey Tribological properties of novel imidazolium ionic liquids bearing benzotriazole group as the antiwear/anticorrosion additive in poly(ethylene glycol) and polyurea grease for steel/steel contacts Ionic liquids as green and sustainable corrosion inhibitors for metals and alloys: an overview A review of inhibitors for the corrosion of transition metals in aqueous acids Smart conservation methodology for the preservation of copper-based objects against the hazardous corrosion Development of solvent- and water-borne fluoropolymer protective coatings for patina-free bronze discs Effect of silsesquioxane addition on the protective performance of fluoropolymer coatings for bronze surfaces Brønsted acidic ionic liquids and their Zwitterions: synthesis Enhanced CO2 separation selectivity in oligo(ethylene glycol) functionalized room-temperature ionic liquids Study of the combined effect of both clay and glycerol plasticizer on the properties of chitosan films Multifunctional TiO2 coatings for cultural heritage Nano-TiO2 coatings for cultural heritage protection: the role of the binder on hydrophobic and self-cleaning efficacy Synthesis of new ionic liquids based on dicationic imidazolium and their anti-corrosion performances Nanoscratch test —a tool for evaluation of cohesive and adhesive properties of thin films and coatings Influence of weathering and substrate roughness on the interfacial adhesion of acrylic coating based on an increasing load scratch test characterizations and anticorrosion applications Does the use of chitosan contribute to oxalate kidney stone formation Download references Mario De Angioletti for his technical support during nanoscratch analyses Marianna Pascucci for field emission SEM–EDS analyses This research was carried out within the framework of the NANORESTART project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under agreement No This study was financed in part by: the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)-Brasil Finance Code 001; the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)-Brasil PIBIC; and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS)-Brasil Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Martina Salzano de Luna & Marino Lavorgna Materials and Production Engineering (INSTM Consortium–UdR Naples) Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials Gabriella Di Carlo & Maria Paola Staccioli Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (PPGE3M) All authors read and approved the final manuscript The authors declare that they have no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations 1H NMR spectra of HO2CC1MImCl (Figure S1) and HO2CC1MImNTf2 (Figure S3) 13 C NMR spectra of HO2CC1MImCl (Figure S2) and HO2CC1MImNTf2 (Figure S4) Thickness determination by SEM for CHT and CHT/BTA (Figure S5) ATR-FTIR spectra of CHT/BTA coating on bronze disk before and after 12 h of accelerated corrosion treatment (Figure S6) unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-020-00381-4 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 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Brazil and FAO are to work closely together to strengthen food security in the Southern African country by boosting its agricultural and veterinary research Under a new South-South Cooperation agreement Angolan researchers will receive technical assistance and short-term training from the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) which played a key role in Brazil’s successful domestic programme to drastically reduce hunger “The availability of highly qualified researchers and innovators who understand the complexity of development challenges is key to making great strides in agriculture and food security in Angola,” said Laurent Thomas FAO Assistant Director-General for Technical Cooperation “Brazil has much to offer in terms of proven technical know-how and this agreement is an important milestone in South-South Cooperation between the two countries We believe it is a model that we hope will be followed by other countries of the global South.” the two-year project will be co-financed by Angola and Brazil with Angola covering the $2.2 million financial costs and Brazil providing an in-kind contribution of $875 000 through the work of EMBRAPA experts The project will formulate a national strategy for agricultural innovation in addition to training some 60 researchers from Angola’s Agricultural Research Institute and 45 from its Veterinary Research Institute said the project would contribute to national efforts on food security and poverty reduction which have already enabled Angola to meet the Millennium Development Goal target of halving its proportion of hungry people ahead of the 2015 deadline quoted a message by former Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to Angolan President José Eduardo Dos Santos: “The similarity between Africa’s Savanna and the Brazilian Cerrado presents tremendous potential for EMBRAPA’s intervention in the African continent Brazil would like to help Angola in diversifying and realizing its immense economic and agricultural potential and securing its food self-sovereignty.” This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page International Tax Review is part of Legal Benchmarking Limited Copyright © Legal Benchmarking Limited and its affiliated companies 2025 Accessibility | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Modern Slavery Statement You have reached the limit for gifting for this month TrAC - Trends in Analytical ChemistryCitation Excerpt :Although a good predictive ability was obtained for both OPLS-DA models in the cross-validation step (∼80%) the reduced size of the dataset did not allow for the validation of the proposed models by the prediction of test samples Several other works aimed to discriminate processing practices using PLS-DA or OPLS-DA as classification tools for mushrooms While successful discriminations were obtained as a proof of concept class representability was often hindered by small sample sizes Journal of EthnopharmacologyCitation Excerpt :This species is widely used in traditional medicine due to its recognized functional and medicinal properties (Campelo et al. this species is widely cultivated in Asian countries and has a significant presence in Europe (Silva et al. This mushroom has been used in Chinese Herbal Medicine as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of cancer due to its immunomodulatory potential (Liu et al. Trends in Food Science and TechnologyCitation Excerpt :Understanding and subsequently modulating complex metabolite dynamics in mushrooms subjected to a variety of factors is crucial to preserve mushroom quality; focusing on only one or two metabolites is insufficient Several studies have used metabolomics to explore how the chemical composition of mushrooms varies across storage conditions (Fu et al. cultivation methods (de Oliveira Gorgulho Silva et al. Metabolomics has also been used to better understand how these changes in metabolites correlate with mushroom sensory qualities (Xun All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V., its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. 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Volume 8 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.788176 This article is part of the Research TopicPrevention and Control of Human T Lymphotropic Viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2)View all 32 articles Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Human T-Leukemia Virus (HTLV) are retroviruses that share similar routes of transmission the prevalence of HIV and HTLV varies according to geographic region is considered endemic for both retroviruses The present study aimed to characterize the frequency of HIV/HTLV coinfection and evaluate the geographic distribution of coinfection throughout the state This cross-sectional study was conducted at the state's Central Laboratory of Public Health (LACEN-BA) and included all samples from 2004 to 2013 submitted to serological testing for anti-HIV and anti-HTLV-1/2 screened by chemiluminescence/ELISA and confirmed by Western blot Infection rates are expressed as the number of infected individuals per 100,000 inhabitants from each municipality A total of 129,158 samples originating from 358/417 (85.8%) municipalities in Bahia were evaluated HTLV was detected in 2.4% of the HIV-positive samples (n = 42) compared to 0.5% of those with negative HIV serology (n = 677) (OR: 4.65; CI: 3.39–6.37) HIV/HTLV coinfection was more frequent in women (69.0%); the median age of coinfected individuals was 47.2 years [interquartile range (IQR): 41.6–55.4 years] In the 14/417 (3.4%) municipalities where at least one case of HIV/HTLV coinfection was detected the overall HTLV coinfection rate in HIV-positive samples was 0.25 (range: 0.17–13.84) per 100,000 inhabitants Most cases of HIV/HTLV-1 coinfection (21/37 57%) were concentrated in the municipality of Salvador Isolated instances (one or two cases) of HIV/HTLV-1 coinfection were distributed across municipalities known to be endemic for HTLV infection In Brazil, the prevalence of HIV and HTLV vary according to geographic region, with higher rates of HIV found in the Southeast and South regions, while HTLV is more frequently detected in the North and Northeast regions (8, 9). Studies evaluating HTLV in HIV-infected populations from several regions of Brazil have demonstrated a prevalence varying from 1.5 to 10.9% (10–16) In Salvador, the capital of the state of Bahia, located in northeastern Brazil, the prevalence of HIV and HTLV-1 in the general population have been estimated at 0.55 and 1.8%, respectively (20, 21) Since Bahia is considered endemic for both retroviruses the present study aimed to better characterize the frequency of HIV/HTLV coinfection and evaluate the geographic distribution of coinfection throughout the state of Bahia This study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for Human Research at the Goncalo Moniz Institute Bahia-Brazil (CAAE number 22478813.7.0000.0040) All identifiable patient information was anonymized to maintain confidentiality thereby avoiding the need for individual verbal or written consent A cross-sectional study was conducted using data obtained from the Central Laboratory of Public Health of Bahia (LACEN-BA) responsible for infectious disease surveillance via laboratory analysis throughout the state This laboratory's target population is mainly comprised of blood donors pregnant women and individuals exhibiting symptoms of infectious disease whose blood samples are referred by blood banks prenatal physicians or clinicians working in the public health system All individuals who were tested for both HIV and HTLV and had one or more serological samples submitted for analysis at LACEN-BA between 2004 and 2013 HTLV-2 or co-infection with HTLV-1/2—the latter indicating that WB testing bands were positive for both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection accordingly to the manufacturer's instructions each individual's most recent HIV and HTLV serological results were considered Only individuals with HIV and HTLV positivity confirmed by Western blot were included HIV serology was performed from 2004 to 2008 using an Elecsys HIV combi PT kit (Roche which offers 100% sensitivity and 99.88% specificity; in 2009 with 100% sensitivity and 99.5% specificity Serological testing for HTLV was performed by ELISA from 2004 to 2008 using the Murex HTLV-1/2 kit (DiaSorin S.p.A. United Kingdom) with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 99.94% whereas from 2009 to 2010 the anti-HTLV-1/2 kit Sym Solution (Symbiosis Diagnostica LTDA a microparticle CLIA chemiluminescence assay (Architect rHTLV-1/2 offering a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 99.5% all samples were submitted to confirmatory Western blotting (HTLV Blot 2.4 Three-year moving averages were calculated between 2004 and 2013 to construct spatial distribution maps and to minimize the effects of random fluctuations Infection rates are expressed as the number of infected individuals per 100,000 inhabitant Flowchart describing study design and results of HIV and HTLV infection status in the studied population All samples determined positive by ELISA screening were then confirmed by WB Profile of HTLV/HIV coinfection in municipalities throughout Bahia Distribution of HIV/HTLV coinfection according to age among 29 females and 13 males in Bahia In the 42 cases of coinfection, WB identified 37 (75.5%) samples as positive for HTLV-1 (prevalence ~0.03%), 3 (6.1%) for HTLV-2 (prevalence ~0.002%) and 2 (4.1%) were positive for both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 (prevalence ~0.002%) (Figure 2) Considering those individuals who tested negative for HIV but were positive for HTLV (n = 677) 617 of these samples were positive for HTLV-1 (91.1%) 24 for HTLV-2 (3.6%) and 36 (5.3%) were positive for both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Out of 417 municipalities in the state of Bahia, 358 (85.8%) sent samples to LACEN at some time during the study period. At least one case of HIV was reported in 155 (37.2%) municipalities, while HTLV-1, HTLV-2 and HTLV-1/2 coinfection were detected in 121 (29.0%), 13 (3.1%) and one (0.2%) of the municipalities, respectively (Figure 4) concentrated mainly in the Salvador (n = 21) Figure 5. Geographic distribution of cases of HIV/HTLV-1, HIV/HTLV-2, and HIV/HTLV-1/2 coinfection among municipalities in the state of Bahia (2004–2013). Microregions are delimited by gray lines. Public domain digital maps were obtained in shapefile format (.shp), subsequently reformatted and analyzed using QGIS version 3.10 (Geographic Information System, Open-Source Geospatial Foundation Project. http://qgis.osgeo.org) The global rate of HIV/HTLV-2 coinfection was estimated at 0.02 per 100,000 inhabitants (range: 0.07–4.80/100,000 inhabitants) and identified in two municipalities: one case in Paramirim (4.80 cases per 100.000 inhabitants) and two cases in Salvador (0.07 case per 100.000 inhabitants) (Table 1; Figure 5) The two cases of triple infection were found in the Salvador microregion (0.07 cases per 100,000 inhabitants) (Table 1; Figure 5) The overall rate of HIV/HTLV-1/HTLV-2 co-infection was estimated at 0.01 per 100,000 inhabitants The main limitation of the present study was the use of non-random sampling which resulted in a predominance of females serological HTLV screening for pregnant women was become compulsory in 2011 which surely contributed to a higher proportion of women in the samples analyzed gender imbalance may have impacted the higher frequency of HIV/HTLV coinfection in women observed herein Another limitation was the absence of information collected on risk factors for HIV/HTLV coinfection with respect to the representativeness of the municipalities ~86% of the state municipalities were evaluated throughout the study detected in just 2.4% of all HIV-infected individuals evaluated and in 3.4% of the municipalities throughout the state The areas with higher numbers of coinfection cases were those considered hotpots for HTLV and HIV representing important economic or tourist centers in the state The identification of relevant risk factors associated with HTLV/HIV coinfection can lead to efficacious actions in a variety of epidemiological contexts specific to each affected region It is our hope that these findings will provide support for the implementation of preventive measures to contain the spread of these viruses especially in areas where higher rates of HTLV/HIV coinfection were described The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Board (IRB) for Human Research at the Goncalo Moniz Institute Written informed consent from the participants' legal guardian/next of kin was not required to participate in this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements This work was supported by the Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) finance code 001 National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq) National Foundation for the Development of Higher Education (Fundação Nacional para o Desenvolvimento do Ensino Superior-FUNDADESP) and Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia-FAPESB) and Fred Luciano Neves Santos are research fellows of CNPq (process no The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher Walter for providing English language revision and manuscript copyediting assistance Time to eradicate HTLV-1: an open letter to WHO PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Epidemiological aspects and world distribution of HTLV-1 infection PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Human T lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II): epidemiology J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol HTLV-3/STLV-3 and HTLV-4 viruses: discovery 6. 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi, ZmVybmFuZGEuZ3Jhc3NpQGZpb2NydXouYnI= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish opening up a new perspective in the search for a potential antiviral drug Salvador, Bahia (northeastern Brazil), has been identified as the epicenter of Human T-cell leukemia virus Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type 1 infection in the country. This study aims to estimate the rate of HTLV infection and the geographical distribution of this virus in this state. All HTLV tests (chemiluminescence/ELISA assays/Western Blotting) performed in the Central Laboratory of Public Health of Bahia (LACEN) from 2004 to 2013 were included. Data was extracted from LACEN’s database using high volume extract, transformation and load throughput. Infection rate was expressed as the number of infected individuals per 100,000 inhabitants considering municipalities grouped in microregions and/or mesoregions as the unit of analysis. HTLV infection is disseminated in the state of Bahia, with an overall moderate rate of infection. Further studies should be conducted to characterize the epidemiological and clinical profile of HTLV-infected individuals better and to propose effective prevention measures. Volume 10 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01002 This article is part of the Research TopicHTLV-1: Addressing Unmet Research NeedsView all 16 articles has been identified as the epicenter of Human T-cell leukemia virus Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type 1 infection in the country This study aims to estimate the rate of HTLV infection and the geographical distribution of this virus in this state Methods: All HTLV tests (chemiluminescence/ELISA assays/Western Blotting) performed in the Central Laboratory of Public Health of Bahia (LACEN) from 2004 to 2013 were included Data was extracted from LACEN’s database using high volume extract Infection rate was expressed as the number of infected individuals per 100,000 inhabitants considering municipalities grouped in microregions and/or mesoregions as the unit of analysis Results: A total of 233,876 individuals were evaluated Individuals were from 394 out of 417 municipalities of Bahia (94.5%) HTLV chemiluminescence/ELISA assay was found to be reactive for 3,138 individuals from whom 2,323 had WB results (1,978 positives 58 (2.9%) for HTLV-2 and 107 (5.4%) were for both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 The cumulative mean rate of HTLV-positive cases in Bahia was 14.4 per 100,000 inhabitants Three microregions presented rates >20 HTLV-positive cases/100,000 inhabitants: Barreiras (24.83 cases per 100,000 inhabitants) Salvador (22.90 cases per 100,000 inhabitants) and Ilhéus-Itabuna (22.60 cases per 100,000 inhabitants) Conclusion: HTLV infection is disseminated in the state of Bahia with an overall moderate rate of infection Further studies should be conducted to characterize the epidemiological and clinical profile of HTLV-infected individuals better and to propose effective prevention measures The present study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and geographical distribution of HTLV infection in the state of Bahia over a 10-year period (2004–2013) All available serological tests for HTLV- 1/2 were evaluated using the database of the Bahia state public health reference laboratory which tests blood samples from all municipalities in the state The Institutional Review Board (IRB) for Human Research at the Gonçalo Moniz Institute of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Salvador Brazil) provided ethical approval to conduct this study (CAAE number 22478813.7.0000.0040) Illustration of the state of Bahia’s seven mesoregions and 32 microregions grouped by IBGE to more accurately reflect economic and social similarities among this state’s municipalities A retrospective ecological study was conducted using data obtained from the Central Laboratory of Public Health of Bahia (LACEN-BA) which is responsible for infectious disease surveillance throughout the state via laboratory analysis The target population was comprised mainly of blood donors prenatal physicians or clinicians in the public health system All serological tests for HTLV were included among the 32 Bahia microregions from 2004 to 2013 testing was carried out by ELISA using the Murex HTLV-1/2 immunoassay (DiaSorin S.p.A. from 2009 to 2010 using the anti-HTLV-1/2 Sym Solution kit (Symbiosis Diagnostica LTDA the CLIA chemiluminescence assay (Architect rHTLV-1/2 Singapore) was used throughout the study period for confirmation HTLV-negative samples were defined as lack of reactivity to HTLV-specific proteins; HTLV-1-positive samples were defined as reactive to GAG (p19 with or without p24) and two ENV (GD21 and rgp46-I) proteins; HTLV-2-positive samples were those reactive to GAG (p24 with or without p19) and two ENV (GD21 and rgp46-II) proteins; HTLV seropositive samples were defined as samples reactive to GAG (p19 and p24) and ENV (GD21) The samples that indicated co-infection of HTLV -1/2 demonstrated reactivity for specific markers of both HTLV-I and HTLV-II: GD21 Samples were considered indeterminate when no specific bands for HTLV-I All serological tests for HTLV that lacked confirmatory results were excluded Spatial distribution maps based on moving averages were constructed by applying 3-year intervals to data from 2004 to 2013 This method was also used to minimize the effects of random fluctuation for a time-series of infection rates calculated for rare events Annual incidence rates were calculated for each of the 32 micro-regions and the entire state using standardized methods To assess the relative risk of HTLV in each microregion maps were constructed using the moving average for the first 3-year rate in Bahia as the denominator assuming no changes in time and space A total of 249,869 serologies for HTLV were performed during the studied period. Due to multiplicity (i.e., the presence of multiple serological test results in the database for a given individual), 15,993 samples were excluded (Figure 2) The final sample comprised 233,876 serological tests from unique individuals the 2,323 samples submitted to Western blotting produced 1,978 positive (85.2%) 63 negative (2.7%) and 282 (12.1%) indeterminate results 815 samples were not submitted to Western Blot due to a lack of reagents at some points during the study period Assuming that 85.2% of these 815 samples Blot would have been HTLV positive it follows that the overall prevalence of HTLV would have been 1.18% Standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD) flowchart illustration of study design Boxes with dotted lines indicate samples excluded from the study An overall increase in the number of positive cases was observed in all microregions as evidenced by the first 5 years of study (2004–2008) in which 4.3 cases of HTLV per 100,000 inhabitants was found compared to 10.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants during the final period (2009–2013) Spatiotemporal distribution of HTLV positivity in the State of Bahia from 2004 to 2013 calculated using 3-year moving averages considering the state’s microregions as units of analysis The cumulative mean rate of HTLV-positive cases in Bahia was 14.4 per 100,000 inhabitants. Considering the grouping of HTLV-positive samples into microregions (Figure 4) three demonstrated rates above 20 HTLV-positive cases per 100,000 inhabitants: Barreiras (24.83 cases per 100,000 inhabitants) Elevated rates of HTLV infection ranging from 8.96 to 19.30 cases per 100,000 inhabitants were also seen in nine other microregions a homogenous distribution of HTLV positivity was observed No information was retrieved from two microregions (Santa Maria da Vitória and Jeremoabo) and HTLV-1/2 positivity in the State of Bahia from 2004 to 2013 considering microregions as the unit of analysis The 12 microregions with the highest rates of HTLV positivity per 100,000 inhabitants are highlighted in addition to the top five according to each respective HTLV type The microregions of Barreiras, Salvador and Porto Seguro were all notable for high rates of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection, as well as HTLV-1/2 coinfection. HTLV-1 was also predominant in Ihéus-Itabuna and Itapetinga microregions. Higher rates of HTLV-2 infection were also found in the Livramento do Brumado and Juazeiro microregions. HTLV-1/2 coinfection was most prevalent in the Entre Rios and Valença microregions (Figure 4) The median age of the studied population was 31 years (interquartile range: 25–39 years) and the female:male ratio was 8:1. The median age of HTLV-infected persons was 46 years (IQR: 33–59 years), and 75% were women. Overall, our analysis of HTLV-positivity according to age and sex showed much higher frequencies in individuals aged 31 years or older for both males (85.7%) and females (79.3%) (Figure 5) Our stratified age analysis identified 42 positive individuals aged 15 years or younger from all of the mesoregions The highest frequency of this age group was found in Nordeste Baiano Distribution of HTLV-positive cases throughout the mesoregions of the State of Bahia stratified according to sex and age (2004–2013) higher frequencies of positive cases were observed among females aged 15–30 years as compared to males a higher frequency of positive cases among males aged >30 years was found in the Vale do São Francisco da Bahia mesoregion no information on the number of HTLV-infected individuals in the State of Bahia (the fourth-most populous in Brazil) nor the geographical distribution of these individuals The present results demonstrate that HTLV infection is indeed widespread throughout the state with an overall rate of 14.4 per 100,000 inhabitants followed by HTLV-1/HTLV-2 coinfection (5.4%) and HTLV-2 (2.9%) The Ilhéus-Itabuna microregion is located around the southern coastal region of Bahia having a humid tropical climate with areas of Atlantic Forest This regional center is home to important commercial The economic importance of this region grew during the golden era of cocoa production the economy is based on tourism and other activities related to the seaport the Jacobina microregion has a tropical climate with a dry season rivers and waterfalls favor ecological tourism to the best of our knowledge no previous studies reported this area being endemic to HTLV infection We cannot exclude the possibility that these microregions received samples from surrounding areas Barreiras is the most important municipality located in the microregion This microregion has a tropical climate and the predominant vegetation is the arboreal cerrado The regional economy is mainly based on agribusiness and migrants from all over Brazil moved here in the 1970s and 1980s It is possible that HTLV-1/2 coinfection found in Bahia may result from the introduction of drug users infected with HTLV-2 into areas in which HTLV-1 is already prevalent a progressive increase in the incidence of HTLV infection was observed throughout the study period This is likely due to an expansion in the number of municipal primary health clinics provided by the federal Family Health Program as well as increases in testing and counseling centers (aimed primarily at sexually transmitted diseases) in the countryside of the state awareness surrounding HTLV infection increased during the study period and HTLV was included on the list of compulsory disease notifications for the state of Bahia in 2011 It is also possible that compulsory serological HTLV screening for pregnant women contributed to the higher proportion of women detected in this age range In the present study the HTLV infection was observed in 42 individuals under 15 years indicating that in addition to sexual transmission the vertical route may be an important route Self-reported ethnicity/color of regional populations in the state of Bahia according to the Brazilian Institute of Statistics and Geography 2010 census With respect to the representative map of individual identifying as “black,” bars represent the number of quilombola communities located in each mesoregion of the state (total number = 656) the present study is unable to offer any insight into virus phylogeny as the retrospective nature of this investigation precluded the performance of molecular analysis to accurately assess results considered indeterminate by Western Blot the present study serves to highlight previously unreported data regarding clusters of HTLV infection throughout the state of Bahia which is considered to be the Brazilian state with the highest HTLV infection rate HTLV infection cannot be considered as restricted to the area of Salvador as the data reported herein identified new endemic areas Considering the overall prevalence of HTLV in Bahia to be 0.84% (1,978/233,876) it follows that ∼130,000 individuals would be infected with HTLV it is important to note that this number could be underestimated since 26% of the HTLV reactive samples were not submitted to Western blotting the overall prevalence would increase to 1.18% Further studies are needed to better describe the epidemiological profile of the infected population and to reinforce public policies designed to prevent HTLV transmission As the present study has a retrospective design evaluating HTLV serologies performed in a 10 years-period in the Public Health Laboratory of Bahia the Institutional Research Board of Fiocruz approved a study dispensing the signing of written informed consent All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript This work was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq) the National Foundation for the Development of Higher Education (Fundação Nacional para o Desenvolvimento do Ensino Superior-FUNDADESP) and the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia-FAPESB) This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001 Graham Taylor for his valuable suggestions Globin haplotypes of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-infected individuals in Salvador suggest a post-Columbian African origin of this virus Spread and diversity of human populations in Bahia Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection among pregnant women in northeastern Brazil Dried blood spot testing for the antenatal screening of HTLV toxoplasmosis and hepatitis B and C: prevalence Severe and Norwegian scabies are strongly associated with retroviral (HIV-1/HTLV-1) infection in Bahia Infecção pelo 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Increased proviral load in HTLV-1-infected patients with rheumatoid arthritis or connective tissue disease Galvão-Castro B and Grassi MFR (2019) Evidence of New Endemic Clusters of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV) Infection in Bahia Copyright © 2019 Pereira, Almeida, Santos, Carreiro, Regis-Silva, Galvão-Castro and Grassi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi, ZmVybmFuZGEuZ3Jhc3NpQGZpb2NydXouYnI=; bWZyZ3Jhc3NpQGdtYWlsLmNvbQ== Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish. Infectious Diseases: Epidemiology and Prevention Volume 10 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.963790 Hemophilia is a recessive genetic disease caused by a mutation on the X chromosome that has been linked to a high risk of transfusion-transmitted infections especially sexually transmitted infections The purpose of this retrospective study was to characterize the clinical and epidemiological profile and describe the prevalence of sexually transmitted viral infections in patients with hemophilia in the Northern Brazilian state of Amazonas laboratory and sociodemographic data of hemophiliac patients (n = 311) for the period 2011–2019 The majority of the study population was composed of people with a low level of education aged 21–30 years old and HTLV-1/2 infections among the study population were 10.52 No HIV infection was found among the patients Between 2011 and 2015 the prevalence of HCV increased by over 100% and the incidence peaked in 2013 The severe hemophilia was associated with the presence of inhibitor factor (Odds Ratio [OD] 9.83; 95% IC: 3.41–27.62 p < 0.0001) or target joint (OD 6.59; 95% IC: 3.27–13.34 The presence of inhibitor was positive and significantly correlated with HCV infection (r = 1.00 Our results showed that HCV infection is highly prevalent in patients with hemophilia and might be involved in the development of inhibitors these data provide new insights into the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients suffering from hemophilia in the Northern Brazilian state of Amazonas The Amazonas is the largest state in Brazil, composed of 62 municipalities, with an estimated population of 4 million people (14) Around 311 patients live with hemophilia in the Amazonas according to the Hematology and Hemotherapy Foundation of Amazonas (HEMOAM) the clinical epidemiological profile of these patients is unknown the purpose of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and the prevalence of sexually transmitted viral infections in patients living with hemophilia in the Brazilian state of Amazonas This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Hematology and Hemotherapy Hospital Foundation of Amazonas (approval number: 3.328.121) Confidentiality was assured to all participants All analyses were performed following relevant guidelines and regulations This was an observational retrospective study conducted with hemophiliac patients treated at the Hospital Foundation of Hematology and Hemotherapy of Amazonas (HEMOAM) A total of 311 patients with a previous diagnosis of hemophilia A (n = 274) and B (n = 37) were included Clinical and socio-demographic information was collected from the hospital's electronic databases The study population was comprised of patients of either sex and different ethnicities who were aged from 1 to 92 years old To obtain the clinical data related to viral infections the patient's clinical records related to the 2011–2019 period were acquired from the Hemovida Web Coagulopathies system The following information was collected from June 2019 to March 2020: date of birth Patients with incomplete clinical data were excluded from the study Descriptive analysis was used to evaluate the total number of patients according to sociodemographic information and the prevalence of viral infections Prevalence ratio (PR) was used for associations between hemophilia and viral prevalence rates while the Odds ratio (OR) analysis was used for the associations between the severity of hemophilia and the presence of inhibitor or target joint OR and PR analyses were done through the chi-square test and Yate's correction with a 95% confidence interval (CI) calculated by the method Koopman asymptotic score and Baptista-Pike Spearman's test was applied to assess the correlation between disease severity and the presence of inhibitor The correlation was considered strongly positive when r > 0.7 All analyzes were performed using the GraphPad Prism v8.0.1 software and values p < 0.05 were considered significant Sociodemographic profile of hemophiliac patients The state of Amazonas consists of 62 municipalities. The study population comprises patients of 21 municipalities, the majority (65%) living in the city of Manaus, the capital of the state of Amazonas. The remaining 35% of the study population resides in small towns situated in the countryside of the state. Jutaí (n = 13) and Tefé (n = 11) were the municipalities in the countryside with the highest number of hemophiliac patients (Figure 1) No residency information was found for 24 patients Site map showing the distribution of hemophiliac patients per location within the state of Amazonas The map was built using the WGS1984 datum (worldclim software v.2.0) Only 190 patients had the laboratory records available. Overall, the prevalence of blood-borne viruses was 12.10% (n = 23). The majority of those infected were men aged 31–40 years old (n = 22) (Figure 2A). Only one woman showed seropositivity for HCV infection, which was the most widespread viral infection (10.45%) in the study population (Supplementary Table 1) Two patients showed seropositivity for HTLV-1/2 (1.05%) and only one patient (0.52%) was positive for HBV infection (laboratory results were positive for anti-HBsAg No HIV infection was found in the study population Prevalence and incidence rates of viral infections in patients with hemophilia (A) Numbers of viral infections according to age and sex and HBV and (C) incidence coefficient of HCV infection according to age Next, we evaluated viral infection prevalence rates from 2011 to 2019 (2020 and 2021 data were not yet available, likely as a result of the coronavirus pandemic). Prevalence rates of HCV infection rose by over 100% between 2011 and 2015, after stabilizing through 2019 (Figure 2B). When we looked at the HCV incidence during the same period, the incidence coefficient (per 100 patients) ranged from 0.68 to 1.28% (Figure 2C) The incidence of HCV infection peaked in 2013 The bivariate analysis carried out to check the correlation between severity, HCV infection, inhibitor and target joint showed that all factors are highly and positively correlated (Figure 3) only the correlation between HCV infection and the presence of autoantibodies was statistically significant (r = 1.00 the presence of HCV infection may be a predisposing factor for the development of inhibitors in the context of hemophilia Pearson's correlation between HCV infection Values of r > 0.7 were considered strong positive ***p < 0.0001 Association between presence of comorbidities and severity of hemophilia Treatment adherence is a big challenge in the Amazonas state since hemophilia treatment centers exist only in the capital of Amazonas and the majority of small towns in the countryside are at a great distance from Manaus (17) long river travel is the only means of transportation available to access health services 35% of the study population is from hard-to-reach cities which can undermine the treatment and medical support This situation may put these patients at high risk of acquiring infectious diseases and developing hemophilia-related comorbidities we found no significant association between these factors and the increase of susceptibility to infectious diseases or the development of comorbidities Our findings also suggest an association between HCV infection and the development of inhibitors we found that the presence of inhibitor and joint target were directly associated with the severity of hemophilia The factors associated with the presence or development of these comorbidities need further investigation to improve the clinical management of the hemophiliac patient Our study showed that the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 (1.14%) in the study population is higher than in the Brazilian population in general These data indicate that the susceptibility to acquiring HTLV-1/2 infection may be increased in the study population additional studies are required to better clarify the epidemiological aspects of HTLV-1/2 infection among hemophiliac patients in the State of Amazonas Although our results propose new data regarding viral infections in hemophiliacs in Amazonas, with results never described before, we understand the limitations of our study, such as the lack of updated epidemiological data, which makes it difficult to obtain complete data. New computer systems have been proposed to organize the sociodemographic data of all patients, especially hemophiliacs (38) The prevalence of HCV and HTLV 1/2 is still above the national average and further epidemiological studies are needed with a focus on this population to better understand the clinical aspects Our results demonstrate that some infectious diseases have high prevalence rates the absence of routine serological tests is still frequent in the hemophiliac population Hemophiliac patients in Amazonas have higher prevalence rates for HCV and HTLV 1/2 which reveals the need for further studies to provide a better assessment of the hemophiliac population This study improves the current knowledge on hemophilia epidemiology in the Amazon region which is important to evaluate factors that can influence the disease prognosis our findings may help the patient clinical management at the individual and collective levels Limitations in this study included the use of secondary data the possibility of underreporting infections and incorrect records The quality of monitoring systems varies between regions in Brazil and can have a direct impact on data quality underreporting is most pronounced in more vulnerable areas where the access to health services is lower another limitation is that the diagnosis of HCV is not categorized in the system by the method (serologic or molecular) which makes no distinction between active infections and previous infections this study demonstrated that HCV infection is widespread and could be involved in the induction of inhibitor development in hemophiliac patients of the Amazonas state The presence of inhibitor or target joints is associated with hemophilia severity Our findings also draw attention to the specific characteristics of the Amazonian region such as the socio-economic status of the population and the difficulty to reach places which could impact the treatment adherence and prognosis of hemophilia Our results enhance the current knowledge on the epidemiology of hemophilia which is important for assessing factors that may influence the disease's prognosis and may help the clinical management of patients both individually and collectively The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Human Research Ethics Committee of the Hematology and Hemotherapy Hospital Foundation of Amazonas Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants' legal guardian/next of kin Writing—original draft preparation: ES and JS project administration and funding acquisition: GP All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior- Brasil (CAPES)- Finance code PROCAD AMAZÔNIA 88881.200581/201801 Pró-Estado Program (#007/2018 and #005/2019) and FAPEAM – POSGRAD 2021 The authors acknowledge the Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM–Pró-Estado Program) for all support provided during this study The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.963790/full#supplementary-material Genetic diagnosis of haemophilia and other inherited bleeding disorders Molecular study in children with hemophilia A in Colombia: analysis of intron 1 and 22 inversion using long-distance PCR technique Gaining insight into the complexity of pain in patients with haemophilia: state-of-the-art review on pain processing Brasília: Ministério da Saúde (2015) Hemophilia A in Brazil—epidemiology and treatment developments Report on the Annual Global Servey 2019 (2020) Challenges and perspectives in the treatment of patients with haemophilia in brasil Prevalência das Coagulopatias Hereditárias e demais transtornos hemorrágicos por diagnóstico The epidemiology of virus transmission by plasma derivatives: clinical studies verifying the lack of transmission of hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV type 1 Hemophilia care in the state of Rio de Janeiro Perfil das Coagulopatias Hereditárias no Brasil: 2015 Avaliação da Qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em pacientes com hemofilias A e B atendidos na Fundação Hemominas—Minas Gerais Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (2015) Google Scholar Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE) Dir Pesqui Coord Popul e Indicadores Sociais Estim da Popul Resid com data Ref 1o julho 2019 (2020) Google Scholar Comparing the burden of illness of haemophilia between resource-constrained and unconstrained countries: the São Paulo–Toronto Hemophilia Study Determining the health-related quality of life in individuals with haemophilia in developing economies: results from the Brazilian population População último censo Prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis C virus infection in Brazil 2005 through 2009: a cross-sectional study Strategies to manage hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease burden Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in selected countries 21. Brasil Ministério da Saúde. Boletim epidemiológico: hepatites virais 2021. (2021). Available online at: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/media/pdf/2021/julho/26/boletim-epidemiologico-de-hepatite-2021.pdf (accessed March 5 Perfil das Coagulopatias Hereditárias: 2016 Nationwide overview of the distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in Brazil: a 1000-sample multicentre study C and D prevalence among urban and Amerindian populations from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon: a cross sectional study Mortality of patients with haemophilia in Brazil: first report Incidence and risk factors for hepatocellular cancer in individuals with haemophilia: a national inpatient sample study Hepatitis C infection in a Greek population with inherited bleeding disorders Hepatite C em pacientes hemofílicos: perfil imunológico e caracterização dos diferentes genótipos virais Google Scholar Development of inhibitors in hemophilia A: an illustrated review Risk factors for inhibitor development in severe hemophilia A Treatment characteristics and the risk of inhibitor development: a multicenter cohort study among previously untreated patients with severe hemophilia A Autoantibody profile in individuals with chronic hepatitis C High prevalence of serological markers of autoimmunity in patients with chronic hepatitis C Product type and other environmental risk factors for inhibitor development in severe hemophilia A Obesity and overweight in patients with hemophilia Estimating the number of HTLV-2 infected persons in the world CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Prevalência da infecção por HTLV-1/2 no Brasil Google Scholar Haemophilia gene therapy: from trailblazer to gamechanger Barbosa AN and Pontes GS (2022) Clinico-epidemiological and sociodemographic profile of patients with hemophilia in the Brazilian Amazon: High prevalence of hepatitis C infection and its possible corrrelation with inhibitor development Received: 07 June 2022; Accepted: 19 August 2022; Published: 08 September 2022 Copyright © 2022 Santos, Silva, Barbosa and Pontes. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Gemilson Soares Pontes, Z2VtaWxzb24ucG9udGVzQGlucGEuZ292LmJy Food BioscienceCitation Excerpt :Table 2 highlights some recombinant lipases approved by the FDA with GRAS (Substances Generally Recognized as Safe) status for use in the food industry (2020) used several techniques simultaneously to produce and use lipase the use of agro-industrial residues and enzyme immobilization The lipase 1 from Beauveria bassiana was efficiently expressed in Aspergillus nidulans A773 Process BiochemistryCitation Excerpt :Analysis of the first temporal range (2000–2009 6a) revealed that studies were highly associated with lipase-catalyzed esterification [97,98] and transesterification [99–102] reactions as well as lipase regioselectivity and enantioselectivity We highlight that research on lipase immobilization and biodiesel production began to emerge strongly in this time range [23,103–105] This finding corroborates the trends in biodiesel research (Fig Supplementary Material) and worldwide biodiesel production which intensified significantly after 2007 according to data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development of the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization [106] these 4.40 – 4.65 million tonnes of SCG waste can be recovered and tapped as valuable feedstock for various applications Owing to SCG’s unique physicochemical properties such as rich with fatty acids SCG has been successfully utilised in biodiesel productions [24,25] adsorbents [30–32] and fine chemical productions [33] With the current food waste problems associated with SCG the utilisation of SCG as feedstock for solid biofuel production is an attractive way to reduce waste generation through valorisation as well as to generate potential products for energy sectors Journal of Cleaner ProductionCitation Excerpt :Several peaks at 1032 cm−1 (C–O stretching) and 1245 cm−1 (C–O stretching) were attributed to a great variety of monosaccharides together with diverse acids molecules pH value of SCGs was reported to be in the acidic range which is expected to be typical for an agricultural product subject to the natural elements and grown in a variety of regions Background: Trained subjects have difficulty in achieving continued results following years of training, and the manipulation of training variables through advanced resistance training (RT) methods is widely recommended to break through plateaus. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare the acute effects of traditional RT (TRT) versus two types of sarcoplasma stimulating training (SST) methods on total training volume (TTV), lactate, and muscle thickness (MT). Methods: Twelve trained males (20.75 ± 2.3 years; 1.76 ± 0.14 meters; body mass = 79.41 ± 4.6 kg; RT experience = 4.1 ± 1.8 years) completed three RT protocols in a randomly sequenced order: TRT, SST contraction type (SST-CT), or SST rest interval variable (SST-RIV) with 7 days between trials in arm curl (elbow flexors) and triceps pulley extension (elbow extensors) performed on the same day. Results: The SST groups displayed greater acute biceps and triceps brachii (TB) MT versus the TRT session, with no difference in lactate levels between them. The SST-CT resulted in greater biceps and TB MT versus the SST-RIV session. The TTV was greater for the TRT session versus the SST sessions, except in the case of the elbow flexors (no difference was observed between TRT and SST-CT), and higher for the SST-CT versus the SST-RIV. Conclusion: Trained subjects may benefit from using the SST method as this method may offer a superior MT stimulus and reduced training time, even with a lower TTV. Volume 10 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00579 Background: Trained subjects have difficulty in achieving continued results following years of training and the manipulation of training variables through advanced resistance training (RT) methods is widely recommended to break through plateaus Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare the acute effects of traditional RT (TRT) versus two types of sarcoplasma stimulating training (SST) methods on total training volume (TTV) Methods: Twelve trained males (20.75 ± 2.3 years; 1.76 ± 0.14 meters; body mass = 79.41 ± 4.6 kg; RT experience = 4.1 ± 1.8 years) completed three RT protocols in a randomly sequenced order: TRT or SST rest interval variable (SST-RIV) with 7 days between trials in arm curl (elbow flexors) and triceps pulley extension (elbow extensors) performed on the same day Results: The SST groups displayed greater acute biceps and triceps brachii (TB) MT versus the TRT session with no difference in lactate levels between them The SST-CT resulted in greater biceps and TB MT versus the SST-RIV session The TTV was greater for the TRT session versus the SST sessions except in the case of the elbow flexors (no difference was observed between TRT and SST-CT) and higher for the SST-CT versus the SST-RIV Conclusion: Trained subjects may benefit from using the SST method as this method may offer a superior MT stimulus and reduced training time the comparison between advanced RT methods is scarce in literature especially with regard to the most recent training approaches used in practice by bodybuilders and trained subjects; for example the sarcoplasma stimulating training (SST) method the aim of the present study was to compare the acute effects of traditional RT versus two types of the SST method on TTV Our hypothesis was that the SST method would result in greater acute MT and lower TTV as compared to traditional RT subjects should be regularly performing all exercises utilized in the training intervention with a minimum frequency of once a week before entering the study and should be performing RT a minimum of 3 days/week for at least 1 year at the University training facility The range of RT experience was 2–8 years Subjects with any existing musculoskeletal disorders a history of injury with residual symptoms (pain “giving-way” sensations) in the trunk upper and lower limbs within the last year and subjects who were taking anabolic steroids or any other illegal pharmacological agents known to increase muscle size at the time of selection and during the previous year This study was approved by the university research ethics committee (protocol 1.792.429); all subjects read and signed an informed consent document The 10RM tests were performed to determine the exact training load for standing arm curl (elbow flexors) and triceps pulley extension (elbow extensors) subjects were advised to start with their elbows fully extended and to then flex their elbows as much as possible the elbows were positioned at a 90° angle and subjects were asked to fully extend their elbows Ten minutes were allowed between the tests to avoid fatigue The tests followed these procedures: warm-up on each exercise with 5–10 submaximal repetitions using a light load (60% of the estimated 10RM); 1-min rest and load increments of 5–10% until the 10RM was found within 3–5 attempts using 3- to 5-min rest intervals; subjects were instructed to lift and lower the load at a controlled velocity approximately 2 s for each phase of the movement; 10 repetitions were recorded with the maximal load determined by the last successful set of repetitions Subjects were familiarized with both exercises in their training routines and standardized instructions were provided Consistent verbal encouragement was provided during the testing procedures to all subjects All testing and training sessions were scheduled 7:00 PM in controlled room temperature Subjects completed three RT protocols in a randomly sequenced order as follows: traditional resistance training (TRT) sarcoplasma stimulating training contraction type (SST-CT) or sarcoplasma stimulating training rest interval variable (SST-RIV) they were advised to refrain from any type of regular exercise training in the days between testing sessions The chosen exercises were standing arm curl (elbow flexors) and triceps pulley extension (elbow extensors) performed on the same day Ten minutes of rest were allowed after the standing arm curl exercise before starting the triceps pulley extension exercise The TRT session consisted of eight sets to failure (inability to complete a full concentric repetition with standardized movement technique) with a 10RM load and with 1 min rest intervals between them The SST-CT session was as follows: an initial set with a 10RM load to failure followed by two more sets with 20 s rest intervals while maintaining the load and subjects performed another set with repetitions that consisted of a 1 s concentric phase and a 4 s eccentric phase to failure; after another 20 s consisting of repetitions with a 4 s concentric phase and a 1 s eccentric phase to failure an additional 20% of the load was removed and an isometric muscle action (static hold at 90° of elbow flexion) was held until failure The SST-RIV consisted of an initial set with 10RM load to failure followed by programmed variable rest intervals between sets to failure without load reduction as follows: 45 Total training volume in arbitrary units (A.U.) for the standing biceps curl (elbow flexors), and triceps pulley extension (elbow extensors) was calculated by multiplying the total number of sets, the total number of repetitions, and the load used (kg) (American College of Sports Medicine, 2009) All samples were obtained while subjects were seated The right index finger was cleaned using alcohol prior to each blood draw; the first blood drop was discharged to avoid contamination of the sample Blood samples of 25 μL were collected in heparinized capillary tubes and transferred to microtubes containing 50 μL of sodium fluoride at 1% All samples were collected at the following time-points: pre-test Lactate concentration was analyzed via an electro enzymatic method with a lactate analyzer (YSI 2300 Stat Analyzer; Yellow Springs Instruments Of note was the fact that values from immediately post and 10 min post were not statistically different and they were collectively presented only as post-training Ultrasound imaging was used to obtain measurements of MT and was performed by a trained technician using an A-mode ultrasound imaging unit (Bodymetrix Pro System; Intelametrix Inc. Following the application of a water-soluble transmission gel (Mercur S.A a 2.5-MHz linear probe was positioned perpendicularly to the tissue interface without depressing the skin The equipment settings were optimized to obtain the best quality images according to the manufacturer’s user manual and were held at a constant across testing sessions When the quality of the image was deemed to be satisfactory and MT dimensions were determined by measuring the distance from the subcutaneous adipose tissue–muscle interface to the muscle-bone interface Measurements were taken on the right side of the body for the triceps brachii (TB) and biceps brachii (BB) Upper arm measurements were conducted while subjects were standing measurements were taken at 60% distal between the lateral epicondyle of the humerus the examined limb was held constant in the same position to avoid movement To maintain consistency between pre- and post-intervention testing To further ensure the accuracy of measurements at least three images were obtained for each site If measurements were within 1 mm of one another the values were averaged to obtain a final value If measurements were more than 1 mm of one another and the closest three measurements were averaged The test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient for TB and BB were 0.998 and 0.996 while the coefficient of variation was 0.6 and 0.4% The standard error of the mean for these measures was 0.42 and 0.29 mm The data are expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD) values The Shapiro–Wilk test was applied to check for the normality distribution of the study variables ANCOVA was used to determine the effect of three different exercise-training systems on post-intervention MT and blood lactate concentration after controlling for pre-intervention variables One-way repeated measures ANOVA was also used to determine the differences between interventions for TTV Tukey’s post hoc test with the Bonferroni correction was applied in the event of significance The effect size calculation (ES = difference between pre- and post-intervention divided by the pooled SD) was used to evaluate the magnitude of the training effect The level of significance was p ≤ 0.05 and SPSS version 20.0 (Somers There was a statistically significant difference in TTV between the interventions [F(1,16) = 20.87, p = 0.002 for elbow flexors and F(1,16) = 15.98, p = 0.004 for elbow extensors]. The elbow flexors TTV during SST-CT was not significantly different (p = 1.000) from TRT, while the TTV during the SST-RIV was significantly less than SST-CT (p = 0.001) and TRT (p = 0.003; Table 1) The elbow extensors TTV during TRT was significantly greater than SST-CT (p = 0.023) and SST-RIV (p = 0.007) The TTV for the elbow extensors during SST-CT was also significantly greater (p = 0.024) than SST-RIV Mean ± SD total training volume (TTV) of elbow flexors and elbow extensors for sarcoplasma stimulating training contraction type (SST-CT) and traditional resistance training (TRT) sessions Arm MT pre- and post SST-CT, SST-RIV, and TRT sessions are shown in Figure 1 there was a statistically significant difference in post-intervention MT between the interventions [F(2,26) = 51.41 MT presented significant increases (p ≤ 0.05) following each intervention as follows: (SST-CT: 10.0 ± 1.3 mm for BB and 10.9 ± 1.3 mm for TB; SST-RIV: 6.5 ± 0.7 mm for BB and 6.7 ± 0.7 mm for TB; TRT: 5.1 ± 1.3 mm for BB the SST-CT session presented significantly greater increases (p ≤ 0.05) in BB and TB MT versus the SST-RIV and TRT sessions The SST-RIV session also presented significantly greater increases (p ≤ 0.05) in BB and TB MT versus the TRT session Mean ± SD of biceps brachii (BB) (A) and triceps brachii (TB) (B) pre- and post sarcoplasma stimulating training contraction type (SST-CT) effect size; ∗p ≤ 0.05 for SST-CT after adjustment for pre-intervention; †p ≤ 0.05 for SST-RIV after adjustment for pre-intervention Blood lactate concentration also presented significant increases (p ≤ 0.05) following all conditions (Table 2) after adjustment for pre-intervention values there were no significant differences versus post-exercise [F(2,26) = 0.48 and effect size (ES) of blood lactate pre and post sarcoplasma stimulating training contraction type (SST-CT) The initial hypothesis of the present study was partially confirmed as the SST sessions resulted in greater acute BB and TB MT versus the traditional RT session while there was no difference in lactate levels between them SST-CT also resulted in greater BB and TB MT versus the SST-RIV session TTV was greater in the traditional RT session versus both SST sessions for which the results were not statistically different between the TRT and SST-CT The SST-CT resulted in greater TTV versus the SST-RIV for both exercises tested this is the first paper to report and to compare the acute effects of variations of the SST method versus traditional RT Marshall et al. (2012) examined well-trained subjects in performing the squat exercise at an intensity of 80% 1-RM with 5 sets of 4 repetitions and 3 min rest intervals between sets versus 5 sets of 4 repetitions with 20 s inter-set rest intervals or a rest-pause method with the first set to failure and subsequent sets performed with a 20 s inter-set rest interval up to 20 repetitions The rest-pause method resulted in greater electromyographic activity of several lower limb muscles versus the other training sessions It is very difficult to compare previous studies with our results as the proposed SST method is widely different from other traditional methods while it seems that even trained subjects unaccustomed to performing a specific training approach with very short rest intervals will experience higher local metabolic stress as observed with rest-pause and 3/7 methods Total training volume, time under tension, and metabolic stress seem to be important variables to alter acute and chronic physiological responses to RT, albeit it is impossible to determine the most important of them. Valamatos et al. (2018) examined untrained subjects in performing leg extension training for 15 weeks; three sessions/week with partial (0–60° of knee flexion) and full range of motion (ROM) (0–100° of knee flexion) and time under tension equated for both groups The authors reported that the group performing the partial ROM training displayed joint angle-specific strength gains with greater increases around the trained joint angles and also similar gains in muscle hypertrophy torque and total mechanical work were greater in the full ROM group despite having the same time allocation under tension while MT responses were higher for the SST sessions These results may confirm the original name and idea of the method proposed by Patrick Tuor Some limitations of the present study include the lack of measures from muscle activation and muscle strength before and after the training sessions that could supply valuable information about the physiological stress imposed by the SST method The well-trained characteristic of the studied subjects and the strong control of training variables increase the validity of the present results Highly trained subjects may benefit from changing their RT routines by using the SST method as this method may offer a superior MT stimulus even with a lower TTV versus a more traditional approach the chronic effects of the SST method on muscle hypertrophy and muscle strength remain to be determined This is the first study ever to offer some interesting physiological insights about SST a widely used method among trained subjects and bodybuilders the question remains if the differences observed between SST approaches will result in distinct chronic adaptations All datasets generated for this study are included in the manuscript and/or the supplementary files Methodist University of Piracicaba Research Ethics Committee (Protocol 1.792.429) All authors listed have made a substantial direct and intellectual contribution to the work The first author would like to thank the University and the Graduation Program for the opportunity to produce research American College of Sports Medicine (2009) American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults Low-load high volume resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis more than high-load low volume resistance exercise in young men Early resistance training-induced increases in muscle cross-sectional area are concomitant with edema-induced muscle swelling Performance and physiologic adaptations to resistance training Google Scholar G∗Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social Google Scholar Inducing hypertrophic effects of type I skeletal muscle fibers: A hypothetical role of time under load in resistance training aimed at muscular hypertrophy Effects of strength training on physical function: influence of power Google Scholar The anabolic benefits of venous blood flow restriction training may be induced by muscle cell swelling Acute neuromuscular and fatigue responses to the rest-pause method High-Intensity Interval Resistance Training (HIRT) influences resting energy expenditure an respiratory ratio in non-dieting individuals Comparison of muscle activity and tissue oxygenation during strength training protocols that differ by their organization Prescrição e periodização do treinamento de força em academias Google Scholar Undertanding the individual reponsiveness to resistance training periodization Strength And Muscular Adaptations Following 6 Weeks Of Rest-Pause Versus Traditional Multiple-Sets Resistance Training In Trained Subjects J Strength Cond Res doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001923 [Epub ahead of print] Potential mechanisms for a role of metabolic stress in hypertrophic adaptations to resistance training Resistance Training Volume Enhances Muscle Hypertrophy Dose response relationship between weekly resistance training volume and increases in muscle mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis Google Scholar Efficacy of a new strength training design: the 3/7 method equalized partial range of motion training on muscle architecture and mechanical properties Stimuli and sensors that initiate skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance exercise Willardson JM and Prestes J (2019) Acute Effects of the New Method Sarcoplasma Stimulating Training Versus Traditional Resistance Training on Total Training Volume Copyright © 2019 de Almeida, Lopes, Conceição, Oenning, Crisp, de Sousa, Trindade, Willardson and Prestes. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Jonato Prestes, am9uYXRvcEBnbWFpbC5jb20= Starting in 1972, I remember going to Monte Park every Saturday morning at 9 a.m. to watch the best basketball talent in the area. I remember Manuel Costa giving basketball clinics on the fundamentals of the game. I also remember Peter Britto starting the basketball shootouts where teams from all over came to participate. If anybody was anybody, they had to go through Monte Playground. There have been so many great players, beginning in the 1970s that I have decided to give my own perspective. I'm sure that I did not mention somebody who probably belongs on the list, but that's a testament to how many great players have come out of our local area. The list could probably go on and on, but I just wanted to bring to light some of the memories of Big Time Basketball in the New Bedford area. To comment on Michael Coneicao's list, tweet at @SCTsports using the hashtag #MCTopPlayers. Mickey Almeida (New Bedford): Great defensive player who could do it all … quiet, but effective. Craig Alves (New Bedford): Very quick guard ... penetrate with the best of them ... spot-up shooter. Brian Baptiste (New Bedford): Pure jumpshot … great work ethic … at the top of the all-time shooters. Robert Barboza (New Bedford): Very good scorer ... could really shoot the ball. Eric Britto (New Bedford): One of the best … great work ethic, spot-up shooter … knows how the game should be played … 1,000-point scorer at RIC … big-time referee. Brad Curtis (Bishop Stang): Floor general … could and would do anything to win … had a floater which was very effective … would be on my team anytime. Carlos DePina (New Bedford): Very good perimeter game ... nice jumpshot ... sadly missed. Charles DePina (New Bedford): Three-point shooter extraordinaire ... can shoot from anywhere on the court … emphasizes what hard work can do. Gary Dias (New Bedford): Small but crafty point guard who was a walk-on with Boston College … had a lot of battles with him. Mark Dias (New Bedford): My hardest cover … could jump over you, go by you, dunk on you … enough said. Mike Dias (Wareham): Strong going to the basket. Todd Dos Ries (New Bedford): Protypical point guard … quick, good hands, passing ability … floor general … good shooting … all-around point guard. Armand Enos (New Bedford): Like Greg Anthony … could play defense with the best of them … great leader … great teammate. Darien Fernandez (Wareham): Could do it all … Just signed on as a junior at Div. 1 Jacksonville. Mike Fields (New Bedford): Could take your heart out … just a tough, physical guard who would outscore you and lock you down … all-around great. Tim Gaspar (Dartmouth): Cat-quick … could penetrate with the best of them … good perimeter shooter. Edmund Gomes (GNB Voc-Tech): “The Wizard” … Maybe the best assist player of all time … could jump jump, shoot, pass, play defense and was fun to watch. Lonny Gomes (Apponequet): Left-handed shooter … could score at will. Mickey Gonsalves (Holy Family): I had the pleasure of playing with Mickey and without a doubt the best shooter of all time. Jim Henessey (Fairhaven): Tough, hard-nosed player … could do it all. Ken Johnson (New Bedford): White shoes … could shoot that perfect jump shot … very athletic … great attitude. Marl Kaeterle (GNB Voc-Tech): Very good player … fundamentally sound … good shooter and scorer. Donald Lessa (New Bedford): Absolute leader … has the whole game under control … great passer and ball handler … one of the smaller guards in the area. Brian Magnett (New Bedford): Probably one of the best defensive players I have seen over the years … very quick … incredible instincts … great attitude. Carly Martin (New Bedford): Tough, no nonsense … good defensive player … great leader. Eddie Martin (New Bedford): “The King” … “The Legend” … “Elvis” … the best clutch shooter I have seen locally .. big talk, but big game. George “Wally” Mendes (Playground legend): The most unselfish guard in the area … if you were open, he got you the ball … very hard to defend … smart with the ball … good team player who did it with flair. Robbie Mendes (Playground legend): One of the best players in the area for years. ... His pedigree can compare to most ... knew he could get any shot he wanted ... shot an extremely high percentage. Jeff Miller (New Bedford): Loved the way he played the game … could really shoot the ball … good scorer. John Monteiro (Dartmouth): The best ball handler in his day, but did it with excitement … small frame, but big game … unstoppable. Mike Noonan (Westport): One of the best to come out of Westport … great perimeter shooter … volume shooter. Nate Pickup (Fairhaven): All-around player who could shoot with the best of them. Duane Pina (New Bedford): A leader, hard worker … great attitude … worked real hard on his game to become the starting point guard at Boston College … great assist man … cat-like quickness. Typhon Pina (New Bedford): All everything … great skills … mentally tough … good ball-handler … defensive skills. Gary Pope (GNB Voc-Tech): A tremendous player who did all the little things … the intangibles that a lot of people do not understand … good leader. Jarod Ramos (New Bedford): He could do it all … great potential … could shoot, jump, play defense. Jordan Rezendes (Wareham): Prolific scorer … can penetrate … had a brilliant year as Player of the Year at UMass Dartmouth. Gary Roderick (New Bedford): Multi-talented … got 61 points in a summer league contest … will not be denied. Eddie Roderiques (New Bedford): Don’t give him an inch … if there was a 3-point line he would have broken every record. Ryan Roderiques (New Bedford): Like father, like son … a great compliment to Brian Rudolph … tough, played hard and had no fear … clutch shooter. Dave Rose (New Bedford): His game reminds me of Adrian Dantley … very clever … no wasted movement … uses his body tremendously … can and will score when he wants to. Dennis Rose (New Bedford): All about the defense … strong, good hands … good, solid player. Larry Senna (Wareham): Great shooter … non-stop … could score buckets. Alfredo “Sonny” Silva (Bishop Stang): Good shooting guard … nice perimeter game. John Siliva (New Bedford): Great quickness and speed … could get to the cup at anytime … had tremendous potential. Greg Turner (Holy Family): Outstanding shooter from deep in the corners. Joel Watters (Wareham): Very quick ... good shooting guard. Derwin Watkins (New Bedford): My nemesis … hard to contain … always worked to better himself … dedicated … you better bring your A-game or he will destroy you. Buddy Wheatley (New Bedford): Very good shooter … makes the game look easy like Sunday morning … hit four 3-pointers against Boston Celtic great John Bagley, I was there … could jump … played hard … made though shots … loves competition … knows the game. Danny Afflalo (Holy Family): Quick feet … long arms … could jump … well-rounded. Hartmut Andrade (Bishop Stang): Big, strong … Wes Unseld-like. Lamont Ashley (New Bedford): Tough going to the cuff … good rebounder ... very physical. Tom Barao (New Bedford): Killer left-hand shot … volume scorer … one of the best. Jim Colbert (Holy Family): Outstanding quickness ... great defensive player. Steven Cooper (Wareham): Strong ... could post up, shoot, play defense and everything else. Tony DePina (New Bedford): 6-foot-4 … could handle, shoot, rebound … complete game. Bob Duarte (New Bedford): Great rebounder who could score … always gave 100 percent … very physical Tommy Gomes (GNB Voc-Tech): Another all-time performer … big-time game … could have been a pro. David Houtman (New Bedford): One of my favorite players … could do it all … made teammates better players … leader. Keith Francis (New Bedford): What else can you but that he did it all … non-stop. Kenny Francis (Playground legend): Strong … had all the potential in the world … sadly missed. Jake Gomes (GNB Voc-Tech): My guy, my heart … one of the first high school players in the area to dunk … “Big Game Jake.” Steve Gomes (Holy Family): Considered the best of the best … 6-foot-3 … had a pro-style game … no weakness … outplayed Adrian Dantley at Celtics camp. Nuno Gonsalves (New Bedford): Walt Frazier-like … kill you with kindness … streaky shooter. Tom Goodine (New Bedford): “The glue” … great defensive-minded … but don’t let that fool you, he could score, too. Billy “Ash” Houtman (New Bedford): Tough … no-nonsense competitor … great to have on your team … great determination … can go inside, outside. Ray Houtman (New Bedford): The rubber-band man … could shoot from all angles … sneaky. Jerry Kavanaugh (Bishop Stang): Movement in motion … made it look oh, so easy. Roger Lewis (New Bedford): Tremendous leaper … could score at will. Randy Machado (Playground legend): Great inside moves ... could hit from the perimeter. Ryan Machado (GNB Voc-Tech): Can shoot with anybody … he is what you call a pure scorer … can light it up. Tom McMillan (Bishop Stang): Tremendous scorer. Jim Montague (New Bedford): Great shooter … I used to fear his game … smooth as silk … like butter. Roger Monteiro (Playground legend): Gifted. Nick Motta (Fairhaven): Smooth … could do anything he wanted to … all-around star. Greg Parker (New Bedford): Step-back, fallaway, post-up … you name it, Greg could do it. Rico Ramos (GNB Voc-Tech): Outplayed Marvin Barnes … smooth … a left-handed Bob Love. Steve Ramos (New Bedford): Great jump shot … great scorer. Mark Reedy (New Bedford): Smart scorer … good shooter. Peter Ribeiro (Holy Family): Another one of my favorites … played bigger than his 6-foot-1 frame … could do everything. Ronny Rose (New Bedford): Defense, defense, defense. Bob Shoneing (Dartmouth): 6-foot-8 big man … could score around the basket. Peter Trow (Old Rochester): One of the best shooters/scorers of all time … Played at UMass with Dr. J. Steve Wynn (New Bedford): Leading scorer in New Bedford history … deadly from 15 feet or less. Mike Barros (Old Rochester): Had all the post up moves … a very good perimeter shooter. Marlon Burns (Dartmouth): Great scorer … quick feet … played for Providence College. Marty Cardoza (Wareham): Good big man … strong in the paint. Bob Cruz (New Bedford): Strong … physical … tough big man. Pedro de la Cruz (Bishop Stang): Very agile. Dave Donnelly (Apponequet): Had all the moves inside/outside … great player. Steve Lawless (Holy Family): Great scorer … held record for most points in a game at the Tech Tournament in the Garden. David Leitao (Holy Family): One of the best big men to play in this area … very smart. Greg Lima (New Bedford): Good rebounder … smart. Art Goyette (GNB Voc-Tech): Fundamentally sound … good footwork. Mike Nelson (Wareham): Very good big man ... agile ... good scorer. Nick Pontes (New Bedford): Great scorer and rebounder. Dan Rosa (New Bedford): Very good post-up big man. Greg Sanders (New Bedford): 5-foot-11 center … greatest vertical leap from a standstill by far. Sylvestre Silva (GNB Voc-Tech): 5-foot-11 center … could jump through the roof. Jason “The Flea” Baptiste (New Bedford): Who all great point guards will be judged by … great instincts, ball-handling, passing, penetrating, shooting … ultimate team player … ultimate point guard. Marques Houtman (New Bedford): The smoothest player with the most international exposure … UMass Dartmouth, Boston Frenzy, Cape Verdean National Team … Marques has the pro game skills … can do anything … great attitude. Marcus Wills (New Bedford): One of the greatest to come out of New Bedford High … UMaine, Boston Frenzy, playground legend … the epitome of what excellence is. Brian Rudolph (New Bedford): What else can you say? … The most celebrated player in New Bedford history … His stats are incredible … fantastic passer, playmaker, floor leader … most prolific point guard. Volume 5 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2024.1343680 Gossypol is a terpene-polyphenolic compound specific to cotton plants monogastric livestock show greater sensitivity to this metabolite than ruminants The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the toxicological effects of gossypol-containing and biodetoxified cottonseed-cake on hepatic function in rats Biodetoxification of cottonseed cake was performed by the macrofungi Fistulina hepatica BRM 047114 and Pleurotus ostreatus BRM 055505 in a solid-state cultivation process A toxicological study was performed using albino Wistar rat males (Rattus norvergicus) A feed assay was conducted using the macrofungi cultivated on cottonseed cake (5% serum biochemical analyses and histopathology were evaluated For biodetoxified cottonseed cake treatments with both macrofungi concentrations of feed up to 15% resulted in animal development similar to that of the untreated group Histopathological analysis after feeding with biodetoxified cottonseed cake presented an unaltered cordonal arrangement the group fed with cottonseed cake biodetoxified using F hepatica BRM 047114 showed discrete inflammatory infiltrate ostreatus BRM 055505 resulted in efficient reduction in toxic effects of free gossypol and a reduction in circulating cholesterol levels hepatica were able to minimize the toxic effects of free gossypol in rat diets representing an important contribution for feed-formulation development for non-ruminants Gossypium sp. are oilseed plants that generate biomass residue with significant levels of edible oil, crude protein, and diverse biomolecules appropriate for animal nutrition. The application of cottonseed cake, a by-product of cottonseed processing, as a potential nutrient source for animal feed is limited due to the presence of high concentrations of gossypol (Mane et al., 2007) The gossypol molecule (C30H30O8) is a terpenopolyphenol secondary metabolite toxin that naturally plays a role in plant defense responses in cotton to predators (insect herbivores and nematodes) and occurs throughout the plant tissues (seeds Considered an anti-nutritional factor, monogastric livestock shows greater sensitivity to this metabolite than ruminants, with diets containing gossypol leading to systemic adverse effects that include, among others, immunosuppression, weight loss, weakness, male and female reproductive impairment, liver damage, respiratory problems, heart failure and death (Fonseca et al., 2013; Câmara et al., 2015) The macrofungi genera of Pleurotus and Fistulina, utilized in both food and medicine purposes, stand out among fungi capable of nutraceutically enhancing residual biomass. Depending on the substrate, they exhibit a high daily growth rate with efficient conversion of proteins and β-glucans, making them suitable for animal feed (Conceição et al., 2022) This study was performed to evaluate the potential toxic effects on Wistar rat hepatic tissues following the intake of formulated feed contrasting the presence of untreated and macrofungal-treated cottonseed cake Agro-industrial biomasses employed in substrate formulations oil palm mesocarp fiber (Elaeis guineensis) and sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum sp.) were obtained from the raw material stock collection of lignocellulosic biomasses at Embrapa Agroenergy The fungal strains Fistulina hepatica BRM 047114 and Pleurotus ostreatus BRM 055505 were obtained from the Collection of Microorganisms and Microalgae Applied to Agroenergy and Biotechnology (CMMAABio) at Embrapa Agroenergy. These were selected on the basis of previous results highlighting their potential in the biodetoxification of cottonseed (Conceição et al., 2018) a total of 70 g (dry matter) of cottonseed cake previously moistened to 60% with distilled water was autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min (physical treatment) The substrate was then inoculated with five 15 mm diameter mycelial plugs of F previously grown for seven days on potato dextrose agar (PDA) Solid-state cultivation cultures were then incubated for 20 days at 28°C for subsequent FG degradation analysis In order to obtain optimal biomass combinations for both fungal growth and productivity (mushroom production) for the selected fungi 70% cottonseed cake was included in the substrate together with the addition of a 30% portion of one of the following agroindustrial residue biomasses: T1: eucalyptus sawdust; T2: sugarcane bagasse; T3: palm oil fruit pressing fiber; T4: elephant grass The moisture content of all substrates was adjusted to 70% Approximately 2.00 ± 0.02 kg of each substrate formulation was distributed into High Density Polyethylene bags (HDPE) containing sterile air exchange filters Bags containing the substrates were then autoclaved at 121°C for 90 min substrates were inoculated after cooling with 10 g of spawn (mycelial mass) of each fungal strain grown previously on brown rice substrate bags were maintained at 26°C ± 2 and 70% humidity After 34 days cultivation and complete mycelial colonization of the substrates blocks were transferred to a mushroom-fructification room with humidity maintained between 80% to 90% until fruiting Mushroom fructification was observed only for P biological efficiency (BE) and productivity (P) were evaluated according to the following equations: The basic diet employed for feeding was a commercial formulation containing ground whole corn vitamin premix (Vitamin A 12,000.00 IU; Vitamin D3 1,800.00 IU; Vitamin E 30.00 mg; Vitamin K3 3.00 mg; Vitamin B1 5.00 mg; Vitamin B2 6.00 mg; Vitamin B6 7.00 mg; Vitamin B12 20.00 mcg; Niacin 60.00 mg; Pantothenic Acid 20.00 mg; Folic Acid 1.00 mg Biotin 0.05 mg; Choline 600.00 mg) minerals (Iron 50.00 mg; Zinc 60.00 mg; Copper 10.00 mg; Iodine 2.00 mg; Manganese 60.00 mg; Selenium 0.05 mg; Cobalt 1.50 mg.) and amino acids (Lysine 100.00 mg; Methionine 300.00 mg) (Labina Purina Ltd) Diets employed for cottonseed cake tolerance assays were prepared with different inclusion levels of biodetoxified cottonseed cake (5 Control diets were set up using the same levels of untreated cottonseed cake Two colonized substrates were selected for tolerance assays based on lowest achievable levels of FG obtained following cultivation and efficiency analysis of fungal cultivation: 1) cottonseed cake biodetoxified by P ostreatus (from spent mushroom substrate (SMS)) following colonization of cottonseed cake (70%) plus eucalyptus sawdust (30%) over a 34 day period plus a further 30 days for fruiting and mushroom harvesting; 2) cottonseed cake biodetoxified by F hepatica following colonization of cottonseed cake (70%) plus sugarcane bagasse (30%) over a 34 day period Both samples were dried for 48 h at 65°C powdered with a knife mill (0.5 mm sieve) and maintained at -20°C for further analysis Pelletized diets were oven dried at 65°C for 12 h and subsequently stored in plastic containers at 4°C to ensure quality throughout the study Forty randomly selected rats were allocated into four equally sized groups which comprised three different levels of cottonseed cake (5 and 25%) and one control group (commercial diet) Seventy male Wistar rats were employed in different groups Diets were prepared using three different levels of biodetoxified cottonseed cake: i) experimental groups with 5 and 25% of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) following growth of P and 25% of colonized substrate following growth of F hepatica; and one control group (commercial diet) Bromatological analyses were performed on toxic cottonseed cake and biodetoxified cottonseed cake commercial diets, as well as on formulated diets. Moisture, crude protein, ethereal extract, and ash (mineral matter) content were determined according to the methodology described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2000) FG content in all samples was analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), according to Conceição et al. (2018) Components were separated using a C18 reverse phase Kinetex column (100 x 2.10 mm with a methanol-0.1% TFA aqueous solution employed as mobile phase Rats were monitored daily for clinical signs of toxicity (piloerection and death) and for behavioral changes (irritability and aggressiveness) a predetermined amount of feed was provided to the animals daily ad libitum The remaining portion was then weighed to calculate the amount ingested each time new feed was provided Water was also provided ad libitum to the animals without measurement Feed intake was monitored throughout the entire experimental period to enable calculation of average daily intake Animal growth was evaluated on the basis of the parameters of final weight animals were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine (i.p Blood was collected by cardiac puncture and centrifuged (5 min then plasma was aliquoted and stored at −80°C for analysis Livers were dissected and weighed for calculation of the hepatosomatic index (HSI = Organ weight/Animal weight) Blood samples from rats were collected and placed in tubes containing anticoagulant (LABOR IMPORT ®) Hematological analysis was performed using a Sysmex KX-21N hematological counter This analysis was divided into erythrogram which corresponds to counting and morphological analysis of erythrocytes which corresponds to counting and morphological analysis of leukocytes Analysis of biochemical parameters was performed on plasma Total cholesterol and albumin levels were determined by colorimetric enzymatic assays Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were determined by a kinetic test performed with the COBAS MIRA PLUS® (Roche) employing the Gold Analisa Kits Diagnóstica® Representative liver fragments were fixed in formaldehyde for 24 h and embedded in paraffin with Histosec plastic polymer (Merck) Slices 2 to 5 μm in thickness were obtained and stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin with additional slices stained by the histochemical PAS-H method and material documentation were performed on an Olympus BX41 photomicroscope Two slides per treatment were selected for morphometry analysis in which a total of seven sections were photographed The diameter of hepatocytes and their nuclei were subsequently measured using the Image Pro Plus Media Cybernetics software (version 4.5) for calculation of the hepatocyte: hepatocyte nucleus ratio The results were submitted to the normality test and to the homogeneity test of the variances For variables whose distribution was normal the analysis of variance was applied and when significant the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability Toxicity analysis of the diets containing 5 or 25% of the cottonseed cake or biodetoxified substrates followed a completely randomized design Statistical analyses were performed using RStudio software (version 1.1.423 Figure 1 Macrofungal cultivation on substrates of cottonseed cake and agricultural biomass: (A) Solid-state cultivation with Fistulina hepatica (BCC-FH); (B) solid-state cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus (BCC-PO) and fructification The treatment T2 (cottonseed cake: sugarcane bagasse) resulted in the greatest total mycelial colonization by F. hepatica (BCC-FH), with T1 (cottonseed cake: eucalyptus sawdust) most appropriate for P. ostreatus (BCC-PO). Biological efficiencies were observed in the region of 70% for T1 and 50% for T2, with percentage productivity not significantly different across the substrates (Figure 2) a high contamination rate was observed (> 40%) likely as a result of the slow growth of the two fungi on these substrates permitting colonization by other undesirable microorganisms over time Figure 2 Biological efficiency and productivity during axenic cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus on substrates containing cottonseed cake (70%) and other lignocellulosic sources (30%) T1: Eucalyptus sawdust; T2: Sugarcane bagasse; T3: Compressed oil palm fruit fiber; T4: Elephant grass mean values that are followed by the same lower-case letter do not differ significantly in terms of biological efficiency mean values followed by the same upper-case letter do not differ significantly regarding productivity across treatments (P<0,05) For both fungal strains, a significant reduction in FG content was observed following T1 and T2 biological assay treatments (Figure 3) Figure 3 Free-Gossypol levels on cottonseed cake substrate and colonized substrate (Fistulina hepatica) or SMS (Pleurotus ostreatus) “In natura”: cottonseed cake without any treatment; Autoclaved: Cottonseed cake autoclaved for 30 min prior to inoculation; T1) autoclaved substrate of 70% cottonseed cake + 30% eucalyptus sawdust; T1-FH – F hepatica colonized substrate from T1; T2) autoclaved substrate containing 70% cottonseed cake + 30% sugarcane bagasse; T2-PO – P ostreatus spent mushroom substrate from T2 Means followed by the same lower-case letter do not differ by the Tukey test (P<0.05) Formulations and diet compositions for toxic cottonseed cake feed assays and biodetoxified cottonseed cake feed assays are presented in Tables 1, 2 Table 1 Formulation and bromatological composition (%) of the diets containing untreated cottonseed cake Table 2 Formulation and bromatological composition of the experimental diets containing biodetoxifed cottonseed cake Table 3 Growth parameters of rats fed with different levels of cottonseed cake Weight gains followed the same pattern of feed intake, consequently reflecting differences in feed conversion (Table 3) the main organ to metabolize nutrients ingested in the diet presented a negative response to the inclusion of cottonseed cake which was reflected in the hepatosomatic index Biochemical parameters associated with hepatic functions were also affected, with ALT increasing as cottonseed cake content increased. Conversely, AST levels in rats fed on cottonseed cake were lower than those fed on control diets (Table 4) A significant decrease in serum albumin levels was observed in the group fed on cottonseed cake Cholesterol levels were not altered by any diets during the toxicity test hemograms were also unaltered by the diets (data not shown) Table 4 Biochemical parameters of the serum of rats fed with different levels of cottonseed cake Figure 4 Photomicrography of liver sections from Wistar rats fed on feed diets containing cottonseed cake: (A) control group (commercial diet) displaying no histopathological alterations with cord arrangement of hepatocytes (fine line) observed; (B) effect of cottonseed cake (5%) clear cytoplasm (arrowhead); (C) effect of cottonseed cake (15%) occurrence of necrosis (*) and congestion; and occurrence of blood congestion (arrowhead and fine line) Table 5 Growth parameters of rats fed with different levels of biodetoxified cottonseed cake with macrofungi Table 6 Biochemical parameters of the serum of rats fed with different levels of biodetoxified cottonseed cake by macrofungi and cytoplasmic and interlobular vacuolation Figure 5 Photomicrography of Wistar rat livers after feeding on diets containing different levels of biodetoxified cottonseed cake (A) diet containing 5% Fistulina hepatica-derived biodetoxified cottonseed cake showing classic hepatic architecture with congested blood vessel (VSC) hexagonal hepatocyte with round central nucleus (arrow) and sinusoid (S); (B) leukocyte infiltration (white arrow); (C) diet containing 10% Pleurotus ostreatus-derived biodetoxified cottonseed cake - showing blood vessel (bv) and normal hepatocytes (black arrows); and (D) radiation around the central vein (cv) In this study, the toxic effects of gossypol in rats were clearly demonstrated in toxicity assays, with poor development rates observed. Reduction in weight as a process of intoxication by gossypol was likely a consequence of liver damage, as reported previously (De Carvalho et al., 2013) It is noteworthy the evidence of hepatitis and hepatocyte degeneration as a consequence of metabolic damage caused by gossypol-containing diets (De Carvalho et al., 2013). The histopathological changes observed here in the cottonseed cake toxicity assay indicate likely impaired liver structures and functioning (Ahmed, 2018) Such effects are corroborated in the present study where cholesterol reduction in rats was apparent after feeding with biodetoxified cottonseed cake produced with both P Hepatoprotective action with albumin maintenance and benefits toward a decrease in ALT and AST enzyme activities have been demonstrated with the use of functional foods (Ahmed, 2018). The hepatoprotective action of bioactive substances has also been demonstrated in liver histopathological studies (Ahmed, 2018) Our study suggests that the use of cottonseed cake bio-detoxified through the cultivation of P ostreatus resulted in the maintenance of liver tissues and cordonal arrangement with cells displaying normal nuclei and cytoplasm without vacuoles or fat deposits Such histopathological data supports the likely bioactive effect of the treatments with the macrofungi and the potential for downstream employment of the macrofungi treated cottonseed cake in feed applications Biodetoxification of cottonseed cake through solid-state cultivation with the macrofungi P hepatica minimized the toxic effects of free gossypol in feed-formulation for rats ostreatus-derived biodetoxified cottonseed cake in feed-formulation diets did not result in toxic effects regarding the health and growth of Wistar rats Further studies are warranted into the potential for reduction of fiber content of biodetoxified cottonseed cake using macrofungi as well as mass spectrometry-based investigations into beneficial secondary metabolite accumulation in fermented products that may add further gains for monogastric animal feed The animal study was approved by Commission on Ethics in the Use of Animals - CEUA (CEUA/UFGD-49/2016) The study was conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research This work was financially supported by CNPq/Embrapa (Project Number 404786/2013-8) RM was supported by fellowships from CNPq (Grant Numbers 305418/2017-3 and 308165/2021-7) A special thanks goes to all those who made this research possible and to the institutions Embrapa Agroenergy and UFGD The authors declare the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest Hepatoprotective and antiapoptotic role of aged black garlic against hepatotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Gossypol as undesirable substance in animal feed - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain Effect of gossypol on liver metabolic enzymes in male rats PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Association of Official Analytical Chemists (Washington Google Scholar Cottonseed cake as a substitute of soybean meal for goat kids Nutritive value of dietary fungi treated Jatropha curcas kernel cake: Voluntary intake growth and digestibility coefficient of goat Google Scholar Toxicity of gossypol from cottonseed cake to sheep ovarian follicles Conceição A Nutraceutical enrichment of animal feed by filamentous fungi fermentation Conceição A Development of an RP-UHPLC-PDA method for quantification of free gossypol in cottonseed cake and fungal-treated cottonseed cake Mecanismos da intoxicação do fígado de rato causada pelo gossipol locational dynamics and by-product development: Insights from the history of the American cottonseed industry CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of an extract rich in polysaccharides of the mushroom Polyporus dermoporus Mushrooms: A potential natural source of anti-inflammatory compounds for medical applications CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Effectiveness of albumin-conjugated gossypol as an immunogen to prevent gossypol-associated acute hepatotoxicity in rats Gossypol toxicity from cottonseed products CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Current strategies for the detoxification of Jatropha curcas seed cake: A review Secretome analysis and bioprospecting of lignocellulolytic fungal consortium for valorization of waste cottonseed cake by hydrolase production and simultaneous gossypol degradation Method for growing fruit body of Fistulina hepatica Google Scholar Degradation of phorbol esters by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PseA during solid-state fermentation of deoiled Jatropha curcas seed cake Evaluation of cotton seed cake as a feed ingredient for fattening sheep CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Engineering low phorbol ester Jatropha curcas seed by intercepting casbene biosynthesis Oat β-glucan inhibits adipogenesis and hepatic steatosis in high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic mice via AMPK signaling Mageshwaran V. 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Felix Gonçalves de Siqueira, ZmVsaXguc2lxdWVpcmFAZW1icmFwYS5icg== Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker Porto are in the driver’s seat in the Taça de Portugal semi-finals after beating Vitória de Guimarães 1-0 in the first leg at Estádio Dom Afonso Henriques Neither goalkeeper was seriously tested until the 52nd minute when the Dragons went in front Nico González picked out Pepê with a pinpoint cross his header straight at Bruno Varela who spilled the ball which rolled into the post and over the line Vitória had a fantastic chance to draw level in the 86th minute Kaio César butchering an opportunity to send Jota Silva in on goal Porto's problems with referees continued in the opening minute of the match when Toni Borevković fouled Evanilson The centre-back landed a cheap shot on the Brazilian while he was down Pepê Aquino close to being booked for dissent after disrespecting Nuno Miguel Serrano Almeida Ricardo Mangas and Jorge Sánchez required treatment after a nasty head clash the game stopped for eight minutes as the defenders received treatment and strapped on swimming caps Otávio took out Jota Silva twice in quick succession but Vitória were unable to profit from the free kicks The Dragons saw a penalty claim denied after Gonçalo Borges got into the box and bundled into Bruno Varela Chances were proving hard to come by before Nico González and Alan Varela were unable to keep their efforts down João Mendes dragging his effort wide at the other end The second half started with Nélson Oliveira’s only attempt comfortably saved by Cláudio Ramos Porto scored the decisive goal in the 52nd minute his header straight at Varela who fumbled the ball and watched it hit the base of the post and roll into his net Mendes was booked for bringing down Pepê and immediately replaced by Kaio César Sérgio Conceição had another reason to be upset with Almeida after a cynical handball by Borevković prevented Evanilson racing clear perhaps fortunate to avoid a straight red for being the last man Romário Baró replaced Gonçalo Borges before Conceição made a triple switch as Joäo Mário Iván Jaime and Danny Namaso replace González The substitutions didn’t take long to get involved Jaime teeing up Baró who saw his fierce strike tipped over the bar by Varela Guimarães had a fantastic chance to equalise in the 86th minute after Mário slipped over César experiencing a brain explosion after failing to release an unmarked Jota Siva Jaime fashioned the final chance in added time It was a low quality game at Estádio Dom Afonso Henriques in stark contrast to the excitement provided by Benfica and Sporting Clube de Portugal on the previous evening The Dragons did just enough to make it 11 straight wins against the Conquerors taking a big step towards a clash against Sporting CP in the Taça de Portugal final in Jamor Porto now host Vitória twice in the space of ten days in the Primeira Liga on Sunday and in the semi-final second leg on Wednesday 17 April By Matthew Marshall Saturday night’s clássico is without doubt the biggest game of the Primeira Liga this season one that will be a huge indicator of who will be crowned champions in May With just 10 games left in the league after tomorrow’s showdown only a single point separates the top two sides Porto are currently in pole position to reclaim the Portuguese league title but since changing coach Benfica have started mounting a mighty challenge Both teams are in fantastic form going into this match. Benfica, who have turned into a free scoring machine under Bruno Lage, have won every single league game since Rui Vitória was dismissed and the former B-team coach promoted. That said, the only defeat for Lage in his short tenure was to Porto, a 3-1 loss in the Taça da Liga semi-final back in January A win for Benfica would see them leapfrog Porto into first with most analysts agreeing the Eagles have a theoretically easier fixture list for the remainder of the season But Benfica have struggled in recent years to win at the Estádio do Dragão with just one league win in Porto since 2011 Maybe that can change thanks to the goals galore the Lisbon club are scoring; Benfica are the Primeira Liga’s best attack this season On the other side of the coin, Benfica will be facing the best defence in the league. Much like their title rivals, Porto have been in fantastic form. Sérgio Conceição’s side are undefeated in the league since 7 October, interestingly a 1-0 defeat to Benfica at the Estádio da Luz Porto racked up a record-breaking winning streak Vitória Guimarães and Moreirense in 2019 allowed Benfica to get right on their tails just as it looked like the Dragons were going to run away with it but Porto seem to have hit form again with impressive back-to-back 3-0 victories over Tondela and Braga Both managers were coy about what teams they would be fielding although Conceição chose to recite what he thought would be Benfica’s starting XI One option for Porto could be to start Moussa Marega after the Malian forward was an unused substitute in Porto’s midweek Taça de Portugal win over Braga The big centre-forward has made a miraculously quick recovery from a thigh muscle tear which included a whirlwind trip to China to undergo specialist treatment Benfica will be without centre-back Jardel despite the Porto manager’s prediction that the Brazilian centre-back could feature so youngster Ferro should continue his partnership alongside Rúben Dias Bruno Lage declined the offer to predict Porto’s starting XI but said his team will be prepared whether the league leaders play 4-4-2 like they did in Porto’s league cup victory over Benfica are likely to stick to their winning formula It’s a six-point game […] I’m convinced we will be happy in May.” Bruno Lage What’s decisive is a team being consistent and we have been that in the last two months and we have to continue to be.” Predicted Benfica XI: (with help from Sérgio Conceição) The page you are looking for might have been removed