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Although food is produced in aquaponics systems worldwide
no information is available on the occurrence of insect pests and natural enemies in aquaponic lettuce
a survey was carried out in an aquaponic system combining lettuce with lambari
Astyanax altiparanae (Garutti &amp; Briski)
aiming to determine the insect pests and natural enemies associated with this system
We also determined the predominant insect species and the effect of meteorological factors on their populations
Insect abundance was estimated by visual sampling during 13 cultivation cycles
The meteorological factors considered were air temperature and relative humidity
and their effects were determined using the Pearson correlation
The thrips Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) and Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood) and the aphid Aphis spiraecola (Patch) predominated
Ambient temperature and relative humidity were essential factors affecting C
The natural enemies found on the lettuce plants were the thrips Franklinothrips vespiformis (Crawford) and Stomatothrips angustipennis (Hood) and the ladybugs Cycloneda sanguinea L.
and Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Méneville)
These results constitute the first step for a lettuce-integrated pest-management program in aquaponics systems
49% stated that they lacked information about feeding
while 47% mentioned a lack of information about cultivation and protection of plants
the aquaponic systems integrated tilapia farming with cultivation of vegetables such as lettuce
and thrips were the insect pests found in cultivated vegetables
against which most producers (37%) employed biological control through releases of predators or parasitoids
Despite the problems faced by the producers regarding lack of knowledge on the management of fish and plants in an aquaponics system
most of them used this technology for producing pesticide-free food
The study was carried out in an aquaponic system located in the experimental area of the Escola Estadual Bairro Francisco Castilho (21° 20′ 24″ S and 47° 43′ 46″ W)
The aquaponics system included the following components: four hydroponic beds, each with an area of 2 m2 and continually recirculated with a submerged pump. The system had two circular polyethylene tanks (500 L): a fish tank and a sump containing the water pump that distributed water to the entire system (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-63938-4#Fig1">1</a>).
</a>Scheme of aquaponic system with integrated lettuce—lambari culture
Drawing designed by Isabella Alves Noronha
the system was undergoing maintenance and lettuce cultivation resumed in May
The aquaponics system was maintained weekly
including regular cleaning of the sedimentation filter
and periodic observation of disease and stress symptoms in the fish
altiparanae) were kept in a circular polyethylene tank (500 L)
with water entering in a tangential flow that helped to remove the fish waste
The water-flow calibration ensured a circulation water-flow rate of 100% per hour were used
Their mean initial weight was 3.0 g (δ = 0.44 g
n = 30) and reached a mean of 36 g (δ = 6.5 g; n = 30) at the end of the experiment
The final estimated total fish biomass (273 individuals) was approximately 9.83 kg
with a final density of 12.3 kg of fish.m–3
Fish were fed with extruded feed containing 40% crude protein (CP) and 1.8–2.0 mm in diameter
The feed was offered once or twice a day ad libitum
a total of 12.5 kg of feed was consumed by the fish
The water was maintained at pH = 7.0 by applying the bases calcium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide alternately at weekly intervals
The fresh weight of 382 plants from 10 harvest periods was determined
The mean fresh weight (including the shoot and roots of each plant) was 170 g (δ = 37.5 g)
while the mean fresh weight of the aerial part of the plant was 151 g (δ = 36.3 g)
The abundance of insect pests and natural enemies was determined by visual sampling of the lettuce plants during 13 cultivation cycles
10 plants per hydroponic bed were randomly selected each week
Insect pests and natural enemies were captured with an entomological aspirator and glass tube (height 8.0 cm
The insect pests and natural enemies were transferred to the Laboratory of Entomology and Biological Control (LECB)
Aphid and thrips specimens were separated using a number zero camel-hair brush and transferred to Eppendorf tubes containing 70% ethanol
The thrips species were identified by Élison Fabrício B
Laboratory of Bioecology and Systematics of Arthropods
The aphids were identified by Suzan Beatriz Z
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Exemplars of the insect species are deposited in collections as follows: Coccinellidae: Museum of Entomology of the LECB
São Paulo; Thysanoptera: Natural History Collection—CHNUFPI
Federal University of Piauí (UFPI—CAFS); and Aphididae: Laboratory of Curatorship of the Aphid Collection—COLEAFIS/DEBE
The analysis was based on the total number of individuals of the insect species found on each sampling date
we used the mean temperature and relative humidity recorded seven days before the sampling date
Python IDE (integrated development environment) Jupyter Lab (version 3.7.4 for Windows) software was used to draw the scatter diagrams representing the correlation between thrips occurrence and meteorological factors
The meteorological data were obtained from the Agência Brasileira de Meteorologia Ltda
The population fluctuations of the predominant species of insect pests were obtained from graphs relating the number of individuals to mean temperature
The authors declare that the experimental studies involving the collection and use of lettuce plants in this research are in accordance with relevant institutional
and international guidelines and regulations
A total of 4078 individual phytophagous insects belonging to the aphids and thrips groups were captured, during 13 growing cycles of the lettuce aquaponics (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-63938-4#Tab2">2</a>)
The following five species of aphids were identified: Aphis spiraecola (Patch), Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and Pemphigus bursarius (L.) (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-63938-4#Tab2">2</a>)
</a>Population fluctuation of Aphis spiraecola in lettuce grown in an aquaponic system
The population fluctuations of C. phaseoli and F. schultzei were similar throughout the study period. These thrips were usually abundant from February to May, June to July, and September, coinciding with a period of low rainfall (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-63938-4#Fig3">3</a>). The highest population peak of C. phaseoli and F. schultzei occurred, respectively, in July and September.
</a>Population fluctuations of Caliothrips phaseoli and Frankliniella schultzei in lettuce grown in an aquaponic system
</a>Scatter diagrams representing the correlation between Frankliniella schultzei occurrence and meteorological factors in lettuce aquaponic system
Six species of predatory insects representing two orders were captured and identified as follows: (i) ladybugs (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Eriopis connexa (Germar) with three individuals captured; Cycloneda sanguinea L
(one individual); and Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Méneville) (one individual); and (ii) thrips (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae)
Franklinothrips vespiformis (Crawford) (one individual)
and Stomatothrips angustipennis (Hood) (one individual)
the possible differences in resistance to lettuce pests in aquaponic
We suggest investigating the relationship of dietary-fiber components of lettuce cultivars to the resistance of this vegetable against aphids and thrips
with a focus on developing strategies to manage pests in aquaponic systems
we are unaware of published studies on the occurrence of these organisms in aquaponic lettuce
This is an essential step in the development of an innovative system such as aquaponic lettuce
The significant negative correlation between relative humidity and F
schultzei obtained here may indicate an indirect influence of rain that limited the flight capacity of thrips
colonization of lettuce plants in periods of rainfall
it is essential to conduct studies on the influence of meteorological factors such as temperature
Understanding the effects of abiotic factors on a thrips population is necessary for an effective and sustainable control strategy
aiming to minimize thrips damage and increase lettuce quality and productivity
(Urticaceae) adjacent to a lettuce crop increased the number of larvae and adults of Coccinella septempunctata L.
to increase ladybug populations in aquaponic lettuce
we can recommend establishment of other plant species that do not host lettuce pests and have periods of intense flowering in the vicinity of the system
The datasets obtained and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request
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This work was supported in part by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)
Francisco Jorge Cividanes &amp; Terezinha Monteiro dos Santos-Cividanes
Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Exatas
Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva
TMSC and FAS conceived and designed research
FAS contributed with the funding acquisition
FJC and SBZC conducted the laboratory analysis and ALPMP conducted the statistical analyses data
FJC and TMSC analyzed data and wrote also the manuscript
FJC and TMSC reviewed and edited the manuscript
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A cup of coffee prepared quickly and consumed on the go may seem like one of life’s simplest pleasures. But the journey from bean to barista is not an easy one; it involves hundreds of people and thousands of miles. Over the past three decades, <a href="http://stevemccurry.com/">Steve McCurry</a> met some of the coffee farmers around the world who help make it happen and photographed them for his book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0714868981/?tag=slatmaga-20">From These Hands</a>
Every single bean is kind of cared for and looked after,” McCurry said
One of the most celebrated and widely traveled photojournalists of his generation—his National Geographic cover photo “<a href="https://www.slate.com/blogs/behold/2012/10/24/christie_s_auctions_off_iconic_photos_including_steve_mccurry_s_afghan_girl.html">Afghan Girl</a>” is perhaps the magazine’s single most iconic image—McCurry had already been to many coffee farms on various assignments when the Italian coffee company Lavazza commissioned him to visit some more on several continents
McCurry was curious to see a greater diversity of the cultures behind the beverage he and billions of others enjoy
“Whenever you actually learn where our food comes from and the face behind the item
it gives you more of a deeper appreciation for it
You have a more well rounded impression or feeling of the work and the care that went into producing it,” he said
The farmers McCurry met produced coffee the same way they’ve done it for generations
often remote villages close to the plots of land where they work
A section of the book highlights their methods of production
but the majority of McCurry’s photographs focus on the individual personalities of the farmers and their families
“I’ve always been fascinated with the human face and the story that’s often conveyed in how people look
I always find myself gravitating to people
and how they relate to other people and their environment
he picked leeches out of his shoes and hair on a walk to one location
the journey involved hours on a muddy mountain road and then miles on foot
armed soldiers accompanied him to protect against FARC fighters.* But while politics and environments varied from country to country
McCurry found more commonalities than contrasts among the people he met
LAMBARI (Brazil) – Seventh day of activities for the ten international baritas protagonists of the thid edition of Barista &amp; Farmer
the talent show dedicated to quality coffee created by italian barista champion Francesco Sanapo
it&#8217;s time for the participants to feel the atmpophere of Lambari
in the state of Minas Gerais and to get to know better the community of producers who lives in it
the Lambari community has been involved in the sustainability project ¡Tierra
which the Giuseppe e Pericle Lavazza Onlus Foundation has been developing since 2002 in conjunction with the Rainforest Alliance NGO in order to improve the social and environmental conditions and the production methods of the communities of caficultores of the major coffee-growing countries
Ricardo Da Silva (PICTURE) is the coffee taster and leader of the community: “I work in this sustainable coffee project with other producers
workers and friends with the goal of raising the quality of our product and straightening the commercial coffee chain due to a direct sale
This area of Brazil is very particular from a topographic point of view: there are big inclinations which make the work real hard but the product is very good
we became more competitive also on the marketing aspect
I joined together the work of many local producers and now we are a real community that produces coffee which can reach the specifics and requests of the international markets and of whoever is interested in our coffee
we are able to continuously produce coffee in an harmonious way while maintaining our high quality
therefore raising our trust from the buyers
The other element that&#8217;s fundamental for us is the traceability of the product something that give us strong and recognizable identity
so that our families and the next generations will be able to keep working with coffee but
The classic picking competition of the morning
took a different and original twist: each barista was paired with local picker
who immediatly shared her success with the brazilian picker
the usual academy lessons have been replaced by two more competitions: cupping
guided by the expert hands of the baristas
The winner was Raphael Ferraz for a completely brazilian victory
<a href="/articles/s41598-019-40856-4/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics details</a>
natural hybridization and hybrids biology are still poorly studied in freshwater fish
we tested the hypothesis that sympatric species Astyanax paranae and A
fasciatus are able to interbreed in the natural environment and presented evidence for the first record of hybridization between these species
and genetic variations of the COI and S7 genes of both species and putative hybrids
Intermediate morphometric and meristic features were observed in hybrids when compared to A
Overlap in reproductive season was showed for these species
with greater reproductive activity from August to January
but hybrids did not present any sign of gonadal maturation
Oogonia and perinucleolar follicles as well as spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes were found in hybrids
but previtellogenic and vitellogenic follicles
several alterations in gametogenesis were detected
such as interrupted meiosis in both males and females
Molecular analyses supported the hypothesis of hybridization between A
our multidisciplinary approach also provides strong evidence that hybrids are infertile
many hybrids may present gonadal alterations and sterility
characteristics rarely investigated in hybridization studies
the hypothesis that the sympatric species Astyanax paranae and A
fasciatus are able to interbreed in the natural environment
and genetic variations of COI and S7 genes of both species and its putative hybrids
The study was performed in an area of waterfall (22°13′7.04″S 44°32′23.14″W) at the headwaters of the Grande River
The area is close to Itatiaia National Park
an important conservation unit of the Atlantic Forest biome
which has little anthropic influence and preserved ciliary forest
physicochemical parameters of the water were obtained in each period using a Horiba U-51 multiparameter probe
fish caught alive were euthanized by immersion in eugenol 85 mg/L
and then the biometric data of each specimen were obtained
All the indicated procedures followed the principles established by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA)
The study was approved by the State Forestry Institute (IEF - fishing license no
153) and the Ethics Committee on Animal Use of the Federal University of Minas Gerais
Data were log transformed prior to analysis
samples from the middle region of mature ovaries were collected during the reproductive season peak (January)
fasciatus) were weighed and fixed in Gilson’s fluid (100 ml 60% of ethyl alcohol
18 ml of glacial acetic acid and 20 g of mercuric chloride)
The dissociated vitellogenic oocytes were separated and counted under a stereoscopic microscope
The number of oocytes per gram of ovary was determined and used to calculate batch fecundity based on total ovary weight
Relative fecundity was estimated from the number of vitellogenic oocytes in the ovaries per unit of gonadal weight (GW)
For histological analyses of gametogenesis and gonadal maturation
samples from the middle region of the gonads of each fish were fixed in Bouin’s fluid (75 ml of saturated picric acid solution 1.3% in water
25 ml of formalin and 5 ml of glacial acetic acid)
Gonad samples were dehydrated in crescent concentrations of ethanol (70
and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Gomori trichrome
For ultrastructure analysis of the germ cells of putative hybrids
samples of the gonads were fixed in modified Karnovsky’s solution (2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2% paraformaldehyde)
At the Microscopy Center of the Federal University of Minas Gerais
the samples were submitted to secondary fixation in 2% osmium tetroxide and were incubated in sucrose solution with 4% uranyl acetate overnight
they were dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in Epon resin
The ultrathin sections were examined using a transmission electron microscope at 120 kV (Tecnai G2–12 – Spirit Biotwin FEI)
Myoid and Leydig cells were included in the interstitial tissue
The sex of the putative hybrids was recognized by histological analyses of the gonads
presence of at least one oocyte and absence of cyst-like structures for females
and presence of tubular organization and cyst-like structures for males
To investigate whether germ cells in putative hybrids were compromised with apoptosis
we performed immunofluorescence for caspase 3
Gonad samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution
and submitted to an immunocytochemistry reaction using primary antibody rabbit anti-caspase-3 (polyclonal)
sections were boiled in 10 mM sodium citrate buffer at pH 6.0 for 20 min and incubated with 2% BSA solution (bovine serum albumin) in PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) for 30 min to block non-specific reactions
primary antibody (dilution 1: 100) was applied to the sections overnight in a humidified chamber at 4 °C
Sections were washed in PBS and then incubated with secondary antibody anti-rabbit ALEXA 488 (1: 500)
Nuclear DNA labelling was performed using 4,6-diamidino-2-phenyl-indole (DAPI
the treatment with the primary antibody was omitted
Sections were examined with a fluorescence microscope (Axio Imager Z2 – ApoTome 2 Zeiss) from the Microscopy Center of the Federal University of Minas Gerais
For nuclear S7 ribosomal protein gene (first intron), DNA was amplified using the primers S7RPEX1F and S7RPEX2R<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 40" title="Chow, S. &amp; Hazama, K. Universal PCR primers for S7 ribosomal protein gene introns in fish. Mol. Ecol. 7, 1247–1263 (1998)." href="/articles/s41598-019-40856-4#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d425265234e959">40</a>
and the following PCR conditions: initial denaturation at 94 °C (2 min) followed by 35 denaturation cycles at 94 °C (45 s)
PCR products were sequenced using an Applied Biosystems
Samples of caudal fin tissue from eight specimens of each morphotype (A
fasciatus and putative hybrids) were used for this analysis
For the construction of the consensus of COI sequences (contigs)
The alignment of the contigs was done in MEGA 6.0
PopART 1.7 was used to construct the haplotype network
Kimura 2-parameter distance (K2P) was calculated using the software DnaSP 5.10.01
the sequences were aligned using the Geneious R8 software
Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism software version 5.0 for Windows
and the results were considered significant at a 95% confidence interval
As the biological data did not show a normal distribution
they were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (followed by Dunn’s post-test) and Mann-Whitney test (when applicable)
indicating water quality suitable for supporting fish reproduction
The major differences in the body shape of A
fasciatus were related to the caudal peduncle length
</a>Dispersion diagram of individual scores in samples of Astyanax fasciatus
paranae and hybrids in the space defined by principal components 2 and 3
higher GSI was observed in females than males
fasciatus from the Grande River headwaters
(A–D): Seasonal distribution of the relative frequencies (%) of the gonad maturation stages for females and males of A
(E,F) Seasonal distribution of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) for females and males of A
</a>Proportion (%) of germ cells and ovarian (A) and testicular (B) structures in A
Different letters indicate significant differences among the groups A
fasciatus had increased interstitial tissue (34.13 ± 0.86%) and blood vessels (6.69 ± 1.97%) as well as decreased tubular lumen than males of A
besides histopathological alterations such as increased interstitial tissue (26.63 ± 3.18%) and inflammatory infiltrate (10.19 ± 2.54%) when compared to resting females of A
The presence of degenerated tissue (6.51 ± 4.35%)
and B oogonia in degeneration (29.65 ± 4.93%) were also detected in hybrids
hybrid specimens had intermediate proportion of interstitial tissue and blood vessels when compared to the other two species and a lower amount of GA and GB (8.76 ± 1.70; 5.37 ± 1.08%)
as well as the presence of degenerated tissue (3.30 ± 3.03%) and SP1 in degeneration (37.01 ± 6.96%)
the COI sequences obtained were 564 base pairs in length
A total of 26 COI sequences were obtained from A
</a>Haplotype network built with COI gene sequences of hybrids (blue)
paranae (red) from the Grande River headwaters obtained in the present study and reference sequences of A
The mean genetic distance (K2P) between the sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene ranged from 0 to 2.2% (see Supplementary Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41598-019-40856-4#MOESM1">S7</a>)
The genetic distance analysis confirmed that the A
fasciatus morphotypes correspond to distinct species
since the distance between these two groups was 2.2%
the observed divergences between samples and reference sequences were low (0.5% for A
a DNA “barcode gap” was observed among species of the genus Astyanax
showing that DNA barcoding was able to distinguish these species successfully
</a>Photographs of lambaris from the Grande River headwaters and genetic alignment of the nuclear S7 gene fragment
Chromatograms show the hybrid individual’s heterozygous peaks (underlined with yellow bars) at the diagnostic sites
we report for the first time the natural hybridization between the lambaris A
fasciatus by using a multidisciplinary approach
may be considered hybrids resulting from the crossing between the lambaris species A
Considering that COI is a mitochondrial gene and its inheritance is maternal
this crossing could be bidirectional: females of A
since the inheritance was associated with both species
S7 gene first intron region proved to be an effective marker for hybridization diagnosis between the species A
genetic data supported the hypothesis of natural hybridization between A
we highlight the data of the reproductive biology and germ cells morphology that strongly corroborate the molecular data and
the present study provides strong evidence of natural hybridization between two species of lambaris
including morphological and genetic issues
is of great relevance to improve the knowledge on conservation status of the phylogenetically close species that exhibit reproductive niche overlap in natural environments
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request
The sequences obtained in this study were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MH626656-MH626729 and MK318200-MK318216
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He, S., Johansen, J. L., Hoey, A. S., Pappas, M. K. &amp; Berumen, M. L. Molecular confirmation of hybridization between Dascyllus reticulatus × Dascyllus aruanus from the Great Barrier Reef. Mar. Biodivers. 1–10, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0819-8" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s12526-017-0819-8">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0819-8</a> (2017)
Two new species of Astyanax (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) from eastern Brazil
with a synopsis of the Astyanax scabripinnis species complex
Interspecific fish hybrids in Brazil: Management of genetic resources for sustainable use
Biology and ecomorphology of stream fishes from the rio Mogi-Guaçu basin
Reproduction of the lambari Astyanax scabripinnis (Jenyns
1842) (Pisces: Characidae) in a small stream in Southeastern Brazil
Populationa structure and breeding season of Astyanax fasciatus (Curvier) (Characidae
Influence of low temperature on structure and dynamics of spermatogenesis during culture of Oreochromis niloticus
Introgressive hybridization in the Astyanax fasciatus (Pisces: Characidae) population at La Cueva Chica
Prediction of potential hybridization between three major carps in Ravi River (Punkab
Pakistan) basin by using microsatellite markers
Comparative testis morphometry and seminiferous epithelium cycle length in donkeys and mules
Reduced reproductive capacity in diploid and triploid hybrid Sunfish
Meiotic chromosome abnormalities in human spermatogenesis
Human female meiosis: what makes a good egg go bad
Meiotic chromosomes: it takes two to tango
Meiotic behaviour of the sex chromosomes in three patients with sex chromosome anomalies (47,XXY
mosaic 46,XY/47,XXY and 47,XYY) assessed by fluorescence in-situ hybridization
Spermiogenesis without preceding meiosis in the hybrid medaka between Oryzias latipes and O
DNA barcode divergence among species and genera of birds and fishes
Cytogenetic Considerations on the genus Astyanax (Pisces
Chromosome polymorphism in Astyanax fasciatus (Teleostei
Ag-NORs and mapping of the 18S and 5S ribosomal genes in sympatric karyotypes and their possible hybrid forms
Karyotypic diversity among three species of the genus Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae)
Natural hybridization and introgression between Ligularia cymbulifera and L
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We thank Oscar Shibatta and Fernando Assega for helping in the PCA analysis; technicians at the Microscopy Centre of the Federal University of Minas Gerais for preparing the biological material for electron microscope and Mônica Cândida Pereira Ricardo for preparing the histological slides
The study was supported by the Brazilian institutions: Petróleo Brasileiro S.A
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
Rafael Magno Costa Melo &amp; Elizete Rizzo
Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais
Daniel Fonseca Teixeira &amp; Daniel Cardoso Carvalho
contributed to fieldwork and sample collection
performed the lab work and data analysis and wrote the manuscript
data analysis and writing of the manuscript
contributed to the molecular experiments and analysis
coordinated the study and contributed to the writing of the manuscript
Publisher’s note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40856-4
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2014 14:31 ISTOne of the houses eaten away by termites in the village
Lambari in Uttarakhand's Almora district may soon turn into a ghost village
Termites have struck terror in this small village located in the Kumaon Hills
the sound of termites chewing up wood bit by bit creates restlessness among the villagers
Such is the gravity of the termite menace that villagers are gradually migrating from Lambari
Termites have slowly but steadily eaten into the houses of the villagers
Visitors are greeted by the sight of more than 15 abandoned houses in Lambari
earn their livelihood through daily labour and agriculture
there were around 65 families in our village
Termites have badly affected our livelihood and if the present problem persists for long
Lambari will be a ghost village in the time to come," local resident Padam Singh Rawat
Monsoons are the worst as termites becomes highly active in the season
Conceding defeat in the fight against termites
nine families had shifted to Diba Dhaiya - about one km away from Lambari - a couple of years ago
Though these families face water shortage at the new location
they are happy that their life is free of termites
Others have migrated to different towns in Uttarakhand
Many other are keen on moving out of Lambari
but poverty is stopping them from taking the step.advertisementTermites feeding on wood in one of the houses.Considering the seriousness of the termite menace
the Govind Ballabh Pant Agriculture University had conducted a survey of Lambari in 2009
a team of experts had suggested various measures to control the problem
One of the many suggestions was to stop dumping cow dung near the houses
The experts had recommended using iron frames instead of wood in the houses
Houses in the hilly region of Uttarakhand are traditionally made of wood and stones
plastered with a paste of cow dung and mud
Rich cellulose content in cow dung attracts termites
adding that this traditional practice was to be discontinued for bringing down the termite menace
was also suggested to deal with the termite menace
But as 38 of the 40 families come under the BPL category
the villagers could neither afford to buy expensive insecticide nor adopt modern construction method.The village is turning into a ghost town
"Nobody is willing to buy land in our village
The state government should come to our rescue and provide us funds for new houses
the termites will make us homeless," another villager Rajesh Singh Bisht said
termites are also not sparing food stock to make things miserable for the villagers
Many youths in the village are finding it difficult to get married as Lambari has become infamous in the region for the termite menace
"The termite menace has earned infamy to the village in Kumaon
villagers from outside may decide not to marry off their daughters in Lambari," Nandan Singh rued
Nossos serviços estão apresentando instabilidade no momento
Algumas informações podem não estar disponíveis
A women’s cooperative from Minas Gerais has found its place in a segment marked by the presence of men
according to data from the 2006 Census of Agriculture
It was love for coffee that has brought together Leticia
five women with very different life stories
who nowadays are part of the Association of Female Coffee Entrepreneurs from the Mantiqueira Mountain Ridge in Southern Minas Gerais State (Amecafé Mantiqueira)
The Association is formed by local female residents who work in the coffee production
ranging from pickers to sharecroppers and landowners
says most members have small properties and harvest up to coffee bags per year
now gathers 62 women from eight cities in the region (Cambuquira
According to the Municipal Agricultural Survey (PAM)
those cities produced about three million metric tons of coffee
with a special highlight to São Gonçalo do Sapucaí (11.8 thousand t)
Cambuquira (11 thousand t) and Lambari (9.4 thousand t)
Segundo a pesquisa da Produção Agrícola Municipal (PAM)
dos cerca de três milhões de toneladas de café produzidos no país em 2016
com destaque para São Gonçalo do Sapucaí (11,8 mil t)
Cambuquira (11 mil t) e Lambari (9,4 mil t)
many of them used to keep the grains at home
did not have any qualification and were paid very little for their products
she arranged for the group to have some professional training in order to improve their working and living conditions
The news spread around little by little and now a lot of women want to join the group
“Today they feel as part of the coffee production chain
they can speak on equal terms with anyone else”
All the first 12 pickers are now in charge of their own coffee crops
Amecafé Mantiqueira makes available for their members a seal of authenticity and a certificate which states that it is specialty coffee (graded above 82 points) produced by women – which adds value to the product and impacts its final price
the Amecafé bag was traded for R$ 540 because of the certificate
All the profit is returned to the producer
who is also in charge of the whole negotiation
are the first producers to have traded roasted coffee sealed by Amecafé Mantiqueira
when Brazil was facing a period of economic instability and the government stimulated the purchase of land
Despite their lack of experience in planting
after some attempts they eventually succeeded in producing coffee and gradually earned the respect of the neighboring community
“There was a lot of prejudice against us for we had come from the urban world
The reputation of the pair was built upon the introduction of new agricultural techniques
as well as the respect and incentive to employees
The two friends proudly tell us they implemented notions of environmental protection
prohibited hunting and created a green area full of trees in their property
Nowadays they make a living out of their business and own two brands of coffee
Leila and Margarida monitor the whole process
and say that the presence of united women can promote coffee production
Having been raised in a family of coffee producers in São Gonçalo do Sapucaí
did not make the life story of Patrícia Borges
She became the administrator of part of the property inherited from her father
and nowadays works in partnership with some of her six siblings and her ex-spouse
my mother used to think the female siblings (three of us) would not need the land
because we were all married and should live with our husbands
but the 50% she was entitled to were eventually given to my brothers.”
Patrícia also faced the resistance of her brothers and employees
“We have been fighting prejudice with the Association
we are more careful with the quality of coffee
and that we are always updated and more qualified each day.”
Courage marks the history of Sandra Maria Momoeda
this Brazilian woman decided to give up a stable life in Japan to plant coffee in São Gonçalo do Sapucaí
She fell in love with the area during a vacation trip and started to study the topic and to prepare for planting
the new producer rented some land and gave production a start
“We had to strive because I had no expertise
Things got better I as learned more and more”
Sandra joined a group of women like Letícia and Patrícia to create Amecafé
but that figure is not present in our case
Sandra thinks the Association proves that women build a a better future for their families without leaving the countryside
consenquently be successful in their personal and professional lives
“We want to show our kids that coffee is a possible business and can help prevent rural exodus
They do not want to be invisible as producers,” adds Sandra
is interested in following in her footsteps
Sandra says the repercussions of those women’s work surprised her and says that coffee consumers have not only increased
but become more demanding as well: “now people want to know where the coffee they drink comes from
in this respect; they treat and select the grain
so it is no surprise their product stands out and receives awards.” In addition to that
coffee production focuses on the preoccupation with sustainability and the history behind the products
Letícia points out that appreciation of female rural producers means giving voice to women
who are now responsible for innovation in the field
she also highlights the importance of family union and of cooperative work to improve one’s quality of living
Besides investing in professional qualification
Amecafé intends to expand the sales of coffee produced by their members and is now trying to buy its own coffee roaster as well
© 2018 IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
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 Termites have struck terror into this small village located in the Kumaon Hills
the sound of the insects chewing up wood bit by bit creates restlessness among the villagers
Damaged: One of the houses eaten away by termites in the village
The pests have slowly but steadily eaten into the villagers' houses
and visitors are greeted by the sight of more than 15 abandoned homes in Lambari
earn their livelihood here through daily labour and agriculture
Lambari will be a ghost village in the time to come," said local resident Padam Singh Rawat
Termites feeding on wood in one of the houses
 Monsoons are the worst time as termites becomes highly active in the season
nine families shifted to Diba Dhaiya - about a kilometre away from Lambari - a couple of years ago
 Though these families face water shortages in their new location
Many others are keen on moving out of Lambari
but poverty is stopping them from taking the step
Considering the seriousness of the termite menace
a team of experts suggested various measures to control the problem
The experts had recommended using iron frames instead of wood in human habitations
 Houses in the hilly region of Uttarakhand are traditionally made of wood and stones
adding that this traditional practice was to be discontinued to bring down the termite menace
was also suggested to deal with the creatures
the villagers could neither afford to buy expensive insecticide nor adopt modern construction methods
The villagers claimed that the problem started some three decades ago
The termite threat continued to grow with each passing year
Locals now fear that termites may make their village disappear from the map of Uttarakhand
Fifteen homes in the village have already been abandoned
We are no longer accepting comments on this article
The Mail on Sunday &amp; Metro Media Group
something brilliant will result - like the BAC Mono
No matter how many oil spills ruin Florida's beaches
or how many ice caps melt to flood Holland's plains
you can be safe in the knowledge that awesome cars aren't going anywhere
even as manufacturers scramble to shove more resources into alternative energies and killing the free-revving internal-combustion engine
the environmental brigade can never put a stop to one thing; the enthusiast
We're certainly not undermining the effort to save our planet
but the fact is that when petrolheads get together and there happens to be some spanners lying around
something intricately brilliant will result… Something like the BAC Mono
Every enthusiast has at some point daydreamed about his perfect car
Editor Amit's vision is a cross between a Ferrari and a Lamborghini
resembling a melted cement truck with a giant wing on the back
and powered by a V6 engine with 2,500 horses
How he's going to pull that off is anybody's guess
but what English brothers Neill and Ian Briggs dreamt up is a fair bit more realistic than a Lambari
or single-seater in Italian — was created to offer race car levels of handling and performance but with mounting points for a licence plate
the concept makes the Mono the perfect track day car
the power-to-weight ratio is equal to a Bugatti Veyron's
giving the Mono a 0-100kph time of just 2.8 seconds
Top speed isn't as impressive — 274kph — but don't hold that against the Mono as it's focused on handling and acceleration
CFD-optimised aerodynamics and carbon fibre construction with a tubular steel chassis — yes
but you'll know the reason for BAC's approach soon enough — are complemented by a 280bhp normally aspirated 2.3-litre Cosworth unit
driving the rear wheels through a paddle-shift
six-speed sequential Hewland transmission with a limited-slip differential
Race-style pushrod suspension features adjustable dampers
and AP Racing brakes hide behind rims wrapped in street-legal semi-slick Kumhos
The combination of all these goodies has resulted in a near-perfect 48:52 weight distribution
Neill says that all the cars are built to order
with BAC's annual production capacity being 50 to 100
Sticking to tried and tested methods and a Cosworth powerplant
as well as ditching the ultra-expensive carbon tub
means the Mono retails for a decent price of about Dh477,000
but that's including considerable UK taxes
as long as there are men like Ian and Neill Briggs around
the petrolhead will never become an extinct species
Ariel AtomThe current king of the affordable-track-day-monster hill is arguably Ariel's Honda-engined Atom
but of course you can't get one because only 25 were made
KTM X-BowA Dallara monocoque chassis and double triangular wishbone suspension should work wonders for this Austrian Alpine star
but at 790kg and with just 240bhp from its Audi 2.0-litre turbo
So make sure you get the 300bhp version instead..
Caterham R500For a mere Dh239K you can get a Caterham R500
more smiles per mile than behind the wheel of anything else on the planet
but this 500bhp-per-tonne beast is on another level
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Who would Chitrangada Singh invite to her dream party
When mum teaches at your school: Tensions and lessons
Por um futuro em que as pessoas vivam em harmonia com a natureza
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The non-existence of coastal areas in nine Brazilian states does not prevent the production and consumption of fish
The overall output of Brazilian fish farming amounted to 507.12 thousand metric tons in 2016
which means an increase of 4.4% against the previous year
according to data from the Municipal Livestock Survey (PPM)
followed by Paraná (76.06 thousand metric tons) and São Paulo (48.35 thousand metric tons)
Tilapia and tambaqui lead the national production
 Although Paraná and São Paulo have had the biggest state productions of tilapia
which accounted for the biggest municipal output
Minas Gerais was in the third position among the states
and Morada Novas de Minas (MG) is the municipality with the second biggest output of tilapia in the country: 8.4 thousand metric tons
The position as a fish farming center in the state is recent
as are the positive effects in terms of labor and income
but the fish is found everywhere here nowadays”
regional development analyst at the Development Agency of São Francisco and Parnaíba River Valleys (Codevasf)
The potential of the Minas Gerais Area comes from the lake formed by the reservoir of Três Marias (created to control the flow rate of São Francisco Rive)
which is proper for raising fish in aquaculture cages
The area has been acknowledged as a Local Productive Arrangement (APL) – there are found several companies and institutions belonging to a same sector
and which work in partnership - fostering the growth of the economic activity
a partnership between Codevasf and the Ministry of Fishing and Aquaculture promoted the implementation
of the first demonstrative facility for tilapia production in aquaculture  cages of the reservoir
the company gave the municipality a Fish Processing Unit
managed by the Cooperative of Fish Farmers from the High and Medium São Francisco (Coopeixe)
estimates that the sector generates 1,500 direct and indirect jobs
with a monthly output of 1.5 thousand tilapia
 "Fish farming is now strong in the municipality; as agriculture used to be"
is believed to have had 32 fish farmers in 2016; that figure increases to 71 if we count those in surrounding cities
most of them small and medium entrepreneurs
he also started raising fish in a approximately 200 cages
which is expected to generate 60 new job posts
is convinced the activity has changed many lives: "my wife and I have worked in this field." It's been eight years since I started
comes the increased demand for the product in the market
since the tilapia is said to have mild taste with fishbones
new businesses were created after the tilapia production chain
which are eventually provided to fish farmers for slaughter or sale
cannot even consider having another occupation rather than dealing with fish
He has been into fingerling raising since the end of his studies
I expected to produce 350 thousand fingerling per month
 Since then we have reached an output of 2 million and a intend to surpass the figure of 3 milion in 2018."
In spite of this very positive scenario for fish farming in Morada Nova de Minas
Ailton Batista and Carlos Ribeiro feel sorry for having difficulties and facing bureacracy to regulate the activity that requires an environmental license to work and to be granted credit
the trout is raised only in the South and Southeast of Brazil
 Minas Gerais is the biggest national producer
with an output that increased by 76.5% between 2013 and 2016
 Santa Catarina is second in the ranking (700 metric tons)
way better Rio de Janeiro (86 metric tons)
According to the technical assistant of Fisheries
Fish Farming and Environment from the Company of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension of the State of Minas Gerais (Emater-MG)
that species was introduced in Brazil in the 1950's
a survey conducted by the company estimated that there are
"The trout has a high nutritional value and a great importance in gastronomy
with a high potential for being used in the market and in terms of price"
The south of Minas Gerais is responsible for most of the state production
The favorable geography of the Mantiqueira Mountain Ridge
which makes the place the biggest trout producer in the country
 Another characteristic is that the animals use little space in the property
make a living out of the sale of trout fingerling
 Twenty years ago he saw the high water potential of the region and the opportunity of investing in fish farming
 "I started out with very few trout and sold the fish little by little
othe news spread and now there are many people interested"
who trades one thousand trout for R$120 to R$ 200
and highlights the main advantage of this activity is its easy handling
The entrepreneur tries to have a diversiy of earnings
and for that he also explores the tourist potential of the area
He has an area dedicated to recreational fishing and also plans on opening a restaurant and buying a balloon
curiosity attracts tourists to the property of Antônio Magalhães
he says today the activity is only a pastime
when many houses were built and the water was over"
He is currently into carp farming and what calls people's attention is the habit of using baby bottles to feed the fish
"I saw it on TV the other day and tried to try"
for the carp is a very meek fish." A lot of people come here to see them
he says as he expects to expand is business
Rio Grande do Sul was the main producer of the species in 2016
the carp was the number six most produced fish in Brazil
<a href="https://www.postcourier.com.pg/" rel="home">Post Courier</a>
An alluvial mine license holder and principal landowner from the Porgera Special Mining Lease (SML) area in Enga Province is calling on the National Government for a settlement of an alluvial lease which had existed in the 1980s
the daughter of late Yuwi Andale of Waupe Tara sub clan of the major Tiene clan of Alivis village claimed that her father had the Alluvial Mining Lease No
She said when Porgera mine began operation by Placer Dome through Porgera Joint Venture (PJV) in 1989
the only alluvial mine lease holder like late Yuwi was not considered
Ms Lambari said her father operated the AML No 4267 with an Australian alluvial company
but was allegedly hijacked and never recognised
locals were operating alluvial mine and by 1984
Andale Yumi obtained a license to operate alluvial and he was the only one within the SML area,” she said
“Late Andale was illiterate and lacked knowledge on the processes and conditions of his license together with alluvial mining operations on his customary land.”
She said her father was allegedly manipulated
deceived and coerced into a partnership with Mt Isa Mining Pty Ltd to extract gold and sell at the lowest price till 1989
She said the partnership went on for five years when Porgera Gold mine began operations and Mt Isa Mining allegedly left without paying any dividend
she had attempted to raise the issues with appropriate authorities on AML claims with the assistance of Porgera Mt Kare Young Generation Association but to no avail
“As SML principal landowner and Alluvial Mining Lease No 4267 holder
I have missed out on greater opportunities and benefits for the past 30 years
I am seeking AML settlement from 1984 to 1989 through the National Government on the new Porgera Mine.”
Ms Lambari added that it is understood that there are liabilities and legacy issues inherited from previous operators pending settlement
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shattered lives and loved ones hacked to death
they lost it all; but they are now far away from their ancestral land where Boko Haram established a reign of terror
They perch on mats in rickety and tattered tents
struggling to mask the pure pains and grief which the sweet memories of the past bring
These persons at internally displaced persons (IDP) camps littering the corridors of Maiduguri
spoke with TAIWO ADEBULU about their desire to go back home
the torturous exile through the thorny bushes of the savanna under the midnight gloom and creeping through the shadows of caves from the crack of dawn
even in the minds of the little children who gnashed at every fruit and leaf to sustain the long walks – many of them ravaged by rashes
they thundered through the whispering darkness to wherever instincts led them
while the lucky few made it to the state capital
the towns bloomed with agricultural products while the farmers frolicked in prosperity after every bountiful harvest
But with the incessant attacks on their homes and means of livelihood
they witnessed the tragic collapse of that dream
the Boko Haram insurgency which began in 2009 has wrecked havoc on Borno where it began
The one-time home of peace metamorphosed to a theatre of war
Bukar Lambari recalled precisely the attack on Bama by armed insurgents which left scores of soldiers dead and residents slain in their hundreds
The heavy echoes of assorted guns sent shivers down the spines of residents as they dissolved into the bush – no one waited for another
the town was reduced to dust and a new regime took over
“It was around 5:30am and I was in the mosque praying,” his voice effortlessly calm and compelling
“The fleeing soldiers told us to leave the town because Boko Haram fighters would kill all of us
I spent two days in the bush with two of my neighbour&#8217;s children and one biological child of mine; some spent 10 days
some five months before they got to Maiduguri
Some people hid in their houses and they could not go out for five months
I have not seen my wife and other six children.”
But the 60-year-old wouldn’t let that weigh him down because he presides over people who have worse stories to tell
Jumai Bukar was lucky to have been whisked away by her cousin when women were being abducted and hauled into vans
while the men were gunned down at first sight
The divorced mother of seven escaped into the bush with her children
the inhabitants will force us to leave after resting for a few hours
they might be attacked to,&#8221; she said
When the ray of the sun pierced the cloud towering above Bayandutse
a town in Gwoza local government area of the state
insurgents in military camouflage stormed the town and like bats out of hell
“My 31-year-old first son was slaughtered,” John Gwamma
a retired officer of the State Security Services
Many people were slaughtered like goats; our women and girls were abducted.”
At the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) site IDP camp in Wulari-Jerusalem area of Maiduguri
which has become home to thousands of displaced Christians from Gwoza
His parched lips quivered at every word; his eyes rested on the reporter’s notepad
we were very happy thinking they were soldiers who had come to save us from Boko Haram but we were wrong
People took to their heels after realising who they were; some ran to Cameroon,&#8221; he said
I spent 21 days in a cave in the Mandara mountains
surviving on water from the stream and fruits
When the insurgents started climbing the mountain
we escaped in the night around 1am and trekked to Madagali in Adamawa state
a good Samaritan dropped us with his truck at Michika
Boko Haram fighters attacked the town and people fled in different directions
Red Cross linked me up with my wife and children who had fled to Cameroon
They’ve become a permanent feature of Maiduguri
their parents have no choice but to let them go out since they cannot cater for them
“Seventy-five per cent of the children here are not going to school
UNICEF started a psycho-social support programme in form of informal education to make the children forget the trauma of the past and become normal again
You will ask the children to draw something and they will draw guns
They say they want to revenge the death of their parents because they were killed in their presence.”
a non-governmental organisation working with victims of insurgency in the state
she said there are a growing number of children-led households which is as a result of the insurgency
Fatima said a lot of children within the camps are without parents or guardians while they fend for themselves
She added that some of the female children were being sexually exploited in exchange for food
“We provide a wide range of psychological services for the IDPs
They have been traumatised by their experience and they are living out of their communities and their homes and we provide comprehensive psychological assessment
We have a team that looks at children’s trauma
children that have been affected by the insurgency; and in Maiduguri
we have about 700 recipients and these are young children who have spent time with Boko Haram fighters in Sambisa forest and they’ve been rescued
psychological and social support,” Fatima said
these young people will continue to experience trauma and other behaviours associated with their captivity
ideology as some of them don’t understand that Nigeria is a country
they said they had their own country and state in Sambisa
Most of them came from very poor communities that don’t have any form of government presence.”
the children at the El-Miskin camp are battling with a myriad of health challenges
There was a cholera outbreak at the camp and the children were the worst hit
At one of the medical facilities where the children with severe cases where kept
the children lay on beds waiting to be transferred on a tricycle to a treatment centre
“We are battling with cholera due to poor hygiene of the displaced persons,” Abubakar Waziri
We’ve managed the cases of severe acute malnutrition
Some of them have recovered and discharged
an international medical organization at the camp
said children with severe cases of cholera are being stabilised and referred to treatment centres
A day after this reporter visited the camp
declared an outbreak of cholera in the state
“This official declaration has become important to the enable state
and NGOs to mobilise adequate resources for a timely and comprehensive response to the outbreak which presently concentrates in Madinatu and El-Miskin IDPs camps and Bolori ward in Maiduguri and suburbs,&#8221; the commissioner said
The memory of the insurgency has wrecked havoc on 32-year-old Robben Joseph
who was a JSS 3 pupil of Government Day Secondary School
Gwoza local government area when the insurgents attacked during school hours on June 26
who couldn’t bear the suffering and trauma of the massacre he witnessed while running to the mountains
resorted to drugs until he smoked a rubber solution that drove him insane
We ran to the mountain,” he stuttered as he tried to speak further
“I started taking drugs after the attack on my town
tramadol and when I smoked a rubber solution
I was taken to Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital at Baga road here in Maiduguri and I was discharged after three months in 2017
My drugs finished while I hadn’t recovered yet
“A consultant from the International Organisation for Migration used to attend to me here
I want to get better and return to school.”
“Government told us that our town and homes are now safe and some people went back
But I’m here with my wife and four children
I wish to go back home but it’s not safe,” Usman Bwala told TheCable at the Dalori camp 1
The farmer said his ordeal began when Boko Haram marched into a mosque in Konduga while he was about to break his fast
Last year at the Nigerian Union of Journalist (NUJ) press week
the state commissioner for local government and emirate affairs
lamented that despite the fact that the military had reclaimed some communities
over 350,000 IDPs have refused to go back home
She appealed to journalist to sensitise the displaced persons to return home and pick up their lives
At a Nigerian army medical outreach event last year
also said they had overstayed at the camps despite the liberation of their communities held by insurgents
at the inauguration of nine gunboats for the task force detachment at Baga
Buratai assured the IDPs that their communities were now safe and secure after the army launched ‘Operation Last Hold’ to “further decimate remnant of the Boko Haram terrorists
ensure return of IDPs to their communities and provide safe and secured environment for the resumption of economic activities in northern Borno.”
With that assurance coupled with the dire living conditions at the camps
Pages of newspapers were awash with images of IDPs finally going back home
after an official flag off of Bama IDPs return home by Kashim Shettima
thousands of the residents were escorted to the town by the military
reiterated that the state government had made adequate arrangements for the returnees
000 displaced farmers alone were also said to have returned to Gudumbali in Guzamala local government area of the state
while 10,109 were said to have returned to communities in Kukawa local government area
Few weeks after the return of some displaced persons to Damboa
six female suicide bombers attacked Abachari village in the local government while about 32 persons lost their lives and several injured
told journalists that a lot of those affected were mostly children
insurgents ambushed a military convoy at Boboshe village in Bama and at least 23 soldiers were unaccounted for
who were said to be going to the Babbangida market to steal food items
ambushed soldiers from 233 special force at Sasawa community in Yobe
suspected members of the Boko Haram sect invaded a military base in Malamfatori area of Abadam local government
Boko Haram fighters in military camouflage attacked a military base in Zari
a small community north of Maiduguri killing about 30 soldiers and while a myriad of other military personnel were wounded
But the army denied the attacks saying the troops repelled the terrorists and kill several of them
some women travelling in a bus were attacked and abducted along Pulka road in Gwoza local government area of Borno state while many people sustained injuries in the attempt to escape
published by the Institute for Economics and Peace
ranked Boko Haram as the world deadliest terrorist group
With the pockets of attacks on liberated towns and farms
the returnee IDPs cannot fend for themselves
Some are still holed up in shelters provided by the government
Lambari said the government has renovated his home in Bama
but he has not finished the renovation process
Many people went back to Bama but the emir
it is the same as staying back in the camp.”
The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) humanitarian situation update in Nigeria revealed that in July alone
nearly 25,000 new arrivals to camps in Maiduguri were recorded
the highest number 3,953 from Bama – few weeks after the celebrated home
the continuous influx of hundreds of newly displaced people in Bama continues to pose challenges in providing sufficient shelters with about 5,000 individuals at the Government Senior Science Secondary School (GSSS) camp currently in need of shelter
said she cannot go back to Monguno with her eight children because those who went back home are coming back to the camps
told TheCable at Dalori camp 2 that he would only go back home if he can visit his farms without being killed – although he complained of sleeping space which is not conducive
33-year-old Modu Gaji from Ijilije village
“The security situation in Gwoza is uncertain
I left my town since 2014 as a displaced person
They say we don’t want to go home because we are enjoying
Boko Haram people are still based in Bayandutse as we speak.”
the return of the IDPs to their communities has raised suspicions that the government is trying to force them home to score political points in the fight against insurgency even when there are no strong indications of adequate security of lives and livelihoods
National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) north-east coordinator
said the news going round that the government is forcing IDPs to go back to their communities because of the forth-coming elections is not true
“It is not true that the IDPs are sent home
We are trained persons in humanitarian management
we don’t just operate without laid-down guidelines,&#8221; Garga said
&#8220;The return of IDPs to their places of ancestral abode or any place they choose is based on an existing document called the Kampala convention
It spells out the way and manner they will be returned
they must not be coerced to leave camps to their host communities
they have freedom of choice to remain in camp or to go to any community of their choice
AS NIGERIA FACES A CRISIS OF GLOBAL MAGNITUDE
At a conference in New York tagged ‘Strengthening the Humanitarian and Development Partnership in the Lake Chad Region’
the United Nations reiterated that Nigeria is still facing a crisis of global magnitude with 10.2 million people affected in three states in the northeast
UN resident and humanitarian coordinator for Nigeria
said organisation will provide assistance to at least 6.1 million victims of the insurgency by the end of 2018
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The Numana Community Development Organisation (NCDO) has expressed sadness over the unprovoked attack and killing of innocent and unarmed peasant farmers at Ambe village in Sanga local government area of Kaduna State by gunmen
During the unfortunate incident few days ago
six people were killed while many others sustained various degrees of injuries and were in different hospitals receiving medical care
In a statement sent to journalists in Abuja
said: &#8220;It is worrisome to note that incidences of kidnap in our communities have increased in recent times as no week passes without one or two persons being kidnapped
&#8220;To compound the already terrible situation being faced by our people
herdsmen have taken over the ancestral lands of residents of some of our communities
thereby turning the areas to flashpoints of regular kidnap of innocent farmers
Some villages that have been taken over by herdsmen include
&#8220;It is painful to recall that in series of attacks by gun men in Sanga local government area
where two people were killed at Lambari village on March 2
2023; one person was killed at Unguwar Madaki Arak on May 5,2023; one person was killed at Gani Sarki on August 19
2023 and five people were killed at Unguwar Ganye on February 8 this year
&#8220;These consistent attacks on our calm and peace-loving communities have become worrisome and unbearable
now that the raining season is here.&#8221;
He further said the farmers are now afraid to go to their farms as the attacks intensified in recent times
calling on government to intervene quickly
&#8220;Considering that majority of our people are farmers
these serial attacks have caused panic in them
negatively affect the economy of our people in the months ahead
&#8220;While acknowledging the effort of the Kaduna State Government under the leadership of His Excellency
we believe that more can be done to protect our people
in Sanga and Jema’a local government areas
appeal to the Kaduna state government to deploy more security operatives to our rural communities in order to protect our people and also restore their already battered confidence so that they can engage in farming activities without fear of attack
&#8220;We also call on the state government to support those injured during the recent attack at Ambe village who are currently receiving medical treatment,&#8221; Gani stated
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© 2025 <a href="#" title="Leadership Media Group">Leadership Media Group</a> - <a href="https:/leadership.ng/" title="Leadership">All Rights Reserved</a>.