according to the BNamericas project database transmission and offshore wind undertakings.  It should be noted that no offshore wind projects are likely to get off the drawing board before the end of the decade even though the sector’s regulatory framework has now been approved The first auction for the transfer of use of areas for offshore wind generation is expected to be held by the end of this year and Projects whose purpose is not exclusively energy generation or transmission were disregarded which require heavy investments in electricity to be enabled.  The following are the descriptions of the undertakings The project entails modernization works to the Ilha Solteira hydro plant The works are aimed at improving the safety between the municipalities of Ilha Solteira and Selvíria in São Paulo state Project type and capacity: Hydro dam 3,440MW The project entails the construction of a hydroelectric plant as part of a binational project between Bolivia and Brazil to exploit the hydroelectric potential of the shared section of the Madeira and Mamoré rivers The initiative will be located on the binational section of the rivers between Villa Bella and Manoa (Abuna in Brazil) Project type and capacity: Hydro dam 3,000MW Lot 1: Maranhão–Tocantins–Goiás Transmission Line The project involves construction of transmission lines in the states of Maranhão which will be connected to the national power grid The undertaking forms part of the transmission program of Brazil's electricity power regulator Aneel Sections between the Graça Aranha substation and Presidente Dutra–Teresina 2 C1 line; Sections between the Graça Aranha substation and the 500kV Presidente Dutra–Teresina 2 C2 line; The Graça Aranha substation and synchronous compensation; The Silvânia substation and synchronous compensation The implementation period is estimated at 72 months Project type and capacity: 1,468km 500kV transmission lines The project entails the construction of five wind farms including 207 wind turbines of 12MW each to be located between the cities of Pedra Grande and São Bento do Norte 8km from the coast in Rio Grande do Norte state Project type and capacity: Offshore wind 2,484MW Engenheiro Souza Dias (Jupía) hydro plant modernization The project involves modernization works on the Engenheiro Souza Dias hydro plant Phases I and II consist of the modernization of six generating units while phase III entails modernizing three generating units.  The project is located on the Paraná river between the cities of Andradina and Castilho in São Paulo state and Três Lagoas in Mato Grosso do Sul state Development type: Brownfield/Expansion/Revamp Project type and capacity: Hydro dam 1,551MW The project entails the construction of an offshore wind farm comprising 100 wind turbines of 12MW distributed over 600km2 in the coastal zone of Camocim municipality Project type and capacity: Offshore wind 1,200MW Subscribe to the leading business intelligence platform in Latin America with different tools for Providers The project in Santa Catarina state involves installed capacity of up to 550MW in scalable phases The approval authorizes Odata's upcoming sites SP06 A and SP06 B located in São Paulo state's Cabreúva municipality Subscribe to Latin America’s most trusted business intelligence platform Get critical information about thousands of Electric Power projects in Latin America: what stages they're in Get critical information about thousands of Electric Power companies in Latin America: their projects Subscribe to BNamericas to find news reports information on projects and contact information relating to thousands of companies that drive business in Latin America Request a demo and access exclusive content the Professional Bull Riders' Pendleton Whisky Velocity Tour will buck into Sames Auto Arena in Laredo for Michelob ULTRA PBR Laredo on Jan some of the best bull riders in the world will duel with some of the rankest bovine competitors bred to buck in a must-see showdown that is only coming to town once in 2025 Brazil) won his first career PBR event title last year in Laredo The 36-year-old topped Lefty (Dana White/DD Bucking Bulls) for 81 points in the opening round before surging into the championship round by riding Not Yet (Obernagel/Sho-Me Rodeo) for 86 points Santos then overtook the event lead when he delivered what proved to be the event-winning ride in the championship round teaming with Cooter Brown (Cash Money Bucking Bulls) for an event-high 88 points The PBR is returning to Sames Auto Arena in early 2025 with some of the best bull riders in the world competing as part of the Pendleton Whisky Velocity Tour Michelob ULTRA PBR Laredo is the 11th event of the season the Velocity Tour hosted more than 356,000 fans The bull riding action at Sames Auto Arena begins at 8 p.m Forty bull riders will get on one bull in Round 1 Round 2 on Saturday evening will feature the top 36 riders from Round 1; the riders’ individual two-round scores will then be totaled with the top 10 advancing to the championship round for one more out and a chance at the event title Tickets for the two-day event are available on Ticketmaster on Thursday, Oct. 10, at 10 a.m. and start at $20, taxes and fees not included. Tickets can be purchased at ticketmaster.com, at pbr.com or by calling PBR customer service at 1-800-732-1727. Tickets are also available at the Sames Auto Arena Box Office. PBR VIP Elite Seats are available starting at $180 for avid fans who want an exclusive VIP experience while enjoying some of the world’s best bull riders. These tickets offer the best seats in the venue, a pre-show photo experience on the dirt, a commemorative VIP wristband and a personal on-site concierge at the PBRewards Booth on the concourse. Brazilian president Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva has signed a bill authorizing the development of offshore wind farms in the country looks to enhance Brazil’s energy security and improve investments The new law has created a regulatory framework for offshore wind energy utilisation in Brazil a system of incentives for development and job creation The bill also defined permissible locations for energy generation It also focuses on consultation with affected communities before offshore projects are allowed The president vetoed articles related to the protection of consumers from rising energy tariffs and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector Brazil currently hosts some of the world’s largest hydroelectric plants such as Itaipu According to the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources there were 103 offshore wind farm projects in Brazil awaiting licensing approval as of December 2024 IMO is bound by the membership of its Flag.. This aspiration could only be achieved whe.. While I appreciate the realism here about the scope of the p.. Don't have an account? Volume 16 - 2025 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1547821 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of single and combined inoculations of A fluorescens on lettuce and arugula grown in a hydroponic system The study was carried out in a greenhouse and was designed in randomized blocks with five replications The treatments consisted of inoculation with A An increase in the length and fresh mass of the shoot and leaf chlorophyll concentrations of arugula and lettuce was observed under co-inoculations of A fresh mass and volume of the lettuce root system were observed under the co-inoculations of A fluorescens in arugula under the inoculations of A Greater nitrate reductase activity was detected in leaves and lower nitrate accumulation was detected in lettuce and arugula under inoculations with A Ca and Mg in the lettuce shoot was obtained under inoculation with P fluorescens was the most efficient combination for increasing the growth nutrient acquisition and functioning of nitrogen metabolism in arugula lettuce plants Given these difficulties in changing the source of N supplied to plants in a hydroponic system it is necessary to adopt measures that can reduce the amount of nitrate in plant tissues without harming growth photosynthetic metabolism or the absorption of other nutrients it is important to verify the interaction of these microorganisms in isolated and combined forms via nutrient solution and to define whether a synergistic or antagonistic effect occurs between the microorganisms considering the different functions and actions of these species in plants The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of the inoculation and co-inoculation of A gas exchange and leaf nitrate reductase activity of lettuce and arugula in a hydroponic system The assessments were conducted for 31 days post-transplantation of lettuce and arugula seedlings and the eight central plants were collected and the fresh matter of both the root system and shoot of each lettuce and arugula plant was individually examined via a precision scale with an accuracy of 0.001 kg The numbers of leaves of lettuce and arugula were counted manually The collected samples were dried in an air-forced oven at 60°C for 72 hours to determine the dry matter of the roots and shoots utilizing an analytical scale with a precision of 0.001 g The lengths of both the shoots and the roots were measured in centimeters using a millimeter ruler with a precision of 1 mm The root volume was measured by a volumetric cylinder on the basis of the displacement of the volume of internal water in the cylinder In vivo nitrate reductase (NR) activity was measured according to the method of Radin (1974) It third fully unfolded leaf was collected for enzymatic and leaf chlorophyll analysis in the morning (9–10 am) to avoid light intensity interference The material was washed with deionized water One hundred milligrams of freshly sliced tissue was transferred to a test tube containing 3 ml of phosphate buffer (50 mmol L-1 + 200 mmol L-1 KNO3) at pH 7.4 To improve the penetration of the solution into the tissue these samples were vacuum infiltrated for two minutes The tubes were then shielded from light by being wrapped in aluminum foil and incubated in a 33°C water bath for 30 min The reaction was stopped by adding 1 mL of 1% sulfanilamide in 2 L-1 HCl solution followed by 1 mL of 0.05% naphthylenediamine solution The produced nitrite (NO2-) was measured spectrophotometrically (UV-5100 China) at 540 nm via a standard nitrite calibration curve The enzyme activity was directly related to the amount of NO2 and the results were expressed in μmol NO2- g-1 h-1 fresh weight (FW) The chlorophyll a (Chl a), b (Chl b), total (Chl T) and carotenoid (CAR) contents were determined using the methodology by Hiscox and Israelstam (1979), as described in Aguilar et al. (2023) After the samples were measured with a spectrophotometer (UV-5100 the contents of the photosynthetic pigments were calculated and expressed in mg g-1 FW via the following equations: The concentration of total carbohydrates was measured using standard curve of glucose solution and the results are expressed in µmol g-1 FW The assessment of gas exchange was conducted on eight plants per plot during the harvest period The evaluation focused on fully expanded leaves situated in the central part of each plant The intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci - μmol CO2 mol-1 air-1) stomatal conductance (gs - mmol of H2O m-2 s-1) net photosynthesis rate (A - μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and water use efficiency (WUE - mmol CO2 mol-1 H2O-1) were evaluated There was a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect of inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria on the root length, root volume, and root fresh and dry mass of the lettuce plants in the hydroponic system (Supplementary Table 1) Effect of inoculations with growth-promoting bacteria on root length (A) root fresh matter (C) and root dry matter (D) of hydroponic lettuce plants There was a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect of inoculations on the shoot length, number of leaves, shoot fresh mass and dry mass of the shoots of the lettuce plants in the hydroponic system (Supplementary Table 2) Effects of inoculations with growth-promoting bacteria on shoot length (A) shoot fresh matter (C) and shoot dry matter (D) of hydroponic lettuce plants There was a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect of inoculation on the accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in the shoots of the lettuce plants (Supplementary Table 3) Effects of inoculations with growth-promoting bacteria on shoot nitrogen (A) potassium (B) sulfur (E) and magnesium (F) accumulation in lettuce plants There was a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect of inoculations on the accumulation of N-NH4+ and N-NO3- in shoots and roots, leaf NR activity, leaf amino acids (TAA) and leaf carbohydrate (TC) concentrations of lettuce plants in a hydroponic system (Supplementary Table 4) Effects of inoculations with growth-promoting bacteria on ammonium (NH4+) accumulation in shoot (A) and root (B) nitrate (NO3-) accumulation in shoot (C) and root (D) leaf amino acids concentration (F) and leaf carbohydrate concentration (G) in lettuce plants There was a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect of inoculations on the chlorophyll A (Chl a), chlorophyll B (Chl b), chlorophyll total (Chl T) and carotenoids (CAR) concentrations in the leaves of the lettuce plants in the hydroponic system (Supplementary Table 5) Effects of inoculations with growth-promoting bacteria on chlorophyll A (A) chlorophyll total (T) (C) and carotenoids (D) concentration in leaves in lettuce plants There was a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect of inoculations on the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), net photosynthesis rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E) and water use efficiency (WUE) in the leaves of the lettuce plants in the hydroponic system (Supplementary Table 6) Effects of inoculations with growth-promoting bacteria on intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) (A) transpiration (E) (D) and water use efficiency (WUE) (E) in leaves of lettuce plants There was a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect of inoculations with plant growth-promoting bacteria on root length, root volume, root fresh and dry mass of arugula plants in hydroponic system (Supplementary Table 1) root fresh matter (C) and root dry matter (D) of hydroponic arugula plants There was a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect of inoculations on the shoot length, number of leaves, shoot fresh mass and dry mass of the shoots of arugula plants in the hydroponic system (Supplementary Table 2) shoot fresh matter (C) and shoot dry matter (D) of hydroponic arugula plants There was a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect of inoculations on the accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in the shoots of arugula plants (Supplementary Table 3) sulfur (E) and magnesium (F) accumulation in arugula plants There was a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect of inoculations on the accumulation of N-NH4+ and N-NO3- in shoots and roots, leaf NR activity, leaf TAA and TC concentration of arugula plants in a hydroponic system (Supplementary Table 4) leaf amino acids concentration (F) and leaf carbohydrate concentration (G) in arugula plants There was a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect of inoculations on the Chl a, Chl b, Chl T and CAR concentrations in the leaves of arugula plants in the hydroponic system (Supplementary Table 5) chlorophyll total (T) (C) and carotenoids (D) concentration in leaves in arugula plants There was a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect of inoculations on the Ci, A, gs, E and WUE in the leaves of arugula plants in the hydroponic system (Supplementary Table 6) transpiration (E) (D) and water use efficiency (WUE) (E) in leaves of arugula plants there were no reports of the inoculation of microorganisms in a hydroponic system with adequate doses or methods for their inoculation the action of these bacteria inoculated in the nutrient solution in the cultivation of lettuce and arugula hydroponically to demonstrate whether there is a positive synergistic effect of the co-inoculation of two or three bacteria in a hydroponic system On the basis of all the results obtained in this research fluorescens via nutrient mixture has a positive effect on the growth of the shoot and roots and the accumulation of nutrients in the shoot such as increased activity of the nitrate reductase enzyme which leads to a reduction in nitrate accumulation in the shoots of lettuce and hydroponic arugula The inoculation and co-inoculation of microorganisms in the hydroponic cultivation of lettuce and arugula have proven to be promising strategies for increasing productivity and nutrient use efficiency while reducing the need for synthetic inputs Despite the extensive literature on the benefits of inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria studies focusing on microorganism co-inoculation in hydroponic systems remain scarce This study contributes to advancing knowledge in this field by demonstrating that co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense + Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis + P fluorescens significantly enhanced plant growth and metabolism optimizing photosynthesis processes and nutrient absorption the results showed that co-inoculation influences nitrogen metabolism leading to a reduction in nitrate accumulation in the plants-an important factor for food nutritional quality and human health These findings highlight the importance of biotechnology in sustainable agricultural production with the potential to reduce the environmental impact of hydroponics and improve the quality of horticultural products future studies should investigate the application of these strategies in other hydroponically grown vegetables exploring different microorganism combinations and their effects on plant physiology Assessing their economic feasibility and efficiency under varying environmental conditions will also be essential for consolidating the adoption of these practices in commercial production The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Materials Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article The research was funded by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP grant number 2020/11621-0) for the first author and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) the productivity research grant (award number 314497/2023-4) for the last and corresponding author process number 314497/2023-4 and CNPq productivity research grant (award number 311308/2020–1) of the last author The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest The author(s) declare that no Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2025.1547821/full#supplementary-material Different responses to phenological stages: a role for nickel in growth and physiology of herbaceous cotton Recent advances in carbon and nitrogen metabolism in C3 plants Mass production of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma viride for the control of Phyllosticta citricarpa (teleomorph: Guignardia citricarpa) Google Scholar PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar Use of microbial inoculants during 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Available online: http://www.sigmaplot.com (Accessed March 25 Google Scholar Partial nutrient characterization of arugula (rocket - Eruca sativa L) and the effect of heat treatment on its lipoxidase activity Gas exchange and carbon assimilation of Bambara groundnut landraces co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bacillus subtilis under simulated drought stress Biostimulant potential of Azospirillum brasilense and nicotinamide for hydroponic pumpkin cultivation doi: 10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v28n4e278962 “Microbial interventions in agriculture and environment Springer; Singapore,” in Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and fungi (PGPF): Potential biological control agents of diseases and pests Google Scholar Effects of reduced chlorophyll content on photosystem functions and photosynthetic electron transport rate in rice leaves Effects of microbial inoculants on agronomic characters physicochemical properties and nutritional qualities of lettuce and celery in hydroponic cultivation Plant nitrogen availability and crosstalk with phytohormones signallings and their biotechnology breeding application in crops Bioactive compounds in lettuce: Highlighting the benefits to human health and impacts of preharvest and postharvest practices The determination of amino-acids with ninhydrin Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar The estimation of carbohydrates in plant extracts by anthrone PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar Cytokinin Production by Azospirillum brasilense Contributes to Increase in Growth and Physiological Systems of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Epigenetic regulation of nitrogen signaling and adaptation in plants PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar Appropriate NH4 +/NO3 – ratio triggers plant growth and nutrient uptake of flowering Chinese cabbage by optimizing the pH value of nutrient solution Zoz T and Teixeira Filho MCM (2025) Inoculation and co-inoculation of lettuce and arugula hydroponically influence nitrogen metabolism Received: 18 December 2024; Accepted: 31 March 2025;Published: 16 April 2025 Copyright © 2025 Oliveira, Sena Oliveira, Jalal, Fernandes, Bastos, da Silva, Sant’Ana, Aguilar, de Camargos, Zoz and Teixeira Filho. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Carlos Eduardo da Silva Oliveira, Y2FybG9zLmVkdWFyZG9AdWVtcy5icg==; Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, bWNtLnRlaXhlaXJhLWZpbGhvQHVuZXNwLmJy †ORCID: Carlos Eduardo da Silva Oliveira, orcid.org/0000-0002-3894-9559Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, orcid.org/0000-0003-2303-3465 Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo squamosissimus caught in the Chavantes reservoir (São Paulo state): originally from the North region it may be competing with and contributing to a decline in the population of native species it has become a key fishing resource in much of the country The Silver croaker (Plagioscion squamosissimus) a fish native to the Amazon (corvina or pescada-branca in Portuguese) is the most probable cause of a sharp fall in the diversity of native species in the Jaguari reservoir all of which are part of the Cantareira Water Production System and the Paraíba do Sul Basin in São Paulo state As a top predator in the food network, the invader has negatively affected local biodiversity by bringing about detrimental changes to its taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic structure, according to a study published in Biological Invasions by researchers at São Paulo State University (UNESP) They analyzed fish monitoring data collected by power utility CESP (Companhia Energética de São Paulo) which has recorded the presence of the species in the reservoir since 2001 The data analyzed is for a period ending in 2016 squamosissimus has become the most abundant fish species in the reservoir CESP does this monitoring of fauna to comply with environmental licensing rules for operation of the dam and power plant enforced by IBAMA Every four months its technicians install nets at predetermined locations in the reservoir (between Jacareí and São José dos Campos) and on the Peixe and Jaguari “We analyzed 15 years of monitoring data and found the abundance of native predators, particularly the Thin dogfish (Oligosarcus hepsetus), to have declined significantly as P. squamosissimus preyed on smaller fish and became more abundant”, said Igor Paiva Ramos last author of the article and a professor at FEIS-UNESP it is not possible to tell from the available data whether the decline of O hepsetus was due to indirect competition since both this species and the invader may prey on the same fish The former typically inhabits standing water bodies Invader species are a global problem and occur in environments of all kinds the annual damage caused by non-native animals plants and microorganisms has been estimated at BRL 15 billion (now about USD 2.9 billion) the researchers stress that other introduced species appear in the records for the Jaguari reservoir including the Peacock bass (Cichla spp.) and Oreochromis niloticus and Coptodon rendalli both of which are tilapias and originally from Africa reinforcing the conclusion that native diversity has dwindled due to P The diversity loss observed by the authors applies to all three dimensions considered when this type of impact is assessed – taxonomic Species richness losses during the period analyzed were noted alongside substitution of many rare specialist species by a few generalists and significant differences were found in species composition and abundance in the local fish community with entire evolutionary groups disappearing There are no simple solutions to the problem The species is seen as a key fishing resource for both subsistence and sport Eradicating it could cause social problems “The species has become very common throughout Brazil It replaces native species and now plays a very important social role in local economies,” Ramos said he proposed measures similar to those taken in other countries to deal with invader species One such measure would be to permit hunting of this species throughout the year without size limits or a ban during the reproductive period with the aim of eradicating it or at least reducing its abundance federal and state laws restrict fishing not just of native species but also of invasive species to some extent “This ends up perpetuating the species that are harmful to local fauna,” Orlandi Neto said Ramos pointed out that eradication of invaders does not necessarily lead to a return of the natives “We don’t know whether another invader will take the place of P The environment has been modified to such an extent that it may no longer be suitable for former inhabitants,” he said About São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) 10.1007/s10530-023-03243-9 Long-term impact of an invasive predator on the diversity of fish assemblages in a neotropical reservoir are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system Copyright © 2025 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Texas – Pending receipt of his P1 Visa and ITC FC Dallas has signed Brazilian defensive midfielder Erick terms of the agreement will not be disclosed “Erick is a very aggressive ball-winner who has gained a lot of experience the past few seasons in Portugal,” said FC Dallas technical director Fernando Clavijo “He is another strong addition to an already talented roster that has FC Dallas near the top of the table in 2013.” Erick began his career with Ituano of São Paulo’s first division in 2009 Erick transferred to Estoril of the Portuguese second division in that same year He played 49 matches and scored one goal for the club in three seasons which ended with Estoril earning promotion to the Portuguese first division in 2011-12 Despite his role as a stay-at-home midfielder Erick netted two goals for Portimonense in 25 appearances during the 2012-13 campaign Portimonense finished the season in sixth place with a record of 17-12-13 Full Name: Erick Neres da CruzHometown:  Ilha Solteira 1988Height: 5’10”Weight: 158Position: MidfielderCountry: Brazil the page you were looking for could not be found The most comprehensive sci-tech news coverage on the web China’s impressive drive into renewable energy (RE) has made it the world’s largest investor in clean energy with US$102.9bn invested in renewables (excluding large hydro) in 2015 three of the top five deals involved Chinese companies with China Three Gorges Corporation’s acquisition of the Jupia and Ilha Solteira hydro plants in Brazil indicative of the growing trend of Chinese renewable power companies expanding overseas After years of rapid growth in the domestic renewable energy sector in China the nation’s renewables firms are now facing a lull in the domestic market with proposals to cut wind and solar tariffs from 2018 Chinese firms are looking abroad for opportunities to continue growth China is the world leader in domestic investment in renewable energy and associated low-emissions-energy sectors China invested US$103bn in this sector in 2015 according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF)—two and half times the amount undertaken by the U.S According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) China will install 36% of all global hydro electricity generation capacity from 2015-2021 China will install 40% of all worldwide wind energy and 36% of all solar in this same period Given that the rapidly improving cost competitiveness of renewable energy is driving expansions of renewable energy capacity in an ever-increasing number of countries around the globe—in Europe and North America—and given that multibilliondollar renewable energy tenders are being announced weekly China is performing no small feat by being responsible for over a third of all investment across the three sectors Five of the world’s six largest solar-module manufacturing firms in 2016 are in China has announced it will retrench 25% of its global staff China National Building Materials (CNBM) is building a US$1.6bn 1.5GW thin-film solar module facility CNBM clearly seeks to challenge First Solar’s absolute dominance of this subsector Dow Chemical U.S.’s decision in 2016 to sack 2,500 staff and exit the building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) solar manufacturing sector will only assist CNBM’s move overtook Vestas in 2015 to become the largest wind-turbine manufacturer globally Counting its more domestic-focussed companies China owns five of the ten top wind-turbine manufacturing firms China’s Tianqi Lithium is the largest lithium ion manufacturer globally following its acquisition of Talison Lithium in 2012 and Galaxy’s Jiangsu processing facility in 2015 It comes as no surprise to see Tianqi spending US$2.5bn in September 2016 to acquire a 25% minority stake in SQM of Chile Lithium prices skyrocketed in 2016 as the world recognised electric vehicles (EV) are set to challenge the historic dominance of the global automotive sector by internal-combustion engines While Tesla attracts Western media attention its global lithium ion battery and EV leadership is being challenged by two Chinese firms Chinese leadership and control of the global lithium sector is developing along the lines of the rare-element mining and processing sector which is now 90% and 72% controlled respectively by Chinese enterprises after the financial collapse of Molycorp US in 2015 State Grid Corp of China (SGCC) is the world’s largest electricity utility employing over 1.9 million staff and generating annual sales of US$330bn SGCC set a target for US$50bn of foreign investments by 2020 including in three separate multi-billion dollar transactions in Brazil and Pakistan SGCC made the largest renewable energy and electricity distribution deal of 2016 in the US$13bn acquisition of a controlling stake in Brazil’s CPFL Energia SA International grid connectivity is a key priority of SGCC China Three Gorges Corp (CTGC) commissioned the world’s largest hydro-electric facility at 22.5 gigawatts (GW) in 2012—a project with almost 20 times the Hoover Dam’s 1.35GW capacity CTGC now operates 60GW of electricity capacity it dominates global investment and construction of hydro-electric dams a consortium of industrial partners including EDF China General Nuclear Corporation (CGN) and China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) committed to invest in the £16bn Hinkley Point C nuclear power station in the U.K China is now the world leader in technology control and investment in new installations of nuclear power generation While nuclear power is neither renewable nor low-cost and fast to implement this investment illustrates the breadth of China’s export investment focus across the energy system China’s alternative energy industry has been developing rapidly while applications of green-and-smart energy have become the focus of the world In a series of government development policies for “Going Global” that include “One Belt the “Silk Road Fund,” the “China-Pakistan Economic Corridor,” and the “Bangladesh-China-IndiaMyanmar (BCIM) Economic Corridor,” international renewable energy investment has become a key focus for China Investment and employment of course go together The IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2016 estimates that China holds 3.5 million of the 8.1 million renewable energy jobs globally Chinese institutional investment assets under management rose by 500% from 2005-2015 This makes China the second or third-largest institutional investment market globally and its presence in this space is expected to increase to US$10 trillion by 2020 The fact that only 2% of the current total is invested offshore is a key statistic: If China increases this ratio to 10% by 2020 it would amount to US$1 trillion of new foreign investment China has led the development of the Asia Infrastructure and Investment Bank (AIIB) and the New Development Bank When combined with the US$40bn Silk Road Fund and the foreign investment capacity of the China Import Export Bank China is clearly building the financial capacity to drive M&A and to fund follow-up capital expenditure programs required to drive electricity-sector transformations across Asia Press release: IEEFA: China’s central bank is leading the way with bold green finance policies Please view full report PDF for references and sources Climate Energy Finance (CEF) has 30 years of financial market experience covering the Australian Asian and global equity markets from both a buy and sell side perspective Perovskite is one of the most widely studied materials because of its many potential applications A particularly promising field is photovoltaics which involves devices that efficiently convert light into electricity The conversion efficiency of hybrid perovskite is now around 25.2% surpassing that of commercial silicon-based solar cells.  An example of hybrid perovskite is methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) It is called hybrid because the iodine atom’s three negative ions (I-) are balanced against the lead atom’s inorganic positive ion (Pb2+) and methylammonium’s organic positive ion (CH3NH3+) a professor at the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) Araújo is a co-principal investigator for the project we systematically investigated the effect of temperature and a direct-current electric field on the electrical dielectric and spectroscopic properties of methylammonium lead iodide We strove to exclude other interferences in order to demonstrate the signature that’s characteristic of the ferroelectric relaxor in the perovskite studied,” Araújo said Ferroelectric relaxors are materials whose structure is substantially modified in the presence of an electric field owing to the displacement of ions in the crystal lattice Positive and negative ions move in opposite directions They are highly efficient at storing and converting energy because their dielectric constants far surpass those of ordinary ferroelectrics “Our findings indicate the nature of the methylammonium lead iodide ferroelectric relaxor but they also show the existence of a freezing temperature of the dipoles responsible for the relaxor character of the material and a diffuse phase transition at high temperatures not far below the freezing point of water,” Araújo said Analysis of the results enabled the researchers to propose a novel phase diagram for the system comprising lead iodide and methylammonium in which they indicate regions that delimit the existence of three distinct phases: ferroelectric “Ferroelectrics naturally exhibit spontaneous electric polarization which can be reversed by applying an external electric field This ferroelectric order is destroyed at high temperatures and the material becomes non-polarized by transforming into a paraelectric phase,” Araújo said “Classic relaxors exhibit a paraelectric phase at high temperatures similar in many ways to the paraelectric phase of a normal ferroelectric When cooled below a certain level known as the ‘Burns temperature’ they start to present polar nanoregions with randomly distributed dipole moments Because these regions are highly dynamic and not correlated we say that the relaxor behaves ergodically The polar nanoregions interact and freeze below a certain temperature a ferroelectric state can be induced in a non-ergodic relaxor by applying a sufficiently strong electric field.” the term ergodicity refers to the idea that the average behavior of a system can be deduced from the trajectory of a typical point but in this case it has a different meaning who stressed that although it does not exhibit the behavior expected of a classical relaxor the relaxor property of methylammonium lead iodide must be intrinsic and may be eclipsed by ion conductivity and the semiconductive characteristics of the material ferroelectric relaxors have high levels of dielectric permissivity and excellent electrocaloric and electromechanical properties Hysteresis – the tendency for the system to conserve its properties – is suppressed only at sufficiently high temperatures these characteristics make them strong candidates for the production of acoustic sensors the fact that ferroelectric relaxors are still the least understood materials in condensed matter physics is a major research stimulus,” Araújo said The original and genuinely significant results of the study could potentially help to bring about a paradigm shift in the understanding of ferroelectricity and the origins of the exceptional photovoltaic properties of halide perovskites “I believe the study substantially advances our understanding of the physics of this complex and fascinating system,” he said The article “Effects of frequency, temperature, and dc bias electric field on the dielectric properties of methylammonium lead iodide from the perspective of a relaxor-like ferroelectric” is at: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359645421006157?via%3Dihub 10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117235 and dc bias electric field on the dielectric properties of methylammonium lead iodide from the perspective of a relaxor-like ferroelectric Research groups in São Paulo state and Mozambique analyzed carotenoids in over 1,000 sweet potatoes and found some with 88% more beta-carotene a precursor of vitamin A (photo: Pablo Forlan Vargas/FCAVR-UNESP) By André Julião  |  Agência FAPESP – Since 2012, agronomist Pablo Forlan Vargas has traveled much of the Ribeira Valley region in Brazil in search of the perfect sweet potato Vargas is a professor at São Paulo State University’s Ribeira Valley School of Agrarian Sciences (FCAVR-UNESP) in Registro a municipality he is exploring in the region along with others across São Paulo state For Vargas, the perfect sweet potato would be easy to grow, pest- and drought-resistant, a good shape (oval and not too elongated), with plenty of dry matter (which boiling does not dissolve) and above all high levels of beta-carotene, a red-orange pigment that is a precursor of vitamin A. Children in the Ribeira Valley were vitamin A-deficient when the project began having received three grants from FAPESP and partnered with the Mozambique unit of the International Potato Center (CIP) Vargas has just launched three cultivars (cultivated varieties) richer in beta-carotene and other carotenoids than the commercial variety available in Brazil known to have the highest levels of the pigment The three cultivars were officially launched at an event held on May 8 in the auditorium of UNESP’s Center for Tropical Roots and Starches (CERAT) in Botucatu The plants will be distributed free of charge to producers mostly smallholders who grow subsistence crops and in some cases market relatively small volumes “This is a technology we’re transferring to society The varieties are easy to grow with a high yield and require simple management although the yield may be higher if more care is taken,” Vargas said noting that large producers can also benefit from the technology He currently has another grant from FAPESP. After the first project, he again received funding from FAPESP Analysis of carotenoids was led by Maria Isabel Andrade a scientist affiliated with CIP Mozambique she has cross-bred and selected sweet potatoes to create biofortified varieties The research won her and her team the 2016 World Food Prize which recognizes and rewards individuals who advance human development by raising the quality quantity or availability of food in the world Andrade also supplied varieties to CERAT’s repository which mainly comprises plants collected in São Paulo state the 25 most biofortified varieties were selected and grown with a view to measuring traits such as shape “CIP is headquartered in Lima [Peru] and has units in other countries We realized we needed help from professionals like Professor Maria Isabel Andrade in order to achieve results fast enough to make a difference to the communities we visited,” Vargas said Compared with the carotenoid-rich Beauregard variety developed in the 1980s in the United States and available in Brazil the three champions of the Brazilian-Mozambican project have far higher levels of the pigment One of the three cultivars was found to have 112.49 micrograms of carotenoids per gram 88% more than the Beauregard (59.58 mcg/g) also significantly more than the US variety Vitamin A deficiency contributes to health problems such as blindness and premature deaths of newborns and pregnant women The researchers hope that the results of the study will bolster the supply of a cheap source of vitamin A and reduce the occurrence of these problems Every year Vargas and his team participate in the Ribeira Valley Quilombola Seed and Seedling Fair Quilombos were rural communities organized in the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries by enslaved Africans who managed to escape their owners  Their descendants are known as quilombolas foliage and seedlings for different crops as a way of maintaining the diversity of food crop species in the region In addition to sweet potatoes collected locally by the researchers they can now offer an African “cousin” to enrich the diet of people living in São Paulo Coronavirus transmission diagram based on Bethe lattice Panel a: patient zero can infect three people Panel b: patient zero can infect two people (z = 2) Panel c: quarantine/social distancing stops the disease from spreading (image: researchers’ archive) A study conducted at São Paulo State University shows that mathematical models used to describe the physical behavior of magnetic materials can also be used to describe the spread of the disease By José Tadeu Arantes  |  Agência FAPESP – Mathematical models that describe the physical behavior of magnetic materials can also be used to describe the spread of the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19 This is the conclusion of a study conducted in Brazil by researchers affiliated with São Paulo State University (UNESP) in Rio Claro and Ilha Solteira and reported in an article published in Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications a professor at UNESP’s Ilha Solteira Physics and Chemistry Department The central idea of the study was an analogy between concepts in magnetism and epidemiology in which electron interaction is compared with interaction among people to demonstrate the importance of social distancing and isolation in reducing the rate at which the virus spreads,” Souza told Agência FAPESP The magnetic behavior intrinsic to electrons is associated with spin spin can be imagined as a tiny magnet “pointing up” toward the sky or “down” to the ground so that an electron may spin up or spin down and this interaction is quantified in terms of exchange energy “We imagined that infected people were ‘spin-up’ and non-infected people were ‘spin-down’ We considered contact between an infected person and a non-infected person analogous to energy exchange in magnetism,” Souza explained Using other more complex concepts from physics such as the Bethe lattice (see figure) and percolation theory the group demonstrated the key role played by social distancing and quarantine in mitigating transmission of the virus “We considered that all those who come into contact with each other form a network and that contact between infected and non-infected people is likely to spread the virus imagine the first infected person [patient zero] is in contact with other people and fails to take proper precautions [social distancing The members of this group who are infected by the virus may transmit it to relatives forming a ‘contact network’ that corresponds to a Bethe lattice in condensed matter physics,” Souza said “If patient zero had taken all the necessary precautions they would have avoided transmitting the virus to all these people who were indirectly infected by them,” he added The article “Epidemics, the Ising-model and percolation theory: A comprehensive review focused on Covid-19” is at: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378437121002351 the material is produced by scientists at São Paulo State University from gelatin clay and a nanoemulsion of black pepper essential oil (photos: preparing the mixture (left) and the gelatin-based biofilm; credit: researcher’s archive) clay and a nanoemulsion of black pepper essential oil By José Tadeu Arantes  |  Agência FAPESP – Disposal of food packaging is a major cause of environmental pollution worldwide More than 350 million metric tons of plastic are produced every year and 85% of the garbage dumped in the oceans is plastic accounting for some 11 million metric tons per year most plastic packaging is derived from non-renewables such as petroleum reducing the use of fossil fuels to produce plastic is the target of a great deal of research around the world Many scientists are working on the development of biodegradable packaging materials that also prevent contamination by microorganisms and extend shelf life so as to reduce losses A study conducted by a research team called the Composites and Hybrid Nanocomposites Group (GCNH) at São Paulo State University (UNESP) in Ilha Solteira has produced an important contribution to this effort. It was supported by FAPESP, and an article reporting its findings is published in the journal Polymers The researchers made their bioplastic (or “green plastic” as it is also known) from type B bovine gelatin easily found in retail stores in the form of a colorless powder “Gelatin was one of the first materials used in the production of biopolymers. It’s still widely used owing to its abundance, low cost and excellent film-forming properties,” said chemist and materials scientist Márcia Regina de Moura Aouada a professor at the Ilha Solteira School of Engineering (FEIS-UNESP) and last author of the article biopolymers for packaging have characteristics that need to be improved in order to be comparable to petroleum products especially as far as mechanical properties and vapor permeability are concerned so we added cloisite Na+ nanoclay to the gelatin,” she explained Adding nanoclay made the film more homogeneous and increased its tensile strength to 70 megapascals (MPa) Conventional polyethylene packaging has less than half this tensile strength (in the range of 20 MPa-30 MPa) we also added a nanoemulsion made from black pepper essential oil to give the packaging a more attractive flavor and odor The mixture also extends the shelf life of food products packaged with the material thanks to the inclusion of anti-microbial and anti-oxidant components in the polymeric matrix,” she said It is worth noting that the bioplastic in question was originally designed to package beef in the form of hamburgers which are vulnerable to microbial contamination and have a strong smell but the principle of adding nanoclay and essential oil nanoemulsion to a gelatin matrix can and will be extended to other foods varying the type and proportion of essential oil used “If this kind of packaging becomes widespread in the marketplace it could significantly reduce the use of plastic made from non-biodegradable polymers and hence the amount of solid waste,” Moura Aouada said the bioplastic will better protect packaged food against contamination by pathogens and help reduce losses.” The research lines followed at GCNH-UNESP focus on the circular economy, which converts waste into resources. The group’s leaders, Fauze Aouada and Márcia Moura Aouada are professors affiliated with UNESP’s Program of Graduate Studies in Materials Science (PPGCM) “Our proposals are aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals [SDGs] adopted by the United Nations to end poverty foster the planet’s economic sustainability and ensure that the entire world population can enjoy peace and prosperity,” Moura Aouada said The group also produces wound dressings from bacterial cellulose and edible packaging containing nanostructures derived from kale purée camu camu (Myrciaria dubia) extract and nanoemulsions The research is supported by FAPESP via a Research Regular Grant and also via the Center for Development of Functional Materials (CDMF), a Research, Innovation and Dissemination Center (RIDC) hosted by the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) The work is multidisciplinary and entails networking by several researchers per topic The article mentioned earlier also has the following co-authors: Fauze Aouada and Pamela Melo (Ph.D.) from UNESP; and Miguel Cerqueira from International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory The article “Performance of gelatin films reinforced with cloisite Na+ and black pepper essential oil loaded nanoemulsion” is at: www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/24/4298 videogame and sound in an electronic puzzle from Unespunesp An electronic version of Rubik’s cube and which allows the user to auto-scramble and auto-solve the puzzle was developed by researchers at Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) The colors of the pieces are from light emitted by LEDs (light-emitting diodes) instead of stickers or paint These LEDs are part of an electronic circuit and can take on any color the software generates visual and auditory signals the former appearing on a display,” says Pedro Ferreira Mamede who developed the innovation during his undergraduate studies in electrical engineering supervised by Professor Alexandre César Rodrigues da Silva such as the number of movements to solve the puzzle the number of attempts and the time spent can be displayed and form a sort of database with the history of the puzzle “The idea was to transform the toy into a kind of video game.” There are two special functions: the learning feature in which the software interacts with the user to teach basic and advanced methods to solve the puzzle allows movement similar to that of a normal Rubik’s cube “The electronic Rubik’s cubes on the market are solid and simulate movement via buttons or touch,” says Mamede © Revista Pesquisa FAPESP - All rights reserved we must remember that energy autonomy is fundamental to the sovereignty of a nation Brazil has been a reference in clean and renewable energy for over 50 years and is a pioneer in the use of biofuels 84% of our electrical grid is powered by renewable energy and in addition to having some of the largest hydroelectric plants in the world (Itaipu etc.) we are also becoming a global example in solar and wind energy solar energy reached 16.4 (GW) of installed capacity and became the third largest source in the Brazilian electricity matrix consolidating Brazilian electricity as clean and renewable With the New Legal Framework for Solar Energy those who begin photovoltaic generation in 2022 will not pay taxes until 2045 is also financing national manufacturers of solar energy equipment Wind power accounted for 10.7% of domestic electricity supply last year 777 plants have been installed with a capacity of 21 gigawatts with another 4.9 gigawatts are under construction Brazil registered a historical record in free-market power plant expansion 75% of the plants implemented were wind and photovoltaic The Brazilian government created a working group whose mission is to define the rules and regulations for companies interested in installing offshore wind farms in Brazil The 1st authorization should take place at year’s end according to the Ministry of the Environment Studies indicate that Brazil has enormous potential as a producer of offshore wind energy due to the country's immense coastline of more than 7,400 km constant winds and relatively shallow waters The Ministry of the Environment points out that - considering only the most viable areas - Brazil has a capacity of about 700 gigawatts (GW) four times the country's total production and almost 20 times the offshore wind energy currently produced worldwide O endereço abaixo não existe na globo.com