The World Heritage Centre is at the forefront of the international community’s efforts to protect and preserve World Heritage partnerships for conservation Ensuring that World Heritage sites sustain their outstanding universal value is an increasingly challenging mission in today’s complex world where sites are vulnerable to the effects of uncontrolled urban development Our Partners Donate Take advantage of the search to browse through the World Heritage Centre information Nara was the capital of Japan from 710 to 784 During this period the framework of national government was consolidated and Nara enjoyed great prosperity emerging as the fountainhead of Japanese culture The city's historic monuments – Buddhist temples Shinto shrines and the excavated remains of the great Imperial Palace – provide a vivid picture of life in the Japanese capital in the 8th century a period of profound political and cultural change Nara a été la capitale du Japon de 710 à 784 la structure du gouvernement national s'est consolidée et la capitale est devenue la source d'inspiration de la culture japonaise Les monuments historiques de Nara – temples bouddhiques et sanctuaires shintoïstes ainsi que les fouilles du grand palais impérial – offrent une image frappante de ce que fut la capitale du Japon au VIIIe siècle période de profond changement politique et culturel كانت مدينة نارا عاصمة اليابان من العام 710 حتى العام 784 وفي خلال هذه الفترة، ثبُتَت بنية الحكومة الوطنيّة وأصبحت العاصمة التي كانت مزدهرةً جدًا في ذلك الوقت مصدر الوحي للثقافة اليابانيّة وتدلّ الآثار التاريخيّة في نيارا من معابد بوذيّة ومزارات شنتويّة، بالاضافة إلى حفريّات القصر الامبراطوري الكبير، على الصورة المذهلة لما كانت عليه عاصمة اليابان في القرن الثامن، وهي الفترة التي شهدت التغيّر السياسي والثقافي الكبير 奈良在公元710年至784年是日本的首都，在那个时期，日本国家政府的结构确定了下来，并且奈良到达了其鼎盛时期，成为日本文化的发源地。古奈良的历史遗迹——佛教庙宇、神道教神殿以及挖掘出来的帝国宫殿遗迹——向世人展示了一幅公元8世纪日本首都的生动画面，深刻揭示了当时的政治及文化动荡和变迁。 В этот период произошла консолидация системы государственного управления а Нара процветала и была источником развития японской культуры Исторические памятники города – буддийские храмы синтоистские святилища и раскопанные остатки большого императорского дворца - дают наглядную картину жизни японской столицы в VIII в. во времена коренных политических и культурных изменений Nara fue la capital de Japón entre los años 710 y 784 época en la que la consolidación de la estructura del gobierno nacional dio una gran prosperidad a la ciudad haciendo de ella el foco de la cultura japonesa Sus templos budistas y santuarios sintoístas así como los vestigios del palacio imperial son monumentos históricos que ofrecen una vívida imagen de lo que fue la capital del Japón en el siglo VIII un periodo de hondos cambios políticos y culturales The Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara bear exceptional witness to the evolution of Japanese architecture and art and vividly illustrate a critical period in the cultural and political development of Japan when Nara functioned as its capital from 710 to 784 the framework of national government was consolidated and Nara enjoyed great prosperity the property includes eight component parts composed of seventy-eight different buildings covering 617.0 ha which is surrounded by a buffer zone (1,962.5 ha) and the “historic environment harmonization area (539.0 ha)” The site of Heijô-kyô was carefully selected in accordance with Chinese geomantic principles based on Chinese examples such as Chang'an located at the northern end of the central avenue It comprised the official buildings where political and religious ceremonies took place notably the Daigokuden (imperial audience hall) and Chôdô-in (state halls) together with various compounds for administrative and other purposes The component parts include an archaeological site (the Nara Palace Site) a Shinto shrine (the Kasuga-Taisha) and an associative cultural landscape (the Kasugayama Primeval Forest) the natural environment which is an integral part of all Shinto shrines these places provide a vivid and comprehensive picture of religion and life in the Japanese capital in the 8th century Criterion (ii): The historic monuments of Ancient Nara bear exceptional witness to the evolution of Japanese architecture and art as a result of cultural links with China and Korea which were to have a profound influence on future developments Criterion (iii): The flowering of Japanese culture during the period when Nara was the capital is uniquely demonstrated by its architectural heritage Criterion (iv): The layout of the Imperial Palace and the design of the surviving monuments in Nara are outstanding examples of the architecture and planning of early Asian capital cities Criterion (vi): The Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines of Nara demonstrate the continuing spiritual power and influence of these religions in an exceptional manner Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara include the group of buildings of the Buddhist temples representing this historic city the harmonious cultural landscape of the sacred forest and the Shinto shrine demonstrating traditional worship in Japan These essential component parts of the property illustrate Japanese political structure and cultural tradition in the 8th century Each component part has an adequate buffer zone and thus the integrity of the property is ensured in the contexts of both wholeness and intactness Since the World Heritage Committee expressed concern in 2003 about the negative impact on the buried cultural resources at Nara Palace Site caused by changing groundwater levels due to the Yamato-Kita Road highway construction government intervention and monitoring has been ongoing The State Party is currently addressing the visual impact of the planned new visitor facilities at Nara Palace site Restoration work on the buildings of ancient Nara began in the late 19th century after the enactment of the Ancient Shrines and Temples Preservation Law (1897) The Kasuga-Taisha Shinto shrine has maintained its tradition of routine reconstruction The level of authenticity of the various buildings on the property is high from the view of form and design Japanese conservation principles have ensured that replacement of damaged or degraded architectural elements has respected the materials and techniques used by the original builders The archaeological site of the Nara Palace Site protected for a long period under cultivated rice fields has also a high level of authenticity in form Unearthed archaeological remains have been reburied for protection There has been some reconstruction of the gate The continuity of traditional architecture in Japan and the substantial amount of data recovered by archaeological excavation has ensured that the reconstructed buildings have a high level of authenticity in form and design The State Party is currently addressing how to best maintain that continuity in ongoing reconstruction work emphasizing the need for a clear rationale and justification for all interventions The Kasugayama Primeval Forest has been preserved as a sacred forest where no hunting or tree-felling has been permitted since 841 Thus it retains a high level of authenticity in location and setting All the component parts are designated as National Treasures under the 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties The places of worship (the Buddhist temples and the Shinto shrine) are owned by their respective religious communities Nara Prefecture has the responsibility of managing and protecting the Kasugayama Primeval Forest and the Nara Palace Site has been maintained in collaboration with the Japanese government and Nara Prefecture the Nara Palace Site and its buffer zone have been parts of a National Government Park since 2008 and maintenance projects are continuously planed with the aim of appropriately protecting and utilizing the archaeological site There are clearly defined and adequate buffer zones around all the component parts These are provided for in the 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties and various prefectural and municipal regulations There is no overall conservation and management plan for the property as a whole although each component part is the object of a conservation and maintenance survey program that includes restoration activities To ensure the long-term conservation and protection management and conservation policies will need to be developed went to Morocco last week to shoot scenes for a movie that will tell the story of their community The place was settled by people coming from the current city of El Jadida will have its own documentary on its Moroccan origins with the shooting taking place locally and also in Morocco The city was settled by immigrants coming from the Arab country in the eighteen century and the story will be told by a movie produced by production company Castanha The lives of a man and a woman born in Mazagão will take center stage in the documentary actually the district of Mazagão Velho which originated the country and where the Moroccans landed That is the place where the History teacher Josiane Brito and their lives intertwined with immigration and its legacy will be portrayed by the documentary the two of them spent four days in El Jadida the Moroccan city where the immigrants came from The immigrants that settled Mazagão once the European country lost the control of the current El Jadida to Muslims The Mazagão Velho community retells the story of this journey every year in a celebration called Party of São Tiago But in the staging that occurs during the party in which Christians and Portuguese fight against the Moors Director Andrews says that one of the purposes of the trip taken by Josiane and Jozué was for them to listen to the other version of the story What really happened is that the Portuguese fled Morocco after losing control of the region both of them were very emotional with this return to the origins The city of El Jadida organized an event around this trip by both Amapá residents with the presence of representatives of the local city hall and of Brazil’s ambassador in Rabat  The two were chosen by the documentary’s director and are seen by him as the carriers of the Mazagão Velho’s story “They are very proud of their past” Josiane doesn’t live at the place anymore Jozué is described by Andrews as someone who mobilizes culturally since he teaches music and creates cultural activities with residents of Mazagão Velho Both of them will now pass on to other members of the community what they heard and lived in El Jadida the ending of the play at Festa de São Tiago is based in what happened at the Iberian Peninsula after the eighth century when it was controlled by the Moors and later went back under Christian rule The filmmaker says that his movie is not focused on the party on which he already made an ethnographic documentary for the Institute of National Artistic and Historical Heritage (Iphan) The current documentary came from Andrews’ interest by the topic Living in Amapá for almost 15 years already The party of Mazagão Velho is one of the main cultural events of the state Due to his willingness to bring the story to the screen he travelled to El Jadida in 2002 for research The opportunity to shoot came with a public notice by the National Film Agency (Ancine) in 2014 The project was approved last year and shooting started in 2016 The script was written by Andrews and Cassandra Oliveira is co-director The movie is produced by Castanha in a partnership with production company Espaço Vídeo the film also shows the concerns by the residents with an eventual cultural transformation of Mazagão Velho which nowadays can be reached through a ferry (in the past there were two ferryboats) crossing a river but that soon will have a bridge Andrews came back from Morocco last weekend and will start post-production soon he will be back to Mazagão Velho in May to shoot again The movie needs to be completed until the end of October according to the requirements of the public notice from which it received the resources A journalist with a degree from Unisinos and experience in economy and finance she has been responsible for international coverages and amassed eight journalism prizes The Gulf country has deposited its instrument of acceptance of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies which is aimed at curbing harmful subsidies that contribute to overfishing and promoting the sustainable management of global marine resources The Brazil-Arab News Agency (ANBA) is the news website of the Arab Brazilian Chamber of Commerce Its goal is to promote communication between Brazilians and Arabs Complex geology and varied topography have given rise to a diversity of ecosystems and species unmatched in the insular Caribbean and created one of the most biologically diverse tropical island sites on earth Many of the underlying rocks are toxic to plants so species have had to adapt to survive in these hostile conditions This unique process of evolution has resulted in the development of many new species and the park is one of the most important sites in the Western Hemisphere for the conservation of endemic flora Endemism of vertebrates and invertebrates is also very high Une géologie complexe et une topographie variée ont généré une diversité d'écosystèmes et d'espèces inégalée aux Caraïbes créant l'un des sites insulaires et tropicaux les plus divers du monde sur le plan biologique Compte tenu de la toxicité de nombreuses roches sous-jacentes pour les plantes les espèces ont donc dû s'adapter pour survivre dans ces conditions hostiles Ce processus unique d'évolution a abouti au développement de nombreuses espèces nouvelles et le parc est l'un des sites les plus importants de tout l'hémisphère Nord pour la conservation de la flore endémique L'endémisme des vertébrés et des invertébrés du parc est également très élevé من كنف جيولوجيا معقّدة وطوبوغرافيا متنوّعة، ولد تنوّع النظم البيئة والأصناف الغريبة في الكاريبي، ما أنتج إحدى الجزر الاستوائيّة الأكثر تنوّعاً في العالم من الناحية البيولوجيّة وبالنظر إلى الطبيعة السامة للعديد من الصخور التي ينمو عليها النبات، تعيّن على الأصناف أن تتكيّف لكي تعيش في هذه الظروف المعادية وأدّت عمليّة التطوّر الفريدة من نوعها هذه إلى تطوّر العديد من الأصناف الجديدة ويُشكّل المنتزه أحد المواقع الأكثر أهميّةً في النصف الشمالي للكرة الأرضيّة لناحية المحافظة على الحياة النباتيّة المستوطنة يُسجّل استيطان مرتفعٌ للغاية للحيوانات الفقرية وغير الفقريّة في المنتزه 加勒比海地区与世隔绝，有着复杂的地质和多变的地形，这些因素促生了生态系统和物种的多样性，使这里成为地球上生物种类最丰富的热带岛屿之一。许多岩石对植物来说都是有毒的，这迫使岛屿的物种逐渐适应在恶劣的环境下生存。这种独特的进化过程使加勒比海地区形成了许多新的物种，而这个国家公园也是西半球最重要的保护本土植物资源的保护区之一。公园里的当地特有脊椎动物和无脊椎动物数量众多。 Эта уникальная местность с разнообразными формами рельефа и высоким ландшафтным и видовым разнообразием признана уникальной не только в масштабе Карибского бассейна но и среди всех тропических островов Земли Многие местные геологические породы токсичны для растений поэтому растения были вынуждены приспосабливаться к подобным неблагоприятным условиям В результате такого уникального эволюционного процесса возникло много новых видов с точки зрения сбережения эндемичных видов растений парк Алехандро-де-Гумбольдт можно признать одной из самых значимых охраняемых природных территорий во всем Западном полушарии Эндемизм среди позвоночных и беспозвоночных животных здесь также очень высок La geología compleja y la topografía variada de este sitio han generado una diversidad de ecosistemas y especies sin parangón en el Caribe haciendo de él uno de los sitios insulares y tropicales del mundo con mayor biodiversidad Debido a la toxicidad que presentan para las plantas muchas de las rocas subyacentes las especies vegetales han tenido que adaptarse para sobrevivir en condiciones hostiles ha conducido al desarrollo de numerosas especies nuevas que hacen de este parque uno de los lugares más importantes del hemisferio norte para la conservación de flora endémica El endemismo de los vertebrados e invertebrados del sitio es también excepcionalmente elevado Alejandro de Humboldt National Park (AHNP) is located in the Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa Mountains on the North Coast of Eastern Cuba The largest and best-conserved remnant of forested mountain ecosystems in theCaribbean AHNP is widely considered to be Cuba's most important protected area for its extraordinary biodiversity values In addition to the 66,700 ha of land AHNP includes a marine area of 2,641 ha the total surface is of 69,341 ha with a terrestrial buffer zone of 34,330 ha The property is embedded into the much larger Cuchillas del Toa Biosphere Reserve The altitude ranges from 220 m below in the marine parts to 1,175 m above sea level at El Toldo Peak Due to the exposure to trade winds and the mountainous topography the North Coast of Western Cuba is the country's rainiest and coolest region boasting remarkable freshwater biodiversity Next to various types of semi-deciduous broadleaf and pine forests there are xenomorphic shrub formations in drier areas and mangroves along the coast It is assumed that the area was a Pleistocene Refuge where numerous species have survived past periods of climate change Jointly with the complex and varied geology and topography this helps explain the extraordinary biodiversity Another particularity of the property is the toxicity of many of the underlying rocks to plants This in turn is believed to have resulted in high adaptation pressure and the birth of an impressive number of often endemic plant species AHNP is among the most important sites in the Western Hemisphere for its endemic flora and one of the most biologically diverse tropical island sites on Earth With many new species likely to be discovered AHNP boast an impressive list of more than 1,300 seed plants and 145 species of ferns of which more than 900 are endemic to Cuba and more than 340 locally endemic The degree of endemism of vertebrates and invertebrates is likewise extremely high and amphibians are Cuban or even local endemics As for the marine biodiversity the West Indian Manatee deserves to be noted as a flagship species While historically little affected by humans and currently in a relatively good state of conservation important mineral deposits within the property represent a potential threat to the outstanding conservation values of AHNP The scientifically assumed history as a Pleistocene Refuge altitudinal range and complexity and diversity of land forms and soil types of Alejandro de Humboldt National Park have resulted in ongoing processes of local speciation and development of ecological communities both on land and in the freshwater which are unmatched in the Insular Caribbean and indeed of global significance The toxic serpentines and peridotites in the rocks and soils of the region poses very particular challenges to plants and plays an important role in the evolution of the outstanding ecological features of the property Alejandro de Humboldt National Park harbours some of the most significant natural habitats for the conservation of terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity in Cuba and is of global importance as one of the most biologically diverse tropical ecosystems in an island setting anywhere on Earth The property contains 16 out of 28 plant formations defined on the island of Cuba considered a distinct and unique biogeographic province There is a consensus that many species remain to be discovered in the property The high degree of endemism across numerous taxonomic groups both on land and in freshwater is of particular importance reaching almost three quarters of all known species in the case of the extremely diverse flora with many being local endemics Endemism rates for vertebrates and invertebrates found in the park are also very high Countless species are severely restricted in their range which adds to the importance of the property The ongoing evolutionary processes in a largely intact and conserved setting provide extraordinary insights for scientists and conservation practitioners As the largest conserved remnant of a mountain ecosystem in Cuba Alejandro de Humboldt National Park has a size and conservation status that ensure the long-term functioning of ecological processes supporting the ongoing evolution of its biological communities and species Archeological findings suggest that what is today AHNP has historically been poorly inhabited and used During the 18th and 19th Centuries runaway slaves took advantage of the remoteness and difficult access some valleys near the coast were converted to farmland Mining near La Melba led to the development of small farms for local food production in the surroundings of the small town While logging and farming started in the 1940s and 1950s on the banks of the Toa and Jaguani Rivers the affected areas have since been left to recover logging of pines took place until the area was declared a protected area in the 1980s While there have been past disturbances and there continues to be a need to strike a balance between conservation objectives and the livelihood needs of adjacent communities the overall integrity of AHNP has been maintained with many previously disturbed areas being in the process of natural regeneration The most critical threat in the long run may be the pressure to exploit the rich mineral resources within the property which would doubtlessly have serious direct and indirect impacts on the property Alejandro de Humboldt National Park is an integral and outstanding element of Cuba's National Protected Areas System thereby extending and connecting protected areas established many years earlier The entire property is owned by the government Technology and Environment (CITMA) and administered by a specific unit of CITMA CITMA is also responsible for the coordination of the Cuchillas del Toa Biosphere Reserve Besides applicable protected areas legislation the Decree-Law on Forest Heritage and Wild Fauna and specific stipulations related to Environmental Impact Assessments form the crucial legislative framework Since the establishment of the national park management is based on periodic five-year plans which are implemented through annual operating plans The latter define operational programmes and projects The main objectives include the conservation of the integrity of AHNP responding to threats to the property and cooperation with communities adjacent to and within the property There is a main administrative center in Guantanamo and two secondary centers and several posts are distributed across the park  In order to enforce applicable legislation and to achieve the conservation objectives Funding needs to be ensured permanently to secure positions and to cover operational costs As elsewhere in the Caribbean hurricanes are a real threat with several examples in the past years restoration are among the management challenges The same holds true for the prevention and control of fires Therefore they require permanent monitoring and Management is also to address tourism which may increase in importance thereby bearing the risk of adverse impacts but also representing opportunities in terms of future conservation financing.There is a need for the permanent protection of the property from mining and also from other resource extraction or infrastructure development that would impact its Outstanding Universal Value is required This Bronze Age burial site features more than 30 granite burial cairns providing a unique insight into the funerary practices and social and religious structures of northern Europe more than three millennia ago La trentaine de tumulus funéraires en granit du cimetière de l'âge du bronze de Sammallahdenmäki constituent un témoignage exceptionnel des pratiques funéraires et des structures sociales et religieuses de l'Europe du Nord d'il y a plus de trois millénaires تشكّل الأبنية الحجرية فوق المقابر ذات الشكل المخروطي المصنوعة من الغرانيت والتي يُقدّر عددها بحوالي ثلاثين والعائدة للعصر البرونزي نموذجاً رائعاً للممارسات الجنائزية والبنى الاجتماعية والدينية في أوروبا الشمالية منذ ما يزيد عن ثلاثة آلاف سنة 考古学家在塞姆奥拉德恩青铜器时代墓葬遗址发现了30个花岗岩石冢，让人们能够深入研究3000多年前北欧地区的葬礼习俗和社会宗教体系。 Погребальный комплекс бронзового века содержит более 30 гранитных надгробий-насыпей (cairns) и предоставляет уникальные свидетельства об обычаях погребения que posee unos treinta túmulos funerarios de granito constituye un testimonio incomparable de las prácticas fúnebres y las estructuras sociales y religiosas imperantes en el norte de Europa hace más de tres milenios the Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki forms the largest most varied and complete burial site from the Scandinavian Bronze Age The site includes 33 burial cairns within an area of 36 ha The cairns are disposed in several distinct clusters along the crests and upper slopes of a long ridge six can be dated to the Bronze Age and two to the Early Iron Age Stone burial cairns were typical for western Bronze Age culture These cairns were usually constructed of granite boulders quarried from the cliff face below the crest of the ridge or collected from the site itself The cairns can be classified into several different groups according to their shapes and sizes Sammallahdenmäki also contains two unusual structures: one oval and elongated structure which seems to have been enlarged in successive stages which is unique in Finland and extremely rare in Scandinavia and form landmarks on cliffs and gravel hillocks with an extensive view of the sea which spread to the coastal regions of Finland from Scandinavia and they have been a manifestation of kin group landownership which is thought to have appeared with the introduction of farming the cairns bear exceptional witness to the social and religious structures of northern Europe The ancient coastline is still present on the cliffs of Sammallahdenmäki Criterion (iii): The Sammallahdenmäki cairn cemetery bears exceptional witness to the society of the Bronze Age of Scandinavia Criterion (iv): The Sammallahdenmäki cemetery is an outstanding example of Bronze Age funerary practices in Scandinavia The Sammallahdenmäki Bronze Age Burial Site includes all elements and individual structures of cairns in an imposing natural setting on a high ridge marking the former extent of Lake Saarnijärvi The completeness of the site makes it an invaluable resource for research on the social behavior of societies of the time Its remote location has protected it from development and the local population has taken pride in its protection The buffer zone includes the surrounding forests and agricultural landscape; to the west which is defined as a protected bird sanctuary of national significance the cairns fully express the essence of the burial site of Sammallahdenmäki as do the setting and the surrounding natural landscape The excavations of the cairns have been carried out in different stages always taking into consideration scientific methods for research to ensure careful restoration of the cairns Sammallahdenmäki is fully protected under the national legislation The site is managed by a Site Management Board headed by the National Board of Antiquities and involves representatives of the regional and local authorities The management and actions taken within the site and its buffer zone are in accordance with the Management Plan Tourists are guided by signage to use the path network which has been designed to include routes of different lengths thus minimizing the threat to the vegetation of the site Large numbers of tourists can cause long-term damage to the vegetation which in turn might have a negative impact of the visual aspects of the site The use of the path network is monitored and documented which will allow for a timely reaction in case of deterioration The Aeolian Islands provide an outstanding record of volcanic island-building and destruction the islands have provided the science of vulcanology with examples of two types of eruption (Vulcanian and Strombolian) and thus have featured prominently in the education of geologists for more than 200 years The site continues to enrich the field of vulcanology qui constituent un exemple exceptionnel de construction et de destruction d'îles par le volcanisme sont toujours le théâtre de phénomènes volcaniques Etudiées au moins depuis le XVIIIe siècle ces îles qui ont fourni aux ouvrages de volcanologie la description de deux types d'éruption (vulcanienne et strombolienne) occupent une place éminente dans la formation de tous les géologues depuis plus de 200 ans elles offrent un champ fécond d'étude pour la volcanologie تشكل الجزر الهوائية مثلاً استثنائيًا عن بناء جزر ودمارها بفعل الفوران البركاني ومسرحًا دائمًا للظواهر البركانية وإذ خضعت هذه الجزر للدراسة منذ القرن الثامن عشر على الأقل ومنحت أعمال علم البراكين وصفًا لنوعَي الفوران (الفولكانيّ والاسترومبوليّ)، تحتلّ بالتالي مكانة بارزة في تكوين علماء الجيولوجيا جميعًا منذ أكثر من 200 عام واليوم أيضًا، إنها تقدّم حقل دراسة خصبًا لعلم البراكين 伊奥利亚群岛出色地记录了火山活动对岛屿形成、岛屿毁坏过程的影响以及持续进行的火山现象。至少从18世纪起，人们就开始研究这里的火山活动。群岛为火山学的研究提供了两种类型火山喷发（活火山喷发和斯特隆布利式火山喷发）的鲜活例子，因此，200多年来，这里对地质教育起了极其显著的作用。群岛继续为火山学领域的研究提供丰富的素材。 Этот архипелаг ярко демонстрирует процессы возникновения и разрушения островов в результате вулканической деятельности а также дает представление о современных вулканических процессах эти острова привнесли в науку о вулканах примеры двух разных типов извержений (вулканский и стромболианский) и на протяжении более чем 200 лет служат прекрасным геологическим полигоном Острова и сейчас продолжают обогащать науку о вулканах Escenario permanente de fenómenos volcánicos este sitio constituye un ejemplo excepcional del papel desempeñado por los volcanes en el surgimiento y la destrucción de islas Estudiadas por sabios y científicos desde el siglo XVIII por lo menos las Islas Eólicas han permitido a la vulcanología describir dos tipos de erupción (el vulcaniano y el estromboliano) y han ocupado un lugar destacado en la formación de los geólogos desde hace más de 200 años siguen ofreciendo un campo de estudio fecundo a los especialistas en vulcanología Criterion (viii): The islands' volcanic landforms represent classic features in the continuing study of volcanology world-wide With their scientific study from at least the 18th Century the islands have provided two of the types of eruptions (Vulcanian and Strombolian) to vulcanology and geology textbooks and so have featured prominently in the education of all geoscientists for over 200 years They continue to provide a rich field for volcanological studies of on-going geological processes in the development of landforms The Ichkeul lake and wetland are a major stopover point for hundreds of thousands of migrating birds Ichkeul is the last remaining lake in a chain that once extended across North Africa Le lac et les zones humides de l'Ichkeul constituent un relais indispensable pour des centaines de milliers d'oiseaux migrateurs – canards – qui viennent s'y nourrir et y nicher Le lac est l'ultime vestige d'une chaîne de lacs qui s'étendait jadis à travers l'Afrique du Nord تشكّل بحيرة إشكل ومناطقها الرطبة استراحة ضرورية لمئات ملايين الطيور المهاجرة – من بطّ وأوز ولقالق ونحام زهري وغيرها من الطيور التي تأتي للحصول على الغذاء والسكن وتشكل الحظيرة الأثر الأخير لسلسلة من البحيرات امتدت قديماً عبر افريقيا الشمالية 伊其克乌尔湖和沼泽是上万种候鸟迁徙的主要中转站。鸭子、鹅、鹳、火烈鸟等鸟类都在此觅食筑巢。在贯穿整个北非的湖泊链条中，伊其克乌尔湖是现存的最后一个湖泊。 Мелководное соленое озеро Ишкёль вместе с окружающими его водно-болотными угодьями – это важное место остановки для сотен тысяч перелетных птиц Ишкёль является последним уцелевшим звеном в цепи озер некогда простиравшихся по всему северу Африки El lago y los humedales de Ichkeul son un punto de escala importante para cientos de miles de aves migratorias –patos etc.– que acuden a sus parajes para alimentarse y anidar El lago de este parque es el último vestigio de la cadena lacustre que se extendía antaño por todo el norte de África Lake Ichkeul is the last great freshwater lake of a chain that once stretched the length of North Africa Characterised by a very specific hydrological functioning based on a double seasonal alternance of water levels and salinity the lake and the surrounding marshes constitute an indispensible stop-over for the hundreds of thousands of migratory birds that winter at Ichkeul Criterion (x): Ichkeul National Park contains important natural habitats as an essential wintering site for western Palaearctic birds the property provides shelter to an exceptional density of water fowl with the presence of three species of worldwide interest for their protection: the white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala) the ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca) and the marbled duck (Marmaronetta angustirostris) the property possesses a very rich and diversified fauna and flora with more than 200 animal species and more than 500 plant species The boundaries of the property include the three types of habitat characteristic of the site the Lake and the adjacent marshes and also include the natural hydrological functioning processes of the lake-marsh system and the associated biological and ecological processes The proposed construction of three dams on the water courses that feed the wetlands constitutes a potential threat for the integrity of the property it is fundamental that the existing salinity of the lake be maintained The property has strict legal protection and a management plan The ecological functioning of the lake-marsh system is closely controlled by the flow of fresh water from upstream and exchanges with the seawater downstream both subject to the strong natural intra- and inter-annual variability characteristic of Mediterranean climates The water management of the lake-marsh system is therefore a primordial element in the management of the property the property was inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger due to the negative effects of the freshwater on the ecosystem following the construction of the dams The property was removed from the Danger List in 2006 following an improvement in the situation and restoration of the ecosystem is progressing satisfactorily The essential concerns are for the judicious management of the property to control impacts on the ecosystem during less rainy winters to control effects on Ichkeul with the increased demand for water in Tunisia in general the full restoration of the marshes and the reed belt and especially to reconstitute the numbers of wintering water fowl The implementation of regular scientific monitoring of the principal biotic parameters and abiotic indicators of the state of conservation of the ecosystems and the use of a mathematical model to forecast their needs in water are essential to complete the systems established and result in the optimal use of the water resources for the conservation of the ecosystems Inscription Year on the List of World Heritage in Danger the site encompasses three contiguous national parks totalling around 750,000 ha Much of the site is unaffected by human activity and features a wide range of humid tropical forest ecosystems with rich flora and fauna including Nile crocodiles and goliath tigerfish Forest clearings support herbaceous species and Sangha is home to considerable populations of forest elephants critically endangered western lowland gorilla The site’s environment has preserved the continuation of ecological and evolutionary processes on a huge scale and great biodiversity Situé dans le nord-ouest du bassin du Congo du Congo et de la République centrafricaine le site comprend trois parcs nationaux contigus couvrant une superficie totale de 750 000 hectares On y trouve l’ensemble du spectre des écosystèmes de forêts tropicales humides Les riches faune et flore comprennent notamment des crocodiles du Nil et des poissons-tigres Goliath Les clairières offrent des espèces herbacées et la Sangha abrite des populations considérables d’éléphants de forêt ainsi que des gorilles des plaines de l’ouest (en danger critique d’extinction) et des chimpanzés (en danger) L’environnement du site a permis la poursuite des processus écologiques et évolutionnaires sur une large échelle ainsi que le maintien d’une grande biodiversité comprenant de nombreuses espèces en danger Situado en la cuenca noroccidental del río Congo en el punto de confluencia de las fronteras del Camerún la República del Congo y la República Centroafricana este sitio abarca tres parques nacionales contiguos que totalizan una superficie de más de 750.000 hectáreas donde las actividades humanas apenas han alterado la naturaleza El sitio cuenta con una vasta gama de ecosistemas de bosque tropical húmedo Esta última comprende especies como el cocodrilo del Nilo y un gran predador: el pez tigre Goliat En los claros de bosque crecen especies herbáceas y la región de Sangha alberga una población considerable de elefantes de bosque así como gorilas de las planicies occidentales (en grave peligro de extinción) y chimpancés (una especie también amenazada) El entorno del sitio ha permitido una continuidad de los procesos ecológicos y evolutivos a gran escala así como la preservación de una gran biodiversidad que abarca numerosas especies animales en peligro de extinción Sangha Trinational (TNS) is a transboundary conservation complex in the North-western Congo Basin where Cameroon the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo meet TNS encompasses three contiguous national parks totalling a legally defined area of 746,309 hectares These are Lobéké National Park in Cameroon Dzanga-Ndoki National Park in the Central African Republic and Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in the Republic of Congo Dzanga-Ndoki National Park is comprised of two distinct units The parks are embedded in a much larger forest landscape sometimes referred to as the TNS Landscape A buffer zone of 1,787,950 hectares has been established in recognition of the importance of the broader landscape and its inhabitants for the future of the property The buffer zone inlcudes Dzanga-Sanga Forest Reserve in the Central African Republic which connects the two units of Dzanga-Ndoki National Park Natural values and features include the ongoing ecological and evolutionary processes in a mostly intact forest landscape at a very large scale Numerous and diverse habitats such as tropical forests comprised of deciduous and evergreen species including swamp forests and periodically flooded forests and many types of forest clearings of major conservation importance continue to be connected at a landscape level This mosaic of ecosystems harbours viable populations of complete faunal and floral assemblages including top predators and rare and endangered species such as the Sitatunga and the emblematic Bongo Criterion (ix): The property is characterised by its large size further supported by the very large buffer zone minimal disturbance over long periods and intactness thereby enabling the continuation of ecological and evolutionary processes at a huge scale This includes the continuous presence of viable populations and natural densities of wildlife including top predators and large mammals which are often affected by hunting and poaching elsewhere There is a fully connected mosaic of very diverse habitats including numerous types of ecologically remarkable forest clearings attracting major wildlife aggregations and countless plant species otherwise not found in the forest landscape the property is not a remaining fragment but continues to be part of a much larger intact and landscape with good conservation prospects This is increasingly rare and significant at a global scale Criterion (x): The property represents a wide spectrum of the species-rich humid tropical forests in Central Africa’s Congo Basin and provides protection for a range of endangered species The flora is enriched by species occurring exclusively in the many types of forest clearings TNS protects a large number of tree species which are heavily commercially exploited elsewhere such as the critically endangered Mukulungu In addition to viable populations of forest elephants significant populations of the critically endangered Western Lowland Gorilla and the endangered Chimpanzee occur both in and around the property together with several endangered antelope species The boundaries of the property coincide with the boundaries of three existing national parks thereby forming a large and contiguous protected area in the heart of the broader TNS Landscape The entire property is surrounded by a large buffer zone in all three countries which responds to the intricate ecological linkages between the property and its surroundings This approach provides an umbrella for land-use planning and for integrating the legitimate livelihood needs of local and indigenous communities with nature conservation within the broader TNS landscape Logging and hunting is banned in the national parks the remoteness of TNS adds a natural layer of protection from resource exploitation It will be essential to ensure that the future activities in the buffer zones agriculture and infrastructure are fully compatible with the conservation objectives for TNS so the surrounding landscape will satisfy the needs of local and indigenous communities while indeed serving as a “buffer” for the property There is strong and committed joint management of the property bringing together all three States Parties The three national parks that make up the property all have management and administrative staff provided by governments and if needed complemented through international support from non-governmental organizations as well as multi-lateral and bi-lateral agencies monitoring and tourism all require coordination across the national boundaries There is a Trinational Monitoring and Action Committee (Comité Trinational de Suivi et d'Action) bringing together the three countries at the ministerial level A Trinational Monitoring Committee unites the three countries at the level of regional administrations These mechanisms are effective in providing a joint protection and management approach to the property and will need to be maintained and built upon The rights and traditional livelihoods of local and indigenous peoples are a fundamental and increasingly recognised element in the management of the property Whereas in Lobéké National Park (Cameroon) there are use zones within the park in the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo including indigenous hunting and gathering is not permitted in the protected areas thereby affecting local livelihoods and creating the potential for conflict This illustrates the crucial importance of finding an overall balance between nature conservation and local resource use in the broader landscape The significantly enlarged buffer zone presents an opportunity to better understand and integrate the livelihood needs but also the knowledge of local and indigenous communities under the umbrella of a living TNS landscape The inscription on the World Heritage List presents a concrete opportunity for the States Parties to translate a range of different commitments of the States Parties regarding the rights of local and indigenous people into action on the ground Maintaining the ecological values of the property will not only depend on law enforcement but eventually both on the standards of commercial resource extraction in the buffer zone and the acceptance and support of parks by the local and indigenous communities in the surrounding landscape are rare architectural vestiges of the Carolingian era The sculptures and paintings from this period are still in remarkably good condition L'ensemble formé par l'abbaye et son entrée monumentale est un rare témoignage architectural de l'époque carolingienne avec des sculptures et des peintures de cette période remarquablement bien conservées إن المجموعة التي تتشكل من الدير ومدخله العظيم المعروف باسم "تورهال" هو أحد الآثار النادرة التي تعود إلى الحقبة الكارولينية بمنحوتاتها ورسومها المحفوظة بطريقة جيدة جداً 洛尔施修道院及其颇具纪念意义的入口——著名的“托尔哈尔”(Torhall)是卡洛林时代(the Carolingian era) 珍贵的建筑遗迹，那时遗留下来的雕刻和绘画都保存得十分完好。 Монастырь вместе с монументальным входом – известным «Торхоллом» - является редким архитектурным памятником эпохи Каролингов (VIII-IX вв.) Скульптуры и живопись этого периода все еще находятся в очень хорошем состоянии El conjunto formado por la abadía y su monumental entrada es uno de los raros testimonios arquitectónicos de la época carolingia se hallan en un excelente estado de conservación Apart from the Gothic gables and a few relics of past repairs and completion this gatehouse is one of the very rare buildings from the Carolingian era whose original appearance is intact It is a reminder of the past grandeur of an abbey founded around 764 The monastery’s zenith was probably in 876 when it became the burial place for the Carolingian kings of the Eastern part of the Frankish Realm The monastery flourished throughout the 11th century an expansive reconstruction was carried out After Lorsch had been incorporated in the Electorate of Mainz (1232) The Benedictines were replaced first by Cistercians and later by Premonstratensians the church had to be restored after yet another fire and be adapted to changing liturgical needs The glorious Carolingian establishment slowly deteriorated under the impact of the vagaries of politics and war: Lorsch was attached to the Palatinate in 1461 and incorporated in the Electorate of Hesse in 1803 Monastic life finished in succession of the protestant reformation of the Palatinate in 1556 Criterion (iii): The religious complex represented by the former Lorsch Abbey with its 1200-year-old gatehouse in unique and excellent condition comprises a rare architectural document of the Carolingian era with impressively preserved sculpture and painting of that period gives architectural evidence of the awakening of the West to the spirit of the Early and High Middle Ages under the first King and Emperor In the case of the Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch the integrity is related to the architectural remains the entrance hall and main body of the Abbey church documenting an astonishing variety of architectural styles The Abbey wall and the commercial constructions following the heyday of the Abbey provide an example and – to a certain extent – represent symbols of the rise at least two thirds of the Abbey’s area represents an intact archaeological site preserving the material relics of more than 800 years of monastic life Together with the monumental remains and the conserved fragments of the ancient library the cultural heritage of Lorsch Abbey has been one of the most powerful and active spiritual centers in Central Europe for several centuries The Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch fulfils the conditions of authenticity through the preserved buildings themselves which still represents the best preserved and largely intact surviving example of architecture of the Carolingian era in Central Europe and presented with the greatest possible care The laws and regulations of the Federal Republic of Germany and the State of Hesse guarantee the consistent protection of the Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch and its surroundings Both are listed monuments according to the Act on the Protection of Cultural Monuments in the State of Hesse The Hessian building code regulates the realisation of single building projects as well as building plans and the preservation statute of the city of Lorsch guarantees the protection of the visual integrity this differentiated protective system ensures an efficient preservation of the historical substance in good condition The buffer zone underwent a minor boundary modification to further ensure the protection of the site The State Administration for Palaces and Gardens of Hesse is in charge of the management of the Abbey the city of Lorsch is responsible for the Altenmünster A special heritage service led by an expert acts on site In the case of difficult conservation issues the State Administration for Palaces and Gardens of Hesse calls an independent international expert commission to guarantee highest standards for the preservation of the historical substance of the World Heritage property was built as a fortified colony on the Atlantic coast in the early 16th century It was taken over by the Moroccans in 1769 The fortification with its bastions and ramparts is an early example of Renaissance military design The surviving Portuguese buildings include the cistern and the Church of the Assumption built in the Manueline style of late Gothic architecture The Portuguese City of Mazagan - one of the early settlements of the Portuguese explorers in West Africa on the route to India - is an outstanding example of the interchange of influences between European and Moroccan cultures qui font aujourd’hui partie de la ville d’El Jadida furent édifiées comme colonie fortifiée sur la côte atlantique au début du XVIe siècle La colonie fut reprise par les Marocains en 1769 constituent un exemple précoce de l’architecture militaire de la Renaissance Les édifices portugais encore visibles sont la citerne et l’église de l’Assomption construite dans le style manuélin (gothique tardif) l’un des premiers établissements en Afrique occidentale des explorateurs portugais qui faisaient route vers l’Inde offre un témoignage exceptionnel des influences croisées entre les cultures européenne et marocaine qui apparaissent clairement dans l’architecture  تقع التّحصينات البرتغاليّة في مازاكان التي باتت اليوم جزءًا من مدينة الجديدة على بعد 90 كلم جنوب غرب الدار البيضاء لقد تم انشاء هذه التحصينات كمستعمرة محصنة على الساحل الاطلسي في بداية القرن السادس عشر ثم استعاد المغربيون هذه المستعمرة في العام 1769 وتشكّل التحصينات، بالاضافة الى حصونها البارزة وأسوارها، مثالاً واضحًا على الهندسة المعمارية العسكرية في عصر النهضة فالمباني البرتغالية التي لا تزال ظاهرةً حتى الآن هي الحوض وكنيسة الصعود المبنية بحسب الاسلوب المنويليّ (أواخر القوطي) وتشكل مدينة مازاكان البرتغالية، إحدى أولى المنشآت التي أقامها المستكشفون البرتغاليون في أفريقيا الغربية وهم في طريقهم الى الهند، شاهدًا استثنائيًا على التأثيرات المختلطة للثقافتَيْن الاوروبية والمغربية والتي تظهر بوضوحٍ في الهندسة المعمارية والتكنولوجيا والتنظيم المدني 卡萨布兰卡西南90公里处的马扎甘军事要塞是葡萄牙人16世纪早期在大西洋海岸修筑的殖民地，现在为贾迪达市的一个部分。1769年，被摩洛哥人夺取。防御工事及其城墙和堡垒具有文艺复兴军事设计的早期风格。保留下来的葡萄牙式建筑包括水塔和圣母升天教堂，带有晚期哥特式建筑的曼奴埃尔风格。葡萄牙城是葡萄牙探险者通往印度途中在西部非洲建立的早期殖民地之一，这里是欧洲与摩洛哥文化相互影响交流和融会的例证，这一点在建筑、技术和城镇规划方面均得到完美的体现。 был основан как укрепленное поселение на побережье Атлантики в начале XVI в Укрепления с бастионами и валами являются одним из ранних ярких примеров военного строительства эпохи Возрождения Португальский город Мазарган – одно из первых поселений португальских мореходов в Западной Африке – ярко демонстрирует взаимовлияние европейской и марокканской культур La ciudadela de Mazagán –que hoy forma parte de la ciudad de El Jadida– está situada a unos 90 kilómetros al sudoeste de Casablanca Este fuerte colonial construido por los portugueses a principios del siglo XVI en la costa del Atlántico fue tomado por los marroquíes en 1769 Sus bastiones y murallas constituyen uno de los ejemplos más tempranos de la arquitectura militar renacentista Entre los edificios portugueses aún en pie figuran la cisterna y la iglesia de la Asunción construida en estilo manuelino (gótico tardío) La ciudad portuguesa de Mazagán fue una de las primeras factorías creadas en las costas del África Occidental por los exploradores portugueses que buscaban la ruta marítima hacia la India Constituye un ejemplo excepcional de la mutua influencia entre las culturas europea y africana que ha quedado patentizada en la arquitectura la tecnología y la planificación urbanística The Portuguese City of Mazagan (El Jadida) one of the first settlements created in Africa by Portuguese explorers on the route to India bears outstanding witness to the exchange of influences between European and Moroccan cultures from the 16th to the 18th centuries Mazagan was built as a fortified colony on the Atlantic coast at the beginning of the 16th century it dominates a natural bay of great beauty The brothers Francisco and Diogo de Arruda built the first citadel in 1514 in accordance with the plans of the Italian architect Benedetto da Ravenna Joao Ribeiro and Juan Castillo enlarged the citadel transforming it into a star-shaped fortification The Mazagan fortress with its ditch and inclined ramparts is one of the first testimonies in the Lusitanian period of the application by Portuguese technology of new architectural concepts of Renaissance adapted to the advent of the firearm Complete and unique witness in Morocco to the advent of this new style Mazagan is better preserved than other Portuguese fortifications in Morocco; most of the other Portuguese trading posts in the world having suffered many changes Following the departure of the Portuguese in 1769 and the resulting abandon of the city the fortress was rehabilitated in the middle of the 19th century and named El Jadida (The New) and became a commercial centre and a multicultural society The shape and the layout of the fortress have been well preserved and represent an outstanding example of this category of construction The historic fabric inside the fortress reflects the different changes and influences over the centuries The existent monuments of the Portuguese period are: the ramparts and their bastions an outstanding example of this type of structure the Manoeline style at the beginning of the 16th century Criterion (ii): The Portuguese City of Mazagan is an outstanding example of the exchange of influences between the European and Moroccan cultures from the 16th to 18th centuries and one of the very first settlements of Portuguese explorers in West Africa on the route to India These influences are clearly reflected in the architecture Criterion (iv): The fortified Portuguese city of Mazagan is an outstanding example and one of the first representing the new design concepts of the Renaissance period integrated with Portuguese construction techniques Among the most remarkable constructions of the Portuguese period are the cistern and the Church of the Assumption built in the Manoeline style at the beginning of the 16th century The boundaries of the buffer zone and the protection zone of the Portuguese City of Mazagan as described in the documents submitted to the World Heritage Committee provide all the necessary elements for its integrity built in two phases (1510-1514 and 1541-1548) are impressive by their monumentality and their styles They have conserved their original structure and architectural harmony to this day The outline of the city dominating the views above the port area is an essential characteristic that needs to be conserved The urban zone surrounding the old city of Mazagan must be closely monitored in order to check any change or new construction the city presents all the conditions of authenticity that have justified its inscription on the World Heritage List Many monuments have been rehabilitated giving them a new compatible function in the spirit of the integrated safeguarding programme carried out by the Ministry of Culture The population of the city is fully involved and concerned with the conservation and presentation of this important Morocco-Portuguese historical place aware that this heritage belongs to all humanity Protection and management requirements (2009) The protection measures essentially concern the different laws for the listing of historic monuments and sites in particular Law 22-80 (1981) for the conservation of Moroccan heritage The area of the ancient ditch of the fortifications has been declared a 50m-wide non aedificandi zone the Specifications for architectural regulations were adopted to strengthen legislation already in force The city has enjoyed a regular programme of restoration work Development work began in October 2008 for the presentation of the port and to improve the visibility of the fortress free the east side of the fortifications and uncover the ditches The Morocco-Lusitanian Heritage Centre for Study and Research (CERPML) the principal institution responsible for the management of the property has already begun the development of a management plan and the establishment of a management committee in coordination with its partners Maintenance of the visual integrity as regards the urban zone of El Jadida and the harmonious relation between the Portuguese city and the modern town that surrounds it are a constant concern that requires control of the height of constructions both inside and outside the buffer zone at an altitude between 1008 and 2914 m in the Pirin Mountains the site comprises diverse limestone mountain landscapes with glacial lakes caves and predominantly coniferous forests It was added to the World Heritage List in 1983 The extension now covers an area of around 40,000 ha in the Pirin Mountains except for two areas developed for tourism (skiing) The dominant part of the extension is high mountain territory over 2000m in altitude à une altitude de 1 008 à 2 914 m dans le massif du Pirin le parc présente un paysage karstique des Balkans Il a été ajouté à la Liste du patrimoine mondial en 1983 L'extension inclut désormais l'ensemble du Parc national de Pirin à l'exception de deux zones touristiques (ski) La partie principale de cette extension est une zone de hautes montagnes de plus de 2000 mètres d'altitude comprenant surtout des prairies alpines على امتداد يصل إلى أكثر من 27 هكتاراً، وارتفاع يتراوح بين 1008 و2914 متراً، في الكتلة الجبلية في بيرين، الواقعة في جنوب غرب بلغاريا، يمثل مرتع بيرين الوطني منظراً مكوناً من الحجر الجيري (الكارست) للبلقان، بما يضمه من بحيرات، وشلالات، ومغاور ، وغابات الصنوبر وقد أُدرج هذا المرتع في قائمة التراث العالمي في عام 1983 وتشمل عمليات التوسيع الآن جملة مراتع بيرين الوطنية، أي مساحة تبلغ نحو 40000 هكتار، فيما عدا منطقتين سياحيتين ويشمل الجزء الرئيسي من عمليات التوسيع منطقة جبال يبلغ ارتفاعها أكثر من 2000 متراً، وتضم، على وجه الخصوص، مروجاً جبلية، وركاماً صخرية وقِمماً 皮林公家公园位于保加利亚西南部的皮林山脉，占地2万7千多公顷，海拔高度介于1008米与2 914米之间。公园内景观主要为巴尔干喀斯特地形，冰川湖泊、瀑布、洞穴和松林等夹杂其间。这一遗址于1983列入《世界遗产名录》。扩展之后，将包括除了两个旅游区以外的整个皮林国家公园，占地约4万公顷。扩展的部分主要是一个海拔超过2000米的高山区，景观以高山草甸、岩屑堆和山峰为主。 Раскинувшийся в горах Пирин на юго-западе Болгарии на площади более чем в 27 000 га и на высоте 1 008-2 914 м этот парк характеризуется балканским карстовым ландшафтом с его озерами Он был включен в Список всемирного наследия в 1983 году Расширенный объект – это теперь весь Национальный парк Пирин за исключением двух туристических зон (специально выделенных для лыжного спорта) расположенный на высоте свыше 2000 метров и состоящий este parque se extiende por más de 27.400 hectáreas a una altitud que oscila entre 1.008 y 2.914 metros Su paisaje es típico de las zonas kársticas de los Balcanes El sitio se inscribió en la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial en 1983 y con su extensión actual abarca ahora unas 40.000 hectáreas de los montes de Pirin exceptuadas dos zonas turísticas dedicadas al esquí La zona añadida es en su mayor parte un macizo montañoso con praderas alpinas desprendimientos rocosos y picos que culminan a más de 2.000 metros de altura The World Heritage property covers an area of around 40,000 ha in the Pirin Mountains and overlaps with the undeveloped areas of Pirin National Park The diverse limestone mountain landscapes of the property include over 70 glacial lakes and a range of glacial landforms and the higher areas harbour alpine meadows below the summits The property includes a range of endemic and relict species that are representative of the Balkan Pleistocene flora Criterion (vii): The mountain scenery of Pirin National Park is of exceptional beauty The high mountain peaks and crags contrast with meadows rivers and waterfalls and provide the opportunity to experience the aesthetics of a Balkan mountain landscape The ability to experience remoteness and naturalness is an important attribute of the Outstanding Universal Value of the property Criterion (viii): The principal earth science values of the property relate to its glacial geomorphology demonstrated through a range of features including cirques The mountains of the property show a variety of forms and have been developed in several different rock types Functioning natural processes allow for study of the continued evolution of the landforms of the property and help to understand other upland areas in the region Criterion (ix): The property is a good example of the continuing evolution of flora as evidenced by a number of endemic and relict species and the property also protects an example of a functioning ecosystem that is representative of the important natural ecosystems of the Balkan uplands Pirin’s natural coniferous forests include Macedonian Pine and Bosnian Pine there are 1,315 species of vascular plants 17 Bulgarian endemics and 18 local endemics The fauna of Pirin National Park includes 45 mammal species Pirin is also home to eight species of amphibians eleven species of reptiles and six fish species Although the forests are affected by some historical use the natural functioning of the ecosystem ensures the protection of its regionally significant biodiversity values The original inscription of the property in 1983 proved to be inadequate in representing and maintaining the Outstanding Universal Value of Pirin but an extension in 2010 has addressed the issues to the best possible degree and represents the minimum area of Pirin National Park that can be considered to correspond to the requirements of Outstanding Universal Value set out in the World Heritage Convention The National Park is clearly defined from the point of view of its mountainous nature and ecology and the boundaries of the property are of sufficient size to capture the natural values of Pirin Adequate boundaries have been established through the extension of the initially inscribed property to include the most remote areas of the interior of the National Park and exclude adjacent areas that are not compatible with World Heritage status due to impacts on integrity from ski development The values of the property as extended retain the attributes of a natural landscape but they closely adjoin areas subject to intensive tourism development that are a risk to the integrity of the property The property is covered by national legislation which should ensure strong national protection of the values of the property including the prevention of encroachment from adjoining development It is essential that this legislation is rigorously enforced and is respected by all levels of government that have responsibilities in the area The property also has an effective and functioning management plan provided its implementation can be ensured through adequate resources to both maintain the necessary staffing levels and undertake the necessary management activities to protect and manage the property A system of regular monitoring of the natural values of Pirin and ongoing programmes to maintain habitats and landforms in their natural state avoid disturbance and other impacts on wildlife and to preserve the aesthetic values of the property are required The World Heritage property has long been subject to tourism pressure largely caused by the development of ski facilities and ski runs Dobrinishte and Kulinoto in the 1980s and 1990s off-piste skiing and heliskiing are activities which may affect the values and integrity of the property and require rigorous control has become one of the most rapidly developing towns in Bulgaria with hotels and holiday resorts constructed literally on the park boundary Tourism development within and around the property has not been effectively controlled in the past including some areas that were developed within the property and caused significant damage The management plan for the property needs to ensure a long-term priority for the protection of the natural values of Pirin and to guard against any encroachments and impacts within the property from skiing sporting events or other inappropriate development Equally the planning documents that are created by national regional and local authorities need to similarly ensure the protection of the natural values of the property and also integrate the benefits it provides as a natural landscape to the surrounding area Other threats to the property include illegal logging poaching and the use of snow mobiles and quad bikes management and the enforcement of effective regulations The management of visitor use to both prevent negative impacts and provide opportunities to experience the values of the property in a sustainable way is also an essential long term requirement for this property