Metrics details The assessment of water quality for human consumption is of utmost importance due to the crucial role water plays in public health the objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of water for human consumption in the municipality of Manicoré/AM A survey of the semi-artesian wells supplying the city was conducted The sampling took place during the rainy season where the following parameters were determined: a) microbiological: thermotolerant coliforms and total coliforms; b) physical: apparent color and turbidity; c) chemical: Total iron and total manganese the results were compared with the values established by ordinance No revealed the presence of total and thermotolerant coliforms as well as values above the maximum contaminant level for apparent color and turbidity located at the Municipal Guard station in the Manicorezinho neighborhood also indicated the presence of total coliforms The evaluation of the parameters of the two sampling points (1 and 6) demonstrated that the water from the wells is unsuitable for human consumption Water is an essential element for human consumption playing crucial roles in maintaining health and ensuring the proper functioning of the body Besides being fundamental for hydration and temperature regulation water is also vital for digestion and nutrient absorption Water scarcity can lead to a range of health issues highlighting its importance as an indispensable resource for human life one of the main methods of obtaining water is through the drilling of shallow and deep wells and the use of cisterns Approximately 39% of municipalities in Brazil rely on groundwater emphasized the need for rigorous monitoring to maintain hygiene and microbiological control of water reservoirs along with preventive and corrective measures such as water treatment monitoring reveals that contamination is often due to poor allocation and inadequate construction of water collection systems as well as a lack of maintenance of supply systems highlights the importance of studying surface and groundwater to compare with current regulations as both studies reveal deficiencies relative to Brazilian potable water standards due to lack of planning by authorities and public awareness The objective of this study was to analyze and evaluate the quality of water intended for human consumption in the municipality of Manicoré—AM taking into account a comprehensive approach to physical Location and Sampling Points in the Municipality of Manicoré – AM image created by the author Eliezer Lucio Fernandes Lima with the GIS software QGIS desktop 3.16.4 with GRASS 7.8.5 free version the satellite image is from the Web-QuickMapServices plugin using a free image from Google services freely available on the website of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics – IBGE Source: Eliezer Lucio Fernandes Lima (2024) Presentation of water collection points in the Municipality of Manicoré carried out by the author Eliezer Lucio Fernandes Lima Figure “b)” shows two water sampling points where samples are collected directly from the faucet and are accessible to the public These wells are located at the Municipal Guard Station in the Manicorezinho neighborhood and at the City Council in the Auxiliadora neighborhood Figures “a,” “c,” “d,” and “e” depict the semi-artesian wells that supply water to the neighborhoods before going to the municipality for collection all containers were sterilized in a laboratory with distilled water and stored in appropriate places so that there would be no contamination of the samples the following collection procedure was adopted: a) the faucets and containers were pre-cleaned with distilled water Each sample was then transferred into two distinct plastic containers one with a capacity of 100 mL and the other with 150 mL the samples were carefully stored in a thermal polystyrene container to maintain the temperature at or below 4 °C during transport to the Sanitation Laboratory at the Institute of Education and Environment (IEAA/UFAM) and to the LAPEF laboratory located in Humaitá/AM and Porto Velho/RO The samples were taken to the LAPEF laboratory which features modern facilities and equipment and adheres to a rigorous quality control system ensuring that analyses are performed with quality The laboratory meets the requirements specified in NBR ISO/IEC 17025:2005 taking into account all necessary technical specifications from the collection stage to the issuance of the report which can be accessed directly by our clients through our website and the lowest quantification limits and measurement uncertainties available on the market." Currently, all the wells listed in Table 2 are operated by the Autonomous Water and Sewage System (SISAGUA) The city government has already carried out water analyses; however there is no regular monitoring of water quality nor do the wells receive specific treatments Although these artesian wells may have been constructed in compliance with Brazilian standards NBR 12,212 and NBR 12,244 there is no evidence that they are under continuous operational control or technical monitoring to maintain water quality standards According to the person responsible for the public water supply maintenance of the wells only includes checking the condition of the pump and physical structure with a fixed rate for residences around R$18 and other places with higher water consumption are subject to variable rates around R$25 The development of this work followed these steps: (a) preparation of the literature review which involves researching and critically analyzing literature related to the topic to theoretically support the study; (b) planning the data collection and schedules for data gathering; (c) mapping and georeferencing which detail the study area using technologies such as GPS and software while photographic documentation visually records the process Laboratory analyses examined the samples to determine the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the water, with the techniques used detailed in Table 3 the results led to discussions and final considerations guided by legislation and existing literature After the collection stages were completed the obtained data were organized and systematized in Excel spreadsheets to create graphs and tables The graphs were generated using the matplotlib library from the Python 3.9 programming language a programming language that allowed for a more dynamic and interactive visualization of the results facilitating the identification of relevant patterns and trends emphasize the importance of these parameters being regulated by legislation noting that while the presence of iron and manganese it can undermine public trust in the treatment system observed a correlation between turbidity greater than 5 NTU and samples with the presence of Total Coliforms and E which exceeds the maximum limit of 15 (uH) This parameter is crucial because high color in water usually due to the presence of organic and inorganic materials can indicate environmental degradation processes high apparent color often signals the need for more complex and costly treatments to make the water suitable for human consumption While most wells have low values within acceptable standards Well 6 stands out with a significantly high value far exceeding the maximum permitted value (MPV) This discrepancy indicates a potential alteration in the water quality of Well 6 requiring further investigation to identify the underlying causes the data analysis highlights the importance of regularly monitoring water quality promptly identifying and addressing any anomalies in test results and implementing preventive measures to ensure safety and compliance with established water quality standards The turbidity of the water, illustrated in the graph in Fig. 4 below, compares the values from the wells with the maximum permitted value according to Ordinance No. 888/2021. It is defined by the presence of colloidal material in suspension turbidity is an indirect parameter that reveals the quality of water for public supply Consuming water with high turbidity can increase the risk of gastrointestinal diseases especially for vulnerable groups such as children and individuals with compromised immune systems In the illustration of Fig. 5, we present the four physicochemical parameters in a graph, comparing all the wells. Graph of sampling point values for Total Iron and Manganese The graph in Fig. 5 presents a comparison between the values of Total Iron and Manganese measured at different sampling points we have the points where the measurements were taken while the vertical axis (Y) shows the values of these parameters in milligrams per millilitre (mg/mL) The green line represents the values of Total Iron and the red line represents the values of Manganese As both sets of values are identical and overlap on the graph the green line is positioned underneath the red line The values measured at all points remain at zero indicating that no significant concentrations of Total Iron or Manganese were detected in the collected samples This means that the water quality at the analysed points is good with respect to these two elements as there is no relevant presence of Total Iron or Manganese that could indicate contamination or pollution the absence of variation in the values and the fact that the lines remain at zero demonstrate that the water is free from concentrations of these two metals Even though the concentrations of iron and manganese were found within the limits imposed by Brazilian legislation with values of 0.3 mg/L for iron and 0.1 mg/L for manganese it may be relevant to consider the implications of exceeding these limits for public health Directive 98/83/EC of the Council of the European Union which sets standards for drinking water quality in EU countries adopts stricter limits: 0.2 mg/L for iron and 0.05 mg/L for manganese Table 5 presents the results of the microbiological parameters for the 6 analyzed wells which are indicators of water quality and can signal a potential environmental impact resulting from activities around the water body Since water quality is crucial for public health inadequate sanitary conditions can turn water into a medium for pathogen proliferation confirming that this is a public health issue the non-compliance of these parameters in water from Wells 1 and 6 is concerning as it suggests that the water does not meet the required quality standards for human consumption making it potentially unsuitable for this purpose It is crucial that corrective measures are taken to address this non-compliance ensuring that the water meets the necessary quality and safety standards to protect public health This may involve implementing appropriate water treatment measures and conducting continuous monitoring to ensure that quality standards are maintained over time The results obtained for well P6 indicate that the high turbidity of the water has a significant impact on the measurement of apparent color The presence of colloids and particulate matter suspended in the water can absorb light resulting in elevated and distorted coloration This interference not only complicates the interpretation of water quality but also raises concerns about potability as high turbidity levels can be indicative of contamination by microorganisms and unwanted particles it is essential to conduct a careful analysis of the data considering the relationship between turbidity and apparent color in order to provide a more accurate assessment of water quality when stating that only wells P6 and P1 are affected by problems related to inadequate sewage treatment in urban areas including an evaluation of groundwater levels and local topography These variables can influence the dynamics of water flow and pollution contamination making them relevant for understanding the water quality in the analyzed wells Investigations that consider these aspects will help identify the underlying causes of water quality degradation contributing to the development of mitigation and control strategies that ensure the potability of water for the inhabitants of the region The results of this study highlight the urgent need to establish a continuous monitoring programme and implement improvements to ensure the quality of drinking water in inhabited regions of the Amazon The detection of total coliforms at Point 1 as well as total and thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms at Point 6 indicates that these wells do not comply with the sanitary requirements defined by Ministry of Health Ordinance No the parameters related to apparent colour and turbidity at Point 6 showed values significantly above the permissible limits and 5 were in compliance with current legislation regarding microbiological aspects and levels of total iron and manganese even in locations where parameters meet the limits it is essential to maintain regular control These findings reinforce the importance of a robust water quality surveillance system to reduce contamination risks and protect public health it is necessary to adopt strategies that ensure the safety of the water consumed promoting both compliance with legal standards and the environmental and sanitary protection of Amazonian communities Manuscript from the TCC by student Eliezer Lucio Fernandes Lima Environmental Engineering Course at the Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM) The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the present study are not publicly available due to the recent defense and approval of the course completion work which is still in the deposit phase in the Institutional Repository of the Federal University of Amazonas (RIU) these data may be obtained upon reasonable request to the corresponding author Qualidade da água para consumo humano no Brasil: revisão integrativa da literatura Souza, W. B. et al. Mapeamento e avaliação da potabilidade de água proveniente de fontes alternativas de captação na cidade de Astolfo Dutra. Águas Subterrâneas https://doi.org/10.14295/ras.v32i3.29179 (2018) Moraes, M. et al. Avaliação microbiológica de fontes de água de escolas públicas e privadas da cidade de Santa Rita (PB). Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental 23(3), 431–435. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-41522018159099 (2018) BRASILPortaria nº 2914 de 12 de dezembro de 2011Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, 2011. Disponívelem:https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2011/prt2914_12_12_2011.html Montagner, C. C. et al. Contaminantes emergentes em matrizes aquáticas do Brasil: Cenário atual e aspectos analíticos, ecotoxicológicos e regulatórios. Revista Química Nova https://doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20170091 (2017) Contaminantes emergentes presentes em águas destinadas ao consumo humano: ocorrência Oliveira, J. et al. from the ministry of health: the starting point for confronting emerging contaminants. Br. J. Dev. https://doi.org/10.3411/bjdv8n4-530 (2021) Rebouças, R. D. S. O. et al. Water quality for human consumption in semi artesian wells in the city of Lábrea/AM. Contribuciones A Las Ciencias Sociales https://doi.org/10.55905/revconv.17n.1-316 (2024) Manual de Usos Consuntivos da Água no Brasil Ciclo hidrológico nos ambientes de várzea da reserva de desenvolvimento sustentável Mamirauá período dessssss Scientific Magazine UAKARI Arcos, A. et al. Avaliação dos impactos da poluição nas águas superficiais de um afluente do rio Solimões na Amazônia Central Brasileira. Caminhos da Geografia https://doi.org/10.14393/RCG228053079 (2021) Silva, M. et al. classificação dos rios da Amazônia: uma estratégia para preservação desses recursos. Holos Environ. https://doi.org/10.14295/holos.v13i2.7344 (2013) Arcos, A. N., Silva, J. S. & Cunha, H. B. Grupo coliforme fecal como indicador de balneabilidade em praia de água doce no rio Negro Amazonas. Res. Soc. Dev. https://doi.org/10.3344/rsd-v9i7.4015 (2020) Alves, K. S. M., Souza, M., Carneiro, E. N. & H, Oliveira, L.,. Avaliação da Qualidade da Água do Lago Preto como Subsídio de Abastecimento Público para a Cidade de Lábrea-Am. Revista Brasileira De Geografia Física https://doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v17.5.p3330-3346 (2024) ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS (ONU). Transformando Nosso Mundo: A Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. (2011). Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufersa.edu.br/handle/prefix/9110 INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA (IBGE). Censo Brasileiro de 2022. IBGE, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/am/manicore.html Variabilidade da chuva na região central do amazonas: o uso do satélite TRMM Oxidação e remoção de ferro e manganês em águas para fins de abastecimento público ou industrial – uma abordagem geral Do Prado, J. J., Nogueira, W. V., Cabeça, A. C. & Pontuschka, R. B. Qualidade físico-química da água de poços rasos em assentamentos rurais no território central do estado de Rondônia. Revista Presença Geográfica https://doi.org/10.36026/rpgeo.v9i2.7203 (2022) 2024 Qualidade da água para consumo humano e doenças diarreicas agudas no estado do Tocantins Análise de parâmetros de qualidade da água para consumo humano CETESB. Qualidade das águas subterrâneas do estado de São Paulo 2013–2015. São Paulo, 2016. (Série Relatórios). Disponível em: https://cetesb.sp.gov.br/aguas-subterraneas/publicacoes-e-relatorios/ Diretiva 98/83/CE relativa à qualidade da água destinada ao consumo humano Rosá, F., Ribeiro, G. F., Cmargo, L. G. & Oliveira, A. B. R. Da Coliformes e bactérias resistentes a antibióticos em água de rios e poços em curitibanos. Congresso Florestal Brasileiro https://doi.org/10.2402/raac.v19i1.6217 (2022) Pinheiro, J. V., Miorando, P. S. & Lima, T. F. Qualidade da água para consumo humano em dois sistemas de abastecimento público no município de Oriximiná-PA. Brasil. https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.5556 (2023) Do Nascimento, F. R. et al. Avaliação da qualidade da água para consumo humano de duas fontes subterrâneas de abastecimento no município de Lábrea/AM. Observatório De La Economía Latinoamericana https://doi.org/10.55905/oelv22n4-133 (2024) Download references for the institutional support that was essential for the development of this research To the Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences Research Group (GPEACT) which significantly contributed to the completion of this study Luan Vinicius Mar Cavalcante & Francikelle Rodrigues do Nascimento Marcelo Dayron Rodrigues Soares & Harumy Sales Noguchi - Eliezer Lucio Fernandes Lima—Contribution: Water sample collection lead writer of the article —Marcelo Dayron Rodrigues Soares—Contribution: Funding for laboratory analyses and assistance with sample collection;—Cleiton Ribeiro Maciel—Contribution: Transportation within the municipality and assistance with writing;—Maria Alice Gomes Simão— Contribution: Water collection and note-taking; —Luan Vinicius Mar Cavalcante—Contribution: Water collection and notes on the descriptions of each sampling point;—Harumy Sales Noguchi—Contribution: Writing and editing of the article;—- Francikelle Rodrigues do Nascimento—Contribution: Water collection and notes on the wells The authors declare no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-90167-0 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Anthropocene newsletter — what matters in anthropocene research 15 traditional communities living in public forests in Brazil’s Amazonas state earned official recognition and the rights to collective use of their territory in March this year This development in the municipality of Manicoré marks the first time in the history of Amazonas that traditional communities have been given collective title to what’s known as a concession for the real rights of use (CDRU) for perpetuity It’s also the first time such a concession has been granted to families living outside a conservation unit “We have created the Rio Manicoré Common Use Territory the first of its kind,” says Daniel Viegas head of the state office for environmental law He adds that granting the CDRU to the Rio Manicoré communities required that the state alter its land ownership legislation The Rio Manicoré region is one of the best-preserved parts of the Brazilian Amazon and is composed of a mosaic of three Indigenous territories and nearly 9,000 square kilometers (3,500 square miles) of undesignated public forests Besides ensuring the protection of an extremely important part of the Amazon the CDRU will help protect the traditional way of life of the 4,000 riverbank-dwelling community members and their vegetable gardens,” says family farmer Maria Clea Delgado president of the Rio Manicoré Agro-extractivist Associations Center (CAARIM) one of the groups responsible for helping the communities win the concession During Mongabay’s visit to the communities this past June residents were preparing for the Açaí Festival in Estirão a community an hour from the Manicoré city center by boat “Everyone plants açaí here,” says agro-extractivist Manoel Tomé Correa proudly showing us his family’s small açaí farm two brothers and nephews are all neighbors and also farm açaí “The Estirão Açaí Festival is the best one in Rio Manicoré All the proceeds from the festival go to the community association,” Correa says His entire family was born in this community and their livelihood centers around gathering açaí berries They produce juice and pulp from the açaí; from the andiroba they extract the famous oil that’s used in almost everything in Amazonas — from insect repellent to remedies for a sore throat Everything they collect in their own backyard they can sell in the Manicoré city center or to middlemen who come up the river to buy forest products “The forest must be preserved so we will always have it But we hear about destruction further into the forest environmental manager and spokesperson for Greenpeace Brazil’s Amazon campaign says the CDRU is an important victory in the struggle of the Rio Manicoré ribeirinhos “Despite the fact that the CDRU isn’t an instrument for environmental conservation its aims are similar to those of a sustainable development reserve including the guarantee of the permanence of traditional populations and their sustainable activities in addition to the recognition of their territory,” Mazzetti says the concession of real rights of use is effectively environmental protection because the text of the CDRU defines limits on exploration inside the territory.” Under the 2000 law on conservation units traditional populations living in reserves national forests or other conservation units may use the natural resources there in a reasonable way and develop sustainable economic activities like gathering The same law prohibits commercial hunting and fishing and mineral exploration whose members include a portion of the region’s ribeirinhos says it wants to push further and transform the region into a sustainable development reserve (RDS by its Portuguese initials) which would bring greater legal protections “We are fighting for this to become an RDS because of the invasions and deforestation that are going on inside our territory We want protection,” says public school teacher and CAARIM co-founder Marilourdes Cunha da Silva The waterways that cut across the municipality of Manicoré are frequently plied by barges bearing distinctive names — Dona Raimunda “There are many loggers in the region offering money for us to cut down native trees,” says a ribeirinho pointing to a 30-meter-tall (98-foot) angelim tree (Dinizia excelsa) the tallest Amazonian tree species and one that’s highly coveted by loggers “They are paying 400 reais [$77] for an angelim tree this size,” he adds “There are people who agree to cut them because it’s easy money easier than planting vegetables and having to wait months to harvest them.” A local woman tells us of barges that “come and go every week four barges loaded with wood leave Rio Manicoré every Friday This [has been going on] even since the CDRU,” she adds also asking not to be identified for safety reasons wildcat mining dredges are still turning over the earth and polluting the river “They’ve already offered me work on those mining barges on the Madeira but I said no,” says a man who was born in a riverbank community and now lives in the city some men came to my door with a friend of mine and tried to convince me.” The barge traffic points to the changing state of the once preserved forest in Manicoré over the past decade The municipality recorded more than 150 km2 (58 mi2) of deforestation during the first half of 2022 — more than the record figure of 134.7 km2 (52 mi2) for the whole of 2021 according to the PRODES deforestation monitoring program run by INPE “We’ve already taken photos [of the lumber barges] and sent them to the Federal Public Ministry That’s why we want this region to be an SDR It’s not just logging that threatens the region Data from the National Mining Agency show there are 19 pending applications for prospecting in Manicoré The communities have long complained about these activities to the authorities Mongabay reached out to several of the latter for comment: IBAMA the federal environmental protection agency did not respond to our questions; the Amazonas Public Ministry only confirmed that the complaints form part of a civil inquiry by its federal counterpart we’re worried about how many trees will be cut down [during the second half of 2022],” Delgado says “We can see that if the coming months are like April and May the same month in which the Rio Manicoré territory came under the CDRU protection Greenpeace discovered a 19-km2 (7.3-mi2) patch of deforested land in the middle of pristine rainforest there Greenpeace returned to the region to carry out aerial monitoring and reported intensive burning in the deforested region — a fire so massive that its smoke blotted out the sun over the Amazonas capital Maria Clea Delgado and Marilourdes Cunha da Silva have been fighting for the creation of the Rio Manicoré RDS for 16 years They met by chance in 2006 during a trip on a voadeira the rivers serve as streets and highways for the locals as there are no roads connecting the communities some of which lie hours away from the city center by boat “We started talking about the situation in Manicoré and realized that we had each started up associations inside our respective communities ‘Why don’t we create an umbrella association?’” recalls Delgado who’s known in the region for actions like the time she handed a letter to then-president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva asking for electricity for the Rio Manicoré communities the two women’s first step was to get to the bottom of “who owned the river,” in Delgado’s words the community members had no title to the land “We discovered that the land belongs to the state of Amazonas and so we asked INCRA [the Brazilian rural land authority] what could be done to protect us That’s where we got the idea of creating a sustainable development reserve,” Delgado says Cunha da Silva remembers with pride that when CAARIM was created residents from all the communities came out in support of establishing a reserve more than 400 local residents would come to our meetings,” she says They started spreading rumors that if the reserve were approved the ribeirinhos would be prohibited from hunting cutting trees to build their houses and canoes The community members began to fear losing their land and our fight began to lose strength.” The women attribute these rumors to local politicians and people connected to illegal logging coming from the Manicoré district of Santo Antônio de Matupi Tension rose on both sides in 2015 when a public hearing on the proposed creation of the Rio Manicoré RDS was held and the majority of attendees were from the opposition “We were not allowed to speak at this public hearing,” Delgado says Community members who supported CAARIM at the time reported receiving anonymous threats like having their voadeiras pushed away from their communities on the river to places far away The pressure effectively quelled Delgado and Cunha da Silva’s struggle for the next four years illegal fishing and illegal logging has greatly increased The loggers all started up their chainsaws when they saw that the public hearing didn’t have any effect,” Delgado says a farmer who lives in the community of Barro Alto says that for many years he was one of those who were against establishing the reserve That changed when the deforestation drew nearer to his own home “I was one of the first people to speak out against the reserve in 2015 I stood up and walked out of a CAARIM meeting and never went back I saw with my own eyes how the destruction was getting closer,” Caetano says PRODES data back up what the ribeirinhos have experienced: the annual deforestation rate in Manicoré grew by 148% in 2015 from the year before “It’s not new that loggers are lurking around but these days they’re cutting down trees at a much faster rate,” Caetano says There are times when my wife and my mother are afraid to be at home by themselves because we can hear them cutting the trees down in the forest — taking out the red cedar Red cedar (Cedrela odorata) is considered Latin America’s second most valuable timber species according to the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (OTCA) the global convention on plant and animal trade and along with angelim is listed on the Brazilian Forest Service’s list of species at risk of extinction we don’t have any way to defend ourselves,” Caetano says I think it’s very important that this be a reserve.” Since 2017, Manicoré has been on the Ministry of Environment’s list of the priority municipalities for combating deforestation the municipality has lost 476 km2 (184 mi2) of forest over the past five years “Manicoré is at the mercy of these people because there is no monitoring of the situation,” Cunha da Silva says Mongabay contacted the Ministry of Environment about the deforestation data for Manicoré Its response did not mention the municipality specifically and said only that data for the entire Brazilian Amazon in July “indicate the lowest monthly rate [of deforestation] since 2018.” still pushing for the creation of the reserve after the 2015 setback intensified their efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic “I spend a lot of time in Rio Manicoré and was seeing more and more invasions going on here,” Delgado says they’re going to destroy our territory.’” “We had to practically go back to square one when we started again but we didn’t give up,” Cunha da Silva says “We kept explaining to people in the community that the RDS didn’t mean imprisonment filed a legal action asking the Amazonas state government to demarcate the reserve But the process was suspended in November 2021 says this was because of a lack of support from the communities themselves CAARIM must win the full support of all 15 communities So this isn’t the right time to start talks about creating a reserve.” but they are saying that if it becomes a reserve we won’t be able to plant a garden or cut down trees for the things we need,” says a 33-year-old farmer who asked not to be identified Viegas spent time in Rio Manicoré in August to hear what the people living there had to say and explain to them the importance of the CDRU “I sensed that many people there don’t understand the risk they are running of losing their land,” he says Greenpeace identified a 2.8-km2 (1.1-mi2) area of cleared forest along the Igarapé Grande restraining any deforestation or illegal extraction of wood,” says Greenpeace’s Cristiane Mazzetti Greenpeace Brasil sponsored an expedition with researchers from Amazonian universities to the forests of the Rio Manicoré region to study the local biodiversity and highlight the importance of preserving the region the scientists identified more than 60 species of lizards a ribeirinho tells of two men arriving from the Manicoré district of Santo Antônio de Matupi They came to his father-in-law’s house in May saying they were collecting signatures for the construction of a road connecting Matupi and the riverbank communities “They said it would help us transport the things we make but what they really want is to have access to our land,” the ribeirinho says “There is a main road that passes through the forest “The goal of the people doing this is to connect Matupi to [the rest of] Manicoré with a road we’re sure that they will subdivide our forest.” Cunha da Silva also says she’s “concerned about the road going down to Santo Antônio do Matupi We don’t have the same destruction culture that they have down there According to the BR-319 Observatory, a nonprofit that monitors the impacts of one of the most controversial roads running through the Amazon it’s the web of unofficial roads built off official highways that are the main vectors of deforestation in the Amazon today In 2021, the organization mapped out the illegal roads in Manicoré and discovered the existence of more than 1,422 km (884 mi) within the municipality alone better known as the Trans-Amazonian Highway 845 km (525 mi) are inside undesignated public forests (such as the area that includes the ribeirinhos’ CDRU); 296 km (184 mi) are inside Indigenous territories (Tenharim Marmelos Tenharim Marmelos/Area B and Sepoti); and nearly 67 km (42 mi) are inside conservation units “We have seen clearly with other highways inside the Amazon, like BR-163 in Pará state that it is difficult to control the advance of deforestation and land grabbing when there is a highway on which to ship product,” Mazzetti says Another source of concern for conservationists is the fact that Manicoré is one of 32 municipalities that make up the AMACRO project, which aims to regionalize agribusiness in the hinterlands of the states of Amazonas, Acre and Rondônia. The region is home to extensive swaths of undesignated public forests “This is worrisome because the arc of deforestation has already reached the AMACRO region,” Mazzetti says referring to the sweeping agribusiness front laying waste to the Amazon from the southeast “The Rio Manicoré CDRU area has still not been directly impacted but it will only be a few years before the arc reaches it.” Manicoré has been the fifth most deforested municipality in the state of Amazonas since 2018 “We could lose all of our territory if they keep destroying it,” Delgado says because before the CDRU we used to call it ‘our place,’ but now we can say that these forests in Manicoré are ‘our territory.’” But she says she’s concerned following the killing of Indigenous rights activist Bruno Pereira and British journalist Dom Phillips in June this year in Amazonas’s Vale do Javari region Bruno and Dom were guardians of the forest I have seen the folks from Vale do Javari ask for protection and nothing is done It’s like what happened with our dear Chico Mendes,” Delgado says invoking the prominent environmentalist and rights activist but we never know what can happen in this fight.” the Amazonas state environmental secretariat on the information presented in this article This story was reported by Mongabay’s Brazil team and first published here on our Brazil site on Sept The “fortress conservation” model is under pressure in East Africa as protected areas become battlegrounds over history and global efforts to halt biodiversity loss Mongabay’s Special Issue goes beyond the region’s world-renowned safaris to examine how rural communities and governments are reckoning with conservation’s colonial origins and trying to forge a path forward […] This article originally appeared on Greenpeace Brazil’s website home to incredible animals and unknown species and environmental activists are among those who are working to protect it amid grave dangers In the south of the Brazilian state of Amazonas very close to where columns of trees meet pasture fences a coffee-colored river meanders through a living and pulsating forest where thousands of people struggle to secure a thriving future for their piece of Amazônia and nature is mother of this resistance.  Just beyond a frontier of forest destruction the Manicoré region is located in the “AMACRO region,” where the states of Amazonas The Manicoré region takes its name from the Manicoré River — a tributary of the Madeira River the biggest tributary of the Amazon — that crosses through the heart of the area Manicoré has been the fifth-most deforested region in the state 134.67 square kilometers (km²) were deforested there.  These intersecting processes of forest destruction are made possible by an intentional strategy of the Bolsonaro government to sabotage environmental law enforcement and offer leniency to land grabbers and others involved in environmental crimes The future of the Amazon rainforest has been put up for sale by those who value profits over people and the planet companies and politicians will try to profit until the last leaf.  Ensuring the rights of communities that want to live with the forest sustainably is a necessary way forward because the Amazon rainforest will not exist in the future if mining We don’t really have much of a choice there are climate and biodiversity emergencies knocking at our door and the destruction of the Amazon only accelerates them If the Amazon rainforest reaches a tipping point of no return the Amazon will fail as a rainforest and there will be impacts for all of us and are advocating for sustainable development models that understand the science and recognize what is at stake we can lose it — and so much more — altogether.  In Rio Manicoré, a group of communities, home to about 4,000 people, have been fighting for 16 years for the creation of a Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS) a type of protected area that exists in Brazil that is designed to protect natural areas of great biological relevance while also guaranteeing the sustainable use of natural resources by traditional populations Over the years, the communities associated with the Central das Associações Agroextrativistas do Rio Manicoré (Caarim) have sought to prove the necessity of having their forest protected. This year, Caarim finally received a government concession for collective use (CDRU) which at least prevents people from outside the area from taking ownership of the land An area of 3,899.32 km² was granted for such use but this document alone does not solve the problem without proper implementation which includes management definition of activities allowed within its limits and enforcement to avoid illegal activities and land grabbing.  This region is constituted of public lands that have not yet been designated for any particular use. There are more than 500,000 km² — larger than the size of Spain — of undesignated public forests in the Brazilian Amazon These forests belong to the Brazilian people under the auspices of the Federal State or local governments; and they are crucial to the global climate they are being “claimed” or stolen by whoever comes first they are frequently targeted for land grabbing which is responsible for 1/3 of all deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon the agribusiness lobby in the Brazilian Congress is trying to reward this model of theft through legislation known as the “Land Grabber’s bill.” However there is hope because officially designating these areas for sustainable use and conservation could be a part of what helps us secure a safer future climate Such protected areas could help reduce deforestation in the Amazon which has increased year over year since 2017 that’s what the Amazon needs now: more protection that empowers the people who love and care for it.  We’re at that part of the movie where scientists go on TV to warn about the tidal wave or the deadly virus The “Amazon We Need” expedition is the way Greenpeace Brazil will be telling the world about these people and the dream shared by so many of a future with standing forests In order to support the ongoing campaign of the people of Manicoré,the expedition is also a platform to support the work of researchers from the National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA) and partner institutions in their studies of the rich biodiversity of this little-studied piece of Amazonia Their findings about the biodiversity in this area will aid the communities as they make their case to have their rights to use the forest sustainably recognized Because this was just the first chapter of a story that is still being written Rosana Villar is a Greenpeace Brazil Communications Analyst A firefighter describes the horror of witnessing the Amazon being consumed by wildfires What happens when the world’s biggest meat company brands itself as a climate saviour a mega-corporation making billions while its supply chain sets the Amazon on fire From elusive jaguars and to playful river dolphins every creature from the Amazon relies entirely on the rainforest for food Please select which cookies you are willing to store These cookies are required for technical reasons so that you can visit our website and use the functions we offer These cookies are used to recognise you between successive visits and thus provide you with a better experience storing your consent preferences and the last Greenpeace.org website visited We use tracking and analysis tools to ensure continuous optimisation and demand-oriented design of our website These cookies will allow us to collect statistical and anonymised data such as how visitors use our website or which pages are accessed most frequently to ultimately improve Greenpeace.org and provide you with a better experience of our website In addition to the Performance cookies mentioned above we may also place in your browser cookies from third-party services (e.g Facebook or Google) to track the effectiveness of our online marketing strategies and to deliver adverts more relevant to you and your interests These cookies may also be used to serve advertising to you after you have left our site (retargeting cookies) Connecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information A lumber factory on the banks of the Madeira river near Manicore Photographer: Mauro Pimentel/AFP/Getty Images 2024 at 3:10 PM ESTBookmarkSaveLock This article is for subscribers only.Brazil subsidized rural insurance for farmers who deforested protected areas engaged in slavery-like labor or planted in indigenous lands according to a report from a nonprofit group An investigation by Repórter Brasil found that farmers benefited from a government-backed insurance program even after being sanctioned for environmental and labor violations Most of the policies scrutinized were signed during the administration of former President Jair Bolsonaro though violations persisted under his successor Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva The Brazilian Amazon is experiencing a historic drought which is pushing its inhabitants to their limit The lack of rain has caused a sharp decrease in the flow of rivers affecting subsistence agriculture and the supply of drinking water the inability of boats to navigate the shallow rivers threatens to leave hundreds of thousands of vulnerable people living in the most remote corners of Brazil completely stranded The rivers in the north of the country are like water highways: practically everyone — and everything — moves by river Authorities estimate that more than 500,000 people could be affected by food water and medicine shortages in the coming weeks the fish are concentrated in a deeper bend in the river that’s very difficult to access a gigantic hydroelectric plant on the Madeira River shut off its turbines last Monday It’s the fourth-largest hydroelectric plant in the country For Indigenous villages and riverside populations where there’s hardly any drinking water supply and water is taken directly from the river drought can be the prelude to a health crisis It’s the great paradox: there’s a lack of water for the inhabitants of the region that has the most fresh water reserves in the world the second-worst month on record since 1998 The collateral damage of extreme drought is everywhere less than 1,000 people live in small houses scattered on the banks of the Purus River “It wasn’t something normal — it was like a black hole that engulfed our entire neighborhood,” laments Kely Regina Dantas a fish that easily weighs more than 220 pounds because the fish have been isolated in lakes Transporting them by boat is also impossible we don’t know what’s going to happen to us Everything here comes directly from Manaus I don’t know how we’re going to survive,” Kely sighs the capital of Amazonas — a city of more than two million inhabitants embedded in the jungle — there’s an important industrial hub where many of Brazil’s televisions dishwashers and air conditioning units are made Businessmen across the country are already afraid of being left with empty shelves on Black Friday (November 24) because all that merchandise leaves the city in trucks aboard rafts the Brazilian authorities have declared a state of emergency in 55 municipalities hygiene and health kits are already being distributed The government promised the logistical support of the Air Force and the Navy which have proven experience in reaching the deepest parts of the jungle soldiers bring electronic ballot boxes to every single district During the dry season in the Amazon (from July to December, approximately) it’s normal for the rivers to drop by several feet and for beaches and sandbanks to appear. However, according to Virgilio Viana, the coordinator of the Sustainable Amazon Foundation (FAS), this year has been different. El Niño is partly to blame since this climate phenomenon inhibits the formation of clouds and rain But the scenario has been worsened by the abnormal warming of the waters of the North Atlantic an occurrence that’s related to climate change What we see now is an increase in its magnitude,” the specialist notes water purifiers and gasoline in the villages but for the little stoves that the Amazonians use to fry cassava bread and cook fish was secretary of the Environment in the state government of Amazonas urgent bandaid solutions are being put in place solutions must involve betting on solar panels expanding internet access and supporting family farming villages and cities that are now on the brink of collapse “We must prepare for the next calamities… we must be resilient and adapt to climate change.” Sign up for our weekly newsletter to get more English-language news coverage from EL PAÍS USA Edition ¿Quieres añadir otro usuario a tu suscripción ¿Por qué estás viendo esto? cambia tu suscripción a la modalidad Premium Cada uno accederá con su propia cuenta de email lo que os permitirá personalizar vuestra experiencia en EL PAÍS ¿Tienes una suscripción de empresa? 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Puedes consultar aquí los términos y condiciones de la suscripción digital. the only source of CO2 poured into the air : for billion years the atmosphere has been exchanging carbon with various other stocks that exist on Earth Flows in black represent the “natural” exchanges before the beginning of our industrial activities (1750) and pool figures in black represent the amount of carbon stored in 1750 Flows in red represent the human direct or indirect average contribution for the 1990’s and stock figures in red represent the net effect of human activities from 1750 to 1994 among other things (additional explanations in the rest of the page) : NB1 : CO2 emissions coming from fossil fuels that amounted to 6,5 GtC – about 24 billion tonnes of CO2 – per year during the 1990’s (figure on this diagram) are today close to 8 GtC per year – almost 29 billion de tonnes of CO2 NB2 : GPP means Gross Primary Productivity (that is the Gross result of photosynthesis) Source : IPCC there are numerous pools and flows of carbon on our planet In most of the these flows and pools carbon is associated to other atoms : in fossil fuels it is associated to hydrogen (the result being hydrocarbons) in the oceans it is associated to oxygen and sometimes hydrogen to form CO3– and HCO3- ions in the exchanges with the atmopshere it is associated to oxygen (CO2) or hydrogen (for methane emissions) in this kind of diagram only the weight of carbon is mentionned All of the above pools and flows is named the “carbon cycle” in which most of the flows are of course “natural” (but it does mean that human influence can be declared negligible before looking at figures !) For the “natural” part of the cycle Simulated average monthly CO2 exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere computed from 41 years of pH and wind speed measurements The yellow / red boxes correspond to an “upgoing” flux and the blue / green to a “downgoing” one One can easily see that the ocean is a source in the Eastern Pacific then warms up and releases parts of its dissolved CO2 when surface currents lead water to cool down (including the Gulf Stream the net flux is going from the atmosphere to the ocean If man has not created the carbon cycle (so much for our pride !) we nevertheless have significantly modified it and it will make all the difference regarding the future climate and it is of course to have added emissions : Approximative values of the carbon content (tonnes per hectare) for various vegetation types t is important to know that the contribution of deforestation is evaluated with an error margin of 1 Gt : it is very significant for something that is of the same magnitude our direct emissions have generated other flows that we could label indirect effects (in red on the diagram at the top of the page) A first category will apply to the ocean : the response induced by more CO2 in the air is also diverse : a simplified global picture is that our direct emissions coming from fossils fuels (about 6,4 GtC/year on the diagram at the top of the page almost 8 today) and deforestation (about 1,6 GtC/year on the diagram at the top of the page almost 2,5 today) generate in turn an extra uptake of 2,2 GtC/year from the ocean and of2,6 GtC/year from the terrestrial ecosystelms Any high school student will easily calculate that 6,4 + 1,6 – 2,2 – 2,6 = 3,2 that is that the CO2 buildup in the atmosphère is each year a little below 50% of our direct emissions (this is the reason why a worldwide division of the CO2 emissions by 2 at least is inevitable – so that our emissions do not exceed the sinks – and will eventually happen If we summarize there are today two natural sinks that take back part of the CO2 in excess that we are putting in the atmosphere : the soil contains most of the carbon (this is also valid for forests) This carbon is both enclosed in parts of plants of plant remains (roots the uptake by photosynthesis balances the emissions resulting from the respiration of all the living beings including those that decay the organic matter in the soil (see above) With a “small” climate change, both the emissions and the uptake increase. With a “major” climate change, the CO2 uptake due to photosynthesis will decrease – plants and ecosystems will suffer – whereas emissions from the soils will increase (enhanced decay) and/or if the absorption by plants decreases enough (or stops) the ecosystem as a whole can shift from sink to source and some fears also exist for the Amazonian forest where the vegetation could suffer from a local drying up of the climate It is all the most obvious that in such a case as we have a process with a positive feedback (some dying forests -> more CO2 in the air -> a higher temperature rise -> even less forests) it is very difficult to know where is the new point of equilibrium Methane hydrate is therefore a crystal composed of water and methane just as ice is a crystal composed of only water There is no chemical reaction in the formation of this compound and a simple temperature increase is enough to dissociate the water from the methane There are two places on Earth where the required conditions for the presence of methane hydrates are naturally met : A significant temperature rise might trigger a massive release of methane from these reservoirs though the threshold that must be crossed and the magnitude of the effect are very hard to qualify It seems that such a massive release – from the ocean floor in particular – has happened in the past what would explain part of the sudden variations experienced by the planet during the last glacial age A significant global warming is also susceptible to slow down the thermohaline currents that go from the surface to the deep ocean As this vertical circulation is necessary to drag efficiently the carbon from the surface ocean – which is a “little sink” – to the deep ocean where there is the “big sink” (as shown on the figure at the top of this page the deep and intermediate ocean stores 30 to 40 times more carbon than the surface ocean) one can imagine that without thermohaline circulation One can now see that there is a risk that sinks – considered as a whole – disappear If such a thing happened the climte system would be carried away Nobody knows what would become of the average temperature in such a case before a new state of equilibrium : could it rise by 10 ° C Note that neither simulation took into account the possible effect of a temperature rise on methane hydrates Simulation of the Hadley Centre on the soil carbon content up to 2100 under the effect of a growing climate change One can see clearly that soils would switch from sink to source around 2050 (the red curve starts to go down) and that vegetation would do the same 20 years after The total release of carbon by the soils would reach 200 Gt between 2050 and 2100 The human induced CO2 emissions follow the emission scenario IS92a which is a scenario “business as usual” that would lead to 720 ppmv of CO2 in 2100 without the feedbacks of the carbon cycle The IPSL experiment yields similar qualitative results Source : Hadley Centre The IPSL experiment yields similar qualitative results We can notice that taking into account the effects of a changing climate on the carbon cycle induces a significant surplus of temperature increase: from 5 °C in 2100 (high end of the bracket for the IPCC 2007 assessment report) we would go to an 8°C increase (what makes possible a 15 to 20°C increase of the mean temperature over some continental zones Here again the IPSL confirms the qualitative results albeit the temperature increase resulting from the coupling is not as important as in the Hadley experiment but still with a consequent difference between the values with the feedbacks of the carbon cycle or without This fear of seeing terrestrial ecosystems becoming a net source of CO2 has been reinforced by two recent observations made in Europe : Difference between the average net primary productivity of european ecosystems for a “normal” year The figure are given in grams of carbon per m2 and per year (that is the weight of carbon taken to the atmosphere through photosynthesis once deducted what goes back the the atmosphere through respiration of the plants) The reference (“normal”) value is the average for the 1998-2002 period This map comes from a simulation, or rather an extrapolation to the whole continent of observation values coming from a numer of places. Red and yellow boxes show the locations where this primary net productivity has decreased in 2003, because of the hydric and heat stress of the plants. Let’s recall that the 2003 summer might be a normal summer in 2050 … Evolution of the carbon content of the UK soils between 1978 and 2003 in grams of carbon gained or lost each year for one initial kg of carbon content (derived from 3000 samples) Only the zones coloured with the lighter shade of green have increased their carbon content the UK soils have globally lost some carbon and the magnitude of what they have lost is the same than what the vegetation has gained It is therefore legitimate to wonder “how far we are from a reversal of the continental sink it is clearly very bad news : we will have put in motion a devilish machine with little visibility on where it will stop… How far could it go, still ? There is near earth an extreme case: Venus, our close neighbour of the solar system. Indeed, this planet, about the same size than Earth, and a little closer to the sun for sure (Venus is 100 million km away from the sun while Earth is 150 million km away), has an atmosphere essentially composed of CO2, which is one of the main greenhouse gases If we could “shift” our planet to the orbit of Venus the ground temperature of Earth would rise from 15 °C to approximatively 50 °C when the surface temperature of Venus is 420 °C on average and the surface pressure is 90 bars (equivalent to the pressure under 900 meters of water ; 90 times the pressure on Earth’s surface) Co2 concentrations and mean atmosphere temperatures of different planets Source : Calvin J. Hamilton, Views of the solar system; Bill Arnett, The nine planets, a multmedia tour of the solar system Nearly all the extra pressure and temperature compared to Earth is a result of the very strong greehouse effect of Venus and only marginally the result of a smaller distance between Venus and the Sun has a surface temperature of “only” 200 °C on average the average temperature of the Earth cannot rise up to 400 °C as a result of our action Such a temperature would require that all the carbon enclosed in lime goes back to atmosphere as CO2 and it is not precisely among the possible evolutions for the times to come The situation of Venus nevertheless illustrates the fact the the greenhouse effect can be a very mighty “pressure cooker “ and that we should avoid to mess around with the thermostat if we do not want to face a situation where all we can do is witness a predicted catastrophe happen… View of the Amazon rainforest from the city of Manicore to Manaus Photographer: Mauro Pimentel/AFP/Bloomberg  2022 at 11:25 AM EDTBookmarkSaveLock This article is for subscribers only.Norway is ready to resume discussions on financial aid to protect the Amazon following the election of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva as president of Brazil The Scandinavian nation looks forward to discuss with the incoming Brazilian government the steps needed to reopen the Amazon Fund an international conservation initiative set up with Germany in 2008 Norway Environment Minister Espen Barth said Monday 2019 shows a fire consuming trees in Manicore BRAZIL OUT (Gabriela Biro/Agencia Estado/Handout via Xinhua) Brazil issued a decree that bans the use of fire for preparing sowing in the rainforest The decision came after the world's largest rainforest was hit by the worst fires registered in the last years 29 (Xinhua) -- Brazil's government on Thursday imposed a 60-day ban on outdoor fires nationwide as wildfires were raging in the Amazon forest According to a decree published in the Government Gazette the ban will run through the remainder of the dry season has increased this year's number of forest fires The ban does not apply to controlled fires set for phytosanitary reasons and authorized by environmental agencies A worker of the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources points at the damage caused by a fire in Manicore The fires devastating parts of the Amazon rainforest have led to global scrutiny of Brazil's commitment to environmental conservation Under pressure from the international community 23 authorized the use of the Armed Forces troops to battle the blazes The Brazilian government on Tuesday announced it launched Operation Green deploying 1,000 army and security troops to fight fires at the Jacunda National Forest in the Amazonian state of Rondonia there has been a reduction in the number of fires A total of 94,957 fires were registered in Brazil between Jan according to data from Brazil's National Institute for Space Research More than half of the fires were in the Amazon This article originally appeared on Greenpeace Brazil’s website. a boat chartered by Greenpeace Brazil left the city of Manaus our expedition for The Amazon We Need was finally becoming a reality this boat would serve as a base for scientists to study Amazonian biodiversity providing an opportunity to do research in a region that has hardly yet been studied The expedition would bring top scientists closer to the communities of the Manicoré River in order to support these communities’ longstanding struggle for the protection of their lands and their ways of life The expedition had barely begun when Brazilian Indigenist Bruno Araújo Pereira and Guardian journalist Dom Phillips disappeared in the Javari Valley more than 1000 kilometers to the west of our team’s destination We designed this project in direct opposition to the crimes that threaten all those who work to defend the forest and its peoples This expedition aims to promote a vision of a biodiverse Amazon where the rights of Indigenous Peoples and traditional communities are guaranteed This expedition is meant to show a positive vision of the Amazon that is the exact opposite of the lawless land that the Brazilian government has fostered and forced upon us Since the deaths of Dom and Bruno were confirmed between sadness and indignation,  also asked ourselves: where do we go from here How do we talk about “another possible Amazon when such a question can provoke such contempt on the part of the authorities These same authorities hold contempt for Indigenous Peoples and do nothing while Indigenous Peoples face systemic violence and threats These authorities hold contempt for traditional communities who suffer daily from intimidation efforts These authorities hold contempt for science and innovation as well We chose to continue in our mission in order to honor the legacies of Bruno Dom and so many who were killed before them Let’s talk about the Amazon that we need — as an act of resistance Let’s talk about the fight for land rights Let’s talk about traditional cultures that respect the forest science and everything that is necessary to move forward.  As I have been writing this note, I learned that the group of Ornithologists with us on the expedition had documented a recently identified species of bird known as “Chico’s tyrannulet” (Zimmerius chicomendesi) that was named in honor of the groundbreaking activist Chico Mendes from Acre State The researchers found this little bird far north of where it had previously been recorded making this a novel finding that deepened our knowledge of the species and its habitat They also showed me the etymological explanation of the species name This explanation ends with the following passage:  we cannot help but imagine that Brazil would be far ahead of where it is in the development of a truly sustainable Amazonia in reasonable harmony with both Indigenous Peoples and non-Indigenous people In bringing this obscure little bird to the light of science we call up the spirit of Chico Mendes to help us all get it right for Bruno and for all those whose lives have been taken by the violent acts or by abandonment of a government that is increasingly friendly towards crime We will fight alongside the people of Rio Manicoré We will fight for this forest and for all the species we know — and all those we don’t know yet either We will keep fighting because what is at stake is the future of all of us I invite you to come along and express your support for this cause — each voice adds and amplifies You will be able to follow the expedition on Greenpeace channels Carol Pasquali is the Executive Director of Greenpeace Brazil Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest taken from a plane flying from the city of Manicore to Manaus 2023 at 8:58 AM ESTUpdated on November 13 2023 at 4:38 PM ESTBookmarkSaveLock This article is for subscribers only.Brazil marking a long-awaited deal intended to support President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva’s environmental and social agenda according to a person familiar with the matter who asked not to be identified because they’re not authorized to speak about it Investors put orders for almost $6 billion Just beyond a frontier of forest destruction 134.67 square kilometers (km²) were deforested there The threats to the forest and the communities who call it home have become ever present gigantic rafts of mining machinery are spread by the hundreds along the rivers the forest is being rapidly stolen and destroyed by illegal loggers Many people already understand this and are advocating for sustainable development models that understand the science and recognize what is at stake we can lose it — and so much more — altogether In Rio Manicoré, a group of communities, home to about 4,000 people, have been fighting for 16 years for the creation of a Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS) Over the years, the communities associated with the Central das Associações Agroextrativistas do Rio Manicoré (Caarim) have sought to prove the necessity of having their forest protected. This year, Caarim finally received a government concession for collective use (CDRU) the definition of activities allowed within its limits and enforcement to avoid illegal activities and land grabbing Amazon forest along the course of the Manicoré River a group of 15 traditional communities demand that a Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS) be created This region is constituted of public lands that have not yet been designated for any particular use. There are more than 500,000 km² — larger than the size of Spain — of undesignated public forests in the Brazilian Amazon that’s what the Amazon needs now: more protection that empowers the people who love and care for it.  We’re at that part of the movie where scientists go on TV to warn about the tidal wave or the deadly virus Add your name to tell the Brazilian government to save the Amazon Rainforest and protect the lands of Indigenous and traditional communities Greenpeace Aotearoa says a new investigation revealing that the world’s largest meat company will fail to meet its deforestation-free commitment is yet more proof of false promises from the… Greenpeace Taranaki protest against Anchor Butter palm kernel connection continues despite police intervention Palm kernel expeller or PKE is a rainforest-destroying animal feed that’s fed to dairy cows when there is not enough grass to feed them Greenpeace is campaigning for Fonterra to… Brazil - October 2023 - In the Week of Youth the Salesian Youth Centre in Manicoré belonging to the Salesian Province of Brazil-Manaus (BMA) screened the short films awarded at the Don Bosco Global Youth Film Festival (DBGYFF) on 26 October The traditional “good afternoon” was organised by the pastoral animator who presented a summary of how the festival came about The students and educators present were able to reflect on the stories presented in each short film centred on the festival theme 'Love builds peace and solidarity' Encouraging this practice in Salesian environments is very important ANS - “Agenzia iNfo Salesiana” is a on-line almost daily publication the communication agency of the Salesian Congregation enrolled in the Press Register of the Tibunal of Rome as n 153/2007 This site also uses third-party cookies to improve user experience and for statistical purposes By scrolling through this page or by clicking on any of its elements knowledge and practices as the most effective tool for biodiversity protection they still don’t have a seat at the table at climate and biodiversity negotiations Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities as guardians of the forest are slowly gaining ground through their forest  protection and restoration initiatives which if well funded could become viable alternatives to destructive activities Recognising and funding these initiatives gives communities rights over their customary territories and resources and recognise them as stewards with traditional knowledge to manage forests and also reinforce the actions to protect the climate and ensure the wellbeing of all of humanity.   Here are three examples of communities who have been involved in the protection of their lands and ancestral knowledge and have been living in harmony with the forest: It takes a lot of courage and persistence to swim against the current and defend a heritage that once belonged to your parents and grandparents and will soon be passed on to your grandchildren But that is exactly what the riverside communities living on the Manicoré River located in the central-western region of the Brazilian Amazon The area is located in a region where deforestation continues to grow due to the advance of agribusiness families in Manicoré that have been part of the Central Association of Agroextractivist Communities of the Manicoré River (CAARIM) have been fighting for the recognition of their right to sustainably use the forest The goal was to transform the 392,239-hectare area into a Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS) a model that allows traditional communities to maintain their ways of life and engage in sustainable activities while protecting nature the state government refused to recognize this right The community members continued to protest and demanded action from the State Attorney General’s Office and the Federal Public Ministry the families achieved a significant victory: land regularization of the area designated granting the area indefinitely for collective use by the traditional population of Manicoré This unprecedented measure ensures not only the permanence of the Local Communities in their common-use territory but also access to social safety net programs and guaranteed access to bank loans if they want and need them This was a tool that already existed in Brazilian legislation but had never been used in this way before so this sets an important precedent that can now be replicated in various natural regions of Brazil that deserve special protection the justice system has shown itself to be stacked in favour of commercial interests Acutely aware that the government issued such permits as part of a failure to recognise Indigenous land rights other communities in Tanah Papua are also pushing for change residing in Indonesia’s Southwest Papua province have fought for decades to protect their lands from exploitation Loggers have targeted valuable Merbau trees and palm oil companies have tried repeatedly to establish plantations in Knasaimos territory Resisting the lure of cash-based destructive industries the Knasaimos Peoples instead harvest materials like rattan and timber for their homes and gather medicines they proved able to sustainably produce enough sago to support their neighbours when store-bought rice supply chains failed surrounding migrant communities By documenting both their unbroken connection to the land since time immemorial, and their traditional livelihoods based on sustainable management of rainforest resources, the Knasaimos community has finally received legal recognition of their customary land rights over an area roughly the size of Hong Kong This victory allows them to exclude companies from their territory maintain their traditional way of life and continue to carry out the ceremonies that preserve the legacy of their ancestors for future generations The Indigenous Peoples of Lokolama have been guardians of forests for centuries trying to keep their home safe from industrial logging and extractive activities while having their rights under threat and being stigmatised by society The Lokolama People achieved an important victory in 2019 becoming the first Indigenous Peoples in the DRC to obtain a Local Community Forest Concession (CFCL) Made possible by community forestry legislation passed in the DRC in 2016 the CFCL legally recognized the  rights of the Lokolama People to manage the forests and secured their lands.  Community forestry was embraced by the Indigenous Peoples of Lokolama as a solution to the sustainable management of their forests and lands; an opportunity to reverse the trend of overexploitation of forests; and to contribute to the improvement of their living conditions and the preservation of their livelihoods The progress made in the protection of forests and peatlands in the DRC by the Indigenous Peoples of Lokolama is very significant and demonstrates how community forestry can be a successful model for the empowerment of Indigenous Peoples the protection of their rights and for a real solution for the protection of our forests stigmatisation and other forms of abuse against Indigenous Peoples in the Congo Basin economic and sociocultural marginalisation must stop so Indigenous Peoples can continue to access and manage their forests There is an urgent need to call for more funding to support the efforts of Indigenous Peoples all around the world in implementing their solution-based initiatives and in the implementation of their traditional management plans in order to continue to develop alternative activities within their forests and ensure their protection for the well-being of humanity It’s time world leaders turn  commitments into real action Countries must not only raise significant funds for biodiversity-rich countries to protect their forests these resources must be allocated based on Indigenous-led conservation models Accra- 18.07.2024: Greenpeace Africa hosted a side event on climate finance ahead of the celebration of AU ECOSOCC’s 20th anniversary happening this week in Ghana As a youth and climate justice advocate from Tanzania my journey has been shaped by a deep commitment to environmental and social justice It's easy to feel pessimistic about the state of our oceans In the coastal waters of Senegal; in the seas of Chana District Thailand; in the ocean around the Indonesian island of Sangihe; and around the world trawlers steal fish and industrial fishers use aggregating gear to plunder fish populations Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" These cookies will provide you a better experience of our website You will be able to hide the cookies acceptance banner and use the website features better The non-acceptance of these cookies will give you a cookie-free experience These cookies help improving the performance of Greenpeace.org/africa They are set to collect data such as how long users stay on a page or which links are clicked This helps us make better content based on your experience navigating the website Most web browsers allow some control over cookies through browser settings (e.g Click your browser type below to go directly to the browser user guide to learn how to disable or erase cookies we're happy to send you some reminders Click 'OK' then 'Allow' to enable notifications Home> News Two brothers who went missing in the Amazon rainforest four weeks ago have been found alive Siblings Glaucon and Gleison - aged seven and nine respectively - were found 27 days after they disappeared from their indigenous reserve in the municipality of Manicoré, in Amazonas state, Brazil The children were trying to catch birds at the time of their disappearance on 18 February and after hundreds of residents spent weeks searching with emergency services calling off the search on 24 February a tree cutter stumbled upon them on Tuesday (15 March) 6 km (3.7 miles) from the village of Palmeira in the Lago Capanã protected land reserve The brothers were initially taken to hospital in Manicoré before being transferred by helicopter yesterday (17 March) to the better-equipped medical facility in the state capital they were severely malnourished with skin abrasions They are now in a serious but stable condition and are expected to make a full recovery Paediatrician Eugenio Tavares told local media: "Their condition is serious but stable "They need to gain at least 50 percent of the weight they lost during this whole period to be able to return to Manicoré "But there is no certain forecast for this to happen until then we will continue to monitor them." It has since transpired that the boys and survived on nothing but rainwater water and berries of the Couma utilis flowering plant which is known locally as 'sorva' The boys always ate sorva because my oldest son would take it when he went hunting and whenever I saw it I took them a bag "When the youngest couldn't walk anymore they remained close by and drank water from a stream and rainwater." Topics: World News Jake Massey is a journalist at LADbible. He graduated from Newcastle University, where he learnt a bit about media and a lot about living without heating. After spending a few years in Australia and New Zealand, Jake secured a role at an obscure radio station in Norwich, inadvertently becoming a real-life Alan Partridge in the process. From there, Jake became a reporter at the Eastern Daily Press. Jake enjoys playing football, listening to music and writing about himself in the third person. InstagramXThreadsSnapchatTikTokYouTubeLAD Entertainment A a consequence of a neverending fossil energy consumption (coal but until recently they increased faster each year that what very high after the Second World War started to diminish after the fisrt oil shock but still these CO2 emissions go on rising Evolution of CO2 emissions in the world since 1860 Source: author’s calculation from Shilling et al 1977 and BP statistical Review 2013 for fossil fuels; CDIAC for lime calcination (a process used in cement manufacturing); Houghton The Woods Hole Research Center for deforestation (through Global Carbon Budget 2013) Incidentally there is an interesting remark that can be made out of the graph above: the only events that induced a – small – decrease of the emissions are “unpleasant” ones: wars recessions (the latter has been particularly visible for the former USSR after 1990 when the fall of the Berlin Wall led to a recession of all the former communist countries) once of the causes of this rise is the rise of the population but not only: there has also been a sharp rise of the emissions per capita Source : same as above + World Bank for population If we breakdown the CO2 emissions by country category as referred to in the Kyoto protocol CO2 world emissions, in millions tons of carbon equivalent Annex I designates all the countries that have committed themselves to a reduction of the greenhouse gases emissions under the terms of the Kyoto protocol; this category essentially comprises developped countries and countries “in transition” (Eastern Europe countries Annex II designates the countries that signed the Kyoto protocol but that did not commit to any reduction (essentially developping countries Source : Global Carbon Budget 2012 ; Le Quéré et al we can look at the breakdown of CO2 emissions by nature of activity not forgetting deforestation and lime calcination Woods Hole Research Center (Houghton et al.) But it is essential to remind that CO2 coming from the use of fossil fuels accounts for only half of the problem. A large fraction of the additional greenhouse effect comes from other gases: CO2 emissions due to deforestation since 1850 Adding emissions from fossil fuels and from deforestation gives the following picture Source : BP Statistical Review et Houghton World methane emissions by source since 1860 Livestock = ruminants, gas flaring = burning of the gas on oil fields, gas supply = leaks during gas extraction and distribution, coal mining = venting of mines and biomass burning = incomplete combustion of biomass Source: Annual Estimates of Global Anthropogenic Methane Emissions: 1860-1994 Kaufmann + extrapolation by myself after 1994 We can now compare the emissions depending on the gas Breakdown of world greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 by gas (except ozone), in million tonnes CO2 equivalent Author’s estimate from various sources And if we allocate the emissions to the contributing activities Emissions by sector since 1971, F gases excepted Sources : BP statistical Review 2013 for fossil fuels; IEA for the breakdown of fossil fuel by sector; CDIAC fo lime calcination; Houghton The Woods Hole Research Center for deforestation; source above for methane and calculations and extrapolations by the author we might think that “industries” account for most of the emissions: the own the power plants But we might also look at what we get if the emissions associated to refining and electricity production are allocated to the sectors that use fuels or electricity Individuals are responsible for most of the energy use in buildings and of course all the goods are bought by someone… Industry is 10 times larger than waste management: recycling is a good idea but not buying a better one if we want ti be sustainable Source: BP statistical Review for fossil fuels; IPCC AR4 WG 3 (2007) for lime calcination; Houghton The Woods Hole Research Center for deforestation We can of course breakdown the emissions by country what immediately allows to see that a couple of major countries account for a large fraction of the world emissions in thousand tonnes carbon equivalent for most Annex I countries plus China But the ranking of the emissions per inhabitant is rather different which is that emissions are more or less proportionnal to economic development this ranking reveals a surprising fact : among the G7 countries emissions per capita vary from 1 to 3 between the most “virtuous” countries and those who are not Greenhouse gas emissions per person and per year, in kg carbon equivalent for annex I countries plus China (China: CO2 only) It can be noticed that among the countries that have an important GNP per inhabitant the most “virtuous” are France three countries that produce their electricity with “carbon free” means: nuclear and hydroeletricity In the case of Switzerland the high proportion of services in the economy probably also plays a role Emissions per inhabitant in China are close to one tenth of what they are in the US This figure also shows clearly the important decrease of the emissions per inhabitant of the former communist countries Source :United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (except China: french minitry on industry) – UNFCCC ; Institut National d’Etudes Démographiques – INED for populations ; divisions have been made by your humble servant The “big bad boys” regarding greenhouse gases are without any doubt the Americans: not only their country is the first emitter in the world but they are also on the podium for the emissions per person The “under-developped” countries are definitely lower emitters: in average the CO2 emission per inhabitant (energy use only) is around 0,4 tonne carbon equivalent per year (that is one fifth of what a French “does” and 7% of what an American “does”) but all non-Annex I countries (those who did not commit to any reduction of their emissions so far) are not that low Net CO2 emissions per person and per year, in tonnes of carbon equivalent for a large selection of non-Annex I countries (those who did not commit to emission reductions) Note the modest emission per capita of India (0,3 in rough figures) and the very low emission per capita of major black african countries (Nigeria is the most populated african country though having emissions per capita and/or developping status close to that of OECD countries Source : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – UNFCCC a beautiful pie chart would not be easy to draw….) Breakdown by activity of the CO2 emissions in the world in 2012 Source :  International Energy Agency Due to the fact that we produce almost all our electricity with “CO2 free” processes (nuclear accounts for 80% the breakdown in our country is not the same: for CO2 emissions it is transportation that comes first with “buildings” coming second (use of fossil fuels for heating or sanitary hot water because using electricity does not free any CO2 it’s producing it that possibly does) Source : CITEPA In France the “energy sector” is composed for half of emissions coming from the coal and gas fired power plants that we also have (but in little quantities) and for the other half of emissions coming from refineries (refining oil consumes about 8% of the initial oil the heating energy being often provided by oil coke) Incidentally it is interesting to note that “clean” fuels (no sulfur for example) require an additional energy consumption in refineries to be produced If we take all the greenhouse gases into account It’s the agriculture that comes first Breakdown by activity of the greenhouse gases emissions in France for 2011 all gases (except ozone) being taken into account The sinks are not taken into account (I don’t know how to deduct them from the various activities !) NB: international air and sea transportation is not included agriculture is the principal emitter of “non CO2” gases: 2/3 of methane – CH4 – and of nitrous protoxyde – N2O – come from agricultural activities respectively from cattle raising and fertilizer use These “minor” gases represent a little bit more or a littyle bit less than a quater of the emissions depending on the way to calculate (charts below) Breakdown by gas of the french greenhouse gases emissions for 2001 Source : CITEPA A country with a very important farming activity (grazing): New Zealand A not so intensive energy consumer but that uses a lot of coal for electricity: Greece Another country with a proportionnally important farming activity: Ukraine methane and nitrous protoxyde may vary (a lot sometimes) depending on the country : those with an important share of agriculture in the activity generally have methane emissions proportionnally higher while heavily industrialized countries that use a lot of coal fired power plants have CO2 emissions even more dominant than in France that’s not the case: respective evolutions are rather different depending on the activity/sector though restricted to France for the precise figures is more or less valid in many other places Breakdown by activity of the CO2 emissions in France since 1960 International air transport is not included Source : CITEPA, 2012 report findsA report has found a football pitch-sized area of rainforest was lost every six seconds last year.A view of a fire near a highway in Manicore Victorian farmer defends logging after dozens of koala deaths Brazilian Indigenous group facing 'genocide' due to 'illegal' logging Calls to preserve Australia's rainforests as fires rage in the Amazon ShareGet SBS News daily and direct to your InboxSign up now for the latest news from Australia and around the world direct to your inbox.Your email address *Morning (Mon–Fri) TWO brothers who mysteriously vanished from an Amazon tribe have been FOUND in a rainforest 27 days after they went missing vanished after wandering off to hunt birds in Manicore The pair were found desperately malnourished and in need of immediate medical attention on March 15 The Manicoré Fire Department set up a search and rescue team to find the boys but later called off the hunt after failing to locate the lads But the Palmeira indigenous community never gave up Pictures appear to show the pair extremely thin and in need of medical treatment. Health experts passed on medical guidelines to doctors in Manicore to make sure the children were safe. An ambulance with flashing lights can be seen nearby They were rushed to the local town hall by boat and were expected to be transferred by air to the state capital Manaus today Our journalists strive for accuracy but on occasion we make mistakes. For further details of our complaints policy and to make a complaint please click this link: thesun.co.uk/editorial-complaints/ four weeks after going missing in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest Gleison Ferreira and his older brother Glauco went missing in the forest in Manicore The two had gone out to catch tiny birds when they were disoriented and couldn’t find their way home The boys struggled to live for over four weeks in the world’s largest jungle and were unable to find food in the bush and were reliant on only rainwater The children went missing during the forest’s rainy season which make things even worse It is said that travelling through the forest becomes considerably more difficult during this season Hundreds of people searched for the brothers for weeks but had no effect The rescue operations have also enlisted the help of emergency services but they were called off on February 24 after the boys were not located Also Read: Minister Kishan Reddy offers prayers at Andhra Pradesh’s Tirumala temple The lads could only be saved once a local tree cutter noticed them some 6 kilometres from the boys’ hamlet which is part of the Lago Capana protected land reserve with their parents One of the brothers cried for aid when he heard the woodcutter The youngsters were brought to a rural hospital in Manicore before being transferred by helicopter to another hospital in Manaus They are now recovering at home after being sent to the hospital for malnourishment treatment.