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The brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba) is endemic to the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina
threatened by extinction due to habitat loss and fragmentation
Its reduced and isolated populations dramatically decreased and suffered local extinctions after recent yellow fever outbreaks
recommending the species risk uplist from Vulnerable to Endangered
the species occurs along eight states in sparse populations
Following the National Action Plan for Conservation of the Atlantic Forest Primates and the Maned-sloth
and applying the Guidelines for Reintroductions and other Conservation Translocations (IUCN/CTSG)
the Ex Situ Guidelines (IUCN/CPSG) and the One Plan Approach (IUCN/CPSG)
a workshop was held on August 2021 to evaluate the need
requisites and roles of an integrated Population Management Program for A
Such program was developed in June 2022 defining the objectives of (i) restore in situ populations from ex situ populations
prioritizing populations in higher risk to prevent local extinctions
and (ii) establish an ex situ insurance population
This in situ &#x2013; ex situ integrated management program was approved by ICMBio in February 2023
with actions recommended for all states along the species distribution
with a remaining population of 20-50 individuals
Following the National Plan for Primate Conservation in Argentina
two workshops were held in 2022/2023 to evaluate and define management actions for the long-term recovery of A
The priorities indicated were (i) reintroduction in ten potential areas in Misiones &#x2013; due to a lower risk when compared to reinforcement of remaining populations
and (ii) establishing an ex situ management program in Argentina &#x2013; still non-existent
The progressive collaboration between the initiatives of both countries is promoting the exchange of experiences and the integration of strategies
Here we summarize the planning and management carried out in Brazil and Argentina
highlighting the need for integrated measures
proposing next steps for developing and implementing a binational population management program for the conservation of the brown howler monkey
in Paran&#xe1; the species is not included in the list of threatened species
the conservation of this primate species contributes to the regeneration of the flora of the Atlantic Forest
and to promote public health and awareness towards biodiversity and habitat conservation
including population management in the specific objectives
we describe the efforts to create national population management programs in both countries and to advance towards an integrated strategy in order to promote the conservation of A
Our purpose is also reflecting on the progress and challenges to coordinate such initiatives and effectively reestablish viable populations of the species throughout its distribution range
Brazil published the National Action Plan for the Conservation of Primates of the Atlantic Forest and the Maned-sloth (ICMBio
One of the six strategic goals established was to manage populations of target species aiming at their viability
The involved stakeholders also recommended that
priority be given to those populations at higher risk
aiming to reinforce populations with significant reductions to prevent imminent local extinctions
and to reintroduce populations in areas where the species became extinct within its distribution range
due to the threat posed by yellow fever outbreaks
it was decided that all animals from ex situ populations to be released must be immunized before their release
in addition to two specific actions being included in the Alouatta guariba Integrated Population Management Program in relation to this issue: i) continue research into the effectiveness of the yellow fever vaccine for the species; and ii) establish flow and coordination with the competent institutions to obtain immunization against yellow fever.&#x201d;
For coordinating and monitoring this Integrated Population Management Program
the Committee for Management of Alouatta guariba (CMAG) was also formally established
as well as representatives from the Brazilian Environmental Agency (ICMBio) and State Environmental Agencies from all the Brazilian states within the species natural distribution
This group evaluates and monitors population reinforcement and reintroduction projects for the species in Brazil
the Committee for Management of Alouatta guariba has the support of specialists in different areas for specific consultations
For the species at highest risk in the country
the plan set a specific objective to evaluate the recovery of the populations through an ex situ conservation program and analyzing the possibility of starting a breeding and reintroduction program and/or translocation of specimens
The Brazilian Committee for Management of Alouatta guariba has been meeting monthly
and approved the committee&#x2019;s internal regulations; prepared
and used project and report evaluation forms
Internal regulations were drawn up to establish the rules that are guiding the functioning of the committee
To guide the teams developing translocation projects
- Ex Situ Management Protocol (<a href="#B19">Hirano et&#xa0;al., 2023</a>) &#x2013; which addresses: sex-age classification; sanitary management and biosecurity; installations; nutrition; well-being; reproductive control; management of infants and the elderly; and the transport of animals
This protocol was prepared by the Technical Advisory Group of the National Action Plan for the Conservation of Primates of the Atlantic Forest and the Maned-sloth
- Release Protocol: addresses the management necessary for the release of howler monkeys
including sanitary issues (disease risk analysis
dietary issues (dietary transition to eat food usually eaten by wild howlers in the target or close areas)
behavioral evaluation and also specification of acclimation enclosure
This protocol is still under construction by the Committee for Management of Alouatta guariba with support from program specialists
To guide proponents in presenting projects of management actions and also the committee members in analyzing and approving it, the following set of standard forms and documents was prepared, which are available at: <a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1ft2zb4M8WSMtw6ZfOqLd70Kek1xhICBs">https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1ft2zb4M8WSMtw6ZfOqLd70Kek1xhICBs</a>):
- Project submission form: the form contains all the necessary items to be presented when submitting projects
- Report submission form: to be presented to the committee after one year of project development
the form contains all the items to be evaluated;
- Project evaluation form and report to be used by committee members that contains all the criteria to be considered when evaluating them
Letter of general opinion from the committee for forwarded projects: after analyzing each project
the committee issues an official opinion to the proponents so that they can continue with the process
This letter is presented by the proponent to ICMBio for registration in the official Brazilian system for submitting
analyzing and issuing permits for scientific activities and management actions
in accordance with pre-established documentation flow (Sisbio &#x2013; Sistema de Autoriza&#xe7;&#xe3;o e Informa&#xe7;&#xe3;o em Biodiversidade) - The species studbook is under construction: institutions that maintain brown howlers in ex situ conditions were contacted requesting information on the animals kept and forwarding documents for officializing the participation of the institution in the Program
the species&#x2019; studbook has already recorded 314 individuals in 27 different institutions
at least 152 meet the criteria to form an insurance population and could also be used in translocation actions (reinforcement and/or reintroduction) if they are approved in the behavioral and health analyses defined by the Program
These 152 individuals selected for the insurance population were also categorized by Management Units based on genetic differences (see description in the Binational actions section)
with 19 from the Management Unit of Rio de Janeiro
Esp&#xed;rito Santo and Minas Gerais; 51 from S&#xe3;o Paulo; eight from Paran&#xe1;; and 74 from Santa Catarina
Regarding the priority areas to be considered by the Integrated Population Management Program, 16 areas were identified as eligible during the meeting in S&#xe3;o Paulo, 2021, indicating population reinforcement in areas where brown howlers still persist or reintroduction in areas where they were extirpated (<a href="#T1">Table&#xa0;1</a>, <a href="#f1">Figure&#xa0;1</a>)
there are three projects under evaluation by the Committee for Management of Alouatta guariba
Two conservation translocation projects have been already approved and are underway
- Population reinforcement of Alouatta guariba in the Cantareira State Park
- Reintroduction of Alouatta guariba in Florian&#xf3;polis
Table&#xa0;1 List of priority areas in the Alouatta guariba Brazilian Management Program
state of the country and the suggested management (reintroduction
no management needed or to be defined) ordered by States from South to North and by Recommended Population Management
Figure&#xa0;1 Map with the potential Priority Areas for conservation translocations of Brown Howler Monkey Alouatta guariba (red dots) selected by Brazilian and Argentinian Management Programs inside species distribution range (dashed blue) and Atlantic Forest limits (light green)
Another reintroduction project is underway in Tijuca National Park
before the Integrated Population Management Program for A
important management decisions regarding this project have already been taken with the approval of CMAG
many aspects of the Integrated Population Management Program were inspired and informed by this pioneer experience
The Brazilian Committee for Management of Alouatta guariba is composed by several experts and representatives from the different states of the species distribution range
and it receives requests for support in the destination of animals that are at risk or need to be transferred to another ex situ institution
These requests come mainly from state agencies and the ICMBio/CPB itself
considering the importance of recommendations from the Studbook keeper in some cases
A spreadsheet to register and control these cases was established and
some type of support has been provided for 17 cases
Regarding the actions aiming to control the impacts of yellow fever, an intensive investigative effort supported by the Committee for Management of Alouatta guariba is underway to verify if vaccination could be an effective tool for preventing the disease in Alouatta guariba. Preliminary results demonstrated that the 17DD attenuated yellow fever vaccine was safe and immunogenic for A. guariba (<a href="#B16">Fernandes et&#xa0;al., 2021</a>)
other captive populations in Brazil are receiving the 17DD attenuated yellow fever vaccine
such as Centro de Pesquisas Biol&#xf3;gicas de Indaial and Instituto Espa&#xe7;o Silvestre (Santa Catarina); Centro de Manejo e Conserva&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Animais Silvestres and Instituto Libio (S&#xe3;o Paulo) and Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro)
All the animals involved in the Integrated Population Management Program are being vaccinated against yellow fever and tested if they become immunized prior to being included in reintroduction/reinforcement actions
following the protocol established in this research
During the two-stage workshop in Argentina
we evaluated strategies for the long-term population recovery in Misiones
resulting in an exhaustive analysis of the existing scientific information on the population and areas where howlers have been recorded before and after the yellow fever outbreaks
The analysis indicated that all four management options evaluated &#x2013; reintroduction
rescue and ex situ management &#x2013; can be implemented
following the list of criteria and recommendations established for each option by the participants
Reintroduction was considered as the first measure in specific areas of Misiones because it entails fewer potential risks to natural populations compared to population reinforcement
Reintroduction was also proposed as a priority option
as a way of improving management and translocation techniques to be subsequently applied in the implementation of population reinforcement actions
The simultaneous establishment of an ex situ management program was recommended for Alouatta guariba in Argentina as part of the comprehensive species management program (One-plan approach) and to contribute to its recovery and conservation
In Argentina nowadays there are no individuals of A
Another important output of this workshop was the creation of a multi-sectoral Management Committee
aiming to promote the implementation of the defined population management strategies
thus favoring the restoration of ecological functions in the ecosystems inhabited by these monkeys
as well as to recover their cultural value among local communities
highlighting their role as sentinels for public health and as seed dispersers
This committee is composed of representatives of the national governmental environmental entities of Argentina and Brazil
Ten areas were prioritized to initiate the surveys as possible reintroduction sites, of which Esmeralda Provincial Park was indicated as one with the greatest benefits and lowest potential risks (<a href="#T2">Table&#xa0;2</a>). The final report of this workshop is in process to be published, but the preprint is already available (<a href="#B39">Oklander et&#xa0;al., 2023b</a>)
we are working on obtaining funds in order to develop the agreed actions
Table&#xa0;2 List of ten priority areas in the Alouatta guariba Argentinian Management Program
state of the country and the suggested management (population reinforcement
no management needed or to be defined) ordered by Recommended Population Management
The processes in the two countries ran in parallel
following the stakeholders&#x2019; agendas and the governmental directives of each one
the continuous exchange of information and experience was crucial to qualify the proposals and evidenced the need for integration among the two programs
since the distribution of the species transcends political borders
The main evidence of how crucial the binational cooperation is for recovering the brown howler populations is that it became clear that the conservation of the species in Argentina unequivocally depends on population management; which in turn depends on individuals and ex situ management experience from Brazil
since in Argentina there are no captive brown howlers and the remnant in situ populations are too small to serve as source for conservation translocations
The published protocol for ex situ management (<a href="#B19">Hirano et&#xa0;al., 2023</a>) and that for preparation for release (under construction)
both developed in the scope of the Brazilian Integrated Population Management Program
counted on the advice of members from Argentina
and is also being adapted to be used by the Argentinian program
These protocols are essential to control and reduce the risks involved in animal translocations and will serve as a guide for conservationist translocations of ex situ howlers to be developed
The first Brazilian translocations began in Santa Catarina
with the reintroduction of three groups of howler monkeys out of a total of six groups planned for the first half of 2024
there is another project already approved by the management program that aims to reinforce the natural population in one of the priority areas listed for the state and which suffered a decline in the howler monkey population due to yellow fever outbreaks
And there is the third reintroduction in one of the selected areas
the continuation of the reintroduction project at Tijuca National Park
surveys are being prepared to select sites for reintroductions in Misiones
appropriate enclosures are being planned to receive individuals/groups from Brazil and the Committee is seeking funds to build them
Another important decision in this integration process was that all the individuals exported from Brazil to Argentina must be vaccinated against yellow fever
The brown howler monkey has been suffering from hunting, deforestation and habitat fragmentation, in addition to the latest epizootic events of yellow fever, which has led the species to an increased level of extinction risk and being listed among the 25 most endangered primates of the world (<a href="#B25">Jerusalinsky et&#xa0;al., 2021</a>; <a href="#B35">Oklander et&#xa0;al., 2022a</a>)
This motivated the mobilization of efforts to develop management strategies with an integrative approach to its ex situ and in situ populations
aiming to restore the largest possible number of populations throughout its distribution area
Given that the species&#x2019; distribution includes two countries
these strategies need to be developed in an integrated manner to be more effective
We present here how the involved teams of the two countries
following the respective national conservation action plans
have acted both independently and cooperatively to develop such strategies
with the step-by-step procedures in each country and to promote integration
as well as the achievements and difficulties in these processes
In Brazil, the Integrated Population Management Program for A. guariba was the first created and officially recognized following the newest national legal framework for such programs (<a href="#B21">ICMBio, 2021</a>, <a href="#B22">2023</a>)
the Committee for Management of Alouatta guariba faced numerous difficulties to coordinate and implement the program: 1
the need to update/identify populations/areas which would require management according to the established criteria (considering distribution extremes and management units); 2
the delay in producing a list of dietary species consumed in the occurrence areas
the need to identify other areas &#x2013; in addition to those already selected &#x2013; that could be eligible for population management; 4
the delay to consolidate/update the necessary protocols &#x2013; collection and allocation of biological samples for genetics
behavioral assessment (associated with ethograms); preparation for release in translocations; post-release monitoring; reproductive assessment; and 5
the lack of an established decision key to evaluate and define the destination of confiscated and ex situ individuals
The Committee for Management of Alouatta guariba also experienced difficulties in implementation or application of the following actions due to the insufficiency of financial resources: 1
executing efforts to collect biological samples for genetic analysis in the following areas (sampling gaps): southern Bahia
and the highlands of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina; 2
liaise with laboratories to carry out serological tests for arboviruses; and 3
continue research on the effectiveness of the yellow fever vaccine for the species
Additional challenges were faced due to the low adherence by institutions and their respective managers in: 1
updating/identifying the individuals to be part of the studbook &#x2013; according to established criteria; 2
assembling the studbook for Alouatta guariba; 3
making the annual management recommendations; 4
developing the ex situ management according to studbook recommendations; and 5
effectively promoting the establishment of an insurance population
the Committee for Management of Alouatta guariba was able to promote the satisfactory implementation of several actions in Brazil
promoting the integrated management for the conservation of the species; 2
articulating to obtain serology results for arboviruses carried out in active surveillance by the Health Departments/Research Projects; 3
establishing and implementing a communication and awareness plan about the species and the Population Management Program; 4
considerations on the project and report evaluation; and 5
evaluating projects proposing management actions in accordance with the Integrated Population Management Program
several prior steps are necessary such as: 1) survey the presence of brown howler monkeys in the 10 areas prioritized as possible reintroduction sites; 2) survey the presence of black and gold howler monkeys in the same areas
following the recommendation to avoid reintroductions in sites with the presence of A
caraya due to the evidence of hybridization between the two species; 3) survey the presence of other mammal species and potential predators in that priority areas; 4) evaluate the state of habitat conservation in the 10 areas prioritized; 5) work together with the local communities on the importance of the brown howlers as sentinels for yellow fever
and cultural values previously to any reintroduction; 6) import groups/individuals from Brazil to carry out the reintroductions
we have been working on obtaining financing support to progress on all these steps
The challenge at hand is to obtain funding to carry out the rest of the prior steps mentioned above
Another key issue refers to obtaining the international movement permits
which we believe will be facilitated by the involvement of competent authorities in the process
the designation of MU in Alouatta guariba has been a very important precautionary measure
so working with the community in areas where conservation translocations will be implemented is indispensable
the effectiveness of this strategy must depend on the continuous binational integration and some type of international formalization of the initiative
participatory and integrative strategy to restore populations of A
guariba represents an innovative background
and may inspire further initiatives for the conservation of threatened species requiring population management and pluri-national efforts
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research
The workshop in Brazil was funded by the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conserva&#xe7;&#xe3;o da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) with the support of the S&#xe3;o Paulo Zoo
The workshops in Argentina were funded by the Primate Action Fund supported by the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation and Re:wild
Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development of Argentina through the UNDP Project ARG/21/G28 GEF (Global Environment Funds)
We are especially grateful for the support of the IUCN SSC Conservation Planning Specialist Group at different stages of this initiative
such as designing and facilitating the One Plan Approach/Ex situ Guidelines virtual workshop in Brazil and the virtual and in-person workshops held in Argentina
We are also thankful for the support of S&#xe3;o Paulo Zoo in promoting the in-person workshop in Brazil
who pushed the present initiative from the start as a key collaborator of the National Action Plan for the Conservation of Primates of the Atlantic Forest and the Maned-sloth
We would like to thank the National Center for Research and Conservation of Brazilian Primates (CPB) of the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conserva&#xe7;&#xe3;o da Biodiversidade (ICMBio)
the Brazilian Association of State Environmental Entities (ABEMA)
and all the institutions that are part of the Committee for Management of Alouatta guariba
We also like to acknowledge the institutions and professionals that are already sending projects to be evaluated by this committee for starting the effective implementation of the management program in Brazil
We would also like to thank the Instituto Misionero de Biodiversidad (IMIBio) specially to Dr
Emanuel Grassi and the Ministry of Ecology of Misiones
for their essential support in promoting the workshop in Argentina and for endorsing the development of this program
We are also grateful to the provincial park rangers
and the whole network involved in the National Primate Conservation Action Plan of Argentina
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations
Any product that may be evaluated in this article
or claim that may be made by its manufacturer
is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher
Administraci&#xf3;n de Parques Nacionales - Delegaci&#xf3;n Regional Noreste; CONICET
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient&#xed;ficas y T&#xe9;cnicas; NPC Argentina
Neotropical Primate Conservation Argentina; EBCo-CECOAL
Estaci&#xf3;n Biol&#xf3;gica Corrientes - Centro de Ecolog&#xed;a Aplicada del Litoral; UNNE
Universidad Nacional de Nordeste; MEyRNR Misiones
Ministerio de Ecolog&#xed;a y Recursos Naturales Renovables Misiones; ICMBio
Instituto Chico Mendes para la Conservaci&#xf3;n de la Biodiversidad; CMAG BRASIL; IEGEBA
Gen&#xe9;tica y Evoluci&#xf3;n de Buenos Aires; FCEN-UBA
Instituto Misionero de Biodiversidad; INEVH
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas &#x201c;Dr
Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible
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Received: 15 March 2024; Accepted: 12 April 2024;Published: 10 May 2024
Copyright &#xa9; 2024 Oklander, Rheingantz, Rossato, Peker, Hirano, Monticelli, Dada, Di Nucci, Oliveira, de Melo, Valen&#xe7;a-Montenegro, Kowalewski and Jerusalinsky. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)</a>
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It was Hope who first dared to approach Juvenal
They had been on the opposing sides of a quarrel ever since Hope’s family wrapped their tails around the branches of that 10,000-acre urban forest in the heart of Rio de Janeiro
The arrival of her clan contested the eight-year rule of Juvenal’s group in Tijuca National Park
Brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba) are
peaceful denizens of the Atlantic Forest — gentle leaf-eaters that also enjoy the occasional fruit
But that doesn’t put them above skirmishing for territory
Juvenal and another male had attempted to attack the leader of Hope’s group
kept exchanging threatening howls since the incident
and — to the delight of the researchers spectating the scene — he accepted the gesture
the howler groups appeared to reach an understanding
The <a href="https://www.rewildingbritain.org.uk/why-rewild/what-is-rewilding/rewilding-glossary#r" target="_blank" rel="noopener external" data-wpel-link="external">reintroduction</a> of howlers — including Juvenal
Hope and Max — conducted by the NGO Refauna in Tijuca is part of a monumental effort to rescue the species
Wildlife managers from all over Brazil have organized the nation’s first population management program — an initiative that connects captive facilities with experts able to release them back into forests
It’s an ambitious project that was only made possible by the production of a vaccine against the monster that killed howlers by the thousands: yellow fever
“People here used to say we had a bucketload of monkeys,” she recalls
I worked in this beautiful forest area with 59 howlers
Hirano is the creator of Project Bugio — the Brazilian name for howlers — in the state of Santa Catarina. She didn’t start out as a conservationist. Originally from São Paulo, she began her career as a medical biochemist. After getting married, she moved to the small city of Indaial, where she kept hearing these <a href="https://www.youtube.com/shorts/fbKsRr5RIdM" target="_blank" rel="noopener external" data-wpel-link="external">loud, guttural howls</a> coming from the woods around town
“I would ask people ‘what is this animal?’ and ‘why does it yell so much?’” she remembers
she decided to follow those strange sounds up a nearby hill
The call brought her face-to-face with a “fabulous reddish thing!” she recalls
Although dubbed “brown howlers,” their coloration actually ranges from brown to dark red
Few Brazilian researchers paid any attention to brown howler monkeys when Hirano started working with them
the howler’s biggest problems were habitat destruction
fragmentation and the occasional bump against the human world
howlers are vulnerable to all sorts of mishaps
electrocuted in power lines or attacked by dogs
a serious threat reared its head in Rio Grande do Sul
Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by mosquitoes of the Aedes genus
but it is absolutely devastating for many nonhuman primates
The 2008-09 epizootic — as animal epidemics are called — killed thousands of brown howlers
researchers and officials cataloged 1,183 dead howlers
and the species completely disappeared from half its forest fragments
“It is the saddest thing to hear the human population tell you that they can’t hear a single howler anymore.” She says the upcoming ICMBio assessment will classify the species as endangered
The duty of ICMBio goes beyond providing risk assessments. The agency has put forward guidelines for many endangered species in Brazil, called national action plans for the conservation of endangered species (PANs). <a href="https://www.gov.br/icmbio/pt-br/assuntos/biodiversidade/pan/pan-primatas-ma-e-preguica-de-coleira/1-ciclo/pan-primatas-e-preguica-da-ma-sumario.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener external" data-wpel-link="external">Atlantic Forest primates have their own PAN</a>
and within it hid the proverbial ace for potential howler recovery
As conservationists met to discuss the howler’s plight
they turned to the idea of implementing a nationwide population management program
“[This] is considered a last resort,” says Rafael Rossato of the National Center for Research and Conservation of Brazilian Primates (CPB)
The possibility of large-scale population management is part of the PAN
The program would connect captive facilities across the country with experts capable of relocating the animals to areas where populations had vanished or declined
such close management “carries a series of risks and a chance of failure.”
a species has to face the prospect of severe reduction or extinction within 30 years
found that howlers fulfilled that requirement
Launched in 2023, the <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcosc.2024.1401749/full" target="_blank" rel="noopener external" data-wpel-link="external">Alouatta guariba population management program</a> is the first of its kind in Brazil
Supervised by a committee coordinated by Hirano
geneticists and representatives of all eight Brazilian states where the species occurs
Brown howlers are a genetically diverse species — they even used to be split into two subspecies
the program divided the howler’s range into five distinct management areas
The far south management area also includes the single brown howler population in Argentina
The program plans to relocate monkeys from Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina to reinforce this population
But before conservationists could attempt any translocations
animals had to first be protected against yellow fever
“The virus persists in forests [in southern Brazil]
but it hasn’t reached the same proportions as before
It would need a large vulnerable population to become an epidemic again
and we lost too many primates for that,” says Dr
a veterinarian at the Rio de Janeiro Primatology Center (CPRJ)
started to research a way to adapt the yellow fever vaccine — developed for human use — to howler monkeys
Hirano herself coordinated one of the tests of this adaptation on living howlers
All of the 77 vaccinated animals living in captivity in Santa Catarina successfully developed antibodies against the virus
the program’s protocol determines that every brown howler must be vaccinated before translocation
In September 2015, before the second yellow fever outbreak, the NGO Refauna was already busy <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMX4Sd0Fs5E" target="_blank" rel="noopener external" data-wpel-link="external">reintroducing brown howlers to Tijuca </a>— the first howlers the urban forest had seen in more than a century
Refauna had already brought red-rumped agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) back to the park
but the primates were proving a bigger challenge than their rodent predecessors
Some of the monkeys came from captivity or semi-domesticated backgrounds and ended up having to be moved back to captivity after seeking constant contact with visitors
The researchers also had problems with tracking equipment
leading to a costly veterinary intervention
“We ended up with an initial population based solely on one reproductive couple: Kala and Juvenal,” says Dr
Refauna’s executive director and a biologist at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
But a family of three is far from a reliable seed for a sustainable population
Refauna’s plan was always to gather and release multiple groups
Kala and Juvenal did more than just survive the following years
Tucked into the urban matrix of Rio de Janeiro
and what started as a couple and a baby grew to six individuals
conservationists finally brought more howlers to the park
freshly vaccinated after their stay in CPRJ
They were first placed in an acclimation enclosure — a large wire cage in the forest
“We use the enclosure to accustom the animals to the forest environment,” says Matheus Sette e Camara
“They needed to get used to the new smells
sounds and to other animals — including the other howlers.”
the team abandoned radio tracking equipment and settled for finding howlers the old fashion way: with patience and binoculars
The new group also suffered two losses before their release into the wild
One infant died from pneumonia during the acclimation period
and a young female was returned to CPRJ after being ostracized from the group just a week before the enclosure doors opened
Conservationists finally released the remaining six howlers in January
A moment of celebration for everyone involved in the project — except for Juvenal’s crowd
“They came across Juvenal’s group outside the enclosure
and everyone seemed surprised and cautious at first,” Camara says
silently approached the new group to attack Max
leaving the females to hide back in the acclimation enclosure
The researchers would follow these altercations for a couple weeks
until Hope’s peaceful gesture seemed to mark the end of hostilities
The team removed her and her infant from the forest
four animals compose Tijuca’s second brown howler group
howlers have lived in the park for nearly a decade now
and Tijuca’s experience has helped instruct new initiatives
Vanessa Kanaan — technical director of the Wild Space Institute — is conducting another howler reintroduction
She has already released three groups in Rio Vermelho State Park and will soon translocate more howlers to another location: Lagoa do Peri
“It is very rewarding to see an animal reintroduced,” Bahadian says
adding that even the best captive circumstances “can’t come close to offering howlers what should be their normal life
Reintroductions — this defiant conservation practice that integrates so many different skills — brings hope for more than individual animals
“[This is] an opportunity to unite the captivity management experience — and the possibility of giving a destination to rescued animals — with the necessity of restoring wild populations which have been reduced or extinct,” Rheingantz says
<a href="https://news.mongabay.com/2024/03/ecuador-project-empowers-cacao-farmers-to-save-spider-monkey-habitat/" data-wpel-link="internal">Ecuador project empowers cacao farmers to save spider monkey habitat</a>
The “fortress conservation” model is under pressure in East Africa
as protected areas become battlegrounds over history
and global efforts to halt biodiversity loss
Mongabay’s Special Issue goes beyond the region’s world-renowned safaris to examine how rural communities and governments are reckoning with conservation’s colonial origins
and trying to forge a path forward [&hellip;]
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The Mercosur-EU agreement as a model for open decarbonisation
Uruguay and Paraguay’s green and digital transitions with €1.8 billion via the Global Gateway
the agreement provides an open competitive decarbonisation model that tends to balance the climate
energy and industrial values and interests of the parties
‘’The agreement incorporates strict socio-environmental sustainability criteria and considers the Paris Agreement an essential element’’
the agreement with Mercosur will help ensure an ‘efficient
safe and sustainable’ flow of transition minerals by reducing or eliminating export taxes
there will be no taxes on Brazilian exports to the EU of nickel
exports to the EU should benefit from a minimum 50% tariff preference
Argentina will not apply taxes to its raw materials’ exports in exchange for additional export allowances for certain agricultural products
Uruguay and Paraguay both have an almost fully renewable electricity mix
while more than 80% of the Brazilian electricity mix is decarbonised; Argentina is further behind
with a third of its electricity generation decarbonised
The greatest bi-regional strategic energy opportunities lie in taking advantage of these comparative advantages to improve the sustainable competitiveness of decarbonised industries across the Mercosur and the EU
among other energy-intensive sectors that can replace fossil sources with renewables
All these liberalising measures will favour renewable deployment and climate change mitigation
These integration patterns are more promising than the mere export of critical raw materials or uncertain exports of green hydrogen to the EU
even if exports of green ammonia (produced from renewable hydrogen) are more realistic
it seems preferable to use these local renewable resources in the decarbonisation of Mercosur’s own fertiliser industry
Its members are agricultural powers greatly affected by the crisis of fertilisers caused by the war in Ukraine
These powers want to develop their own industry to gain strategic autonomy and food security and this should promote a more symmetrical economic and industrial integration pattern regarding value added
and thus better connected with the economic
social and human development needs of the Mercosur countries
The same argument can be applied to the decarbonisation of mining and processing
to transport (including maritime and aviation)
to the replacement of hydrogen with CO2 emissions by green hydrogen in the refining and steel sectors
the new agreement is quite balanced and comprehensive
satisfying the minimum strategic needs of the parties on almost all key issues
The EU improves its access to transition minerals and Mercosur to the European biofuel market
Mercosur achieves a rebalancing mechanism to prevent or alleviate the potential negative impacts of CBAM and EUDR
and the EU introduces the Paris Agreement as an essential element of the agreement
it favours a new pattern of bi-regional commercial and energy interdependence that incorporates socio-environmental sustainability criteria and fighting climate change
Mercosur and the EU enjoy clear complementarities to gain shared competitiveness through the integration of their decarbonised and renewable energies’ industrial chains
Were the agreement to be ratified it could provide an open and sustainable competitiveness model for future negotiations with other trading partners
The keys to Argentina’s IMF agreement: old wine in a new bottle
 By Ernesto Talvi //  Posted on 29 Apr 2025
Trump’s tariff rage and its unforeseen dimensions on the global financial markets
Tomás Sanguinetti //  Posted on 16 Apr 2025
Gonzalo Escribano heads the Energy and Climate Programme at the Elcano Royal Institute
He is also Professor of Applied Economics at the UNED
in Economics from the Madrid’s Complutense University
and he has been a visiting researcher at Florida State University and the Autonomous University of Madrid
and associate researcher at the Centro Español de Relaciones [...]
Juan Carlos Guix is the coordinator of the Neopangea Project
He is also a member of the Alliance of World Scientists and the NGO Ciclos-Associação de Integração Socioambiental
own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article
and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment
<a class="logo" href="/institutions/universitat-de-barcelona-785"></a>
<a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/universitat-de-barcelona-785">Universitat de Barcelona</a> provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation ES
<a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/universitat-de-barcelona-785">Universitat de Barcelona</a> provides funding as a member of The Conversation EUROPE
<a href="/europe/partners">View all partners</a>
We tend to think of debt as purely financial, but we can also reap what we sow in the natural world through what is known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_debt">extinction debt</a>
This concept refers to changes in the past that affect a species’ survival in the future
Ecosystems often undergo profound and dramatic changes
but their effects are not always obvious to the naked eye
These changes are increasingly caused or triggered by humans
affected species may not actually disappear for several decades or even centuries: individuals survive
but under ecological conditions that do not allow them to maintain genetically viable populations
This often occurs with plant and animal species that have long life cycles
Some redwood or yew populations may therefore survive with the bare ecological minimum for long periods of time
but this does not mean that their existence is assured in the long-term future
This delayed result is the “debt” of extinction
Such situations can occur in any ecosystem in the world, including tropical and subtropical forests. In fact, several studies have shown that <a href="https://www.qub.ac.uk/News/Allnews/featured-research/global-loss-biodiversity-significantly-more-alarming.html">biodiversity loss</a> is accelerating on different continents
with the risk of mass extinction of species
it calls to mind the thriving Amazon rainforest
the mighty rivers of its vast basin and countless miles teeming with all manner of flora and fauna
However, Brazil also hosts other landscapes which are just as unique as the Amazon. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado">Cerrado</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caatinga">Caatinga</a> and the <a href="https://www.unesco.org/mab/50anniversary/en/mata-atlantica">Mata Atlântica</a> are just a few examples
The Atlantic forests of South America – known as the Mata Atlântica in Brazil – are some of the richest and most diverse bioclimatic areas in the world
and are home to a large number of primate species
Many of these species are native to these forests and are in serious danger of extinction
for the southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) and the northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus)
two of the largest tree dwelling species of New World monkey
All the primate species of the Atlantic Forest have in common the fact that they survive in isolated forest fragments of varied dimensions
Many of the interactions that occur between animals that feed on fruits and the plants that produce them are considered “mutualistic interactions”
a type of ecological relationship that benefits individuals belonging to two or more species
nutritious pulp of the fruits that is consumed by the animals
many of their seeds are distributed in places where new plants can germinate and grow
Human impacts often affect the interactions between animals – such as tree dwelling primates – and plants
it has been found that these impacts often result in extinction debts affecting numerous tree species
Trees that produce seeds that are large or protected by a very tough shell rely heavily on such animals to disperse their seeds effectively through the forest
when large primates and other herbivorous vertebrates become locally
the plants whose seeds they disperse are also affected
A <a href="https://www.ub.edu/portal/web/crba/volum-19">recent study</a> attests to this
habitat fragmentation and disease have affected the primates of the Atlantic Forest in southeastern and southern Brazil
and how the ecological interactions in which they participate or used to participate have changed
This study warns that the progressive deterioration of the interlinking mutualistic interactions between animals and the plants on which they feed is jeopardising the very survival of these forests
This threat comes on top of climate change which will, in the short term, <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/noaa-wildfire/wildfire-climate-connection">cause forest fires to become more frequent</a>. In the middle and long term, it will <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2530064419300525">turn vast areas of forest into open savannahs</a> little suited to the needs of tree dwelling primates
Forest fragmentation – whereby forest areas are isolated from each other and surrounded by intensive sugar cane or soybean cultivation – will only exacerbate these effects
This article was originally published in <a href="/el-declive-de-los-primates-pone-en-riesgo-la-supervivencia-de-los-bosques-atlanticos-de-brasil-218369">Spanish</a>
Brazilian Forests Fall Silent as Yellow Fever Decimates Threatened Monkeys
Researchers are scrambling to understand the virulent outbreak
and backing policies to save several already beleaguered species&nbsp;
By <a class="article_authors__link--mMFB" href="/author/andre-duchiade/">André Duchiade</a> 
A dead black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) collected by researchers
Karen Strier knew something was wrong as soon as she entered the patch of Brazil&rsquo;s Atlantic Forest in the southeastern state of Minas Gerais where she has been studying primates for 35 years
Instead of the usual deafening roar of howler monkeys
some of the most common monkeys in the region
like when something is wrong,&rdquo; says the University of Wisconsin&ndash;Madison anthropologist
&ldquo;It was stunning.&rdquo; The animals had been silenced by the yellow fever virus
which had wiped out most of the local population of 500 howler monkeys
Since Strier&rsquo;s visit in 2017 yellow fever has spread amongst monkeys and humans from the Amazon
becoming the biggest outbreak of the disease in 80 years
Although epidemiologists consider efforts to vaccinate the human population a success
inoculation is not currently practical for other primates
With the mortality rate reaching 90 percent in some of the 15 species of monkeys affected (including howler monkeys)
the outbreak piles on top of the other threats such as habitat loss and poaching
It also raises concerns about long-term impacts on the ecology of the fragile Atlantic Forest
where only 12.4 percent of the original canopy remains&mdash;a deforestation process that has been ongoing since the first Portuguese explorers arrived at the beginning of the 16th century
there&rsquo;s nothing we can do to detain it
we can simply watch how it spreads,&rdquo; says biologist S&eacute;rgio Lucena Mendes
a professor at the Federal University of Esp&iacute;rito Santo and director of the National Atlantic Forest Research Institute who is working on measures to control the outbreak and save the monkeys
If you&#x27;re enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by <a href="/getsciam/">subscribing</a>
By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today
yellow fever is a virus transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes
Since the 1980s it has periodically moved from the Amazon into rural regions of southern Brazil
staying active for two to three years before subsiding
When this last happened in 2008&ndash;09 the virus left a trail of more than 2,500 dead monkeys of various species
Researchers collect and examine a dead northern brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba ssp
has been far more widespread and deadly to primates
Brazil&rsquo;s Ministry of Health reported 4,575 suspected monkey deaths from yellow fever since May 2017
that only 5 percent of all monkeys that perish from yellow fever are collected and registered (as most die out of sight in the forests) and suggests the official numbers are a major undercount
Some of the monkey species susceptible to the disease have seen far more deaths than others
although the death rates are not known for every species
Black and brown howler monkeys&mdash;known for their booming guttural calls&mdash;are by far the most afflicted
with mortality rates reaching 90 percent in infected individuals
Eleven of the 15 affected species are under some threat of extinction
including the endangered lion tamarin and critically endangered muriqui (aka woolly spider monkey)
social and ecological changes in the last decades&rdquo; that promoted a &ldquo;significant increase in mosquito and monkey densities and their contacts with humans.&rdquo;
Recent genomic tests have shown the virus has undergone mutations that could be related to its ability to infect and replicate in mosquitoes and monkeys
Warmer temperatures could also have sped replication of the virus in its mosquito hosts
along with increased summer rains in recent years
may have also led to an increase in suitable habitats for mosquito larvae
so there could be more mosquitoes around to spread the disease
humans can travel large distances over short periods of time and are often asymptomatic when infected with yellow fever
making them a key vector for shuttling the diseases between forests and urban areas
A deceased black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya)
one of the most common monkeys in southeastern Brazil
Deforestation and the accompanying loss of biodiversity may also play a role
The majority of registered yellow fever cases in monkeys were noted in small patches of remaining forest
a biodiversity specialist also from Fiocruz
The few animals left must increasingly come together in search of food and habitat
which makes it easier for mosquitoes to bite multiple individuals
In addition to decimating already threatened species
the outbreak could have ripple effects on the larger ecosystem in complex and potentially counterintuitive ways
when species have robust populations and forests feature a wide variety of species
there is a greater chance mosquitoes will bite animals that are not as susceptible to the virus
&ldquo;Biodiversity dilutes the transmission of diseases,&rdquo; Chame says
Strier plans to study how the loss of howler monkeys might affect muriquis
whose population fell by only 10 to 12 percent during the outbreak and might be faring better than other species
&ldquo;I would expect that now that the forest is less crowded in the absence of howler monkeys
muriquis will have an easier life to find food&rdquo; in the short term
&ldquo;But in the long term they might still suffer
because howler monkeys were very important seed dispersers.&rdquo; If fewer seeds are dispersed with the disappearance of howler monkeys
Primates can also act as both prey and predator for other species
so their loss can have ramifications up and down the food chain
a primatologist at the University of Brasilia and former president of the International Primatological Society
the main producer of yellow fever vaccine in the world
in collaboration with the Rio de Janeiro Primatology Center
Instead of the shots and drops given to humans
&ldquo;food containing recombinant vaccine
transgenic fruit and other technological alternatives,&rdquo; could be deployed to administer the vaccine to monkeys
Mendes advocates several public policies that can be immediately implemented to curb the spread of the disease and build back diverse primate populations to improve their resilience
More sustained and precise monitoring of animal epidemics is needed
to allow conservationists to step in before the virus hits an extremely endangered population
Maps showing when and where animals have perished would improve the understanding of how fast the epidemic is spreading
the paths it is following and when it is about to hit a forest
Where vulnerable populations are confined to small patches of forest
it could be possible to move the animals to a place not affected by an outbreak
More research is also needed into the ecology of the disease and the species of mosquitoes and other animals that harbor and spread the virus
Vaccinating the human population is perhaps the most important policy
as it is the best way to stop yellow fever&rsquo;s spread in all species
Humans travel over much greater distances than monkeys and mosquitoes
which makes them a vehicle for the disease
Working to prevent further deforestation and even reverse the fragmentation of the monkeys&rsquo; habitat should also be a priority
because it could allow forests to rebuild biodiversity
monkeys are rebounding better &ldquo;where the forests are more robust,&rdquo; he says
noting that if monkeys are &ldquo;fighting with other monkeys for food
having to migrate through vast distances to eat
they will have no chance&rdquo; when also fending off the disease
&ldquo;The greater the quality of the forest
the stronger the chance of survival.&rdquo;
This story was produced with a reporting grant from the <a href="https://earthjournalism.net/">Earth Journalism Network</a>
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Researchers are scrambling to understand the virulent outbreak, and backing policies to save several already beleaguered species&nbsp;
\\n\\n\\n</a>\\n\\nResearchers collect and examine a dead northern brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba ssp
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nA deceased black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya)
                                           Monday
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Sucden: These companies are major purchasers of sugar or ethanol supplied from Brazil
in places where modern slavery and aggravated pollution are said to be rampant
      By&nbsp;<a class="article__author-link" href="/en/signataires/julien-bouissou/">Julien Bouissou</a> and <a class="article__author-link" href="/en/signataires/kenza-soares-el-sayed/">Kenza Soares El Sayed</a>       
        In a dwelling of people employed in sugar cane plantations
during a visit of labor inspectors whose report concludes that the conditions of housing and work are equivalent to forced labor
 MINISTÈRE DU TRAVAIL ET DE LA SÉCURITÉ SOCIALE DU BRÉSIL                As they entered the makeshift dwellings in the rural municipality of Guariba
Brazilian federal police and labor inspectors were struck by a repulsive stench
from the decrepit walls to the tile floor strewn with belongings
Worn mattresses were scattered on the floor of a makeshift dormitory
The final report of the Brazilian authorities
"18 workers live in conditions of accommodation and work equivalent to forced labor." It is "forced labor" from which several European companies would have benefited indirectly
These sugar cane harvesters were indeed working – through middlemen – for Nova Era Bioenergia
a supplier of neutral alcohol to cosmetics giant Nivea
The neutral alcohol is used in the manufacturing of deodorants
claims to "ensure the wellbeing of all employees along [its] entire value chain" and has made its suppliers sign codes of conduct "binding policies (...) to uphold and promote human rights." Alerted to the investigation
Beiersdorf said it had suspended its supply from the factory pending the results of an investigation conducted by an independent firm
Nova Era Bioenergia had been Nivea's supplier to manufacture products since 2014
You have 84.26% of this article left to read
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The brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) is listed as Critically Endangered in Argentina, where a small number persist in the northeastern portion of the country.  Although habitat loss and other human impacts have contributed to the populations’ decline, a new report published in mongabay.com’s <a href="”http://www.tropicalconservationscience.org&quot;" data-wpel-link="internal">Tropical Conservation Science</a>
 indicates that yellow fever outbreaks in the region are primarily to blame
Brown howlers as a species are listed as Least Concern by the IUCN
inhabiting the Atlantic Forest ecosystem that spans much of Brazil’s southern coast
their range is extremely limited in Argentina
with only a few small populations persisting in the Misiones province at extremely low densities
In 2008 an outbreak of yellow fever swept through the region and decimated howler monkeys
which are particularly susceptible to infection
all our four study groups were killed by the outbreak in January 2008,” Ilaria Agostini
a howler researcher and editor of the report
“We could think of an initial population size of about 200 individuals for Misiones
the 2008 outbreak may have reduced this population to a number between 40 and 80 individuals.”
Yellow fever is an acute viral disease spread by mosquitoes
symptoms such as fever and headaches typically subside after five days
with vaccines widely and inexpensively available
of the 200,000 human infections reported annually
with 90 percent mortality observed during lab experiments conducted in the 1950s
While mortality rates are likely to be less in the wild
even a small reduction in numbers could spell doom for low-density populations like those that exist in the Misiones
“This small brown howler population could be reduced to extremely low numbers by a new yellow fever outbreak in the next few years,” Agostini said
“This could bring the population to a bottleneck from which it can be hard to recover
some further threatening factors can arise… [that] could drive the population into an extinction vortex and ultimately cause its extinction.”
The report used computer modeling to estimate the response of the Misiones brown howler population to disease outbreak scenarios
the researchers drew up a list of recommendations to include in conservation plans
Of top priority is implementation of a surveillance program for early detection of infection outbreaks in both monkey and human populations
Conservation of brown howler monkeys in the Misiones is important for a variety of reasons
They play an important role in Atlantic Forest ecosystems
and their loss would reduce the biodiversity of the Misiones
the species is currently in decline throughout South America
and the extinction of Argentinian populations would significantly reduce its range
the presence of howler monkeys can help protect local human communities
“[Howlers] play an important role as ‘disease sentinels,’ Agostini said
“Due their high sensitivity to yellow fever
the detection of death of several howler monkeys provides an early warning for health authorities that can prompt a rapid vaccination campaign to protect human population.” 
howler monkeys play a critical role in helping avoid the re-urbanization of the disease and are essential for protecting people living in areas where the virus is circulating
<a href="https://news.mongabay.com/2009/0422-hance_howler.html" data-wpel-link="internal">Howler monkeys poisoned because of misinformed link to yellow fever</a>
(04/22/2009) There have been numerous reports of howler monkeys poisoned in the southernmost Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul due to misinformation regarding the monkeys and the yellow fever virus
but yellow fever is carried by mosquitoes not monkeys
Julio Cesar Bicca Marques wants to set the record straight
is working to inform the public of the actual and important role of howler monkeys in yellow fever outbreaks
<a href="https://news.mongabay.com/2010/0329-hance_colombia_primates.html" data-wpel-link="internal">More research and conservation efforts needed to save Colombia&#8217;s monkeys</a>
(03/29/2010) Approximately thirty monkey species inhabit the tropical forests of Colombia with at least five found no-where else in the world
A new review appearing the open access journal Tropical Conservation Science of Colombia&#8217;s primates finds that a number of these species
The researchers looked at over 3,500 studies covering over a century of research by primatologists
<a href="https://news.mongabay.com/2010/0329-hance_goldenheaded.html" data-wpel-link="internal">Finding forest for the endangered golden-headed lion tamarin</a>
(03/29/2010) Brazil&#8217;s golden-headed lion tamarin is a small primate with a black body and a bright mane of gold and orange
the golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) survives in only a single protected reserve in the largely degraded Atlantic Forest in Brazil
Otherwise its habitat lies in unprotected patches and fragments threatened by urbanization and agricultural expansion
a natural gas pipeline is being built through prime tamarin habitat
If you believe this is an error, please contact our <a href="https://sciencex.com/help/" rel="nofollow">support team</a>.
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A view down the throat of a Tucunar&eacute; fish
caught during a 20-day expedition in December 2010 to an unexplored area in the Meridional Brazilian Amazon
The expedition also turned up several possible new species of fish
Some flowers found near the Roosevelt River
The expedition explored four protected areas of the Guariba-Roosevelt Extractive Reserve
the Tucum&atilde; State Park and the Roosevelt River and Madeirinha River
It was intended to gather information to improvement the management of these areas
S&atilde;o Louren&ccedil;o is the most important community of Guariba River
A blue and yellow macaw Ara ararauna seen during the expedition
is one of the most famous fruits of the Amazon
The region has 208 registered fish species
so far two of these appear to be new to science
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The expedition heads toward the site of their fourth settlement
A great black hawk Urubitinga urubitinga flying near to the Roosevelt River
where the researchers worked with residents to construct maps
An orchid registered during the expedition
La Ni&ntilde;a is dead &mdash; what that means for this year's hurricanes and weather
El Cono: The mysterious sacred 'pyramid' hidden deep in the Amazon rainforest
'Dramatic revision of a basic chapter in algebra': Mathematicians devise new way to solve devilishly difficult equations
an outbreak of yellow fever decimated the local howler monkey populations of the province of Misiones
The Alouatta guariba clamitans and Alouatta caraya
which had been followed and analyzed in the site
there were new records of this species in one of the scientific campaigns carried out in the ‘Piñalito Provincial Park.’
To study the possible causes that allowed some monkeys to resist the virus that causes the disease, a team of researchers from CONICET and universities in the United States analyzed the genetic profile of the survivors and detected mutations in their DNA. The results were recently published in an <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.24086">article</a> in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology
Enhancing the knowledge about resistance to viruses that migrate from animals to humans (and vice versa) is vital in these times in which the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic forced us to rethink human behaviour
Although the results of this study are preliminar and will demand extensive tests to confirm the hypothesis
they represent an important contribution to knowledge
“The Alouatta caraya is the most endangered species in Argentina and is included among those with the highest risk of extinction in the world. For this reason, this study seeks to improve our knowledge so as to preserve the few species that resist in the jungle of Misiones,” says Ilaria Agostini, CONICET researcher at the <a href="https://ibs.conicet.gov.ar/">Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS, CONICET – UNaM)</a> and one of the authors of the paper
the scientists found that the Alouatta caraya were the most affected
so they wondered if the Alouatta guariba clamitans might have a genetic difference that helps them to survive
they analyzed two genes of the immune system
which recognize and destroy invading viruses in both humans and non-human primates
Although no genetic variants were found between the surviving monkeys and those that died in the outbreak
comparing the two species of howler showed three mutations in the DNA sequence of Alouatta guariba clamitans individuals
The scientists explain that two of these mutations cause changes in a protein that is involved in detecting the virus
This could affect the immune response to yellow fever and explain why more Alouatta guariba clamitans resisted
One of the possible hypotheses is that this subspecies of monkeys would have been exposed in the past to a virus that positively selected these genetic mutations
it will be necessary to undertake studies with larger samples and in different regions
we must consider that they play a vital role in the caring for the public health of the communities
since they act as epidemiological sentinels of yellow fever
The death of the monkeys in the jungle gives us a first alarm signal
shows us that the virus is circulating and allows us to alert those responsible for health strategies to reinforce vaccination campaigns in the population
the virus will reach humans much more easily,” concludes Agostini
References: “Positively selected variants in functionally important regions of TLR7 in Alouatta guariba clamitans with yellow fever virus exposure in Northern Argentina” https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24086
Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA
Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada
Los contenidos del CONICET están licenciados bajo <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ar/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Creative Commons Reconocimiento 2.5 Argentina License</a>
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It is estimated that there are only 50 specimens of Alouatta guariba or red howler monkey
a species affected by yellow fever and habitat loss
One CONICET researcher participated in the review of the IUCN and describes its state and how to protect it
The red howler monkey (Alouatta guariba) is an endemic species of the Atlantic Forest which covers part of Brazil and Argentina
It was included between the 25 primates most threatened of the world
in a list published every two years by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the   International Primatology Society (IPS)
The recurrent outbreaks of yellow fever and habitat loss have caused this alarming population decline
It is estimated that there are only 50 individuals
This is the first time a primate that inhabits in Argentina appears in the list called Endangered Primates
which is made in order to call the attention of government agencies to take measures on the imminent extinction of those species
This categorization will be specially taken into account for the implementation of the National Plan for Primate Conservation
in which CONICET researchers are working together with other governmental and social actors
The list of the world’s 25 most threatened species was defined in the 2018 International Primatology Congress in Nairobi
in which CONICET associate researcher Luciana Oklander –a specialist who works at the  Instituto de Biología de Misiones (IBS
CONICET – UNaM) – participated in the deliberations
She was part of a group of primatologists of the regions who were in charge of substantiating why the situation of the red howler monkey was critical and can disappear if no concrete actions are taken
a factor that affects several animals globally
the red howler monkey faces another concrete threat: yellow fever
which startd at the end of 2016 affected a great part of the South East of Brazil and fortunately did not reach Argentina
caused the death of thousands of monkeys and devastated populations of Alouatta guariba  as well as Alouatta caraya”
The red howler monkey lives east of the province of Misiones and according to estimates made by the researchers
there are only 50 individuals of Alouatta guariba clamitans
such as the Provincial Parks of Moconá and Piñalito
although there are also individuals outside those areas and could be protected by enabling new corridors
the Argentine population of Alouatta guariba has reduced considerably and that forces specialists to analyze other strategies
“An alternative that we are evaluating is the possible introduction of monkeys of this species from Brazil so as to reinforce the remaining populations,” Oklander explains
The province of Misiones has large areas of pristine environment that could serve as home for the red howler monkey that are rescued in the neighboring country
electrocuted or attacked by dogs and are sent to rehabilitation centers but then
A good option would be to bring them to Argentina because if we do not protect the remaining populations and stimulate their reproduction in some way
the red howler monkey is not likely to survive another yellow fever outbreak,” Oklander explains
This can be one of the measures implemented as part of the National Plan for Primate Conservation
which is being developed in Argentina following the guidelines of the IUCN and with the participation of researchers from CONICET and organisms from national and provincial states
“The information included in the plan already considered Alouatta guariba as the most threatened species of Argentina
but now that there is an international agreement we are provided with more tools to manage protection actions,” Martín Kowalewski explains
He is a CONICET independent researcher at the Estación Biológica Corrientes and is one of the leaders of the project
It is worth mentioning that in addition to the red howler monkey
there are four non-human primate species that are in a vulnerable state: Alouatta caraya
Por um futuro em que as pessoas vivam em harmonia com a natureza
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