an Arlington County attorney and law professor
is joining a crowded field of Democrats vying for the lieutenant governor nomination in 2025
Salgado resigned from his job as a federal prosecutor with the U.S
Department of Justice earlier this month so he could run for lieutenant governor
He is the fifth candidate for the Democratic nomination
running against outgoing Richmond Mayor Levar Stoney; state Sen
Aaron Rouse of Virginia Beach; and Prince William County School Board Chair Babur Lateef
One Republican has filed to run for lieutenant governor: John Curran
Salgado said the November election results were his catalyst to run for office
and having been on the inside under the first Trump administration
I want to get out in front of those issues as a Virginia official
for the sake of families here and the commonwealth in general,” Salgado told the Richmond Times-Dispatch on Thursday
Salgado lives in Arlington with his wife and two children
who attend Arlington County Public Schools
He has been a prosecutor of corruption at the state and federal levels for nearly 13 years
Salgado prosecuted former Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio in a 2017 criminal trial in which Arpaio was convicted of violating a federal judge’s order to stop racially profiling Latinos
Arpaio was later pardoned by then-President Donald Trump
Salgado says: “The new administration in Washington wants to strain our resources by deputizing our police officers and sheriffs to ask for your papers if you look like me or my daughters
Salgado said he knows the challenges he confronts running against four Democrats who are elected officials
“I will outwork all of them,” Salgado said in the interview
I quit my job at the DOJ so I can do this full time
and I think that I can leverage my expertise in complex constitutional matters and issues of federalism and serve as a true ally and support to the governor and the AG
liaison between the two and formulating strategies for the next four years.”
Abigail Spanberger of the 7th District is the presumptive Democratic nominee and Lt
Winsome Earle-Sears is the presumptive Republican nominee
Jay Jones of Norfolk and Henrico County Commonwealth Attorney Shannon Taylor
are vying for the Democratic nomination for attorney general
Primaries for the 2025 races will be June 17
<a href="mailto:abryson@timesdispatch.com">abryson@timesdispatch.com</a>
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Attorney General Should Move Ahead with Prosecution
If anyone knew everything that was going on
So everyone reported everything to him and he knew absolutely everything
Prosecutor: Did the commander of the army [Montoya] take any measure to ensure that casualties were “well-done” (legitimate combat deaths)
Prosecutor: At the Joint Command or Division level did they carry out a…
Prosecutor: There only was a warning before the killings [that casualties should be “well-done”]
In March 2016, the office of the UN High Commissioner of Human Rights in Colombia <a href="http://www.hchr.org.co/documentoseinformes/informes/altocomisionado/informe_anual_2015.pdf">reported</a> that it had reviewed an “official document from the military” that “proves” that an “army commander” had ordered that a directive that established rewards for soldiers who reported high number of killings should be burned
Enforced Disappearances and Arbitrary Detention Following Venezuela’s 2024 Election
The US Expulsion of Third-Country Nationals to Panama
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TRENTON &ndash; Acting Attorney General John  J
Hoffman announced that two former supervisors for the North Bergen Township  Department of Public Works were sentenced to state prison today after being  convicted at trial in June of official misconduct for assigning municipal employees  to work on election campaigns and complete personal chores or projects for them  or their boss
was sentenced today to five years in state prison
 with no possibility of parole during that term
also was sentenced  today by Judge DePascale to five years in prison without possibility of  parole
The defendants did not begin  serving their prison sentences today.&nbsp;The judge agreed to release them without bail while they appeal their  trial convictions
The  two men were convicted by a Hudson County jury on June 30 of second-degree  charges of conspiracy
official misconduct and pattern of official misconduct
 as well as third-degree charges of theft by unlawful taking and misapplication  of government property
 Bunero was convicted of third-degree tampering with public records and fourth-degree  falsifying records for submitting false timesheets
Bunero and Longo forfeited their jobs as a  result of the verdict and are permanently barred from public employment.&nbsp; 
Deputy  Attorneys General Victor Salgado and Julia Zukina tried the case for the  Division of Criminal Justice Corruption Bureau and represented the state at the  sentencing hearing today
the former superintendent of the North Bergen Department of Public  Works
2012 to conspiracy to commit official  misconduct
admitting he directed municipal employees to perform hundreds of  hours of work at his home
He  also admitted assigning township employees to work on election campaigns
He faces five to 10 years in state prison and  must repay the township
&ldquo;Bunero  and Longo shamelessly abused their power and the public resources entrusted to  them,&rdquo; said Acting Attorney General Hoffman
 &ldquo;We&rsquo;re putting government employees on notice that if they engage in  this type of self-serving and corrupt conduct
they will be going to prison  like these defendants and their boss
&ldquo;Bunero  and Longo insisted they were just little guys obeying Superintendent James  Wiley
but they showed their true colors by ordering municipal workers to  perform personal chores for them as well,&rdquo; said Director Elie Honig of the  Division of Criminal Justice
but they arrogantly  exploited their own authority and the fact that many others answered to them.&rdquo;
As  supervisors for the Department of Public Works (DPW)
Bunero and Longo served  under Wiley and were responsible for assigning workers for their shifts
Bunero was responsible for timekeeping and  supervising street sweepers and trash pickup
 Longo was responsible for supervising crews that did road repair and  construction work
The criminal conduct  occurred between January 2006 and February 2012
Bunero  and Longo were convicted of one count of official misconduct related to political  campaign work
The state presented  testimony and evidence that they worked on election campaigns personally while  being paid by the township and also helped assign subordinate employees to work  on campaigns
They were convicted in  connection with three days when DPW employees engaged in campaign work: (1)  Nov
in connection with a mayoral campaign in Bayonne; (2) May 12
in connection with a mayoral campaign in Jersey City; and (3) Nov
in connection with a campaign for sheriff.&nbsp; In pleading guilty
Wiley admitted signing  and submitting fraudulent paperwork to have DPW workers paid for overtime labor  that they provided on those days
The  workers engaged in activities such as canvassing neighborhoods
distributing  campaign literature and posting signs.&nbsp; 
Bunero  and Longo were convicted of a second count of official misconduct for assigning  DPW workers to go to Wiley&rsquo;s home in North Bergen to do household chores or  projects while the workers were on duty or being paid overtime by the  township.&nbsp; Each man also made use of  on-the-clock DPW workers for their own personal projects
including renovations  at Bunero&rsquo;s home and the repainting of Longo&rsquo;s pickup truck
The two men performed  work themselves on these projects while being paid by the township
Longo was convicted of a third  count of official misconduct for assigning workers to repair the parking lot of  a commercial property
The  township employees assigned to work election campaigns or at personal  residences typically went to the sites using DPW vehicles
and they used tools  and equipment belonging to the department.&nbsp;Bunero and Longo were convicted of theft and misapplication of  government property for their role in the unlawful use of tools
 vehicles and employee services for the election campaigns and for personal work  for Wiley and themselves
In the counts related to tampering with and  falsifying records
Bunero was charged with submitting fraudulent timesheets  related to his own hours and the hours of subordinate employees to cover up the  unlawful work done on campaigns and on personal projects
Bunero  had worked for North Bergen since 1998 and earned an annual salary of  approximately $69,000
Longo had worked  for North Bergen since 1993 and earned an annual salary of approximately  $79,000
Both men were suspended without  pay after they were indicted in September 2012
Deputy  Attorneys General Salgado and Zukina were assisted at trial by the lead  investigators
under the supervision of Deputy Attorney General  Anthony A
and Deputy Attorney General  Jeffrey Manis
Deputy  Attorney General Jeffrey  Mongiello
Assistant Attorney General Carol Henderson and Bureau Chief Daniel Bornstein  of the Appellate  Bureau assisted  with many legal issues and an emergent appeal related to the trial
Deputy Attorney General Cynthia Vazquez and  former Deputy Attorney General David Fritch assisted in the investigation and presented  the case to the state grand jury
Assistant Attorney General Christine Hoffman
 Deputy Director of the Division of Criminal Justice
Acting Attorney General  Hoffman and Director Honig noted that the Division of Criminal Justice has a  toll-free Corruption Tipline 1-866-TIPS-4CJ for the public to report corruption, financial crime and other illegal  activities confidentially. The public can also log on to the Division webpage  at <a href="http://www.njdcj.org/" target="_blank">www.njdcj.org</a> to  report suspected wrongdoing confidentially
City Colleges of Chicago Chancellor Juan Salgado was presented with the 2023 Ohtli Award  by Ambassador Reyna Torres Mendivil
the Consul General of the Mexican Consulate in Chicago
The award is one of the highest honors given to those living outside of Mexico working to empower Mexican citizens abroad
The  event  was held at Harold Washington College on December 8
2023 and other event attendees included Illinois State Rep
Migrant and Refugee Rights Beatriz Ponce De León
Harold Washington College President Daniel Lopez
City Colleges&#8217; Executive Vice Chancellor and Chief Staff Veronica Herrero
This high honor Ohtli means “path” or &#8220;road&#8221; in Náhuatl
The award is given once annually and consists of a medallion
The medal depicts an Aztec god cutting grass with a machete
The symbolism of the name signifies the  idea of opening a path for others
 Graduates from seven colleges have saved thousands on a quality college education with scholarships
Employers and apprentices gathered at Malcolm X College Wednesday morning for the Business and Tech Apprenticeship Summit
a celebration of National Apprenticeship Day and a..
Read City Colleges' April 2025 newsletter below
or click here to open it in a separate browser
City Colleges of Chicago has honored those in our community who make our classrooms and offices brighter
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Dial 711 for the Telecommunications Relay Service
Volume 10 - 2019 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02227">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02227</a>
we discuss the implications of these findings for the research and practice of personnel selection
The nine aptitudes measured by the GATB and their respective tests
Observed and corrected correlations among the GATB abilities
The meta-analyses of (<a href="#B16">Hunter, 1983a</a>, <a href="#B18">1986</a>; <a href="#B20">Hunter and Hunter, 1984</a>) made two main findings
the average operational validity of GMA was 0.45 for predicting job proficiency and 0.54 for predicting training success
although the validity of GMA varied across job families
job complexity moderated the validity of GMA
so that the validity increased as job complexity increased
According to the Manual of the GATB (<a href="#B69">U.S. Department of Labor, 1970</a>; section III
the abilities measured by the GATB were validated against objective criteria (e.g.
and instructor rating of training success) for 446 occupations
as an example of the use objective sales performance and subjective sales performance)
It is important to remark that neither Hunter&#x00027;s meta-analyses nor other meta-analyses estimated empirically the reliability of the criteria used in the GATB studies
the interrater reliability of supervisory and instructor performance ratings
there is another unexplored issue: the validity of the two alternative compounds of GMA mentioned above
it remains unexamined whether job complexity moderates GMA validity similarly across the specific criteria
the purpose of this article is to shed further light on these five critical issues that the existing meta-analyses have overlooked: (a) the estimation of the validity of GMA for the five specific criteria; (b) the moderator role of job complexity on the validity of GMA for predicting the five criteria; (c) the comparison of the validity of the two GMA composites of the GATB (i.e.
G and GVN); (d) the reliability of the criterion measures used in the GTAB validity studies
the interrater reliability of supervisory and instructor performance ratings; and (e) the empirical distributions of range restriction in the GATB validity studies
The meta-analyses that Hunter reported in several publications (<a href="#B15">Hunter, 1980</a>, <a href="#B16">1983a</a>, <a href="#B18">1986</a>; <a href="#B20">Hunter and Hunter, 1984</a>) were conducted with a database of 515 criterion validity studies
of which 425 used a measure of job proficiency
The total sample size was 38,620 individuals
and also due to its many methodological innovations (e.g.
the manner of establishing the range restriction distributions; the job complexity classification based on Fine&#x00027;s functional job analysis; the construction of a new GMA composite by adding up G
Hunter&#x00027;s findings have served for decades as the primary reference for the validity evidence of GMA as a predictor of job proficiency and training success
and the gold standard with which to compare other meta-analyses
Hunter&#x00027;s database and meta-analyses were reviewed by a panel of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) (<a href="#B12">Hartigan and Wigdor, 1989</a>), who examined the evidence of validity generalization of the GATB. The findings of the NAS panel totally agreed with Hunter and <a href="#B20">Hunter (1984</a>; see also, <a href="#B16">Hunter, 1983a</a>) findings
concerning the observed validity estimates
and also there are several characteristics of Hunter&#x00027;s meta-analytic distributions of artifacts that require a re-examination
the criterion-type distinctions are relevant because operational validity typically varies by criterion type
and separate analyses are warranted because of the potential differences in average reliability for the various criteria types
this evidence shows that the supervisory performance ratings appear to be less reliable than the objective criteria
independent meta-analyses using criteria type as a moderator variable seem to be advisable
In addition, <a href="#B15">Hunter (1980</a>, <a href="#B16">Hunter, 1983a</a>, <a href="#B18">1986</a>; <a href="#B20">Hunter and Hunter, 1984</a>) demonstrated the moderator role of job complexity on the validity of GMA for the combinations GMA-job proficiency and GMA-training
but it remains unclear if job complexity shows a similar moderating effect for the combinations of GMA and specific criteria
we do not know if the role of job complexity as a moderator variable of the GMA validity generalizes to the specific criteria used in the GATB validity studies
there seems to be a need for a new meta-analysis that examines the validity of GMA as a predictor of several criterion measures not included (or not included as separate categories) in previous meta-analyses: production records
the first one that examines the validity of the GMA for these criteria comparatively
As the majority of GATB validity studies have used supervisory ratings of performance as a criterion
this criterion will serve as the reference framework for the comparison of the validities against the other criteria
the three following research questions can be posed:
Research Question 1: Is the validity of the GMA composites the same for the various measures of job performance and training success
do GMA composites predict job performance ratings
Research Question 2: What is the interrater reliability of the overall job performance ratings used in GATB validity studies
Is it similar or lower than the reliability of the other criteria
Research Question 3: Does the role of job complexity as a moderator of the validity of GMA generalize to the combination of GMA and specific criteria
there is no meta-analytic evidence of the validity of G composite
Concerning G and GVN cognitive ability composites of the GATB
there are two relevant differences among them
The first one is that the GVN composite includes test 2 (computation)
The other difference is that the vocabulary test and the arithmetic reasoning test are scored twice in the GVN composite but only once in the G composite
there is no technical reason for this duplication as G is not defined (and measured) independently of the V
there are no others between G and GVN composites
it is not known whether the GVN composite shows equal or better operational validity than the G composite as an estimate of GMA
<a href="#B51">Schmidt (2002</a>, <a href="#B52">2012</a>) posited that a composite of two
and spatial) is a de facto measure of GMA and that
the specific aptitudes make no incremental contribution to the prediction of job performance and training success over and above the contribution of GMA
the G composite as measured by the GATB is a measure of GMA
and the only difference from Hunter&#x00027;s GVN composite is that this last one includes an additional test (computation test)
the potential difference in criterion validity between G and GVN would be due to the computation test and also the method that Hunter used to sum the abilities
the GVN composite would not show incremental validity for predicting job proficiency and training success criteria over and above G
Both <a href="#B20">Hunter and Hunter (1984)</a> and the NAS panel (<a href="#B12">Hartigan and Wigdor, 1989</a>) focused on the validity of GVN
but neither Hunter and Hunter nor the NAS panel estimated the validity of G composite separately
it remains unexamined whether GVN shows more
Any potential differences between GVN and G validities would indirectly indicate which composite serves as a better estimate of GMA
This question is relevant because if there is no difference in validity between the GVN and G composites
this last one should be the preferred composite
they will show which composite should be the preferred option
it is possible to create at least two GMA composites
Because the G composite already includes V
the examination of the validity of G alone seems relevant to knowing the gains in the validity (incremental validity) achieved with the addition of the computation test in the GVN composite of GMA
This line of reasoning allows us to pose the second research question:
Research Question 4: What is the validity of G and GVN composites for predicting job proficiency and training success criteria
A third relevant issue has to do with range restriction (RR) and its possible correction
there is RR when the standard deviation (SD) of the sample (i.e.
of the restricted group) is smaller than the standard deviation (SD) of the population (i.e.
The first one happens when the individuals have been selected directly on the test scores
The indirect RR happens when the selection is made on a third variable that is correlated with the assessment procedure
affect the validity coefficients in two senses
RR causes an underestimation of the validity
RR produces artifactual variability in the validity coefficients
it seems convenient to re-estimate the RR distributions of the GATB
because the estimation of the GMA range restriction is an extremely relevant issue to establish its operational validity
This fact inspires the next research question
Research Question 5: What is the extent of range restriction (u-value) for GMA composites in the GATB studies across job complexity levels and the five criteria of job performance and training success
Population descriptive statistics of GATB cognitive abilities and GMA composites
some technical reports included information about the reliability of production records
which permits to create empirical distributions of the reliability of these criteria
and the observed validity of each aptitude included in the GATB
This information allows (a) to calculate the validity of the GVN composite and to compare it with the validity of the G composite
and (b) the means and standard deviations permit to empirically develop range restriction distributions (mean and SD of u-values) for the combinations GMA-specific criterion
this meta-analytic effort has had five goals
The first goal has been to examine whether the validity of the GMA composites of the GATB is similar or not for the specific criteria mentioned above
The second objective has been to determine whether the moderating effect of job complexity on GMA validity can be generalized to some unexamined criteria (e.g.
The third goal has been to establish the reliability of the various criteria used in the GATB validity studies
The fourth goal has been to know if the two GMA composites of the GATB
the fifth goal has been to develop the empirical distribution of range restriction for each predictor-criterion combination
The target population was the validation studies conducted by the U.S. Employment Service to estimate the criterion-oriented validity of the GATB. These studies were carried out over the period 1950&#x02013;1985. An important characteristic of these studies is that there is a written technical report for each study. These technical reports are currently available to researchers in the ERIC database (<a href="http://www.eric.ed.gov">www.eric.ed.gov</a>)
each technical report contains between 12 and 20 pages and includes information on the occupation name
and validity coefficients for the nine abilities measured by the GATB
the dataset for this meta-analysis consisted of all the written technical reports of the GATB currently available in the ERIC database
One file contains the full list of references
and six files contain the following information from each study: (a) ERIC database code
(d) observed validity of g composite; (e) observed validity of GVN composite; (f) range restriction u-value of g composite; and (g) range restriction u-value of GVN composite
PRISMA flow diagram of excluded and included studies
We estimated the reliability of the codification with the correlation between two coders with experience conducting meta-analyses
The reliability between coder A and coder B was 1 for criterion (performance vs
Consensus solved divergences after going back to the job description of the technical report and the D.O.T
we corrected the observed mean validity for criterion reliability and RR in the predictor in order to obtain the operational validity (which is of interest for personnel selection and academic decisions)
and we corrected the operational validity for predictor reliability to obtain the true score correlation (which is of interest for modeling the theoretical relationship between predictor and criteria)
To obtain the degree of range restriction in each study, we followed <a href="#B15">Hunter&#x00027;s (1980</a>, <a href="#B16">Hunter, 1983a</a>) method
the steps of the method are not the same for the specific abilities as for the GMA (i.e.
we will explain the process for the specific abilities and then the process for the GMA composite
The technical reports contained the SD of G
This SD is the restricted group SD for these abilities
to obtain the SD of the working population
we calculated the variance of the means and the mean of the variances for each ability
The sum of these two values gives the variance of the population
The square root of the variance gives the SD of the unrestricted group or the SD of abilities for the whole working population
Dividing the SD of the restricted group by the SD of the population
we obtain the u-value for each ability in every single study
In the case of the GVN composite, we followed the same method, but it needed some additions. First, to obtain the GVN score of each study, we summed the mean of G, V, and N in each study. These values make it possible to the variance of the GVN means. Second, to obtain the GVN variance of every single study we used the formula for the variance of a composite of three unweighted measures (see, for instance, <a href="#B10">Guilford and Fruchter, 1978</a>
This formula requires three covariances. To calculate these covariances, we used the observed intercorrelations between G, V, and N given in the manual of the GATB (<a href="#B69">U.S. Department of Labor, 1970</a>; section III
we calculated the square root of the variance of each study to obtain the SD of the restricted group
we calculated the mean of the GVN variances
The square root of the sum of the variance of the means plus the mean of the variances gives the population SD of the GVN composite
dividing the SD of each study by the SD of the population (SDp)
we obtain the u-value for GVN in every single study
Range restriction distributions of GMA composites across job complexity levels
For the GMA composites, the appropriate coefficients are test-retest estimates with parallel forms (<a href="#B55">Schmidt and Hunter, 1999</a>; <a href="#B61">Schmidt et al., 2003</a>)
test-retest coefficients (with the same test form given twice) and internal consistency coefficients (e.g.
Cronbach&#x00027;s alpha) are an acceptable alternative
The population reliability of the G composite and the specific cognitive abilities was taken from the coefficients reported in the Manual of the USES General Aptitude Test Battery
The population reliability of GVN composite was estimated using the Spearman-Brown formula for obtaining the reliability of a composite
Reliability distributions of GMA composites across job complexity levels
the technical report pointed out that one measure was more construct valid than the others
the validity of that criterion measure was used in the meta-analysis
and an average correlation was not computed
The average reliability of the objective productivity measures was 0.78 (SD = 0.14), based on seven studies. This value is similar to the one found by <a href="#B21">Hunter et al. (1990)</a>, <a href="#B23">Judiesch and Schmidt (2000)</a>, and <a href="#B49">Salgado and Tauriz (2014)</a>
In the case of training proficiency criteria, six studies reported the interrater reliability of instructor ratings. The average reliability was 0.71 (SD = 0.076). We have also found 12 coefficients of GPA reliability, which produced an average reliability coefficient of 0.82 (SD = 0.074). This last value is similar to the one reported by <a href="#B49">Salgado and Tauriz (2014)</a>, but slightly lower than the value found by <a href="#B3">Beatty et al. (2015)</a>
No studies reported the reliability of work sample tests but, based on cumulative research findings (<a href="#B17">Hunter, 1983b</a>; <a href="#B21">Hunter et al., 1990</a>; <a href="#B23">Judiesch and Schmidt, 2000</a>; <a href="#B39">Roth et al., 2005</a>)
and the test-retest reliability of the work sample tests
The average internal consistency was 0.81 (K = 18)
the test-retest reliability was 0.84 (K = 5; SD = 1.6)
and the interrater reliability was 0.84 (K = 16)
As the interrater reliability and the test-retest reliability are the most appropriate coefficients for the work-sample tests
this value was used for these criterion measures
We were interested in the relationship between the GMA composites and the criteria
both as theoretical constructs and as operational predictors
we report both the operational validity and the true correlation
we correct the observed validity for criterion reliability and IRR to obtain the operational validity
and we will correct for predictor unreliability to obtain the true correlation
The observed variance was corrected for by four artifactual errors: sampling error
we will concentrate on the true score correlation in the following comments
Validity of general mental ability composites for predicting work sample tests
<a href="#T7">Table 7</a> shows the results for the combinations of GMA composites
we found studies for the medium and low complexity levels only
the true score correlation estimates were 0.57 for G and 0.53 for GVN
the best GMA composite was G for predicting work sample tests in this level of job complexity
The 90% credibility values were positive and substantially different from zero (0.39 and 0.55 for GVN and G
which demonstrated robust evidence of validity generalization
The percentage of explained variance was 71% and 100%
the findings for this complexity level should be considered with caution
The true score correlations were 0.41 for G and 0.42 for GVN
the 90% CV was positive and substantially different from zero
which indicated validity generalization evidence for this complexity level
The variance accounted for by the artifactual errors was 70 and 47% for G and GVN
taking the results for the two job complexity levels as a whole
the findings showed that GMA predicted work sample tests very efficiently and that job complexity moderated the magnitude of the validity
<a href="#T8">Table 8</a> shows the results for the combinations of GMA composites
the true score correlations of the GMA composites were 0.39 for G and 0.29 for GVN
The 90% credibility values were positive and substantially different from zero
which again demonstrated evidence of validity generalization
All the observed variance was explained by the artifactual errors
the true score correlation was 0.21 for both G and GVN
The variance accounted for by the artifactual errors was 82% for G and 78% for GVN
Validity of general mental ability composites for predicting production records
the findings showed that GMA was an efficient predictor and that job complexity moderated the magnitude of the validity
in comparison with the GMA validity for predicting work sample tests
the validity for predicting production records is considerably smaller
the true score correlation is 50% larger for predicting work sample tests than for predicting production records in the medium level of job complexity
and it is practically double in the case of the low level of job complexity
<a href="#T9">Table 9</a> shows the results for the combinations of GMA composites
we found studies for the three levels of job complexity
the true score correlations were 0.52 and 0.48 for G and GVN
G was the best GMA composite for job performance ratings at the highest level of job complexity
which demonstrated evidence of validity generalization
The percentage of explained variance was 84% for G and 96% for GVN
which showed evidence of validity generalization
The percentage of explained variance was 77% for both GMA composites
the true score correlation were 0.35 for G and 0.31 for GVN
The 90% CVs were positive and substantially different from zero
The average explained variance for the artifactual errors was 85%
taking the results for the three job complexity levels as a whole
the findings demonstrated that GMA predicted supervisory job performance ratings across the three levels of job complexity very efficiently
The validity evidence also showed that job complexity was a powerful moderator of true score correlation
the validity for the medium complexity level was 29% greater than the validity for the low complexity level
and the validity for the high complexity level was 8% greater than the validity for the medium level
was consistently the best predictor of supervisory ratings across the three levels of job complexity
Validity of general mental ability composites for predicting supervisory performance ratings
Summarizing the results for the three job performance criteria
it can be concluded that: (1) GMA estimates predicted the three criteria efficiently; (2) GMA validity is larger for predicting work sample tests than for predicting supervisory performance ratings
and larger for predicting supervisor ratings than production records; (3) job complexity was a powerful moderator of the validity across the three levels
so that as job complexity increases validity increases; and (4) as a whole
was consistently the best predictor of the three criteria across the job complexity levels
The results of the validity of the GMA composites for instructor ratings of training performance across the three levels of job complexity appear in <a href="#T10">Table 10</a>
Validity of general mental ability composites for predicting instructor ratings
the true score correlation were 0.63 for G and 0.59 for GVN
The 90% credibility values were positive and different from zero
The percentage of explained variance was 26% for G and 35% for GVN
which suggests that additional moderators can explain the observed variance
It is important to take into account that these results were obtained with two studies only
they should be considered provisional until additional studies can be added
true validities were 0.56 for G and 0.52 for GVN
The percentage of explained variance was 48% for G and 49% for GVN
the true score correlation ranged from 0.58 for G and 0.51 for GVN
which indicated evidence of validity generalization for this complexity level
The explained variance for the artifactual errors was 97% for G and 100% for GVN
the findings demonstrated that GMA predicted instructor ratings of training performance across the three levels of job complexity very efficiently
With regard to the moderating role of job complexity
the results were ambiguous for this criterion
the validity was larger for the high level of job complexity than for the medium and low levels
the average validity was practically identical for the medium and low levels of job complexity
because the estimates for the high level of job complexity were based on only two coefficients
the best conclusion is that the findings are not conclusive about the moderation effect of job complexity for this criterion
<a href="#T11">Table 11</a> shows the results for the combination of GMA composites
we found studies for the high and medium job complexity levels only
the true score correlation of GMA composites were 0.65 and 0.57 for G and GVN
the best GMA composite for predicting academic grades was G in this level of job complexity
The percentage of explained variance was 62% for G and 64%% for GVN
the true score correlation were 0.67 for G and 0.59 for GVN
The 90% CV was positive and substantially different from zero in both cases
The percentage of explained variance was 91 and 70% for G and GVN
the results for the two job complexity levels showed that GMA predicted grades very efficiently and that job complexity moderated the magnitude of the validity
G was consistently better GMA predictor of grades than GVN
Validity of general mental ability composites for predicting grades
the results for the two training performance criteria indicate that: (1) GMA estimates predicted the two criteria very efficiently; (2) GMA validity is similar for both criteria; (3) job complexity moderates the validity of GMA composites slightly; and (4) as was found for job performance criteria
was consistently the best predictor for the two criteria across the job complexity levels
the average validity across complexity levels was 0.44 for predicting job proficiency
the average validity across complexity levels was 0.62
job complexity was shown to be a relevant validity moderator of predictive validity
which was not so clear when instructor ratings and grades criteria were analyzed individually
Validity of general mental ability composites for predicting job proficiency and training success
This fact explains why the current research included 100 additional independent samples and that the total sample size is about 6,000 individuals larger than Hunter&#x00027;s meta-analyses
two additional goals of the meta-analyses have been to examine and develop empirical distributions of the reliability of the criteria used in the GATB validity studies
and to develop empirical distributions of the GMA range restriction
which suggests that the use of these last estimates in personnel selection processes might overestimate job proficiency by a substantial degree
A third contribution has been the comparison of the predictive validity for the two GMA composites derived from the GATB tests. In connection with this point, the significant finding has been that the simplest GMA composite (i.e., G) showed systematically larger validity than the alternative one. More specifically, the validity of G, the simplest composite, was larger than the validity of the GVN composite created by <a href="#B20">Hunter and Hunter (1984)</a> in his meta-analysis
This finding suggests that the addition of tests does not necessarily produce an increase in the validity of a GMA composite
G may produce greater economic utility than the alternative GMA composite that can be created from the GATB
which included also validation studies with job performance measures collected for administrative purposes
The fifth contribution of this meta-analysis has been to develop empirically-derived distributions of range restriction for the combination predictor-criteria-job complexity levels
This contribution is relevant as it produces more accurate estimates of the GMA operational validity
we showed that (a) the restriction in range was not constant across the criteria
u-value) is slightly larger for G than for GVN
Hunter&#x00027;s meta-analysis found u-values 15% smaller than the estimates for GVN of the current meta-analysis (0.67 vs
77 for job proficiency studies and 0.60 vs
The results of this series of meta-analyses have implications for the research and practice of personnel selection and the estimates of GMA validity
and the interrater reliability of supervisory performance ratings
A third practical implication is that when an employer uses GMA tests in the selection processes
that employer should consider what criterion is to be predicted and to use the appropriate weight of GMA in a weighted combination with other selection procedures
as GMA tests do not predict all the occupational criteria equally
The finding that the interrater reliability of supervisory ratings of overall performance was 0.70 has at least two research implications
Due to the fact that the interrater reliability can be larger if the performance ratings are gathered for research purposes
future meta-analyses that assume the interrater reliability of job performance ratings should consider the extent to which the criterion in the validation studies consisted of measures collected for research purposes and administrative purposes
as some past meta-analyses of GMA validity that assumed unreservedly 0.52 as interrater reliability
they might have overestimated the validity of the specific selection procedure
the importance of these findings deserves future research studies to clarify the real effect of the appraisal purpose of performance ratings (i.e.
research) on the criterion reliability and predictor validity
the methodology used to obtain the u-values must be clearly described in future studies
As a suggestion for future research, we recommend that new studies should examine the relationship between GMA with less studied organizational criteria and behaviors such as innovative work performance (<a href="#B11">Harari et al., 2016</a>) and job crafting (<a href="#B35">Ogbuanya and Chulwuedo, 2017</a>)
some cells contained a small number of cases
work sample tests in low complexity jobs and instructor rating criterion in high complexity jobs contained four or fewer samples
no studies were conducted for work sample tests and production records in high complexity jobs and for grades in low complexity jobs
due to the content of the job performance measures (i.e.
the validity studies of the GATB were all of them measures of task performance
the validity estimates found here can serve as validity estimates of overall job performance and task performance only and not for other performance dimensions such as contextual (citizenship) performance or counterproductive work behaviors (CWB)
The database used in this research does not permit conclusions about the generalization of the validity for these performance dimensions
The disattenuated correlation between the olds forms and the new forms of the G composite was 0.955 and the correlation between the old forms and the new forms of the GVN composite was 0.968
because the validity of GMA does not decline over time and because of the extremely high correlations between the abilities measures by the old and the new forms of the GATB
the operational validity estimates found for the old GATB forms serve as validity estimates for the new forms of the GATB
The findings also revealed that job complexity moderated the GMA validity for predicting job performance criteria
An additional particularly relevant finding has been that the interrater reliability of the supervisory ratings of overall job performance was 0.70
which is remarkably larger than the interrater reliability found in previous meta-analyses
we can conclude that the GMA is an excellent predictor of occupational performance criteria and that the best estimate of the operational validity of GMA is 0.50
and low complexity jobs in the case of the job proficiency criterion and 0.62
and low complexity jobs in the case of the training success criterion
All datasets generated for this study are included in the manuscript/<a href="#h17">Supplementary Files</a>
Both authors listed have made a substantial
direct and intellectual contribution to the work
This research reported in this article was supported by Grant PSI2017-87603-P from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
We would like especially to thank Frank Schmidt for his comments on a previous version of this manuscript
We also thank Inmaculada Otero for her help with the data entry
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02227/full#supplementary-material">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02227/full#supplementary-material</a>
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Citation: Salgado JF and Moscoso S (2019) Meta-Analysis of the Validity of General Mental Ability for Five Performance Criteria: Hunter and Hunter (1984) Revisited
Received: 02 June 2019; Accepted: 17 September 2019; Published: 17 October 2019
Copyright &#x000A9; 2019 Salgado and Moscoso. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)</a>
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&#x0002A;Correspondence: Jes&#x000FA;s F. Salgado, <a id="encmail">amVzdXMuc2FsZ2Fkb0B1c2MuZXM=</a>
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An Arlington resident and former federal prosecutor is running for Virginia lieutenant governor
the fifth declared candidate vying to be the Democratic Party&#8217;s nominee in November
But he told ARLnow that possible federal policy changes inspired him to enter the political arena
&#8220;We need to respond to some of the policies of federal encroachment coming our way with smart legislation and partnerships,&#8221; he said
&#8220;There are going to be important court battles
but I see our next steps as being primarily political.&#8221;
Salgado, who spent eight years working in the U.S. Department of Justice, kicked off his campaign this month and launched his <a href="https://www.victorforvirginia.com/">website</a> this week
A campaign video mentions priorities of protections for reproductive rights
as well as fighting possible policies related to immigration and citizenship status under the Trump administration
Richmond needs to step up,&#8221; he said in the video
Virginia&#8217;s lieutenant governor has limited duties but
is a key figure in crafting policy around the statehouse
But his legal life — starting with a bachelor&#8217;s degree from George Washington University — began in the D.C
enforcement and government investigations at a D.C
law office before leaving for a four-year stint as a Deputy Attorney General of New Jersey
area in April 2016 as part of the DOJ&#8217;s public integrity section
which oversees the investigation and prosecution of all federal crimes affecting government integrity
He was promoted to senior litigation counsel for the <a href="https://www.justice.gov/criminal/criminal-pin">public integrity section</a> in 2020
and remained in that position until this month
essentially policing our systems of government and protecting our democracy,&#8221; Salgado said
&#8220;That positions me — quite uniquely — to talk about the issues that I want to talk about in this campaign and the reason why I&#8217;m jumping at this juncture.&#8221;
he has also worked as an adjunct professor at Georgetown University Law Center
focusing on white collar crime and securities fraud
&#8220;I am going to outwork everybody in this race,&#8221; Salgado said
&#8220;I quit the department so that I can focus on this
exclusively working 18-hour days non-stop from today through the primary.&#8221;
He said residents throughout Arlington and Virginia should keep an eye out for him
&#8220;I will be talking to anybody who wants to talk to me,&#8221; the candidate said
&#8220;You will see me outside of Metro stops greeting people
talking to people &#8230; I want to be busy
The other candidates in the Democratic field are state Sen. <a href="https://ghazalaforvirginia.com/">Ghazala Hashmi</a> (15th District), Prince William County School Board chair <a href="https://lateefforva.com/">Babur Lateef</a>, state Sen. <a href="https://rouseforvirginia.com/">Aaron Rouse</a> (22nd District) and Richmond Mayor <a href="https://www.levarstoney.com/">Levar Stoney</a>
The primary election is scheduled for June 17
The PBR Brazil National Final takes place Aug
PBR Brazil has confirmed the list of qualified riders for the National Final of the 2022 season
which takes place during the Cowboy Festival of Barretos from Aug
The event is held by Clube Os Independentes and this year completes its 65th edition
marking the return of crowds in the stands
This will be the fifth time that the Professional Bull Riders national championship will have its decisive stage in the most famous arena in the country
The champion of the season will receive a bonus of R$ 100,000
The 30 qualifiers were selected through the standings after 12 events this season
All riders will compete in four rounds between Thursday and Sunday
with the best in the aggregate returning for the final round on Sunday night
There will be bonus points for the competitors who obtain the best scores each night
with the winner of each round earning 20 bonus points
The champion in the overall aggregate of the National Final of Barretos earns another 100 points
The bonus points accumulated in the four nights of competitions in Barretos will be added to those accumulated in the previous events to determine the champion of the season
it is possible for a competitor to earn a maximum of 200 bonus points if they win the five rounds and the aggregate
which mathematically means that the 15 top riders mathematically have a shot at the title
Despite the mathematical chances of half of the competitors
the leader Cássio Dias Barbosa (São Francisco de Sales-MG) is still the main favorite for this year's title and the man to beat in the National Final
which leaves him practically depending on his own performance in Barretos to win the championship
the young man from Minas is considered one of the main phenomena of bull riding today
Debuting in PBR Brazil in the current season
he consecutively won the two stages held at the Cowboy Festival of Americana
where he won more than R$ 70,000 in just one night
in addition to being a finalist in Divinópolis-MG and third place in Frutal-MG
His two main competitors in the National Final are also newcomers; Bruno Carvalho (Álvares Florence-SP) and Arthur Antonialle (São José do Rio Pardo-SP)
Carvalho finished among the Top 10 in five of the six events he competed in this year
including third place in Iron Cowboy of Americana and fourth place in Frutal-MG
With a difference of 115 points from the leader
Antonialle also goes to his first Final after being runner-up in Divinópolis-MG and Frutal-MG
Jérson dos Santos (Paranaíba-MS) and Luiz Américo Silva (Timóteo-MG) appear next in the standings and also have mathematical chances of winning the title
Names such as Bruno Scaranello (General Salgado-SP)
but missed some events recovering from injury
as well as youngsters who are among the fan favorites such as Felipe Furlan (Sales Oliveira-SP)
Gabriel Moraes (São Francisco de Sales-MG) and Eduardo Matos (Emilianópolis-SP)
8 seconds is all it takes to become a legend
Jordan Hasnen went 1-for-2 putting up the only score for Team Canada on Day 1
Texas – Following the first night of the 2019 WinStar World Casino and Resort PBR Global Cup USA
the nation currently trails event leaders Team Brazil by 508.5 points heading into the final night
The nation’s lone qualified ride was earned by Jordan Hansen (Okotoks
Alberta) who rode Bottoms Up (TNT Bucking Bulls/Hart Cattle Co.) for 87 points in the bonus round
Lead by a flawless Eduardo Aparecido (Gouvelandia
Team Brazil went 7-for-9 on the first night of the event to surge to a 245.25-point lead over the home nation’s Team USA-Eagles
Previously victorious at a PBR event inside AT&amp;T Stadium
Aparecido recorded his first qualified ride in the opening round when he rode Constant Sorrow (Blake Sharp/Machinery Auctioneers) for 82 points
Selected by Coach and 2010 PBR World Champion Renato Nunes (Buritama
Aparecido remained flawless when he rode Uncle Gangster (Ogden Ranch/Hart Cattle/Clapp) for 88.5 points
Brazil) made history on the opening night of the inaugural PBR Global Cup USA
recording the first-ever 90-point ride at the Olympics of bull riding
Achieving the milestone in the bonus round
Leme rode Frequent Flyer (D&amp;H Cattle/Erwin Cattle) for 90 points
Competing at his first PBR event outside of Brazil
Brazil) scored the South American nation’s first qualified ride
marked 87.5 points on Swamp Wreck (BS Cattle Co./Ace of Spades/Red Laces Cattle Co.)
As the next Team Brazil rider to compete in the event’s opening round
2018 PBR World Finals event winner Marco Eguchi (Poa
Brazil) delivered the nation’s second 8-second effort
scoring 79 points for his trip aboard Stars &amp; Stripes (Dakota Rodeo/Chad Berger/Clay Struve/Connie Pagels)
Next to erupt from the chutes for Team Brazil was 2018 PBR World Champion Kaique Pacheco (Itatiba
Brazil) who had yet to compete in 2019 since tearing his left MCL/PCL in November at the Velocity Tour Finals
With the crowd inside AT&amp;T Stadium eagerly awaiting his return
the Ice Man brought them to their feet when he rode Taco Cat (Dakota Rodeo/Chad Berger/Clay Struve/WCM Auctioneers) for 83.5 points
who qualified to the team via the PBR Brazil national standings
struck next when he rode Uncle Keith (Phenom Genetics/Bills/Sankey Pro Rodeo) for 85 points
Second after the first night is Team USA-Eagles
The home nation contingent was led by 2016 PBR World Champion Cooper Davis (Buna
who is going 2-for-2 and currently leads the individual aggregate
Davis first reached the 8 on Arctic Assassin (Phenom/JCL/Swalin/Goods Bucking Bulls/Sankey Pro Rodeo) in Round 1 for 85.75 points
which he followed with on 89.5-point ride on Hard &amp; Fast (Glover Cattle/D&amp;H Cattle) in the bonus round
Texas) recorded the high-marked ride of Round 1
scored 89 points on Stunt Man Ray (Broken Arrow Bucking Bulls)
Oklahoma) was the final rider for the home nation contingent to reach the 8-second mark
covering Big City (Plummer/Hart Cattle Co.) for 86 points
and 250.75 points behind event leaders Team Brazil
Team USA-Wolves sits third after the first night
The historic all Native American Team went 4-for-9
Arizona; Navajo) and Cannon Cravens (Porum Oklahoma; Cherokee) who each earned an 87-point ride in the first round
covering Kern River (Hart Cattle Company) and M.A.G.A
Also putting up scores for the contingent were Ryan Dirteater (Hulbert
Oklahoma; Cherokee) and Stetson Lawrence (Williston
Dirteater was marked 85.75 points on Boogie Bomb (Bland Bucking Bulls)
while Lawrence made the 8 on ZZ Top (Blake Sharp) for 85 points
In fourth is Team Mexico who went 2-for-9 to finish the first night 425 points behind Team Brazil
The nation’s scores were earned by Alvaro Aguilar Alvarez
85.75 points on Harold’s Genuine Risk (M Rafter E Bucking Bulls)
84.75 points on Throw Down (Bland Bucking Bulls)
After hosting the last edition of the PBR Global Cup
Reigning PBR Australia Champion Aaron Kleier (Clermont
Queensland) recorded the country’s first qualified ride
covering Ol’ Boy (Dakota Rodeo-Chad Berger/Clay Struve/Ken Barnhard) for 82.75 points
New South Wales) put up Australia’s second score
going 8 on Medicine Man (TNT Bucking Bulls/Hart Cattle Co.) for 86.75 points
The 2019 WinStar World Casino and Resort PBR Global Cup USA
Fans can relive all the action from the event’s first night starting at 8:00 a.m
2019 WinStar World Casino and Resort PBR Global Cup USA
TRENTON  &ndash; Attorney General Jeffrey S
the former  director of marketing for Birdsall Services Group
a large Monmouth  County-based engineering firm
pleaded guilty today for his role in a scheme in  which the firm fraudulently avoided the restrictions of New Jersey&rsquo;s Pay-to-Play  Act by disguising illegal corporate political contributions as personal  contributions of employees of the firm
pleaded guilty today before Superior Court  Judge Wendel E
Daniels in Ocean County to an accusation charging him with  third-degree tampering with public records or information and fourth-degree  prohibited corporation contributions through employees
the state will  recommend that he be sentenced to up to 364 days in the county jail as a  condition of a term of probation
He  must forfeit $26,775 that was reimbursed to him by Birdsall Services Group for  illegal contributions
as well as any contributions that are subsequently  returned to him by campaigns or political organizations
He will be barred from  public contracts for five years
 Sentencing for Angarone is scheduled for April 26
Deputy Chief of the Division of Criminal  Justice Corruption Bureau
he participated in a previously existing scheme to make illegal corporate  political contributions
Instead of Birdsall  Services Group (BSG) making corporate political contributions to campaigns and  political organizations that would disqualify it from public contracts awarded by  certain government agencies
Angarone admitted that he and other shareholders  and employees of the firm would make personal political contributions of $300  or less
 Multiple personal checks would be bundled together by Angarone or others  at BSG and sent to the appropriate campaign or political organization
Angarone admitted that he and the other shareholders  and employees would then be illegally reimbursed by BSG in the form of added  bonus payments
and the firm would falsely omit the illegally reimbursed  contributions in documents filed with the Election Law Enforcement Commission  and with government agencies that awarded the firm contracts
whose former firm receives millions of dollars each year in  government contracts
admitted he and others at the firm participated in a corrupt  scheme to evade New Jersey&rsquo;s pay-to-play law
which is meant to stop companies  from using political contributions to improperly influence the awarding of such  contracts,&rdquo; said Attorney General Chiesa
&ldquo;Illegal corporate contributions like  those in this case undermine the fair and open public contracting process needed  to ensure that government agencies strictly serve the public interest
not the  interests of politically connected firms.&rdquo; 
&ldquo;Our  investigation into alleged illegal corporate political contributions made on  behalf of Birdsall Services Group is continuing,&rdquo; said Stephen J
 Director of the Division of Criminal Justice
 &ldquo;This elaborate scheme continued for years and involved scores of purported  personal contributions that were under the $300 reporting threshold.&nbsp; The reality was that the company was sending  out bundles of checks to campaigns and political organizations.&rdquo;
must be reported to the  Election Law Enforcement Commission (ELEC) for contributions of more than $300
 but such information does not need to be reported for contributions of $300 or  less.&nbsp; Every for-profit business entity  in New Jersey that has received $50,000 or more in government contracts in a  calendar year must file the Business Entity Annual Statement (Form BE) with ELEC  to report public contracts that it has received and reportable political contributions  that it has made
Angarone  admitted that on the Forms BE filed for BSG
he and others at the firm fraudulently  failed to disclose the illegally reimbursed political contributions
he admitted that in connection  with proposals submitted by BSG to receive public contracts
the firm filed numerous  false Certifications of Compliance declaring that the firm was in compliance  with pay-to-play rules.&nbsp; 
The  case is being investigated for the Division of Criminal Justice Corruption  Bureau by Deputy Attorney General Picione
Detective Edward Augustyn and Detective Melissa Calkin
Attorney General Chiesa and  Director Taylor noted that the Division of Criminal Justice has established a  toll-free Corruption Tipline 1-866-TIPS-4CJ for the public to report corruption, financial crime and other illegal  activities confidentially. The public  can also log on to the Division&rsquo;s webpage at <a href="http://www.njdcj.org/">www.njdcj.org</a> to  report suspected wrongdoing confidentially.
This research aimed to investigate whether subjective general health mediated the relationship between social networks and subjective well-being and whether the perception of fair payment moderated the mediating effect of subjective general health on subjective well-being.
Data were drawn from round 9 of the European Social Survey (ESS), involving 3,843 respondents from 19 countries, with ages ranging from 65 to 90 years (Meanage = 73.88 ± 6.61 years). The participants completed self-reported measures assessing subjective well-being, social networks, subjective general health, and perception of fair payment.
Subjective general health played a mediating role in the relationship between social networks and subjective well-being. The perception of fair payment emerged as a moderator in the mediating effect of subjective general health on the association between social networks and subjective well-being.
This study suggests that the impact of social networks on both subjective general health and subjective well-being is contingent upon individuals’ perceptions of fair payment. These results highlight the significance of social networks in fostering social connections and promoting overall subjective well-being.
Volume 12 - 2024 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1418394">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1418394</a>
Objective: This research aimed to investigate whether subjective general health mediated the relationship between social networks and subjective well-being and whether the perception of fair payment moderated the mediating effect of subjective general health on subjective well-being
Methods: Data were drawn from round 9 of the European Social Survey (ESS)
involving 3,843 respondents from 19 countries
with ages ranging from 65 to 90&#x2009;years (Meanage&#x2009;=&#x2009;73.88&#x2009;&#x000B1;&#x2009;6.61&#x2009;years)
The participants completed self-reported measures assessing subjective well-being
Results: Subjective general health played a mediating role in the relationship between social networks and subjective well-being
The perception of fair payment emerged as a moderator in the mediating effect of subjective general health on the association between social networks and subjective well-being
Conclusion: This study suggests that the impact of social networks on both subjective general health and subjective well-being is contingent upon individuals&#x2019; perceptions of fair payment
These results highlight the significance of social networks in fostering social connections and promoting overall subjective well-being
Social networks may further be more critical to subjective well-being for the older adult with lower subjective general health and less fair payment
having strong social networks positively contribute to subjective general health perception
which in turn improves subjective wellbeing
we can predict that subjective general health is a mechanism that can explain the relationship between social networks and subjective wellbeing by transmitting the benefits of social interactions into a perception of general health
which in turn enhances subjective wellbeing to be tested
Research showed the perception of fair pay is related to the other three concepts in some ways and the association between them could be explained by the fair pay perception
it has not been formally tested whether pay fairness perceptions moderate the relationship between social networks
this study aims to address this gap by examining how perceptions of pay fairness influence these relationships
Drawing upon the existing literature and theoretical framework presented above
the current study proposes a moderated mediation model to examine the associations between social networks
we aimed to examine whether subjective general health acts as a mediator in the relationship between social networks and subjective well-being and whether this mediation effect is influenced by the moderating variable of fair payment
we set out to test the following hypotheses:
Hypothesis 1: The literature review suggests that social networks have a significant impact on subjective well-being and general health
By proposing that subjective general health mediates this relationship
we build on previous findings that link social networks with better health outcomes
which in turn are associated with greater subjective wellbeing
Subjective general health will mediate the relationship between social networks and subjective well-being
indicating that the influence of the social network on subjective well-being is partially mediated through individuals&#x2019; perceived general health status
Hypothesis 2: The perception of fair payment will moderate the mediating effect of subjective general health on the relationship between social networks and subjective well-being
implying that the impact of subjective general health as a mediator may vary depending on the level of fair payment experienced by individuals within their social networks
Social comparison theory underpins this hypothesis by suggesting that perceptions of fair payment influence individuals&#x2019; wellbeing
fair payment can enhance the positive effects of social networks on subjective wellbeing by ensuring that individuals feel adequately rewarded and supported
thereby strengthening the mediating role of subjective general health
To test these hypotheses, we constructed a moderated mediation model, as illustrated in <a href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>
The proposed conceptual moderated mediation model
The data used for the study was drawn from round-9 of the European Social Survey (ESS), fielded in 2019 in European countries (<a href="#ref52">52</a>)
A total of 36,015 respondents were included in ESS-Round 9
After listwise deletion of missing values related to study variables
the final sample consisted of 3,843 respondents from 19 countries ranging in age from 65 to 90 with a mean and standard deviation of 73.88 and 6.61
The sample is roughly balanced in gender (45.2% men versus 54.8% women)
83% of the sample has some level of secondary education and above
and only 17% has less than the lower secondary level of education
The majority of the sample (60.5%) is widowed
6.8% are married or in a legally registered civil union
Country samples range from 67 cases in Cyprus to 310 cases in Bulgaria
The sociodemographic characteristics of the sample and its size guarantee diversity
the mean score of subjective wellbeing is obtained as 6.69
The higher scores on this scale represent the greater subjective wellbeing
In this study, we considered three domains of social network (namely social support, romantic relationship, and social contacts) and each domain was measured with a single item (<a href="#ref52">52</a>)
Then we combined these three questions into a single composite score to create a social network index
The first domain of social network index captured the number of people getting social support from friends
Respondents were asked &#x201C;how many people
are there with whom you can discuss intimate and personal matters.&#x201D; Responses to this question were coded on a 7-point Likert type scale ranging from 0 to 6
1 means &#x2018;one person,&#x2019; 2 means &#x2018;two people,&#x2019; 3 means &#x2018;three people,&#x2019; 4 means &#x2018;four-to-six people,&#x2019; 5 means &#x2018;seven-to-nine people,&#x2019; and 6 means &#x2018;10 or more people&#x2019;
they were coded 0 (low social support); otherwise
The second domain of social network index captured frequency of social contact
&#x201C;How often do they socially meet with friends
or work colleagues.&#x201D; Responses to this question were coded on a 7-point Likert type scale ranging of 1 to 7
where 1 means &#x2018;never,&#x2019; 2 means &#x2018;less than once a month,&#x2019; 3 means &#x2018;once a month,&#x2019; 4 means &#x2018;several times a month,&#x2019; 5 means &#x2018;once a week,&#x2019; 6 means &#x2018;several times a week,&#x2019; 7 means &#x2018;every day.&#x2019; If participants had indicated never
they were coded 0 (low social contact); otherwise
The third domain of social network index captured simply whether the respondent is currently having a romantic relationship or not
they were coded 1 (had romantic relationship); otherwise
they were coded 0 (no romantic relationship)
we summed the standardized scores on social support
and romantic relationship questions and then divide by three
using following the formula: social network index&#x2009;=&#x2009;(social support&#x2009;+&#x2009;social contact&#x2009;+&#x2009;romantic relationship)/3
The possible social network scores ranged from 0 to 1
where higher scores indicate greater social network in this study
Subjective general health was measured with a single construed item that respondent was asked to indicate their general health condition as &#x201C;How is your health in general?,&#x201D; with responses rated on a 5-point Likert type scale ranging from 1 (very good) to 5 (very bad) (<a href="#ref52">52</a>)
Higher scores indicate better subjective general health
we examined the mediating role of subjective general health in the relationship between social networks and subjective well-being
we explored the moderating effect of the perception of fair payment on the mediating role of subjective general health in the link between social networks and subjective well-being
The interpretation of the mediation and moderated mediation models was based on standardized path estimates (&#x03B2;) and squared-multiple correlations (R2)
To assess the significance of indirect effects
we employed the bootstrap method with 5,000 resamples to estimate 95% confidence intervals (CI)
All analyses were performed using SPSS version 25 for Windows
and kurtosis) and correlational coefficients were computed
The skewness values ranged from &#x02212;0.92 to &#x02212;0.03
while the kurtosis values ranged from &#x02212;0.91 to 0.69
suggesting no violation regarding the normal distribution of the variables of this study
The moderated mediation model of this study was tested using PROCESS macro (Model 59) which assumes that a simple mediation model with all three paths moderated by a common moderator
The results showed that the perception of fair payment had significantly negatively moderating effect between the social network and subjective general health (b&#x2009;=&#x2009;&#x02212;0.066
between subjective general health and subjective wellbeing (b&#x2009;=&#x2009;&#x02212;0.083
and between social network and subjective wellbeing (b&#x2009;=&#x2009;&#x02212;0.217
These results suggest that the perception of fair payment can play a negative moderating role in predicting subjective general health by social networks and predicting subjective well-being by subjective general health and social networks
and for individuals with unfairly low payment (M&#x2009;&#x02212;&#x2009;1 SD)
social networks had a significant negative predictive effect on subjective general health
the strength of the relationship between social networks and subjective general health decreased
Fair payment moderates social networks and subjective general health
The second simple slope plot indicated that the social network of individuals with unfairly low payment is a much stronger predictor of subjective well-being than individuals with average and unfairly high payment. As <a href="#fig4">Figure 4</a> shows
the impacts of social networks on subjective well-being are much stronger at unfairly lower payment
for individuals with an unfairly higher payment
and the impact of the increase in social networks on subjective well-being was weakened
The perception of fair payment moderates social networks and subjective well-being
The third simple slope plot indicated that the subjective general health of individuals with unfairly low payment is a slightly stronger predictor of subjective wellbeing than individuals with average and unfairly high payment. As <a href="#fig5">Figure 5</a> shows
the impact of subjective general health on subjective well-being is stronger at unfairly lower payment
and the impact of the increase in subjective general health on subjective well-being weakened
the strength of the relationship between subjective general health and subjective general health decreased
The perception of fair payment moderates subjective general health and subjective well-being
The conditional indirect effect indicated that the indirect effect is high at unfairly low payment
and further reduced at unfairly low payment
the conditional indirect effects are significant at all three levels
The results suggested that the indirect effect of social networks on subjective well-being through subjective general health moderated by the perception of fair payment is significant
The present study delved into the intricate relationships among social networks
The aim was to unravel how these factors interplay and mutually influence each other
while also shedding light on the moderating impact of the perception of fair payment and the mediating role of subjective general health in shaping overall subjective well-being
it&#x2019;s important to acknowledge that the study did not categorize respondents based on the strength of their social relationships
which restricts comparisons between the effects of strong versus weak relationships
which emphasize that not only do social networks directly contribute to subjective well-being
but they also exert their influence indirectly through enhanced subjective general health
This mediating mechanism underscores the pivotal role of extensive social networks in fostering better health outcomes
Potential reasons behind the relationship are that the perception of fair payment could significantly influence an individual&#x2019;s sense of self-worth
which in turn affects their subjective wellbeing
the fairness of pay can buffer against the stress and dissatisfaction that may arise from less social interactions
thereby enhancing the positive impact of social networks on subjective wellbeing
the perception of fair payment may affect individuals&#x2019; engagement with their social networks
Fairly compensated individuals might be more inclined to participate in social activities and maintain robust social connections
individuals who perceive their payment as unfair may experience feelings of injustice and resentment
which can heighten their sensitivity to social interactions and exacerbate negative health outcomes
These negative emotions can create a feedback loop
where the stress and dissatisfaction from perceived unfairness further deteriorate their subjective general health
thus intensifying the negative impact on their overall subjective wellbeing
Understanding these nuanced mechanisms highlights the importance of addressing perceptions of fair payment to foster a healthier and more supportive social environment that enhances overall subjective wellbeing
Although the present findings contribute to the literature by examining the relationships between subjective general health
and subjective well-being forward in some important respects
the study has several limitations that warrant consideration
such as social desirability bias or recall bias
which may affect the accuracy of the results
Future studies could address this limitation by incorporating objective measures or third-party reports to validate self-reported data
in which the data is collected at one point in time
restricts the ability to infer causality conclusively; hence
it is impossible to establish causal relationships between variables
Longitudinal studies would be more effective in establishing causal relationships
research on subjective well-being should concentrate on formulating more sophisticated measures that capture the multidimensionality of the concept
exploring the contribution of other potential mediators and moderators
such as coping mechanisms or job satisfaction
could enrich the understanding of these associations
A final limitation of this study is the omission of important demographic variables such as age
and psychological traits which could have influenced the connections between social networks
These constructs were not fully considered in our analysis to avoid the complexity of the analysis
and intervention research could deepen our understanding and guide effective strategies to enhance well-being
Exploring different cultural contexts would also be useful to improve the generalizability of the findings
the findings of this study offer several implications for both policymakers and practitioners
the findings highlight the significance of social networks in fostering social connections and promoting perceptions of fair payment and overall subjective well-being
This strengthens the idea that individuals&#x2019; social environments significantly impact their holistic health
Policymakers and practitioners could consider and facilitate allocating resources to programs that promote social connection within communities and combat social isolation in older adults such as community programs
volunteer opportunities connecting people with similar interest
or workplace initiatives that promote social interaction and connect them with other people
Policymakers could explore ways to utilize technology to connect older adults with social networks such as offering training on video conferencing platforms and providing access to age-friendly online communities
This study further emphasizes the importance of fair pay in shaping subjective wellbeing
Policymakers could use these findings to support more stringent regulations or policies promoting fair compensation practices
it should be noted that there is a strong association between subjective general health and greater subjective well-being
which holds true regardless of whether respondents had chronic medical conditions or were from the general population
policymakers should prioritize improving the health status of the general population rather than solely focusing on improving the health of individuals with chronic medical conditions to promote subjective well-being
the recognition of the moderating effect of perceived fair payment offers insights for organizations and policymakers
Organizations could promote a culture of fair pay and work conditions that may enhance not only subjective well-being but also boost the beneficial impacts of social networks on health outcomes
healthcare professionals could consider integrating strategies to encourage social interaction alongside conventional health promotion efforts
particularly for those who see their compensation as unjust
Observed results suggest promise for interventions targeting social networks and perception of fair payment to improve subjective wellbeing
such as community centers offering social activities or online platforms fostering social connections utilizing technology
align with our findings on the importance of social networks
including minimum wage increases or pay transparency measures
could address concerns identified in our study and potentially enhance subjective wellbeing
Future research directly testing the effectiveness of such interventions on subjective wellbeing is warranted
this study offers comprehensive insights into the intricate interplay between social networks
The findings underscore the importance of comprehensive social networks not only for direct contributions to subjective well-being but also for their role in enhancing subjective general health
the study illuminates how perceptions of payment fairness can magnify the impact of social networks on health and well-being
highlighting the intricate connections between these factors
By revealing the mediating and moderating mechanisms
the study advances our understanding of how social factors interact to shape individual experiences in contemporary society
This discussion will delve into the implications of these findings and their contributions to the existing literature
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found at: <a href="https://ess-search.nsd.no/en/study/bdc7c350-1029-4cb3-9d5e-53f668b8fa74">https://ess-search.nsd.no/en/study/bdc7c350-1029-4cb3-9d5e-53f668b8fa74</a>
Ethical approval was not required for the studies involving humans because this study is based on the development of published data; therefore, ethical approval is not required. The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available at <a href="https://ess-search.nsd.no/en/study/bdc7c350-1029-4cb3-9d5e-53f668b8fa74">https://ess-search.nsd.no/en/study/bdc7c350-1029-4cb3-9d5e-53f668b8fa74</a>
The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements
Written informed consent for participation was not required from the participants or the participants&#x2019; legal guardians/next of kin in accordance with the national legislation and institutional requirements because this study is based on the development of published data; therefore
informed consent was already obtained by the authors in the original investigation
The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research
We would like to thank all participants who contributed to this study
The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers
This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations
Any product that may be evaluated in this article
or claim that may be made by its manufacturer
is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher
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Received: 22 April 2024; Accepted: 14 August 2024; Published: 26 August 2024
Copyright &#x000A9; 2024 G&#x000FC;ler, Y&#x0131;ld&#x0131;r&#x0131;m and G&#x000F3;mez-Salgado. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)</a>
&#x0002A;Correspondence: Juan G&#x000F3;mez-Salgado, <a id="encmail">amdzYWxnYWRAZ21haWwuY29t</a>
including two  years of parole ineligibility
 He forfeited his state job as a result of the plea and is permanently barred  from public employment in New Jersey
Butler prosecuted the case and handled the sentencing for the  Division of Criminal Justice Corruption Bureau
The case was investigated by the New Jersey  State Police and the Division of Criminal Justice
with assistance from the  Department of Corrections
the Mansfield Police Department and the Westampton  Police Department
&ldquo;By  abusing his badge to commit these abhorrent and offensive crimes
this  correction officer proved that he has no business in our state prisons
except  as a prisoner,&rdquo; said Acting Attorney General Hoffman
&ldquo;There  is always an added danger when a law enforcement officer commits a crime and  abuses the public trust he has been given,&rdquo; said Director Elie Honig of the  Division of Criminal Justice
&ldquo;We have made it a priority to root out law  enforcement officers gone bad.&rdquo; 
&ldquo;Everyone  who proudly wears a uniform and a badge is glad to see justice being carried  out for these cowardly acts of intimidation,&rdquo; said Colonel Rick Fuentes
 Superintendent of the New Jersey State Police
Stevens admitted that he used  equipment issued to him as a correction officer
to  impersonate a law enforcement officer and coerce prostitutes into performing  oral sex or having sexual intercourse with him free of charge or for a reduced  charge
The state investigation revealed that between May 2011 and July 2012
Stevens  impersonated a law enforcement officer in order to coerce four women into  having sex at hotels or motels in Burlington County
he allegedly  identified himself as a law enforcement officer and displayed what appeared to  be a law enforcement badge so the victim feared she would be arrested
Stevens was arrested in March by the State Police in  connection with incidents involving three prostitutes who said they were  coerced into having sex with him free of charge or at a discount at locations  in Westampton and Maple Shade
a DNA match resulted in him being  charged with using similar tactics to coerce a fourth woman into having sex in  May 2011 at a motel in Mansfield
That victim alerted police and DNA evidence  was taken
It was the first time charges were filed as a result of a new state law
that requires DNA sampling of all persons arrested  for violent crimes
Detectives Erick Goncalves  and Anthony Carugno investigated the case for the New Jersey State Police  Official Corruption Bureau South Unit
Detective Daniel Ehnstrom of the  Mansfield Police Department investigated the incident in Mansfield with the  State Police
The investigation was conducted with assistance from the  Department of Corrections Special Investigations Division and the Westampton  Police Department
After his initial arrest by the State Police on March 21
Stevens  was suspended without pay from his job at the New Jersey Department of  Corrections&rsquo; Central Reception and Assignment Facility in Trenton
Team USA-Eagles&#x2019; Cooper Davis wins individual aggregate
Texas – For the second consecutive edition of the PBR (Professional Bull Riders) Global Cup
Team Brazil was crowned the top bull riding nation in the world
winning the 2019 WinStar World Casino and Resort PBR Global Cup USA
who previously hoisted the Australian horn from the glittering Global Cup trophy in Sydney in June 2018
taking Team USA’s dirt from AT&amp;T Stadium in Arlington
Team Brazil collectively went 11-for-18 to amass 939.25 points as the two-day
five-nation tournament went down to the final two rides
The South American contingent was led by a perfect Eduardo Aparecido (Gouvelandia
After recording two rides on the opening night of the inaugural edition of the “Olympics of Bull Riding” on U.S
Aparecido continued his flawless performance inside the home of the NFL’s Dallas Cowboys when he covered Stone Cold Crazy (Hodges/Shuler) for 84.25 points in Round 2
On the heels of recording the first-ever 90-point ride at a PBR Global Cup
Brazil) added another score to the nation’s total in Sunday afternoon’s opening round
marked 89.25 points on Biker Bob (Dakota Rodeo/Chad Berger/Clay Struve/H&amp;C Bucking Bulls)
Brazil) was called into action after Kaique Pacheco (Itatiba
Brazil) was unable to compete due to a sore knee
Vieira made the 8 on Lefty (Bill Henson/Gene Owen) for 86.5 points
The final rider to record a ride for the nation on the final night of the international bull riding spectacle was national standings qualifier Bruno Scaranello (General Salgado
He covered Trouble Maker (Bronco’s Bucking Bulls) for 83.75 points to also remain perfect in Arlington
soil encapsulated inside the nation’s horn from the Global Cup trophy
led by individual aggregate winner Cooper Davis (Jasper Texas)
The home nation contingent fell 72.25 points short of defending their home soil
riding Blue Stone (Dakota Rodeo/Chad Berger/Clay Struve) for 88 points
While he was unable to cover his final bull
Bad Beagle (Phenom Gentics/Spurs West LLC/Sankey Pro Rodeo)
Davis finished 4.75 points ahead of Team USA-Wolves rider Ryan Dirteater (Hulbert
Oklahoma; Cherokee) to win the $30,000 for the top finishing rider in the individual aggregate
Other top performers for the nation were: Cody Teel (Kountze
adding an 87-point trip aboard Gambini (Dakota Rodeo/Julie Rosen/Clay Struve/Chad Berger) in Round 2; and Brennon Eldred (Sulphur
Oklahoma) who delivered a flawless 2-for-2 performance
including an 81-point ride on Tri-County Ford’s Coyote (Wallgren &amp; Hale Bull Co./Harrill/Angell/Burns/Wheeler)
called in to replace 2017 PBR World Champion Jess Lockwood (Volborg
Montana) who suffered a broken collar bone Saturday night
Arkansas) all also added a score to the nation’s total on the final night
Kimzey rode Pure Gangster (Wallgren/Hale/ABC/Braun) for 87.75 points
Nance made the 8 on Blue Crush (McCoy Ranches) for 87 points
and Outlaw went the distance aboard Skitso (EVP Bucking Bulls) for 86 points
The historic all Native American Team USA-Wolves finished third to earn $88,400 after going 8-for-18 and collecting 691.25 points
Dirteater led the team with a flawless 3-for-3 showing
the Cherokee Kid first rode Scrappie (TNT Rodeo Co.) for 83.5 points
which he followed with an 89.25-point ride on Bezerk (BMC Bucking Bulls/Jenkins Cattle Co.) in the final bonus round
Arizona; Navajo) also delivered a big ride for the Wolves on Sunday afternoon
The 20-year-old covered Black Rose (Broken Arrow Bucking Bulls) for 88.5 points in Round 2
Richardson recorded his second qualified ride of the event Sunday afternoon in Round 2 when he rode Real Gun (Cord McCoy/Graber/Gallagher) for 88 points
The eight-man Australian squad leaves Texas with $64,150
Team Mexico recorded their best finish ever at a Global Cup
2018 PBR Mexico Champion Francisco Garcia Torres (Sal
Mexico) and two-time PBR Mexico Champion Juan Carlos Contreras (Huichapan
Mexico) added scores of their own on Sunday afternoon
Torres covered Uncle G (Cooper/Scruggs/Braun) for 86.75 points
while Contreras rode Pneu Dart’s Ninja Kicks (Cord McCoy/Lane Frost Brand) for 80.5 points
The Canuck contingent added two scores to their total on Sunday afternoon
Alberta) marked 85 points on Check It Out (Dakota Rodeo/Chad Berger/Clay Struve)
Saskatchewan) riding Accelerator (TNT Rodeo Co.) for 86 points
Following Team Brazil’s on-dirt celebration
PBR CEO Sean Gleason announced that the Global Cup would return to AT&amp;T Stadium in 2020
Fans can relive all the action from the 2019 WinStar World Casino and Resort PBR Global Cup USA
Texas – AT&amp;T Stadium(Rides – Outs – Event Aggregate-Payout)
Texas – AT&amp;T StadiumEvent Leaders (Round 1-Round 2-Round 3-Round 4-Round 5-Event Aggregate-Event Points)
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2023 at 2:55 PM EDTBookmarkSaveLock This article is for subscribers only.Mexico’s Guerrero state
is seeing an increasing wave of political killings as criminal groups appear to fight for control
the latest case of violence hurting the Latin American country ahead of general elections next year
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was found guilty of election fraud by a Mercer County jury  following a two-week trial before Superior Court Judge Robert C
 Billmeier.&nbsp; The jury found Fernandez  guilty of charges of conspiracy (2nd degree)
tampering with public  records or information (3rd degree)
and forgery (4th  degree).&nbsp; Deputy Attorneys General  Cynthia M
Vazquez and Victor Salgado conducted the trial for the Division of  Criminal Justice Corruption Bureau
The jury found by  its verdict that Fernandez
who works for the Essex County Department of  Economic Development
fraudulently tampered with documentation for absentee  &ldquo;messenger&rdquo; ballots in the Nov
submitting such  ballots on behalf of voters who never received the ballots or had an opportunity  to cast their votes.&nbsp; The second-degree  charges carry a sentence of five to 10 years in state prison.&nbsp; Judge Billmeier scheduled sentencing for Fernandez  for Nov
&ldquo;This guilty verdict  should stand as a warning to anyone who would try to corrupt the election process  in New Jersey and undermine the right of our citizens to vote and have their  votes counted fairly,&rdquo; said Attorney General Chiesa.&nbsp; &ldquo;We will aggressively prosecute election  fraud.&rdquo;
&ldquo;Our successful  prosecution of this case and related cases depended on the cooperation of  voters who had been exploited and
disenfranchised by the  defendants we have convicted,&rdquo; said Director Stephen J
Taylor of the Division  of Criminal Justice.&nbsp; &ldquo;In every election
 we urge voters throughout New Jersey to contact the Division of Criminal  Justice if they have reason to suspect voter fraud.&rdquo;
Fernandez was  charged in 2009 along with other defendants in an investigation by the Division  of Criminal Justice Corruption Bureau and the Essex County Prosecutor&rsquo;s Office  Corruption Unit.&nbsp; The defendants were  charged in multiple indictments related to absentee ballots they collected and  submitted as workers for Ruiz&rsquo;s 2007 campaign for the New Jersey Senate.&nbsp; Four other defendants previously pleaded  guilty
and another three forfeited their public positions and were admitted by  the court into the Pre-Trial Intervention Program
The state presented testimony  and evidence at trial that Fernandez participated in a conspiracy in which he  and others solicited applications for messenger  ballots from individuals not qualified to receive them and fraudulently  designated themselves as the authorized messengers or bearers.&nbsp; They obtained messenger ballots from the  county clerk and submitted them to the board of elections as votes on behalf of  voters who
messenger ballots were only for voters  homebound due to illness
infirmity or disability.&nbsp; Such voters could complete an application  designating a family member or a registered voter in the county as a messenger  or bearer.&nbsp; The bearer was authorized to  obtain an absentee ballot from the county board of elections
and return a completed ballot to the county board.&nbsp; New rules regarding such ballots have since  been adopted
Second-degree crimes  carry a sentence of five to 10 years in prison and a fine of up to $150,000
 while third-degree crimes carry a sentence of three to five years in prison and  a fine of up to $15,000.&nbsp; Fourth-degree  crimes carry a sentence of up to 18 months in prison and a $10,000 fine
The investigation was  led for the Division of Criminal Justice Corruption Bureau by Deputy Attorney  General Vincent J
Lisa Shea.&nbsp; It was conducted for the Essex County  Prosecutor&rsquo;s Corruption Unit by Chief Assistant Prosecutor Clara M
 David Sanabria and Detective Elizabeth Cassidy
Valuable assistance was  provided by Analyst Kathleen Ratliff and all of the detectives in the Division  of Criminal Justice Corruption Bureau North
Deputy Attorneys General Vazquez  and Salgado were assisted at trial by Analyst Catherine Lodato and Detective  Robyn Greene
a former data processing  technician for the Essex County Commissioner of Registration and Superintendent  of Elections
pleaded guilty to third-degree charges of absentee ballot fraud  and tampering with public records or information.&nbsp; She is awaiting sentencing.&nbsp; The state will recommend that she be  sentenced to three years in prison
including a mandatory two-year period of  parole ineligibility.&nbsp; She forfeited her  job and public pension
and she will be permanently barred from public  employment in New Jersey
pleaded guilty last year.&nbsp; Cruz  pleaded guilty to third-degree tampering with public records or information
 and Rivera pleaded guilty to third-degree absentee ballot fraud.&nbsp; They are awaiting sentencing.&nbsp; The state will recommend that each be sentenced  to a term of probation.&nbsp; Rivera forfeited  her job in the Essex County Sheriff&rsquo;s Office.&nbsp;  Angel Colon
pleaded guilty to second-degree election  fraud and was sentenced in January 2012 to five years of probation
arguing that he should have received a sentence of  five to 10 years in prison based on his guilty plea
 former Essex County Freeholder Samuel Gonzalez
was also charged in the  case.&nbsp; In March 2011
he agreed to  forfeit his seat on the freeholder board and his job as an aide to a Newark  city councilman
and he was admitted into the Pre-Trial Intervention Program  (PTI).&nbsp; Two other defendants forfeited  jobs with the City of Newark or Essex County and entered PTI
Attorney General Chiesa and Director Taylor noted  that the Division of Criminal Justice has established a toll-free Corruption Tipline 1-866-TIPS-4CJ for the public to  report corruption, financial crime and other illegal activities confidentially.&nbsp; The public can also log on to the Division&rsquo;s webpage  at <a href="http://www.njdcj.org/" target="_blank">www.njdcj.org</a> to report suspected wrongdoing confidentially
2013 at 3:55 am ETA Bradley Beach woman is the second employee of Birdsall Engineering to plead guilty to a scheme that skirted the state's Pay-to-Play Act
The woman disguised illegal corporate political contributions as personal contributions of employees of the firm
a large Monmouth County-based engineering firm that in the past has held contracts for Belmar
according to state Attorney General Jeffrey S
The scheme allegedly allowed the firm to fraudulently avoid the restrictions of New Jersey’s Pay-to-Play Act
said the state attorney general in a news release today
12 to making prohibited corporation contributions through employees
Kufahl is the second employee of Birdsall to plead guilty
the former marketing director for Birdsall Services Group
former Executive Vice President Thomas Rospos
Angarone admitted in court in November that he took part in the scheme
pleading guilty to third-degree tampering with public records or information and fourth-degree prohibited corporation contributions through employees
He faces up to 364 days in jail and a term of probation
according to the attorney general's office
In addition to the two employees who have pleaded guilty
submitted under Superior Court Judge Wendel E
that amount is the total of the political contributions that she made under the scheme
which were allegedly reimbursed to her by Rospos
 The state will recommend that Kufahl be sentenced to a term of probation
"She must cooperate fully and testify truthfully in the ongoing investigation and any resulting prosecutions," according to the attorney general's office
Deputy Chief of the Division of Criminal Justice Corruption Bureau
Judge Daniels scheduled sentencing for Kufahl for June 7
has charges pending: second-degree charges of conspiracy
making false representations for government contracts
as well as various third- and fourth-degree charges
The case is being investigated for the Division of Criminal Justice Corruption Bureau by Deputy Attorney General Picione
According to the attorney general's office:
Under the scheme to which Kuhfahl and Angarone admitted
instead of Birdsall Services Group (BSG) making corporate political contributions to campaigns and political organizations that would disqualify it from public contracts awarded by certain government agencies
shareholders and employees of the firm would make personal political contributions of $300 or less
 Multiple personal checks would be bundled together at BSG and sent to the appropriate campaign or political organization
 Shareholders and employees would then be illegally reimbursed by BSG in the form of added bonus payments – or
who was reimbursed by the firm – and the firm would falsely omit the illegally reimbursed contributions in documents filed with the Election Law Enforcement Commission (ELEC) and with government agencies that awarded the firm engineering services contracts
The state investigation revealed that between January 2008 and May 2012
Rospos allegedly made hundreds of purported personal contributions to campaigns and political organizations across the state
His contributions totaled in excess of $150,000
however in recent weeks there have been suggestions to hire an in-house township engineer
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Alex Fuller is the senior vice president at the&nbsp;Leo Burnett&nbsp;Department&nbsp;of Design
He&rsquo;s also a&nbsp;co-founder of the Post&nbsp;Family
a multidisciplinary&nbsp;creative firm with&nbsp;members who are&nbsp;designers
teachers,&nbsp;and entrepreneurs.&nbsp;Their projects include&nbsp;residencies
exhibitions,&nbsp;and curated meeting&nbsp;spaces
and&nbsp;prints limited release,&nbsp;5x7-inch art editions
<a href="http://www.alexfuller.com">alexfuller.com</a>
and&nbsp;performance artist who&nbsp;works to claim spaces for&nbsp;marginalized communities.&nbsp;Her work often revolves&nbsp;around skill sharing to&nbsp;create multiethnic and&nbsp;intergenerational sewing&nbsp;circles as places for&nbsp;empowerment,&nbsp;subversion
and protest.&nbsp;Her work has been&nbsp;exhibited at the Pulitzer&nbsp;Arts Foundation&nbsp;(St
Jane Addams&nbsp;Hull-House Museum&nbsp;(Chicago)
Asian Arts&nbsp;Initiative (Philadelphia),&nbsp;Chung Young Yang&nbsp;Embroidery Museum&nbsp;(Seoul
South Korea),&nbsp;and the Design Museum&nbsp;(London
<a href="http://www.aramhansifuentes.com">aramhansifuentes.com</a>
Rebecca George is a&nbsp;painter who maintains a&nbsp;rigorous exhibition and&nbsp;studio practice and is the&nbsp;founder and president of&nbsp;The Art House Gallery.&nbsp;Her work is in collections&nbsp;around the world and she&nbsp;is well-published
George&nbsp;has also instructed artists&nbsp;at the School of the Art&nbsp;Institute of Chicago and&nbsp;University of Chicago.&nbsp;After MICA
she earned&nbsp;an MS in nonprofit&nbsp;business administration&nbsp;and an MFA in painting&nbsp;and drawing
<a href="http://www.rebecca-george.com">rebecca-george.com</a>
and the&nbsp;founder&nbsp;of&nbsp;Furnace FPS
a firm that&nbsp;uses engaging storytelling&nbsp;to create documentaries,&nbsp;commercial films
Furnace&nbsp;FPS has worked with&nbsp;clients as varied as Rural&nbsp;Health Collaborative in&nbsp;Akatsi
Ghana;&nbsp;Trunk Club,&nbsp;the ecommerce personal&nbsp;stylist; and Goose Island,&nbsp;the craft brewery
Furnace&nbsp;FPS also worked on&nbsp;Forced Perspective
a&nbsp;documentary about artist&nbsp;Derek Hess&mdash;which won&nbsp;awards at film festivals&nbsp;across the United States
<a href="http://www.FurnaceFPS.com">www.FurnaceFPS.com</a>
Madeline Murphy Rabb is&nbsp;president of Murphy Rabb,&nbsp;Inc.
a comprehensive fine&nbsp;art advisory firm which&nbsp;offers clients the full range&nbsp;of art services to purchase,&nbsp;commission
and display&nbsp;artwork for residences&nbsp;and businesses
Rabb is&nbsp;nationally renowned for&nbsp;her expertise in identifying&nbsp;and showcasing artwork&nbsp;created by established,&nbsp;mid-career
national and&nbsp;international African&nbsp;American artists
Curating a Life,&nbsp;published by&nbsp;Northwestern University&nbsp;Press
Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) Michael Lee-Chin Crystal
(Toronto, Ontario – April 18, 2013)&nbsp; <a href="https://www.rom.on.ca/en/collections-research/centres-discovery/contemporary-culture">ROM Contemporary Culture</a> presents a unique opportunity to spend the evening with internationally renowned photographer
presented in its North American debut by the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) in partnership with Scotiabank CONTACT Photography Festival
In this rare public speaking engagement on Thursday
Salgado will discuss the eight year process of the creation of GENESIS in the context of his larger body of work
Immediately following this lecture is a preview of Salgado’s epic exhibition
The installation features 245 extraordinary images of 32 breathtaking locations around the world from one of the most important photojournalists living today
GENESIS launches ROM Contemporary Culture’s 2013/14 theme of Climate Change (#ROMClimate)
ROM Contemporary Culture will partner with ROM Biodiversity to encourage conversation and provide insight on this contemporary issue
ROM Contemporary Culture looks at the relationship between nature and culture through the lens of climate change and poses the questions:&nbsp; How does the landscape change a culture
&nbsp;Through innovative exhibitions and contemporary projects
ROM Contemporary Culture provides insight and inspiration to help our community make sense of the modern world and connect with one another.&nbsp;
“ROM Biodiversity and ROM Contemporary Culture are natural partners
as was evidenced in 2012 with the co-produced exhibit Elegy by Deborah Samuel,” says Dave Ireland
“These two ROM Centres of Discovery bridge the gap between art and science and validate our new model of engagement by showcasing a diverse range of exhibits
galleries and especially programming at the ROM.”
Additional ancillary programming during the run of GENESIS &nbsp;includes Curated Conversations on May 28 and Game Changer Discussion with Deepali Dewan
The exhibition will also feature a TweetGarden Project by digital media artist Faisal Anwar created with the technological collaboration of Randy Horton
The TweetGarden is a screen-based tree that grows leaves with each tweet
Visitors can interact by tweeting using the hashtag #ROMClimate and reading other s’ responses
The North American premiere of GENESIS opens to the public on Saturday, May 4, 2013 . Curated by Lelia Wanick Salgado and organized by <a href="http://www.amazonasimages.com/">Amazonas images</a>, GENESIS is presented in partnership with <a href="http://www.scotiabankcontactphoto.com/">Scotiabank CONTACT Photography Festival</a> and is on view at the ROM until September 2
Through this compelling collection of photographs
GENESIS aspires to share the natural beauty of our world and begs observers to consider what is left of our planet
The exhibition will be presented in five broadly-defined ecosystems titled: Planet South
Co-presented by ROM Biodiversity and Earth Day Canada
Earth Day Canada and the ROM join forces to present the Earth Month Youth Summit
connecting 250 environmental youth leaders from across the province in a day of interactive workshops at the ROM
Hosted by Environmental&nbsp; Hero Simon Jackson and featuring keynote presentations by Sebastião Salgado and former Canadian astronaut
In this special public lecture in the ROM’s Samuel Hall Currelly Gallery
&nbsp;Sebastião Salgado will discuss his photographic essay eight years in the making
followed by a preview of the GENESIS exhibition
Tickets prices are: General: $25: ROM Members:&nbsp; $20
Curated Conversations – A Definition of Awe
Join ROM Friends of Contemporary Culture and special guests for an after-hours tour and curated conversation
mingle and exchange perspectives with other guests
Curated Conversations are built on the idea that meaningful dialogue is not only satisfying
but also has the potential to be life-changing
Game Changer Discussion with Deepali Dewan and Doug Currie
What do black flies and photographs have to do with climate change and the landscape
As ROM Contemporary Culture investigates climate change and environmental issues
Doug Currie present their ideas and invite the audience to draw their own conclusions
ROM Biodiversity is host to a revolutionary new graduate program with partner Fleming College
In the Environmental Visual Communication (EVC) Program
social media) with science (environmental studies) to produce truly unique and engaging deliverables.&nbsp; EVC students will compete in spring 2013 for a one thousand dollar honourarium to implement a public programming element into the activation space of the GENESIS exhibit.&nbsp;
For more information and for ticket information, visit <a href="https://www.rom.on.ca/en/collections-research/centres-discovery/contemporary-culture">https://www.rom.on.ca/en/collections-research/centres-discovery/contemporary-culture</a>
CONTACT is supported by the Canada Council for the Arts
and ROM research delivered straight to your inbox
© Royal Ontario Museum - An agency of the <a href="https://www.ontario.ca/">Government of Ontario</a>
Photographer Sebastião Salgado at the exhibit Genesis
which displays 245 photographs of nature and traditional populationsValter Campanato/Agência Brasil
At the age of 70 and having worked as a photographer for 40 years
Sebastião Salgado does not consider retiring an option
“It's like riding a bicycle: if you stop pedaling
he and his wife Lélia Salgado travel through a number of countries exhibiting a series of photographs on both nature protection and the relationship between man and the mineral
Salgado was a guest on the show Espaço Público
He talked about the winding paths he took over the course of his career
going from characters from a wide range of human conflicts to the genesis of the world
that 46 percent of the planet “is still as it was in the days of Genesis”
The exhibit is currently displayed at the Banco do Brasil Cultural Center (“CCBB”)
and features 245 photographs from 32 trips
Sebastião Salgado on Espaço Público  Marcello Casals Jr
Here are some excerpts from the interview:
Espaço Público: You've been to over 30 countries to show some of the untouchable spots on our planet
do you believe the planet can still be saved
Sebastião Salgado: I don't have the slightest doubt that it will be saved
We've been pushing our capacity to subsist on the planet to the limit
I think it's a huge responsibility on our part
on the part of our species—and not only in Brazil
brought about on the planet in large part by human behavior
But there's no doubt the planet will be capable of recreating itself after we're gone
Espaço Público: You've always worked in on-the-edge situations
Here you decided to photograph nature in its untouched form
What's the reason for this change in perspective
Sebastião Salgado: It's good news for the planet that we still have nearly half of it untouched
It doesn't mean man hasn't been there—he has—
but we have approximately 46 percent which is still as it was in the days of Genesis
I chose this direction for a project we started in Vale do Rio Doce
we initiated the recovery of a land thoroughly laid waste to
Vale do Rio Doce had over 50 percent of forest coverage when I was a child
When we received the land from my family there was less than 0.5 percent of it remaining—not only in my parents' land
And it's not just any area—it's as large as Portugal
It was my wife's idea to replant that land; it was not an idea conceived by environmentalists
We'll rebuild this forest and the paradise that used to exist here
over 2 million trees have been planted as part of the reforestation
in Brasília Valter Campanato/Agência Brasil
Espaço Público: You travel to far-off places and we see that you come across human beings entirely different from us
How does it feel to come back to our world after these experiences
which I view as the most far-reaching experience a human being can have
Sebastião Salgado: […] When you arrive in one of these communities
I found out during these trips that we're considerably older than we think
and all that matters and all that's essential to us are also important to these communities
The relations in the community are the same as ours; solidarity there is the same as ours
Maybe I could say that the populations I visited..
Some of them live 10 thousand years into the past
But in 10 thousand years we haven't changed a bit
Espaço Público: What are the perspectives of a photographer after 30 years of work
You seem to be always excited and busy with projects
Sebastião Salgado: It's like riding a bicycle: if you stop pedaling
I really believed I could work for a certain number of years and then stop
I think it's really important to establish the goals we have ahead of us in life
Otherwise we leave our future lagging behind
Espaço Público: Among the main characteristics of your work are the trust and the involvement your photography shows through the people photographed
and what role does the camera play in your relationship with people
Sebastião Salgado: The kind of photography I make is a lifestyle
People have often referred to me as an activist photographer
my culture—which is Brazilian culture—with my lights all the way from Vale do Rio Doce—they're the ones I take with me
the ones I've been taking with me my entire life
The society we live in today is too fast-paced and accelerated
We no longer have the time to do what we need to do
And the time for photographing is the time for understanding
a time for turning the phenomenon you're experiencing into a part of your life
There's a time for waiting for things to happen
you don't make the photograph by yourself—it's the people
They give you the photograph; you receive it
memories and camaraderie among jubilarians of the University of the Philippines Diliman as they all gathered for the general alumni homecoming at the UP Bahay ng Alumni on Sunday
With the theme of &ldquo;One UP: From vision to reality,&rdquo; the homecoming celebration was the perfect opportunity for Iskas and Iskos of&nbsp;the Silver Class of 1999 all the way to the Royal Diamond Class of 1959 to catch up with old friends and take a trip down memory lane.&nbsp;
the celebrating jubilarians also&nbsp;showcased their talents with performances for a&nbsp;fun-filled show
Among the jubilarians who graced the homecoming was Carolina &ldquo;Kay&rdquo; Gozon-Jimenez
who performed together with her fellow batchmates of UP Class of 1959
noted that the Class of 1959 is the first batch to celebrate 65 years of alumnihood.&nbsp; &nbsp;
Gozon-Jimenez attended the alumni homecoming with her husband
businessman and former GMA President and Chief Executive Officer Menardo Jimenez
Gozon-Jimenez said reuniting with her fellow Iskas and Iskos made her feel like &ldquo;18 years-old&rdquo; again
&ldquo;Masayang-masaya ako kasi I have not seen them for a long time
when we were in the campus,&rdquo; she told GMA Integrated News.&nbsp;
The entrepreneur and environmentalist also looked back at her fondest memories in the Diliman campus such as going to &ldquo;Little Quiapo&rdquo; to eat halo-halo.&nbsp;
meron din namang fun,&rdquo; Gozon-Jimenez said
&nbsp;If there&rsquo;s one piece of advice Gozon-Jimenez has for the youth and the new batches of Iskolar ng Bayan
it is always to &ldquo;serve&rdquo; especially the country.&nbsp;
Gozon-Jimenez, a Business Administration graduate, is the founder and owner of Antipolo's <a href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/travel/894732/antipolo-s-carolina-bamboo-garden-enchants-sen-loren-legarda/story/%C3%82%C2%A0" target="_blank">Carolina Bamboo Garden</a>.&nbsp;
The UP general alumni homecoming honored the Royal Diamond Class of 1959
Each jubilarian was given a medallion by the UP Alumni Association.&nbsp;
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<a href="https://myrcns.com/" rel="home">Riverside County News Source</a>
SAN JACINTO MOUNTAINS &#8211; Riverside County Sheriff&#8217;s officials have confirmed locating and recovering the body of 37-year-old Jerome Salgado Jr., a <a href="https://myrcns.com/2016/06/09/sheriffs-officials-seek-publics-help-locating-missing-san-jacinto-resident-2/">San Jacinto resident who had been reported missing Sunday, May 22</a>
According to a missing person report filed with the sheriff&#8217;s department
Salgado was last seen in the Hemet area Friday
shown with members of his family in an undated Salgado family photo
The victim was identified by Coroner&#8217;s officials as Salgado Jr
According to Riverside Sheriff&#8217;s Sergeant Jeff Buompensiero
&#8220;Salgado sustained traumatic injuries that caused his death.&#8221;
The investigation began Saturday, June 11, at about 1:42 p.m., after deputies from the Riverside Sheriff&#8217;s Hemet Station received a <a href="https://myrcns.com/2016/06/13/officials-investigating-report-of-possible-human-remains-northeast-of-soboba-reservation/">call regarding possible human remains</a> in the area of the Indian Creek Truck Trail and Ridge Truck Trail on the Soboba Indian Reservation
Riverside Sheriff’s Public Information Officer Deputy Armando Munoz described the investigation as a “suspicious circumstances call.”
mountainous area located towards the northeast end of the reservation they reportedly located what appeared to be a gravesite
Investigators from the Hemet Station and the sheriff&#8217;s Central Homicide Unit responded to the area and assumed the investigation after confirming there was a gravesite at the location
Aerial view of the general area where Salgado Jr.&#8217;s body was found buried
the gravesite was secured until the following day,&#8221; Buompensiero wrote in a press release
investigators recovered the remains of an adult male from the gravesite.&#8221;
Coroner&#8217;s officials later confirmed the remains were that of Salgado Jr
&#8220;The investigation is ongoing and no further information will be released at this time,&#8221; Buompsensiero wrote
Salgado Jr.&#8217;s family addressed friends, family, and others on a <a href="https://www.youcaring.com/jerome-salgado-jr-585769#.V2DcmUj0B5s.facebook">YouCaring.com</a> page
where they are seeking donations to help pay for his funeral
&#8220;We would like to thank you all for your constant good vibes and well wishes
We have definitely felt your love from the (outpouring) of concern for him over the course these past few weeks
We are now preparing to send him on his journey home.&#8221;
Anyone with information regarding this investigation is encouraged to contact Riverside County Central Homicide Unit investigators at (951) 955-2777 or Hemet Station investigators at (951) 791-3400. Callers can refer to incident file number D161430061 and can remain anonymous. Citizens may also submit a tip using the Sheriff&#8217;s <a href="http://www.riversidesheriff.org/tipline/">Homicide Tipline</a>  online form
Contact the writer: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#20545245564f520e52434e5360474d41494c0e434f4d">[email&#160;protected]</a>
So sorry for the loss to the Salgado family
The MOFO&#8217;s that committed this crime still haven&#8217;t been arrested
not a care in the world&#8230;WHERE IS THE JUSTICE FOR JEROME &amp; HIS FAMILY????
justice is definitly gonna be served &amp; sooner then later too
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