Created to promote interdisciplinary research geared towards public policy in Africa the IPORA network took a new step forward with its general assembly in Bordeaux from April 1st to April 4th 2025 decision-makers and NGOs attending the event discussed the major challenges and scientific collaborations between Africa and Europe university researchers and IPORA representatives Founded in 2023 by the signing of a consortium agreement IPORA is based on the collaboration of four founding universities: Bordeaux as well as Sciences Po Bordeaux and the other co-supervisors of the research teams involved: the French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) Its ambition: to structure a sustainable and inclusive network to meet the contemporary challenges of Africa by combining interdisciplinary research and co-construction with local actors Initially, IPORA was one of the seven Major Research Programmes (GPR - Grands programmes de recherche) of the University of Bordeaux certified in 2021 it has received state funding for a period of eight years within the framework of the Investments for the Future Programme (PIA) managed by the university as part of the France 2030 plan including 3.8 million euros for the first four years "From the outset, this GPR has played a driving role in the emergence of this inter-university, multi-institutional and multi-country network, designed to last beyond its funding," explains Xavier Anglaret, Inserm researcher at the Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre (BPH - Inserm and University of Bordeaux unit) and co-leader of the GPR at the University of Bordeaux "The university is currently its main funder The network is governed by a general assembly which includes a representative from each of the research teams involved and from the founding academic institutions this GPR stands out from the others." It was even a founding element, for Tanguy Bernard, professor of economics at the Bordeaux School of Economics (BSE - a CNRS INRAE and University of Bordeaux unit) and co-leader of IPORA who emphasises that this shared governance is not just a theoretical principle The University of Bordeaux agreed to finance a network of which it is not the centre with funds allocated directly to the partner universities This choice was essential to establish a truly horizontal relationship without Bordeaux centralising financial decisions." "The idea for this network stemmed from the observation that many researchers from different disciplines at the University of Bordeaux were working in partnership with Africa the African partner universities noted that the disciplines were too compartmentalised and that an interdisciplinary approach should be encouraged issues related to public policy are interconnected and require a cross-disciplinary approach." Structured around the pre-existing networks of the researchers involved IPORA makes it possible to strengthen cooperation between the founding universities and to gradually expand its scope to other institutions and partners some thirty research projects are structured in IPORA around five thematic axes always with the aim of working in the long term These axes illustrate IPORA's philosophy of intersectoral governance because it illustrates the need for a cross-cutting and intersectoral vision researchers and institutional actors often worked on specific segments in collaboration with a given ministry – whether it be health it is by adopting a global approach that we can truly understand the challenges of the food system as a whole We are working together to create a more comprehensive story!" the pollution axis has undergone significant development particularly caused by combustion ovens inside homes in Africa this research axis has expanded to include urban pollution the work carried out by atmospheric physicists in Abidjan focused on environmental aspects particularly around the impacts of domestic pollution on children's health the pollution axis will be broadened to include outdoor pollution thus integrating a broader vision of urban environmental and health issues This approach reflects the philosophy of IPORA emphasises Xavier Anglaret: combining interdisciplinarity beyond understanding the phenomena thanks to expertise and scientific data IPORA also implements interventional approaches "It's the practical side of research!" This involves experimenting with concrete solutions such as steering public policies aimed at subsidising less polluting domestic equipment These interventions are then evaluated using rigorous methods The epistemic communities axis focuses on how science is constructed and how researchers communicate across disciplines with the need for a common language This axis is based on the observation of IPORA's interdisciplinary network including a thesis dedicated to this question It also explores topics such as the governance of public policies climate migration and the evolution of norms related to decoloniality This is a central issue in scientific cooperation between African and European countries It concerns not only the economic or political legacy of colonialism but also the way in which science itself has been shaped A movement of reflection that has been active for some twenty years a round table on the first day brought together partners from the founding countries to share their experiences of cooperation in a context of asymmetrical resources To avoid any criticism of its interventionist approach IPORA has opted for shared governance involving researchers from the four founding countries The aim is to guarantee balanced partnership practices that respect historical and cultural contexts With the diversity of the origins of the institutions involved IPORA is also positioning itself as a "real-time laboratory" for observing and experimenting with scientific and collaborative approaches IPORA's pilot funding plays a key role in enabling the exploration of different issues and the production of essential data for the submission of more ambitious projects to international sponsors such as the European Union or the Gates Foundation already obtained more than 10 million euros of external funds It is also part of an international dynamic notably the African Union-European Union roadmap which encourages these academic partnerships IPORA is not limited to research: training plays a central role in the sustainability of the network and the strengthening of academic collaborations between Africa and Europe "We cannot conduct long-term research without training the next generations The challenge is twofold: it is a question of both training these successive generations who will be our future partners and of maintaining a long-term network of researchers sharing the same vision of research and international partnerships." An ambitious programme is being put in place with an increasing number of Master degree interns and specific support for doctoral students through grants and co-funding In-depth reflection is being carried out on postgraduate training: how can a truly interdisciplinary education be built and what degree could validate it Concrete initiatives have already been launched such as summer schools and an interdisciplinary certificate shared by three Master degrees at the University of Bordeaux in economics which brings students together for around 100 hours of interdisciplinary projects is gradually evolving towards an international Master degree in partnership with the African universities of IPORA The long-term ambition is to create interdisciplinary and international degrees After having made stops in Rabat and Abidjan the general assembly of IPORA therefore took place this year in Bordeaux the event was a key moment in the revitalisation of the network "It's a real general assembly in the associative sense perspectives and a very strong internal dynamic," explains Xavier Anglaret The aim was also to open IPORA up to a wider audience where the initiative is still little known The SAEAP conference was an opportunity for African and European researchers to meet and exchange ideas as well as with students and institutional actors It was an opportunity for IPORA to forge links with other academic networks particularly the European University Alliance ENLIGHT Tanguy Bernard emphasises the importance of timing "IPORA is now a solid tool that is proving its worth we have reached a sufficiently robust and established stage to start thinking about its expansion and inviting others to take it on." The presence of research funders such as the Region or the European Commission is testament to the crucial issues of funding in Africa *“Strengthening Africa-Europe Academic Partnership” (SAEAP) The programme included themed sessions on food security as well as discussions on the governance of academic partnerships The event was attended by university presidents and members of international organisations such as the French Development Agency the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the ALIMA association (a medical humanitarian NGO) Around 300 people participated in this event (in person and via video link) IPORA network website The dates displayed for an article provide information on when various publication milestones were reached at the journal that has published the article activities on preceding journals at which the article was previously under consideration are not shown (for instance submission All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. By Sirio López Velasco Rebelión URL: https://rebelion.org/ecomunitarismo-desigualdad-y-diferencias/ Today Uruguay has approximately 3.5 million inhabitants The Rural Association of Uruguay (ARU) has represented the country’s plantation owners since 1871 96% of Uruguayan lands are in private hands 3 million of the country’s 16 million hectares belonged to only 260 producers at least half of the Uruguayan territory is today owned by foreigners (especially multinationals; just one dedicated to forestry for the production of cellulose pulp controls more than 250,000 hectares | 617,764 acres) it must be remembered that not long ago the ARU opposed enactment of the Law guaranteeing the eight-hour workday for rural workers In his closing speech at the annual Rural Exhibition in mid-September 2020 while acknowledging that according to official data 8% of Uruguayans are in poverty “Although we can all agree that extreme inequality is not desirable the reality is that income inequality will always exist because of human nature itself Differences exist and will always exist between people and therefore between incomes he congratulated the current right-wing government for not having increased taxes (on the large landowners Then he spoke out against direct monetary aid without demand [request] for compensation to the most needy in the midst of the COVID19 pandemic that would be populism and break the logic of payment based on effort and merit He then added that entrepreneurs are the ones who create the jobs that improve income and raise the standard of living for the general population This personage (forgetting to say that 85% of taxes in Uruguay are collected from wages and only 15% from capital) seems inspired by the Theory of Justice by John Rawls who—sublimating capitalist reality proclaimed that the differences that supposedly redound to general benefit are moral ones he was thus legitimizing the latest assertions of Capurro by canonizing as useful to all the dominance of the capitalists over the means of production and their lion’s share in national wealth and income and speaking from an ecommunitarian point of view we stand up (following and expanding on Marx) for the principle of distribution that guides society (extended to Humanity) “from each according to their capacity and to each according to their need respecting ecological balances and interculturality” we recognize the difference between people in particular in relation to their productive capacities-abilities and in relation to their needs to develop fully as individuals we consider that the community must control-manage the means of production and distribute the productive duties and the fruits of production according to this means that a single person with a physical or mental problem will likely have more needs to be satisfied in order to achieve full development (for example in medical care and devices to overcome their ailments) will likely have less productive capacity and thus contribute LESS to the common social fund generated by the community without employers that person will receive MORE of the common fund than another single person who does not suffer from those problems the current meritocratic-hierarchical scale of the professions exercised temporarily by each is not of interest (Ecommunitarianism proclaims the rotating exercise of productive activities for which each one is inclined by his vocation and prepared by his training in a system of universal and free education open to all up to its highest levels) if a single person practices the profession of doctor for a given year and second person with two children works in the same period as a street cleaner then this second person will have to receive more from the common fund than the first we believe that people are and will be different from each other (here we have considered only the productive aspect but it is obvious that these differences widen when we consider tastes we defend a principle of unequal distribution that gives more to those who need the most (within the limits of respect for ecological balance and interculturality) the means of production will have to be returned to the national community (such as the Uruguayan lands now monopolized by the small multimillionaire oligarchy represented by the ARU) such that its fruits might be at the service for the full development of each person Related articles by Sirio López Velasco republished in Resilience.org: A Communitarian Vision: Interview with Philosopher Sirio López Velasco Cuba | What would Che Guevara Say to Covid-19? By Sirio López Velasco E-communitarian Democracy: What is it? By Sirio López Velasco E-communitarian Democracy: What is it? Part 2 | By Sirio López Velasco Teaser photo credit: Iporá lake in Tacuarembó Tano4595 assumed (based on copyright claims) – No machine-readable source provided Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=436827 while living as a political exile in Belgium he obtained his doctorate in Philosophy at the Université Catholique de Louvain (Belgium) where he also received a “Licensed” diploma in Linguistics and was co-founder and coordinator (1983-1985) of the Latin American Philosophy Seminar (the first PhD seminar created by students at that University founded in 1425) he conducted postdoctoral research in Philosophy at the Institute of Philosophy of the Higher Council for Scientific Research (CSIC he was elected Vice-President of the International Association of Young Philosophers (IAYP) at the XVIII World Congress of Philosophy (Brighton England); he held that post until the next World Congress (1993) he was retained by the University of Mainz (Germany) as a researcher for development of the Diatopic and Diastratic Linguistic Atlas of Uruguay (coordinated by Harald Thun and Adolfo Elizaincín) López Velasco was a professor at the PUCRS and UNISINOS Universities (in Porto Alegre he was Professor of Philosophy at the Federal University of Río Grande (FURG Brazil); where from 1994 to 2016  he helped develop first the Master then the Doctoral Degree programs in Environmental Education (the first and only program to date recognized by Brazil’s Ministry of Education) He was a member of the International Scientific Committee for the 1st and 3rd World Congress on Environmental Education (held He was also a member of the official Brazilian delegation in education to the “Rio+20” (UN Conference on Sustainable Development) He is a member of two Working Groups of the Associação Nacional de Pesquisa e Post-Graduação em Filosofia (ANPOF) | National Association of Research and Graduate Studies in Philosophy He was Secretary in Rio Grande of the Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência (SBPC) | Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science and gave lectures at international conferences held in Latin America and Europe By Helena Norberg-Hodge, Henry Coleman, Local Futures we need to condemn globalization loud and clear And we need a cohesive strategy that moves us sensibly and sanely in the opposite direction By Tom Murphy, Do the Math Asked if he could fathom trading modern life for a pre-agricultural lifestyle Leavers exposed to modernity have consistently tried to return to their Leaver lifestyles—often rendered impossible by the destructive acts of Takers By Shodo Spring Resilience is a program of Post Carbon Institute a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping the world transition away from fossil fuels and build sustainable Reposting Policy | Privacy Policy Volume 8 - 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01642 Bacterial wilt (BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is responsible for substantial losses in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops worldwide Resistance genes have been identified in wild species; however introduction of these through classical breeding has achieved only partial resistance which has been linked to poor agronomic performance The Arabidopsis thaliana (At) pattern recognition receptor elongation factor-Tu (EF-Tu) receptor (EFR) recognizes the bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern EF-Tu (and its derived peptide elf18) to confer anti-bacterial immunity Previous work has shown that transfer of AtEFR into tomato confers increased resistance to R we evaluated whether the transgenic expression of AtEFR would similarly increase BW resistance in a commercial potato line (INIA Iporá) as well as in a breeding potato line (09509.6) in which quantitative resistance has been introgressed from the wild potato relative Solanum commersonii solanacearum was evaluated by damaged root inoculation under controlled conditions Both INIA Iporá and 09509.6 potato lines expressing AtEFR showed greater resistance to R with no detectable bacteria in tubers evaluated by multiplex-PCR and plate counting AtEFR expression and the introgression of quantitative resistance from S commersonii had a significant additive effect in 09509.6-AtEFR lines These results show that the combination of heterologous expression of AtEFR with quantitative resistance introgressed from wild relatives is a promising strategy to develop BW resistance in potato we evaluated the effect of AtEFR gene expression in a commercial potato line (INIA Iporá) and in an interspecific breeding line (09509.6) into which quantitative resistance to BW from the wild relative S solanacearum in both potato genotypes expressing AtEFR greater survival rates and reduced disease symptoms were observed in 09509.6-AtEFR compared with INIA Iporá-EFR lines For both genetic backgrounds the expression of the AtEFR gene controlled bacterial cell population thus preventing the conversion to the pathogenic phenotype These results show that the combined heterologous expression of AtEFR with quantitative resistance introgressed from wild relatives is a promising strategy to develop BW resistance and contribute to an integrated disease control in potato Ralstonia solanacearum strain UY031 (race 3, biovar 2A/phylotype IIB, sequevar 1) (Siri et al., 2011) was grown at 28°C in Kelman medium supplemented with 2,3,5-trifenil tetrazolium chloride (TTC) bacteria were grown overnight in nutrient broth at 28°C with shaking at 200 × g and spectrophotometrically adjusted to 107 cfu⋅mL-1 in vitro single-node pieces growing on Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar medium were supplemented with sucrose at 30 g⋅L-1 and maintained at 22°C with a cycle of 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness plantlets were transferred into pots containing TREF soil mix (Tref Substrates BV Netherlands) and grown for 1 week in a greenhouse at 22–25°C within plastic boxes with more than 90% RH they were grown for an additional week in a growth chamber at 27°C and 65% RH with a photoperiod of 12 h For long-term (up to 9 months) in vitro maintenance of the INIA Iporá-EFR and clone 09509.6-EFR plants were kept at 22°C with a cycle of 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness in a preservation medium (20 mL of MS without vitamins Potato internode segments were used as the target tissue for transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens using the 35S::EFR-HA construct cloned into pBIN19 internode sections were harvested from 6-weeks-old axenically grown plants and propagated in MS medium These internode sections were inoculated with an A tumefaciens suspension (strain AGL1 harboring the appropriate binary vector) made by diluting 100 μL of an overnight bacterial culture in to 20 mL of MS broth Inoculated explants were then blotted dry and placed on to MS medium containing 2.0 mg⋅L-1 zeatin riboside 0.2 mg⋅L-1 naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) 0.02 mg⋅L-1 gibberellic acid (GA3) in a growth room (24°C constant the internode sections were transferred to the same medium for co-cultivation with 320 mg⋅L-1 ticarcillin disodium/potassium clavulanate and 100 mg⋅L-1 kanamycin and placed in to the light Explants were transferred to fresh media every fortnight until resistant callus formed at the cut ends of the internode sections (about 6 weeks) Explants were then transferred to the same medium with a concentration of NAA 10 times lower they were excised and placed in to rooting medium (MS medium 0.2% Gelrite with 320 mg⋅L-1 ticarcillin disodium/potassium clavulanate Transformed plants quickly developed roots in the presence of kanamycin and were selected for further screening Phenotypic characterization of potato plants was done according to UPOV Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity, and stability of potato varieties (International Union For The Protection Of New Varieties Of Plants [UPOV], 2004) on 90-day potato plants grown in greenhouse conditions to tuberization (20 ± 2°C and 10 h light) and 100 ng DNA to a final volume of 25 uL on an ABI 7500 Applied Biosystem Real-Time System (United States) Reaction efficiency was calculated for each standard curve according to E = 10ˆ(-1/pend)-1 AtEFR gene copy number was calculated as the ratio between the cp of AtEFR and UGPase genes Disks (4 mm diameter) from up to 4-week-old leaves from INIA Iporá AtEFR or clone 09509.6 AtEFR plants were sampled and placed in 96-well white microwell plates (Thermo Scientific) containing 200 μL of distilled water for 16 h at room temperature water was replaced with 17 μg⋅mL-1 (w/v) luminol (Sigma) 10 μg⋅mL-1 horseradish peroxidase (Sigma) and 100 nM elf18 peptide (GenScript) solution Luminescence was immediately measured over 60 min using a Varioskan Flash Multiplate Reader (Thermo Scientific) A solution without elf18 peptide was used as a negative control Experiment sample size was n = 16 and repeated twice with similar results In tuberization assays aiming to evaluate the transmission of R 11 plants per event were inoculated as previously described on 1 L pots Plants were kept at 28 ± 2°C with a cycle of 14 h of light for 14 days conditions were changed to 20 ± 2°C and 10 h light during 90 days Tubers from resistant plants were harvested and analyzed for R these tubers were used as seeds grown at the same conditions as before BW development was evaluated on the tubers harvested from resistant lines In tuber assays four plants of each genotype were analyzed three tubers from each resistant plant were pooled and evaluated The effect of the expression of AtEFR in potato on BW resistance was evaluated in two different genetic backgrounds: a commercial susceptible variety INIA Iporá and a breeding clone 09509.6 that has partial BW resistance In clone 09509.6 genes from the wild potato species S commersonii have been introgressed using the bridge species S phureja and stabilized genetically through backcrossing Primary transformed potato plants were selected in tissue culture by their ability to regenerate in the presence of kanamycin (see “Materials and Methods”) Since potato plants are propagated clonally no homozygous selection was performed with the events In total 38 primary independent transgenic potato lines were generated in INIA Ipora and 12 primary independent transgenic lines were generated in 09509.6 We selected the transgenic plants INIA Iporá AtEFR 3 and 41 for further analysis and resistance assays Transformed AtEFR plants were phenotypically similar to wild-type plants. No difference was observed in stem pigmentation, size, openness, leaflets, pigmentation, and shape of leaves; coalescence, waviness of margin, depth of veins, and glossiness of leaflets in AtEFR plants compared to wild-type plants grown in controlled-environment chambers (Figure 1) AtEFR potato plants are phenotypically similar to non-transformed plants Representative 90-day-old plants grown from tubers in greenhouse No differences were observed in controlled conditions between wild-type and transformed plants at phenotypic level Transformed potato plants were genotyped by PCR for AtEFR presence (Figure 2A), while gene copy number was determined by qPCR (Table 2) 12 and clone 09509.6 AtEFR 27 had a single copy whereas INIA Iporá AtEFR 27 had two copies while clone 09509.6 AtEFR 37 and 41 had three gene copies These results are related to the transformation method used neither insertion site nor transgene copy number is controlled AtEFR expression in potato confers elf18 responsiveness (A) AtEFR gene detection by PCR of transgenic potato lines (B) Protein expression of AtEFR detection by Western blot Upper panel anti-HA blot; lower panel CBB membrane staining as loading control (C) ROS production triggered by 100 nM elf18 in INIA Iporá and clone 09509.6 leaf discs measured as RLU over a period of 60 min Results are average ± standard error (n = 16) Experiments were performed twice with similar results AtEFR gene copy number of potato lines determined by qPCR whereas wild-type INIA Iporá and clone 09509.9 plants were insensitive to elf18 transgenic AtEFR plants produced ROS in response to elf18 the response in Iporá events was two times greater than in clone 09509.6 AtEFR These results show that the two transformed genetic backgrounds are able to recognize elf18; thus INIA Iporá AtEFR and clone 09509.6 AtEFR expressed a functional AtEFR receptor There was no evidence that copy number of AtEFR gene correlated with disease response since genotypes with one or three copies responded equally clone 09509.6 wild type showed greater resistance to R solanacearum when compared with INIA Iporá wild type clone 09509.6 AtEFR events had significantly lower AUDPC values when compared with wild type (p < 0.0001) no correlation between copy number and response was observed When mean AUDPC scores were compared between both genotypes breeding clone genotypes had statistically lower disease ratings clone 09509.6 AtEFR 37 was the most resistant event evaluated This analysis showed that AtEFR expression contributed to resistance to R solanacearum in both potato lines in spite of the different genetic backgrounds in 09509.6 AtEFR lines the response observed was enhanced probably due to the combined effect with introgressed quantitative genes from S Transgenic expression of AtEFR in potato confers BW resistance (A) BW progress curves on INIA Iporá (left) and clone 09509.6 (right) after soil inoculation with R The mean of two experiments are represented in each point (B) AUDPC values for the average wilting score ± SD as means of two independent experiments Data were pooled across trials of repeated experiments because no significant effects involving trials were found in the analyses of variance Transformed AtEFR potato plants of both genotypes responded statistically different when compared to wild-type controls Tukey’s HSD test as means with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05) Occurrence of latent infections is reduced in AtEFR potato lines Bars indicate percentage of plant survival after inoculation (28 d.p.i.) The proportion of positive replicates by PCR to R while negative for bacterial presence is denoted in light gray Data samples correspond to averages of two independent experiments (n = 4) Bars indicate percentage of plant survival (90 d.p.i.) while the proportions of positive replicates by PCR to R solanacearum are denoted in dark gray and negative tubers in light gray clone 09509.6 AtEFR had an average of 102 cfu⋅mL-1 in stem tissues these results show that the response to AtEFR potato plants toward BW is enduring up to tuberization where transformed plants were more resistant to R Even though latent infection was detected in stems and tubers AtEFR plants had lower percentage of positive plants and bacterial loads determined were equal or less than 103 cfu⋅mL-1 we wanted to test if tubers infected with R solanacearum from the previous assay would produce BW symptoms or disseminate the disease throw tubers from the next harvest tubers tested in tuberization assay were used as seeds none of the plants showed BW symptoms (data not shown) in the tubers harvested and assayed by multiplex PCR and plate counting no bacteria was detected by PCR indicating a concentration less than 10 cfu⋅mL-1 In this assay no differences were observed between wild-type and transformed plants This approach to creating resistant varieties may also reduce the spread of the pathogen through infected/infested seed tubers We chose two contrasting genotypes (susceptible versus partially resistant to BW) for genetic transformation in order to compare the effect of AtEFR expression transformed plants were phenotypically similar to wild types indicating that the transformation process and the insertion site had no deleterious effects characterization of plant performance under field conditions will be necessary to determine other agronomic important characteristics such as plant cycle and tuber production In the case of the commercial variety INIA Iporá field trials will be needed to determine if agronomic characteristics other than AtEFR-mediated effect are maintained Next, transgenic potato plants expressing AtEFR were tested to evaluate whether EF-Tu responsiveness was associated with increased disease resistance to BW. It was previously shown that the expression of AtEFR in tomato confers increased resistance to R. solanacearum (Lacombe et al., 2010) solanacearum UY031 strain was used for the inoculation assays disease development was lower in partial resistant clone 09309.6 as compared to susceptible INIA Iporá plants Interestingly transformed AtEFR genotypes had enhanced resistance to BW compared to wild-type plants with INIA Iporá AtEFR and clone 09509.6 AtEFR lines showing an average reduction of 68% and 77% These differences could be related to insertion effects and/or copy number that could lead to gene expression differences clearly showed that AtEFR expression conferred resistance to BW in both genotypes the genotype background is apparently important since differences were observed between them Clone 09509.6 AtEFR plants were the most resistant demonstrating that the effect of AtEFR expression can be enhanced when coupled with quantitative resistance traits introgressed by classical breeding It is important to note that all assays were performed under conditions favorable for bacterial multiplication using high inoculum loads and more severe conditions than natural field infections these results are promising for the development of cultivars with enhanced resistance to BW In this work, we performed the evaluation of resistant AtEFR potato plants for latent R. solanacearum infection. Assays revealed the presence of latent bacteria either in stem or tuber samples at low concentrations (102–103 cfu⋅mL-1). Yao and Allen (2006) established that virulence factors of the bacterium normally are produced when cell density surpasses 109 cfu⋅g-1 of host tissue, while Minh Tran et al. (2016) noted that This is consistent with the absence of external symptoms in foliage and stems in our experiments When tubers carrying bacteria (102–103 cfu⋅mL-1) were used as seeds potato plants did not show wilting symptoms no bacteria could be found in either wild-type or transformed plants tubers Since no differences were observed between genotypes the absence in symptoms could be related to low bacterial initial titers which did not lead to wilting symptoms nor infection of tubers controlled inoculated soil and tubers at different concentrations will be evaluated in future experiments to determine the threshold of initial bacterial load necessary to develop BW in both genotypes This result could also be related to the growing conditions; thus challenging plants in a more severe bacterial prone environment will also be performed field assays under biosafety restrictions are planned in order to evaluate agronomic traits of both genotypes It would be interesting to assess the response of this genotypes in endemic R AtEFR plants showed resistance to BW in both genotypes breeding clone 09509.6 AtEFR lines showed an enhanced response indicating that conventionally derived genotypes with partial resistance can be combined with genetic engineering strategies While gene-for-gene resistance can be broken down by rapidly evolving pathogens it should be less likely for pathogens to evolve to evade recognition by PRRs given the conserved and essential nature of PAMPs the combination of a PAMP receptor with quantitative traits presumably having different mechanism of pathogen suppression may prove more durable resistance than using either approach alone The employed strategies may constitute important elements toward an integrated control of BW in potato and MS conceived and designed the experiments and MD-R discussed the findings and interpreted the results All authors have read and approved the final manuscript This work was funded by the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA) Project BT_13 FB received a Master studies fellowship POS_NAC_2013_1_11871 from National Agency of Research and Investigation (ANII) The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest The reviewer ADSP and handling Editor declared their shared affiliation The first author thanks postgraduate fellowship from ANII (Uruguay) The authors wish to thank Mariana Menoni for providing technical assistance in copy number determination assays and Natalia Curbelo for technical assistance in the greenhouse (CRS) They would also like to thank Diana Horvath and Paul Vincelli for critical reading of the manuscript The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2017.01642/full#supplementary-material Google Scholar A renaissance of elicitors: perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns and danger signals by pattern-recognition receptors doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105346 Identification of QTLs for Ralstonia solanacearum race 3-phylotype II resistance in tomato Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum of sexual hybrids between Solanum commersonii and S Endosperm balance number manipulation for direct in vivo germplasm introgression to potato from a sexually isolated relative (Solanum commersonii Dun.) 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All rights reserved.Terms of usePrivacy PolicyConditionsCookie PolicyBack to top In a world that is increasingly looking to rare earths and uranium to fuel the future Appia Rare Earths & Uranium Corporation is currently developing three cornerstone rare earth projects in mining-friendly jurisdictions It recently added a large and underexplored ionic clay rare earths deposit in Brazil to a portfolio that already includes the Alces Lake Project in Saskatchewan’s Athabasca Basin – one of the highest-grade rare earth prospects in the world Other properties in Appia’s portfolio include its Elliot Lake Property in Ontario’s historic mining camp with a large NI 43-101 uranium and rare earths resource Appia is progressing rapidly on multiple fronts in highly desired market sectors Appia entered into an agreement to acquire a 70% interest in the Cachoeirinha Rare Earths Ionic Clay Project (PCH Project) in Brazil Brazil is emerging as a leader in rare earth projects and critical minerals exploration particularly for companies looking for new opportunities to develop large low-cost projects to feed the growing needs of western supply chains The PCH Rare Earths Ionic Clay Project is a 17,551 hectare property located in the Tocantins Structural Province of the Brasília Fold Belt in Brazil containing both heavy and light critical rare earths It is approximately 30km from Iporá – a city with a population of about 31,500 The region around Iporá has significant mineral exploration and mining activity The PCH property surrounds tenements held by Vale and Dundee Precious Metals in the central area of the tenement package and tenements held by Atlas Litio in the northwest Located in a mining-friendly region with excellent infrastructure support the PCH Project benefits from its strategic location and the local community has demonstrated strong support for the project The PCH Project is a rare earth element-carbonatite alkaline complex exhibiting highly anomalous REE and niobium mineralisation combined with distinctive ionic clay development This mineralisation is related to alkaline lithologies of the Fazenda Buriti Plutonic Complex and the hydrothermal and surface alteration products of this complex by supergene enrichment in a tropical climate The rare earth mineralisation at PCH is primarily a result of the intensive weathering of granites which leads to the formation of ionic clay deposits Results of the recent geochemical exploration work carried out to date indicates the presence of REEs and niobium within lateritic ionic adsorption clays Sampling data highlights the enrichment of rare earth minerals from as shallow as 2m up to 20m in depth The known mineralisation is widespread across the nine known rare earth project areas at the PCH property with a primary focus on a significant target known as Target 4 in the southwest corner of the tenements Exploration work previously conducted and confirmed by Appia’s extensive due diligence revealed enrichments of rare earth elements (REEs) with depths ranging from 8-26m with the majority found in the upper 8-10m The auger holes drilled at Target 4 have exhibited a range of total REE grades The valuable rare earths used in magnet applications – praseodymium and Y) – accounted for approximately 14% of total rare earths the deposit also contains anomalous values of niobium and scandium with average values of 736ppm for Nb and 62ppm for scandium in a composite sample from Target 4 Heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) show maximum values of 1,624ppm and average values of 1,291ppm Light rare earths (LREEs) show maximum values of 14,024ppm (1.54%) with an average of 1.145ppm show respective maximum values of 3,131ppm (Nd) and 885ppm (Pr) and average values of 216ppm (Nd) and 61.7ppm (Pr) The overall HRRE/LREE ratio has a maximum of 39.5% and an average value of 16.67% Appia’s PCH rare earth project is located on the same Brasilia Fold Belt as the Serra Verde rare earth project an expert in industrial minerals and Appia’s Qualified Person for the PCH Project said: “The average HREE value at PCH is 145ppm currently under construction in northern Goais State has total average REE values of 2,138ppm (0.2138%) but HREE values of only 155ppm the PCH project has a relatively higher content of heavy rare earth elements in the deposit than Serra Verde.” both deposits have essentially the same percentage – about 23% – of the more valuable rare earth elements Pr Dy and Tb relative to total rare earth content and various geophysical testing methods on Target 4 have returned values particularly for the highly valuable heavy rare earths terbium and dysprosium that surpass known ionic clay deposits in Brazil including Serra Verde Discovery diamond drill hole PCH-F01 drilled by the vendors revealed robust mineralisation starting from the surface and extending through the length of the entire hole presenting a compelling opportunity for expansion through additional exploration efforts Field observation of hole PCH-F01 has shown the presence of continuous mineralisation beneath the conventional ionic clay mineralisation This suggests the existence of a mineralised zone that holds the potential to explore not only high-grade ionic clay horizons but also to add tonnage through carbonatite alkali and hydrothermal breccias mineralised rocks Assay results from drill hole PCH-F01 are expected to be reported in September Preliminary metallurgical test work has been conducted at renowned institutions such as Actlabs and SGS Mineral Services in Canada alongside geometallurgical and flotation test work at the Federal University of Goiás with La and Nd recoveries averaging around 50% for the best collector conditions without any initial processing 2023 press release: “Flotation concentrates averaged 127ppm Th and 38ppm U indicating radioactivity issues associated with mineral processing should be very manageable.” Appia began an aggressive auger and reverse circulation drill campaign on Target 4 with the purpose of expanding the known zone of mineralisation and as a step toward eventually delineating a resource estimate The drilling of a planned 300 new holes is underway across the Target 4 area along with a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) topographic survey covering approximately 1,700 hecatres Appia’s management and geological team believe the PCH Project’s combination of ionic clay development and primary rare earth mineralisation presents an exceptional opportunity in the increasingly important critical minerals sector with further expansion potential across the largely underexplored 17,551-hectare property The Alces Lake rare earths oxides (REO) geochemical assay results rank as the highest-grade REE occurrences in Canada Results to date have returned world-class REO grades comparable to those encountered in: the historic REE producing Steenkampskraal South Africa; the deposits of the Mountain Pass USA; the currently producing Gakara project The Alces Lake property is located north of Lake Athabasca and the Athabasca Basin in northern Saskatchewan approximately 34km east of Uranium City and 135km west of Stony Rapids The Athabasca Basin is well-known as the ‘most attractive jurisdiction in Canada’ for mining exploration and development Nearby Uranium City has a certified airport a fleet of heavy-duty construction equipment The Alces Lake rare earth project extensively displays both high-grade and low-to-medium-grade monazite mineralisation with surface and near-surface showings of medium-to-coarse-grained monazite found intermittently over 27km2 It has multiple zones of REE discoveries along geological strike on sub-parallel trends and with sub-surface zones open in all directions Metallurgical testing to date confirms simple mineralogy and processing potential Over 12 high-grade REE zones have been identified to date across the property with surface and near-surface monazite occurrences that remain open at depth and along strike REE mineralisation is enriched with critical REEs (Nd Drill and geochemical assay results from the 2022 exploration programme returned highly-mineralised intervals from new sections in the Alces Lake’s Wilson Zone and doubled the strike length of the newly-identified underlying AMP Zone to 300m which remains open down plunge and along strike a total of 37 holes were drilled into the WRCB Zone to continue delineation of the high-grade REE mineralisation and the deeper AMP Zone Drilling also focused on delineating previously undrilled targets in the Danny Zone as well as 34 holes (5,318m) drilled into the primary Magnet Ridge target that outcrops on surface Drilling has produced some very high-grade intersections of total rare earth oxide (TREO) Mineralisation from all areas explored to date show anomalously high concentrations of REEs with Nd Dy and Tb accounting for 24% of the TREO content (Source: NI 43-101 Report Bench-scale monazite processing and metallurgical testing results have been comparable to other producing rare earth projects Preliminary work done at the Saskatchewan Research Council achieved flotation concentrate TREO of 48% with 73% TREO recovery Improvements are expected from future testing The Saskatchewan Research Council is currently building a monazite processing facility in the province and will be looking to secure local feedstock Appia began a fully-funded $3m exploration programme at Alces Lake focused on determining high priority drill targets along the mineralised structural corridor leading SSE from the Magnet Ridge zone for over 20km The five-phase programme is based on 2022 drilling results and includes an aggressive prospecting and sampling programme followed up by selective drilling of priority targets and airborne gravity-magnetics-radiometrics at 100m line spacing on two of the identified high priority areas on the property namely the eastern structural corridor and Alces Lake North Appia also has a 100% interest in its Elliot Lake property in northern Ontario totalling approximately 13,008 hectares (32,143 acres) in size The property is approximately 3km north of the town of Elliot Lake and is adjacent to Denison Mines Corp The Elliot Lake area has produced over 300 million pounds of triuranium octoxide (U3O8) and is the only mining camp in Canada with significant historical commercial rare earth element production Two zones at the Elliott Lake property – Teasdale Lake Zone and Banana Lake Zone – have NI 43-101 Mineral Resources of U308 and rare earth elements: The resource areas at the Elliot Lake property are largely unconstrained along strike and down dip providing significant potential to increase the size of the current resources the uranium and REE metals are hosted within quartz-pebble conglomerate beds that are found in the Matinenda Formation which is the basal unit of the Elliot Lake Group The uranium and REE-bearing horizon is a clean indicates a recovery rate of approximately 90% for uranium and most REEs in the 80-90% range With the addition of its new ionic clay PCH Rare Earths Project in Brazil Appia has created an impressive portfolio of rare earth projects in mining-friendly jurisdictions Both the Brazilian PCH ionic clay project and the Alces Lake project in Saskatchewan have already returned impressive rare earth results and remain open for further discoveries and development With dedicated management and a fully-funded exploration war chest Appia is moving forward quickly with aggressive and fully-funded exploration programmes for both projects in 2023 which should gain the attention of both investors and a world hungry for access to high-quality and reliable rare earth projects Please note, this article will also appear in the fifteenth edition of our quarterly publication Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" Innovation News Network brings you the latest research and innovation news from the fields of science Disclaimer: This website is an 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