Metrics details Foodborne viruses are significant public health threats capable of causing life-threatening infections and posing major risks for future pandemics the development of vaccines and treatments remains limited due to gaps in understanding their biophysical properties noroviruses are currently the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis globally and are responsible for numerous foodborne outbreaks with a focus on atomic force microscopy (AFM) We demonstrate how AFM can provide crucial insights into virus-host interactions We also show that the integration of various biophysical approaches offers new opportunities for advancing our understanding of foodborne viruses ultimately guiding the development of effective prevention strategies and antiviral therapies By gaining insight into the physical interaction between viruses and food surfaces or packaging materials it is possible to improve surface treatments and sanitization protocols that could prevent viral spread understanding the interaction mechanisms of viruses with host cells including the identification of viral proteins or cell receptors essential for replication could provide valuable information for the development of effective antiviral treatments quantifying virus binding kinetics and affinity can help identify specific viral antigens that elicit an immune response thus allowing the enhancement of vaccine efficacy we will emphasize on the use of AFM as a central tool for investigating the biophysical properties of foodborne viruses We will provide an overview of foodborne viruses since they appear to be among the most studied foodborne viruses using AFM and due to their major contribution to foodborne viral infections General features of transmission dynamics and approaches for the prevention and control of these infections will also be presented we will explore how other biophysical methods contribute to understanding foodborne viral infections and how some of these can be combined with AFM we aim to highlight its unique contributions to the field of physical virology and its role in advancing strategies to prevent and combat foodborne viral infections current challenges faced by these strategies are discussed along with future perspectives for the field we will only take into account enterotropic and hepatotropic viruses The development of prevention and mitigation strategies focused on the foodborne transmission of these viruses is highly relevant especially since widely available vaccines or treatments are rare for foodborne viruses NoV is mainly transmitted through the fecal-oral route by infecting host cells such as enterocytes human NoV is known to bind to cell-surface attachment factors the viral particle is internalized by the cell which replicates the viral components needed for the assembly of new viral particles allowing infection of surrounding cells and hosts there is a major gap in understanding the stability of viruses in the food matrix and environment This is of particular concern for future pandemic preparedness for inactivation and mitigation strategies Understanding of the stability of foodborne viruses is essential to find suitable methods of inactivation different viruses have varying levels of resilience creating the need for reliable methods reusable in different strains In order to prevent large foodborne virus outbreaks and to increase food safety inactivation and mitigation strategies have been developed to which a detailed understanding of the biophysical properties of the viruses may contribute the effectiveness of treatments can vary from cell culture to in vivo conditions highlighting the need for more robust cell culture models Further research highlights the need for deeper understanding of viral inactivation mechanisms as well as for the development of new vaccines the following sections of this review will focus on the AFM and its potential applications as a biophysical method in studying foodborne viruses Schematics of panels A-C were created in BioRender.com the above-mentioned methods have propelled AFM-based force spectroscopy to emerge as a powerful tool in investigating virus-receptor interactions this technique detects and provides thermodynamical characterization of virus attachment to specific cellular receptors at the single-virus level expanding our knowledge on the viral life cycle and opening doors for targeted antiviral treatments or preventive measures A deeper understanding of foodborne viruses at the fundamental level in particular with regard to their biophysical properties is clearly needed for developing more specialized detection AFM has been shown to be a powerful tool for extracting physical properties of viruses this technique holds great potential in studying foodborne viruses by providing information on morphology and mechanical properties of viruses and biophysical parameters of virus-host interactions This suggests that high-resolution methods could offer valuable insights into viral impairment mechanisms aiding the evaluation of inactivation techniques and their impact on food quality AFM remains a powerful tool for fundamental research on foodborne viruses particularly for investigating virus-surface interactions AFM’s versatility is evident in its ability to not only image surface topography but also measure various surface properties simultaneously These biophysical methods can all be applied to investigating different characteristics of viruses and often provide complementary data which makes them useful tools in broadening our view on foodborne viral diseases in which perspectives and challenges of integrating AFM in modelling platforms are presented All the previous studies help portray that combining AFM with other techniques is highly valuable in expanding our knowledge of viral infections direct correlation of data from AFM experiments and other techniques is still challenging current limitations of combining these techniques include sample preparation compatibility using these biophysical methods as complementary techniques helps overcome the limitations of each technique and offers a more comprehensive understanding of complex biological processes The recent rapid development of these tools brings exciting perspectives for their application in combating foodborne viral diseases Food harbors a big risk for future pandemics in introducing and transferring viruses Foodborne viruses are known for their stability in various physical environments and their limitations in identification and mitigation strategies further research in all of these areas is needed to develop new strategies applicable for the complete food-chain and to evaluate their effects when combined This emphasizes the need to understand and monitor viral infections in animals and contain them before they acquire the ability to spread in humans other methods fall short when it comes to the level of detail AFM can provide about single viruses a capability made possible by its wide range of specialized techniques and sophisticated data analysis tools such as lack of quality data to train the algorithms the rapid development of these tools will most likely result in its widespread use in biophysical research with its applications being extended to foodborne viruses Foodborne viruses are a significant cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide due to their low infectious doses long-term survival and severe lack of specific and efficient inactivation strategies such as their interactions with the food matrix is of highest importance in the development of new strategies to combat foodborne illnesses AFM’s ability to probe virus-surface and virus–host interactions on a single-molecule level has made it especially relevant for understanding the infection process of foodborne viruses Insight into adhesion to surfaces can guide the development of surface treatments and sanitization protocols aimed at preventing viral spread AFM also allows the identification of key viral proteins and host cell receptors involved in virus attachment and entry which offers valuable information for the development of effective antiviral treatments this technique allows for the quantification of binding forces and dynamics which is critical for identifying viral antigens that trigger immune responses with great potential in enhancing vaccine design the use of AFM alone and in combination with various other complementary techniques offer innovative approaches for a comprehensive view on foodborne viral infections and for future studies that aim at designing novel therapeutic interventions It is also of note that emerging computational modelling approaches and the use of AI are expected to become major contributors to expanding our fundamental understanding of foodborne viruses the application of the biophysical methods described here can be extended to other virus families as well paving the way to a deeper knowledge on viral infection No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study (WHO), W. 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vitro assembly of virus-like particles and their applications HS-AFM and SERS analysis of murine norovirus infection: involvement of the lipid rafts Identification and measurement of biomarkers at single microorganism level for in situ monitoring deep ultraviolet disinfection process Differential MS2 interaction with food contact surfaces determined by atomic force microscopy and virus recovery Interactions between rotavirus and Suwannee River organic matter: aggregation Detection of hepatitis C virus core protein in serum using aptamer-functionalized AFM chips Detection of RNA viruses from influenza and HIV to Ebola and SARS-CoV-2: a review Combining confocal and atomic force microscopy to quantify single-virus binding to mammalian cell surfaces How did correlative atomic force microscopy and super-resolution microscopy evolve in the quest for unravelling enigmas in biology Atomic force microscopy-Scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFM-SECM) for nanoscale topographical and 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by a human norovirus as determined by STD NMR spectroscopy Targeting norovirus infection—multivalent entry inhibitor design based on NMR experiments Mass spectrometry-based studies of virus assembly Norwalk virus assembly and stability monitored by mass spectrometry Insights into virus capsid assembly from non-covalent mass spectrometry Interrogating viral capsid assembly with ion mobility–mass spectrometry Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry Reveals Favored Structures in the Assembly of Virus-Like Particles: Polymorphism in Norovirus GI The PRMT5/WDR77 complex restricts hepatitis E virus replication Glycan-induced protein dynamics in human norovirus P dimers depend on virus strain and deamidation status Monitoring influenza hemagglutinin and glycan interactions using surface plasmon resonance Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the binding of GII 4 norovirus variants onto human blood group antigens Applications of surface plasmon resonance and biolayer interferometry for 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food chain A review of modern methods for the detection of foodborne pathogens Advances in microscopy-based techniques applied to the antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens Machine learning for analyzing atomic force microscopy (AFM) images generated from polymer blends Machine learning approaches for improving atomic force microscopy instrumentation and data analytics How scanning probe microscopy can be supported by artificial intelligence and quantum computing Significance of Artificial Intelligence in the Study of Virus-Host Cell Interactions Structure of the Nipah virus polymerase complex Structure of the hepatitis E virus-like particle suggests mechanisms for virus assembly and receptor binding Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a natural ligand of hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1) and the association of IgA with HAVCR1 enhances virus-receptor interactions Capsid region involved in hepatitis A virus binding to glycophorin A of the erythrocyte membrane Hepatitis A virus infection and hepatitis A vaccination in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: a review Antigenic and cryo-electron microscopy structure analysis of a chimeric sapovirus capsid The role of the sapovirus infection increased in gastroenteritis after national immunisation was introduced Neonatal Fc receptor is a functional receptor for classical human astrovirus Altered glycan expression on breast cancer cells facilitates infection by T3 seroptype oncolytic reovirus Long-range cooperative disassembly and aging during adenovirus uncoating Download references We thank the Leibniz Lab “Pandemic Preparedness” Gülşah Gabriel and all its members for the stimulating discussions during the inauguration which contributed significantly to this article These authors contributed equally: Rita dos Santos Natividade Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich TUM Junior Fellow at the Chair of Nutritional Systems Biology Conceptualization: M.K.; Writing—original draft preparation: R.N and M.K.; Writing—reviewing and editing: M.K and V.S.; all authors read and approved the manuscript The authors declare no competing interests Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44298-025-00107-y Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science MarTech » Marketing artificial intelligence (AI) » Role of a marketing technology manager: Best of the MarTechBot Best of the MarTechBot showcases the MarTechBot’s responses to prompts submitted by readers. See more about how marketers are using MarTechBot here The language model is based on content from MarTech embedded on top of ChatGPT The editors of MarTech selected this response for its usefulness and have supplemented it with additional relevant content I am the first generative AI chatbot for marketing technology professionals how to improve prompts to get even better answers from me The role of a marketing technology (martech) manager is pivotal in bridging the gap between marketing and IT within an organization This position focuses on leveraging technology to enhance marketing efforts and drive business growth Here are the key responsibilities and functions of a MarTech Manager:  Integration of marketing technologies: A martech manager is responsible for integrating various marketing technologies such as customer relationship management (CRM) systems This integration ensures that all tools work cohesively to support marketing strategies.  Data management and analysis: They oversee the collection This includes tracking customer interactions and other key metrics to inform data-driven decision-making The martech manager uses this data to optimize marketing strategies and improve ROI.  Collaboration with cross-functional teams: The martech manager acts as a liaison between marketing They work closely with marketing teams to understand their needs and collaborate with IT to implement the necessary technology solutions.  Technology strategy development: They develop and execute a technology strategy that aligns with the overall marketing goals of the organization This involves staying updated on the latest marketing technologies and trends to ensure the organization remains competitive.  Training and support: A martech manager often provides training and support to marketing teams on how to effectively use marketing technologies This ensures that team members are equipped to leverage these tools for maximum impact.  Performance measurement: They are responsible for measuring the effectiveness of marketing technologies and campaigns and making recommendations for improvements.  Budget management: The martech manager may also be involved in managing the budget for marketing technology investments ensuring that resources are allocated effectively to support marketing initiatives.  a MarTech Manager plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of marketing efforts through the strategic use of technology Their expertise in both marketing and technology enables organizations to optimize their marketing operations and achieve their business objectives Here’s one way this prompt could be refined to gather more specific, actionable information. MarTechBot now has 10+ personas to provide more targeted responses. For this prompt, try selecting the CMO persona. There are many possibilities depending on the human user’s industry and main objectives: The key elements and enhancements to this prompt are as follows: What are the three most important responsibilities for a martech manager at this company you are the CMO of a national healthy snacks brand Three most important responsibilities…Please include two questions to ask a job candidate for martech manager in an interview to fill the role Dig deeper: How to align your martech center of excellence with organizational and go-to-market goals As the CMO of a national healthy snacks brand the three most important responsibilities for a martech manager would be: Technology management: Oversee and manage the marketing technology stack ensuring that all tools and platforms are integrated effectively to support marketing campaigns and data analysis Data analysis and reporting: Analyze customer data and campaign performance metrics to provide insights that drive marketing strategies This includes tracking key performance indicators (KPIs) and generating reports for the marketing team Collaboration with teams: Work closely with other departments to ensure that marketing technology supports overall business goals and enhances customer experience “Can you describe a time when you successfully implemented a new marketing technology tool “How do you approach analyzing data to improve marketing campaigns Can you give an example of a specific metric you focused on?” These questions will help assess the candidate’s practical experience and analytical skills See terms. Contributing authors are invited to create content for MarTech and are chosen for their expertise and contribution to the martech community. Our contributors work under the oversight of the editorial staff and contributions are checked for quality and relevance to our readers See terms. Discover time-saving technologies and actionable tactics that can help you overcome crucial marketing challenges Now available: MarTech spring Online Sept. 17-18, 2025: MarTech fall Learn actionable search marketing tactics that can help you drive more traffic Get 55+ tools to gain insights and grow your audience Meet your new AI-powered marketing assistant © 2025 MarTech.org is a Trademark of Semrush Inc Third Door Media, Inc. is a business-to-business media company. It is the publisher of MarTech and the producer of the MarTech Conference. Third Door Media offers marketing solutions that help vendors connect with an engaged audience of B2C and B2B marketers. 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Volume 17 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1209494 This article is part of the Research TopicEarly Life Events: Shedding Light on Neurobiological MechanismsView all 6 articles Editorial on the Research Topic Early life events: shedding light on neurobiological mechanisms The influence of early life environment on brain development The figure summarizes the studies that composed the Research Topic: Early Life Events: Shedding Light on Neurobiological Mechanisms In Neurobiological mechanisms involved in maternal deprivation-induced behaviors relevant to psychiatric disorders, Zanta et al. provides an updated appraisal of the effects of maternal deprivation This procedure may lead to increased susceptibility in animal models of mental disorders and the authors argue for some putative mechanisms that could explain the behavioral outcomes That sex-dimorphic effects were observed in most of the neurobiological outcomes is of indisputable importance The review covers from immediate effects to long-term outcomes involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis relating effects on these processes with the observed behavioral changes Two studies consider different animal models of variant early environments and their influence on cognition. Mastication stimuli enhance the learning ability of weaning-stage rats, altering the hippocampal neuron transcriptome and micromorphology, conducted by Yasuoka et al. sheds light on the correlation between masticatory stimulation and memory using powdered or solid diets during a sensitive period of development The study investigates neural interaction between mastication stimuli and memory processing The results reveal that mastication stimuli during the weaning period have a positive effect on rat's memory function probably through the increase of dendrite branches of hippocampal CA1 neurons and gene regulation related to dendrite growth These findings underscore the importance of adequate mastication during developmental periods for proper brain function The second study, Altered cognition and anxiety in adolescent offspring whose mothers underwent different-pattern maternal sleep deprivation, and cognition link to hippocampal expressions of Bdnf and Syt-1, is based on the evidence that sleep disturbance during pregnancy may negatively affect the development of offspring. Wei et al. investigated the association between sleep deprivation in late pregnancy with emotion and expression of synaptic plasticity-related proteins in offspring mice Pregnant mice were used for studying the different patterns and durations of sleep deprivation The results demonstrated that maternal sleep deprivation during late pregnancy impairs emotion and cognition in offspring which is associated with altered hippocampal bdnf and syt1 expression Two studies examined exposure to early adversities in children. In Examining resting-state network connectivity in children exposed to perinatal maternal adversity using anatomically weighted functional connectivity (awFC) analyses; A preliminary report, Ayyash et al. explored adversity-related changes using an innovative approach to brain imaging analysis that combines functional and structural connectivity children whose mothers had poor mental health and/or low socioeconomic status during the perinatal period exhibited lower connectivity in some cortical and limbic networks but increased connectivity in the ventral attention network The awFC approach highlighted the importance of accounting for structural aspects when assessing functional connectivity in developmental networks This study provides further support that early life stress impacts the course of brain maturation specifically the developmental tuning of functional and structural connectivity Early life experiences are the basis of a child's health during development and early life caregiving adversity may influence future negative memory biases. The study Variation in maternal sensitivity and the development of memory biases in preschoolers by Rifkin-Graboi et al. explored whether insensitive care predicts subsequent memory biases for threatening stimuli in preschoolers and if such relations could influence different forms of memories and hippocampal volume the authors showed that exposure to insensitive caregiving predicted the difference between emotional memories which were associated with hippocampal body volumes The study highlights that lower levels of maternal sensitivity when children were four and a half years of age predicted better relational memory when angry stimuli were involved These studies underline the need for additional research focusing on the effects of stress during early developmental stages when brain circuits are still maturing and adapting in order to better understand how stress imprints into neural circuits and changes their functioning throughout life this understanding of the mechanisms associated with early life adversity may help to better establish protective strategies filling the knowledge gap on sexual dimorphism in the neurobiological mechanisms of early life stress as well as how protective strategies may reverse several of those effects will allow the development of more accurate treatments for a set of psychiatric disorders All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher and dysregulation: phenotypic plasticity and human development Resilience and vulnerability to trauma: early life interventions modulate aversive memory reconsolidation in the dorsal hippocampus Amygdala 5-HTT gene network moderates the effects of postnatal adversity on attention problems: anatomo-functional correlation and epigenetic changes Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys Dalmaz C and Mar Arcego D (2023) Editorial: Early life events: shedding light on neurobiological mechanisms Received: 20 April 2023; Accepted: 05 May 2023; Published: 17 May 2023 Edited and reviewed by: Denise Manahan-Vaughan Copyright © 2023 de Lima, Couto Pereira, Dalmaz and Mar Arcego. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Randriely Merscher Sobreira de Lima, cmFuZHJpZWx5QGdtYWlsLmNvbQ== Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish The world’s leading publication for data science The Large Language Model (LLM) course is a collection of topics and educational resources for people to get into LLMs For an interactive version of this course, I created an LLM assistant that will answer questions and test your knowledge in a personalized way on HuggingChat (recommended) or ChatGPT This section of the course focuses on learning how to build the best possible LLMs using the latest techniques An in-depth knowledge of the Transformer architecture is not required but it’s important to understand the main steps of modern LLMs: converting text into numbers through tokenization processing these tokens through layers including attention mechanisms and finally generating new text through various sampling strategies Pre-training is a computationally intensive and expensive process While it’s not the focus of this course it’s important to have a solid understanding of how models are pre-trained especially in terms of data and parameters Pre-training can also be performed by hobbyists at a small scale with <1B models SFT turns base models into helpful assistants, capable of answering questions and following instructions. During this process, they learn how to structure answers and reactivate a subset of knowledge learned during pre-training. Instilling new knowledge is possible but superficial: it cannot be used to learn a completely new language. Always prioritize data quality over parameter optimization. Preference alignment is a second stage in the post-training pipeline, focused on aligning generated answers with human preferences. This stage was designed to tune the tone of LLMs and reduce toxicity and hallucinations. However, it has become increasingly important to also boost their performance and improve usefulness. Unlike SFT, there are many preference alignment algorithms. Here, we’ll focus on the two most important ones: DPO and PPO. Reliably evaluating LLMs is a complex but essential task guiding data generation and training. It provides invaluable feedback about areas of improvement, which can be leveraged to modify the data mixture, quality, and training parameters. However, it’s always good to remember Goodhart’s law: "When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure." Quantization is the process of converting the parameters and activations of a model using a lower precision. For example, weights stored using 16 bits can be converted into a 4-bit representation. This technique has become increasingly important to reduce the computational and memory costs associated with LLMs. Here are notable topics that didn’t fit into other categories. Some are established (model merging, multimodal) techniques, but others are more experimental (interpretability, test-time compute scaling) and the focus of numerous research papers. This section of the course focuses on learning how to build LLM-powered applications that can be used in production, with a focus on augmenting models and deploying them. Running LLMs can be difficult due to high hardware requirements. Depending on your use case, you might want to simply consume a model through an API (like GPT-4) or run it locally. In any case, additional prompting and guidance techniques can improve and constrain the output for your applications. Creating a vector storage is the first step to building a Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) pipeline. Documents are loaded, split, and relevant chunks are used to produce vector representations (embeddings) that are stored for future use during inference. With RAG, LLMs retrieve contextual documents from a database to improve the accuracy of their answers. RAG is a popular way of augmenting the model’s knowledge without any fine-tuning. Real-life applications can require complex pipelines, including SQL or graph databases, as well as automatically selecting relevant tools and APIs. These advanced techniques can improve a baseline solution and provide additional features. Text generation is a costly process that requires expensive hardware. In addition to quantization, various techniques have been proposed to maximize throughput and reduce inference costs. Deploying LLMs at scale is an engineering feat that can require multiple clusters of GPUs. In other scenarios, demos and local apps can be achieved with a much lower complexity. In addition to traditional security problems associated with software, LLMs have unique weaknesses due to the way they are trained and prompted. My main recommendation is to do something that you enjoy. Install libraries in a Google Colab notebook, play with them, deploy a model on Hugging Face Spaces, hack an application, quantize an LLM, or fine-tune it for RAG. Find your own niche and keep exploring it, read papers, and implement your own ideas. It’s a large field with extensive research and funding. 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Send help right to the people and causes you care about Your donation is protected by the GoFundMe Giving Guarantee The dates displayed for an article provide information on when various publication milestones were reached at the journal that has published the article activities on preceding journals at which the article was previously under consideration are not shown (for instance submission All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page Metrics details The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic hit Brazil in 2015 and resulted in a generation of children at risk of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) The social vulnerability of certain segments of the population contributed to the disproportional occurrence of CZS in the Brazilian Northeast Living conditions are essential factors in understanding the social determination of CZS which is embedded in a complex interaction between biological played a central role in the context of the epidemic and was a pioneer in reporting the ZIKV infection and registering a high number of cases of CZS The aim of the study was identifying the incidence and spatial distribution pattern of children with CZS in the municipality of Salvador This is an ecological study that uses the reported cases of ZIKV and CZS registered in the epidemiological surveillance database of the Municipal Secretariat of Health of the city of Salvador between August of 2015 and July of 2016 The neighborhoods formed the analysis units and the thematic maps were built based on the reported cases Associations between CZS and living conditions were assessed using the Kernel ratio and a spatial autoregressive linear regression model Seven hundred twenty-six live births were reported of which 236 (32.5%) were confirmed for CZS Despite the reports of ZIKV infection being widely distributed the cases of CZS were concentrated in poor areas of the city A positive spatial association was observed between living in places with poorer living conditions and births of children with CZS This study shows the role of living conditions in the occurrence of births of children with CZS and indicates the need for approaches that recognize the part played by social inequalities in determining CZS and in caring for the children affected was related with the urban socioeconomic conditions in Recife where income was used as the only indicator of living conditions income is an insufficient indicator for representing the complexity of the relationships of the social determinants implied in the occurrence of CZS this study includes new factors to examine the effect of living conditions over the main consequence of ZIKV infection it aimed to identify the incidence and spatial distribution pattern of children with CZS in the municipality of Salvador this study only classified the children using the results of perinatal and post-natal neuroimaging exams independent of the presence of microcephaly An individual analysis of the imaging exams recorded in the database identified three categories of participants in relation to CZS: Confirmed – presence of alterations suggestive of CZS; CZS discarded – normality in the imaging exams or alterations not suggestive of CZS; Incomplete investigation (suspected cases) – no result for the imaging exam or the aforementioned exam was not conducted A – Location of the biggest city in the Northeast – Salvador B – Health Districts of the city of Salvador In this study adaptations were needed to operationalize these last two indicators to build the LCI with the data available in the 2010 Demographic Census for the Favela indicator the calculation occurred based on the “sector type” variable where in that 2010 census code 1 represented the “census sector (CS) of the special subnormal cluster type.” For each neighborhood the total CSs defined by code 1 constituted the numerator of that indicator while the denominator was represented by the total residences In relation to the inhabitants per room indicator the “mean number of rooms per residence” and “mean number of bedrooms per residence” variables were not present in the 2010 census and were substituted by the “inhabitants in permanent private residences” and “permanent private residences” variables with which it was possible to calculate the “number of people per residence” variable the sum of the score of these five indicators resulted in a score (LCI score) for each neighborhood Higher LCI scores correspond to the poorest living conditions These scores were also organized in ascending order and grouped according to quartiles of relatively homogeneous neighborhoods corresponding to population strata classified as high (1) The incidence of confirmed cases of CZS was calculated for every 10,000 live births according to the neighborhood of residence The number of live births per neighborhood in Salvador in the period studied was obtained from the Live Births Information System (SINASC) Cases of CZS (reported and confirmed) were georeferenced using the QGIS software (QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation. https://qgis.org/en/site/) through the application programming interfaces (APIs) of Google Maps a tool that transforms the text addresses stored in a database into geographical coordinates These were spatially distributed on the cartographic map of the neighborhoods of Salvador in a shapefile format obtained from the Urban Development Company of the State of Bahia and then the thematic maps were built for the period studied where the 900 m distance was the one that presented the best image for visualizing the spatial distribution of the problem studied a neighborhood matrix or adjacency weight matrix (close neighbors with at least one boundary point in common) was built The existence of an association between the smoothed CZS rate and socioeconomic variables of the neighborhoods was assessed by applying spatial autoregressive (SAR) linear regression models Given the presence of a spatial autocorrelation in the smoothed CZS rates the modeling was adjusted by demographic density and incidence of ZIKV infection Categorical data were compared using Fisher exact test (2-sided) to test for differences between confirmed All the statistical analyses were conducted using version 16 of the Stata software (College Station Twenty-three deaths were recorded in the period, of which 10 (4.2%) were among children with CZS (p < 0.001/CZS discarded) and 13 (5.5%) were in the group without a complete investigation. There was no record in those who were free of CZS (Table 2) Greater variability and a lower median for CP were observed among children with CZS (30.0 cm) in relation to those discarded for CZS and those not investigated using an imaging exam Distribution of suspected cases of ZIKV infection and reported and confirmed cases of CZS between August 1st of 2015 and July 31st of 2016 Spatial distribution of suspected and confirmed cases of CZS according to living conditions in the municipality of Salvador Brazil between August 1st of 2015 and July 31st of 2016 A - Reported and confirmed cases of CZS; B – Strata of living conditions in the city of Salvador; B - Kernel ratio for confirmed cases of CZS; D - Kernel density for confirmed cases of CZS according to living conditions at the forefront of the fight against the epidemic and its consequences with a peak occurrence of CZS in December of 2015 our data demonstrate an increase in cases of ZIKV infection between January and March of 2016 but this did not correspond to children being born with CZS making it the Brazilian state capital with the highest percentage of non-white women the white pregnant women predominantly lived in places with high (35.3%) and intermediate (29.4%) living conditions the study suggests that white skin is predominantly associated with better education and housing indicators and might be a protective factor for a child being born with CZS the data presented here should be interpreted with caution We recognize that the municipality of Salvador presents its own particularities regarding the way it is architecturally and urbanistically organized which restricts the extrapolation of these results Worth highlighting is the dependency on the quality and availability of data from the health surveillance systems only reports of suspected ZIKV infection were considered in which only 20% of people infected develop symptoms which may be confused with those of other arboviruses such as dengue fever and chikungunya At the time there was a lack of laboratory exams for ZIKV due to the high cost of the laboratory kits and inconsistent results because of cross reactions with other arboviruses during the epidemic Such neurological alterations in the period of the epidemic were used as a proxy for CZS Approximately one-third of the suspected cases in the study were not investigated We can presume that at least some of these cases are of children with CZS which may have led to underestimation in our analyses this is an ecological study of spatial aggregation subject to the effects of scale (aggregation of areas) and the possibility of some intra-area heterogeneity due to the use of pre-defined geographical-administrative divisions as an analysis unit (neighborhoods) and not more homogeneous areas in terms of socioeconomic conditions This last restriction is particularly important due to the presence of favelas and middle/upper class neighborhoods in the same region like any disease affecting child development need effective actions of policymakers and the society to interrupt the deep socioeconomic inequalities and the disparities in access to health services to break the cycle of poverty and social exclusion experienced by people with disabilities and their families identifying places where children with CZS live and risk maps would help the public authorities to outline strategies focused on monitoring this population group affected by the main consequences of the ZIKV epidemic the infant growth and development surveillance system needs to be strengthened in the public health services considering all children born throughout the epidemic and using prospective cohort studies to accompany the spectrum of the development of that generation of children and social assistance services is needed to provide social support and adequate inclusion into the school environment which are essential for infant development Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics Musso D, Ko AI, Baud D. 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Ecology. 1996;77(5):1644 Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265559?origin=crossref Aplicações de estimadores bayesianos empíricos para análise espacial de taxas de mortalidade In: GEOINFO 2005 - 7th Brazilian Symposium on GeoInformatics; 2005 Campos GS, Bandeira AC, Sardi SI. Zika Virus Outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(10):1885–6 Available from: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/10/15-0847_article.htm WHO. In: World Health Organization, editor. Zika vírus; 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus Grayo S. Is the ZIKV congenital syndrome and microcephaly due to syndemism with latent virus coinfection? Viruses. 2021; Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/4/669/htm Oidtman RJ, España G, Alex Perkins T. Co-circulation and misdiagnosis led to underestimation of the 2015–2017 zika epidemic in the americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009208 Marteleto LJ, Weitzman A, Coutinho RZ, Valongueiro AS. Women’s reproductive intentions and behaviors during the Zika epidemic in Brazil. Popul Dev Rev. 2017;43(2):199–227 Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/padr.12074 Castro MC, Han QC, Carvalho LR, Victora CG, França GVA. Implications of Zika virus and congenital Zika syndrome for the number of live births in Brazil. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2018;115(24):6177–82 Available from: http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1718476115 Aiken ARA, Scott JG, Gomperts R, Trussell J, Worrell M, Aiken CE. Requests for abortion in Latin America related to concern about Zika virus exposure. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):396–8 Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc1605389 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) Pesquisa Nacional por amostra de domicílios continua (PNAD-continua) Desigualdades Sociais por Cor ou Raça no Brasil Estudos e Pesquisas - Informação Demográfica e Socioeconômica Netto EM, Moreira-Soto A, Pedroso C, Höser C, Funk S, Kucharski AJ, et al. High Zika Virus Seroprevalence in Salvador, Northeastern Brazil Limits the Potential for Further Outbreaks. MBio. 2017;8(6) Available from: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01390-17 Angelo C. Brazil’s scientists battle to escape 20-year funding freeze. Nature. 2016;539(7630):480 Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2016.21014 Angelo C. Brazil’s government freezes nearly half of its science spending. Nature. 2019;568(7751):155–6 Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01079-9 Download references The authors are grateful to Cristiane Cardoso and the Center for Information and Epidemiological Surveillance of Salvador for making the database available We are also thankful to the Collective Health Institute of the Federal University of Bahia for providing the structure to develop the research This study was funded by grants from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (MCTIC/FNDCT - CNPq/MEC - CAPES/MS - Decit # 14/2016–440577/2016–0) Souza is thankful for the scholarship support The funder had no role in the study design Guilherme Loureiro Werneck and Darci Neves dos Santos contributed equally to this work Márcio Santos da Natividade & Darci Neves dos Santos writing – original draft preparation; Natividade MS: conceptualization writing – review & editing; Werneck GL: conceptualization writing – review & editing; Santos DN: conceptualization All authors read and approved the final manuscript This study was submitted to the ethics committee of the Collective Health Institute of the Federal University of Bahia and was approved under protocol no Authors confirm that all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations Written consent was not obtained because secondary data from databases were used there was no direct contact with the children and their families The authors declare they have no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13614-x You are currently accessing Risk.net via your Enterprise account If you already have an account please use the link below to sign in If you have any problems with your access or would like to request an individual access account please contact our customer service team Phone: 1+44 (0)870 240 8859 Email: csqueries@infopro-digital.com You are currently accessing Risk.net via your institutional login If you already have an account please use the link below to sign in Phone: +44 20 7316 9685 Clients of Deutsche Bank’s quant research team say it has a gift for describing the finer points of complex ideas from machine learning to liquidity risk premia is actually usable from a quantitative standpoint,” says a senior quant portfolio manager at a US pension fund “It is written in a way that not only describes the ideas but explains precisely what they are doing.” A quant hedge fund portfolio manager describes chief data scientist Andrew Moniz’s work developing strategies based on unstructured text-based data as “transformative” the team’s research identified a non-diversifiable liquidity factor that is separate from recognised factors such as value the team uncovered risks from mismatches between risk and alpha models that it says investors are overlooking Deutsche formed its quant investment solutions team in 2009 focusing initially on equity quant strategy Since then it has expanded into cross-asset quant strategy and data analysis the bank’s global head of quantitative strategy and quant investment solutions research In data science the team published research on using text analysis as a signal for long-only Its approach allows investors to stitch systematic and fundamental strategies together providing them with insights not usually gained through one individual strategy “Discretionary managers are increasingly interested in the big data space,” says Mesomeris how they can utilise insights from credit card transaction data or geospatial data in their investment process in a way that can enrich their cashflow models or give them a differentiated view of companies.” A purely systematic strategy may buy a company’s stock because it appears cheap but such a strategy would be blind to the threats of litigation facing the company Fundamental investors also gain by drawing information from sources not otherwise accessible in financial accounts As well as for investigating corporate behaviour the team has also looked at using natural language processing to gauge the sentiment of central bankers The sort of practical guidance Deutsche provides includes suggestions on extracting text from public webpages Due to the variety of coding options available to website designers Deutsche proposes a probabilistic method: using a text-to-tags ratio to identify the largest and most meaningful block of text Then there’s measuring the relevance of a specific text to a particular company The team suggests using a named entity recognition algorithm This classifies text into categories such as names or places and determines their importance according to frequency and their appearance in Mesomeris spent four years as a quantitative analyst at Citi before joining Deutsche Bank where he focused on long-short text-based strategies having previously been a senior portfolio manager at APG Asset Management Other senior members of the group include Khoi LeBinh Asia-Pacific head of global quantitative strategy directors in European quantitative research Natividade focuses on futures and options trading using multi-frequency and multi-style models Mesomeris says investors are overlooking how their choice of model horizon could have a greater impact on performance than their choice of alpha model Buy-siders often – wrongly – match the horizon of their risk models with that of their investments or portfolio rebalances “It doesn’t matter so much if you are a long-horizon or short-horizon investor The most important consideration is what type of portfolio you hold Longer-horizon risk models are better for optimised portfolios due to the models’ lower estimation error of correlations But shorter-horizon models are typically better for long-only portfolios because longer-horizon models tend to over-forecast market shocks use the same factors in their risk model as in their alpha model Representing the value factor by cashflow yield in the alpha model but using book-to-price in the risk model The consequence is a possible underestimation of risk due to the portfolio’s systemic risk being allocated to risk that is stock-specific Deutsche’s research suggests a liquidity factor exists and is independent of other accepted factors “People have become more aware that market-wide liquidity is actually a non-diversifiable source of risk,” says Mesomeris “There’s another risk factor out there – a macro-level risk factor – that’s non-diversifiable and your returns will vary depending on changes in the market-wide liquidity environment.” Deutsche’s research introduces several liquidity metrics and develops strategies to explore each of the dimensions of liquidity: level Level is a monthly average measure of the proportion of outstanding shares traded every day Change represents the drift of the day’s traded volume away from the monthly average while volatility is a measure of the volatility in daily volume is a measure of the stock’s exposure to overall market liquidity Many have argued illiquidity premia cannot exist because illiquid stocks cannot be traded or the premia are merely echoes of other premia The research finds level and beta are statistically significant there is a 90% probability of their explaining excess returns beyond traditional factors in 35% of the months investigated The statistics are similar for risk premia such as size and quality The only significant exposure to other factors for the metrics used in the research was higher liquidity volatility among small-cap stocks Other research includes linear signal blending Here the team investigates how uncorrelated factor metrics might be combined to produce a better estimation of factors resulting in a higher Sharpe ratio Naive signal weighting may not take account of correlations or may simply be improved by incorporating alpha The latter is achieved by allocating risk constraints for a given metric dependent on an investor’s belief in that metric’s returns the team also works with clients on individual projects was to find a way of managing a client’s equities portfolio risk budget more efficiently The client had been reliant on equity beta risk but wanted to consider other sources of equity returns “We looked at effectively replacing some equity beta risk with “equity-like” factor risk such as employing short volatility or implied dividend premium strategies,” he says Portfolio protection will be the next big topic they’re starting to talk about crisis risk offset trades which allocate to strategies that seek to perform well in the event of an equity market collapse – some of which involve investments into CTA [commodity trading adviser]-type strategies.” Portfolio insurance is expensive and bleeds carry but Deutsche Bank has recently researched how to hedge portfolios 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As outlined in our terms and conditions, https://www.infopro-digital.com/terms-and-conditions/subscriptions/ (clause 2.4) an Authorised User may only make one copy of the materials for their own personal use You must also comply with the restrictions in clause 2.5 © Infopro Digital Risk (IP) Limited (2025) Published by Infopro Digital Services Limited Companies are registered in England and Wales with company registration numbers 09232733 & 04699701 To use this feature you will need an individual account Alternatively you can request an individual account here Volume 13 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874261 such as tools and other technical articles useful for survival imply that creativity is an outcome of evolution the existence of purely ornamental items obfuscates the functional value of creativity What is the functional or adaptive value of aesthetic and intellectual ornaments Recent evidence shows a connection between ornamental creativity this association is not sufficient for establishing that creativity in humans evolved by sexual selection we synthesize findings from many disciplines about the mechanisms and the function of creativity in sexual selection Existing research indicates that creativity has the characteristics expected of a trait evolved by sexual selection: genetic basis an advantage in mating in humans and other animals and psychological modules adapted to mating contexts Future studies should investigate mixed findings in the existing literature such as creativity not being found particularly attractive in a non-WEIRD society we identified remaining knowledge gaps and recommend that further research should be undertaken in the following areas: sexual and reproductive correlates of creativity in non-WEIRD societies technical and everyday creativity on attractiveness Evolutionary research should analyze whether being an evolved signal of genetic quality is the only way in which creativity becomes sexually selected and therefore passed on from generation to generation This review has gone a long way toward integrating and enhancing our understanding of ornamental creativity as a possible sexual selected psychological trait “Sexual selection made our brains wasteful, if not wasted: it transformed a small, efficient ape-style brain into a huge, energy-hungry handicap spewing out luxury behaviors like conversation, music, and art.” (Miller, 2000 what would the evolutionary benefits be of body decoration sexual selection would have shaped the psychological propensities to perform these manifestations and to enjoy them Recent studies seem to confirm that more creative people, particularly in the ornamental/aesthetic aspect, are considered more attractive in Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic societies (see Karamihalev, 2013; Lebuda et al., 2021) more than that is needed to show that creativity evolved by sexual selection Before approaching the multiple lines of evidence supporting creativity as a sexually selected trait, it is necessary to characterize creativity and its constituent variables (Figure 1) All of these creative domains are costly because successfully navigating them depends on healthy brains, and healthy brains are costly (i.e., energy-intensive and susceptible to instabilities throughout development; Miller, 2001). However, ornamental or aesthetic manifestations may be more expensive because they require a lot of energy expenditure without the practical benefits in return (from the point of view of survival; Feist, 2001) That would be the case for creativity employed in such domains as art and body beautification Aesthetic sensibility is the ability to assess the quality of sensory stimuli, such as abstract drawings and human faces. Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1989) describes three levels in human aesthetic psychology: (1) the basic level which we have shared with most vertebrates and includes regularities and superstimuli; (2) the human-specific level which is universal and relates to a human “sense of order” that underlies more specific attributes such as balance and harmony; (3) the local culture level which is related to traditions and tastes shared within each human population The selection of these genes linked to creativity has an ancient history. Modern humans have over 200 unique non-protein-encoding genes that regulate the co-expression of many other protein-encoding genes in coordinated networks underlying modern capabilities such as creativity, which are not found in chimpanzees or Neanderthals (Zwir et al., 2022) These genes provide a part of the biological substrate necessary for creativity; however they do not necessarily imply the development of creative capacities Inheriting the propensity to develop the ability differs from having the ability which depends on adequate stimulation throughout ontogenetic development as well as a host of other neurodevelopmental and biopsychosocial factors Dopamine has a role in creativity and sexuality, which suggests a link with sexual selection (Garcia et al., 2010; Acevedo et al., 2020). Dopaminergic activity is also related to psychomotor agitation behaviors such as eye blinking, that is a known clinical marker of accelerated dopaminergic activity observed in schizophrenic patients and non-clinical creative individuals (Akbari Chermahini and Hommel, 2009) Though women with high testosterone display intense creative activity, the pattern seems more consistent in men. The masculine peak of artistic output happens in married men from 30 to 40 years old, extending beyond 40 for singles (Kanazawa, 2000). Men write 10 times more books and other literary outputs, accounting for more entries in the Guinness World Records (Lange, 2011; Lange and Euler, 2014) Lateralization of the brain hemispheres appears to be associated with testosterone. For example, boys with higher testosterone levels at puberty show greater right brain lateralization (Beking et al., 2018). Boys with higher levels of intrauterine testosterone showed the opposite lateral (i.e., left) activation at puberty (Beking et al., 2018), which seems more associated with an autistic profile (Castelli et al., 2002) Consequences of stress on people with schizotypal and autistic traits Creative people are moderately schizotypal People with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder also have these characteristics sometimes manifesting them in a “dysfunctional way,” e.g. That “dysfunctional manifestation” of creativity can occur because of stressors that disrupt normal nervous system development individuals with the same genetic propensities for high creativity may manifest it in the form of a disorder or the neurotypical form depending on how much the stressors have affected ontogeny This figure shows three examples of populations each subjected to different levels of environmental stress The symbol with “!” means high levels of stressors while the symbol “ok” means tolerable levels of stressors those that do not significantly impair neural development and motivation) capable of generating cultural creative outputs However, the variability in creativity in each sex may also depend on the creative domain evaluated. He (2018) measured divergent thinking and creative problem-solving in Hong Kong university students. Greater male variability was found in divergent thinking tasks involving images but not verbal tasks (He, 2018). See Table 1 If creativity is a result of evolution, it is to be expected that there would be similar characteristics in other species (e.g., Cauchard et al., 2013) if this process is partly due to sexual selection it makes sense to assume that creativity plays a role in the reproduction of humans and other species These behaviors suggest that males who exhibit greater cognitive complexity tend to attract females research is unclear as to whether exhibiting cognitive behaviors attracts females or whether some other trait such findings as reviewed above suggest that displaying aesthetic and ornamental capabilities linked to creativity is not restricted to the present but also to the evolutionary past The available evidence indicates that creative manifestations—mainly ornamental ones, but also pragmatic ones—may play a unique role in attractiveness. But why? In the following sections, we will examine evidence related to various theories (see also Davis and Arnocky, 2022) when one would expect to find this result also in men Why are men more engaged and prominent in art than women, despite their similar creative performance? Men and women can use their creative potential in different ways. For instance, in comedy women use their creativity more in assessing humor, while men use theirs more in producing humor (Greengross et al., 2020). Similarly, one study mentioned the presence of more women (69%) than men in the front rows of music concerts (Sluming and Manning, 2000) Anecdotal evidence suggests that creativity is attractive. Creative geniuses in art and science (e.g., Lord Byron, Albert Einstein, Pablo Picasso, Van Gogh, and Charles Chaplin) are known for having had many casual sex partners, marriages, and children (Karamihalev, 2013) We have already shown evidence that creativity is universally attractive we will discuss specific evidence in more detail That would suggest that the reproductive benefit of this kind of creativity lies in facilitating the acquisition of resources That is the opposite of what is expected from an adaptive perspective namely that creativity leads to reproductive success One possible explanation is that the attraction to creative partners is recent in human history creativity was adaptive from a sexual selection point of view in our environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) but is not adaptive anymore because societies and environments (including the Meru) have changed so drastically This study reinforces the idea that creativity evolved by sexual selection in men and women (Baer and Kaufman, 2008; Varella et al., 2011, 2014, 2017; Miller, 2013) given the possibility of short-and long-term relationships indicates that ornamental creativity may have evolved for signaling both good genes and an ability to acquire resources Intelligence and creativity may not be attractive in themselves but as markers of resource-related potential it is possible that intelligence and creativity are not considered attractive in societies (as may be the case with the Meru) where access to resources does not depend on intelligence or creativity men with superior cognitive abilities will also tend to rise in social status hierarchies mate selection has been about advertising one’s attractiveness to other men genetic quality becomes a part of sexual selection at some point practical benefits of cognitive ability do not increase together with the growth in cognitive ability fruitless) forms of cognitive ability and creativity to exhibit fitness may arise These distinctive ornaments may have begun to bring reproductive advantages for cultural reasons which is when Baldwin effect’s ability to produce ever more complex ornaments may have been genetically incorporated The use of the Baldwin Effect here is admittedly speculative Further studies are needed to explore the relations between culture Future studies should investigate the possible role of androgens in male and female creativity and the mechanisms that promote this association Evidence shows that creativity is sexy: it is considered attractive in potential mating partners, at least in WEIRD societies (Buss, 1989; Li et al., 2011; Kaufman et al., 2016; Souza et al., 2016). 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Volume 7 - 2016 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01404 The Associations of Dyadic Coping and Relationship Satisfaction Vary between and within Nations: A 35-Nation Study A corrigendum on The Associations of Dyadic Coping and Relationship Satisfaction Vary between and within Nations: A 35-Nation Study Alghraibeh” was incorrectly spelled as “Ahmad M Aghraibeh.” The correct version is shown above This error does not affect the scientific conclusions of the article in any way Yamamoto ME and Yoo G (2016) Corrigendum: The Associations of Dyadic Coping and Relationship Satisfaction Vary between and within Nations: A 35-Nation Study Received: 26 August 2016; Accepted: 01 September 2016; Published: 27 September 2016 Edited and reviewed by: Keiko Ishii provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited *Correspondence: Peter Hilpert, aGlscGVydEB1dy5lZHU= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. 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Aviagen shares its Latin American sustainability story as just one example of this commitment The dynamic and ever-growing region of Latin America is extremely important for us at Aviagen and for the industry as a whole Brazil ranks third in the list of the world’s top chicken meat producers and first in poultry exports worldwide and the outlook for future growth is positive across the entire region To ensure the economic and social sustainability of Latin America poultry production must keep pace with this growth in a way that lessens the impact of production on our planet Aviagen has invested in strengthening its presence service and security of supply to Latin American poultry growers We also continue to breed efficiencies that lead to greater success for customers while strengthening the sustainability of the environment the economy and society in Latin America and worldwide Our teams work every day to put the company’s global commitment to sustainability into practice Ever since Aviagen established roots in Brazil in 1985 going from one operation and 512 employees in Brazil in 2016 to 4 operations (with the addition of Argentina Colombia and Peru) and 1,400 employees today we have invested an average of €10,093,803 (US$11,843,364) annually in recent years This investment has gone toward upgrading existing facilities and adding new modern highly skilled staff to champion the success of our customers and the cause of sustainability The year 2019 marked an important milestone That was when Peru became home to our first Latin American business unit outside of Brazil with Parent Stock (PS) production slated to start in 2022 we have already invested close to €6.5 million (about US$7.6 million) to expand production capacity and modernise existing facilities We now have 4 strong bases for supplying local markets and exporting high-quality broiler breeders to customers throughout the region helping to strengthen their economic sustainability and their ability to offer their communities an affordable In addition to the economic sustainability of the industry in Latin America and beyond we are committed to breeding sustainability in the environment for future generations This is a core company value and especially important as we increase production to meet the growing demand for a sustainable source of protein Ongoing advancement in feed conversion ratio (FCR) performance measurement of the rate at which feed is converted to live body weight is made possible by our genetic selection and balanced breeding programme Progress made over the past decade has contributed significantly to reducing the industry’s carbon footprint helping to minimise the impact of poultry meat production on the environment Gustavo Vilela accepted the position of environment coordinator for Brazil and Latin America Gustavo will lead our sustainability efforts in this growing and robust region while also providing opportunities for greater learning and collaboration with Brazilian organisations that have sustainable development as their mission Gustavo has a considerable background in environmental management He holds a degree in Environmental Engineering an education extension in low carbon management a Master’s in Business Administration (MBA) in Entrepreneurial Business Management and a degree in Security Engineering We are also engaged in various sustainability projects in the region we joined the JBS Fund in Brazil to promote the sustainable development of the Amazon Biome (an area that contains the Amazon rainforest and other ecoregions that cover most of the Amazon basin and some adjacent areas) The JBS initiatives focus on forest conservation and restoration community development and science and technology advancement but we also care about the people in the communities where we operate our colleagues in Latin America donated a large quantity of food supplies and funds to hospitals and elderly facilities throughout their communities The team also supported social and health programmes for the youth to teenagers in a local school and encouraging teens to try diverse sports dedicated to bringing together famous singers in Brazil to collect funds for Boldrini Hospital which specialises in caring for children with cancer and is one of the leading pediatric cancer research centres in Brazil and Latin America we see sustainability as a journey instead of a destination Our future depends on the sustainable work we do today As we team with our customers to increase production to feed our ever-growing communities we strive every day to achieve greater sustainability for the future of the industry Deutsche Bank’s presentations for its newest investment tool – Alpha-Dig – include a Venn diagram showing different types of company information that move stock prices It looks rather like a drawing from a cell biology textbook costs and so on – grouped in a zone titled “hard information” Overlapping them is a much larger “soft information” area encircling colourful globules labelled “supply chain” Deutsche built and launched Alpha-Dig to help its clients put those blobs of intangible value under the microscope a thousand individuals are trialling the product already “It’s the most sophisticated use of artificial intelligence to extract meaning from documents that I’ve seen across the Street,” says one portfolio manager Alpha-Dig is perhaps the brightest but not the only highlight of Deutsche’s year The bank’s quant research team constructed a unique database to understand how exchange-traded fund (ETF) flows affect stock pricing Deutsche also this year published timely studies on defensive and short volatility strategies that have been well received by clients “They produce research I can act on,” says the portfolio manager Deutsche’s work on ETF flows was the “first concrete empirically based evidence” on how flows are affecting prices – a question that’s been bugging investors for years He describes Deutsche’s analysts as “pioneers” Projects such as Alpha-Dig reflect a broader push by the bank to respond to growing interest in the use of data among investors of all creeds the quant team works on projects to support the bank’s fundamental analysts “We want to build on our strength in quantitative research across asset classes particularly through leveraging the power of artificial intelligence and data science in other areas – in company research in fixed income research,” says Spyros Mesomeris who heads quant and quantitative investment solutions research even quantitative psychologists – experts in modelling human behaviour The rest of the quantitative research and quant investment solutions team is growing too – this at a time when Deutsche more widely is making well-publicised cuts Other banks and buy-siders have used algorithms to derive sentiment scores from text data But where other tools typically do so by counting terms in documents and classifying them as positive or negative Alpha-Dig uses machine learning techniques including some of the same employed in driverless cars to learn how words – when they appear together – flag problems using the branch of machine learning known as natural language processing to scan and “understand” stories in the financial press Alpha-Dig renders this information into a numerical sentiment score but also enables users to see how the score was reached Mesomeris says it gives clients more nuanced information than just a binary positive or negative rating “It allows you to look into similar case studies see how close they are to the event you are interested in and use a score in your own models based on that similarity.” The tool also scores companies against United Nations sustainable development goals – a set of targets for improving global health education and sustainability that asset allocators are beginning to use in investment choices; it is also able to quantify a company’s exposure to economic “themes” such as the growing use of artificial intelligence likens using Alpha-Dig to a new form of “mosaic investing” the name used in the past to describe collecting information about companies from multiple sources the information sources have simply become more numerous and harder to comb through Deutsche found details of litigation and regulatory risk are typically buried three-quarters of the way through company risk factor disclosures If a materials company experiences supply chain disruption Alpha-Dig says its stock will drop 4% on average But the losses unfold over the next 40 trading days – much longer than investors might think Generally it takes three months before the share price will start recovering Deutsche says it can improve the Sharpe ratio of its own existing value factor strategies by 15% by using the tool to identify and avoid companies whose stock is cheap for good reason The year has not been just about clever new machine learning tools Deutsche built a proprietary database of ETF composition going back to 2005 and covering more than 97% of Russell 3000 stocks in order to analyse the impact of the $5 trillion sector on market moves The research threw up some counterintuitive findings around which the bank has been able to construct trading strategies A stock being “promoted” from the Russell 2000 (small cap) index to the Russell 1000 (large cap) index if the smallest stock in the Russell 1000 gets demoted and becomes a large stock in the Russell 2000 the ETF stake in its stock might increase 100 times or more The effect occurs because fewer assets are invested in the large cap index and because stocks that attract a high weighting at the top of the small cap index get a low weighting when they move to the bottom of the large caps experience less extreme flows because of the relative volume of assets referencing the different indexes Deutsche says a dollar invested in companies with the most negative ETF flow in 2006 would have grown to $3.48 by the end of 2017 compared with $1.40 for those with the highest flow Backtests show the strategy achieved a Sharpe of 1.67 since 2009 put out in February a detailed study of the best way to combine defensive strategies – timely advice for clients in a month during which many such strategies were suffering badly Deutsche’s head of cross-asset quantitative research says banks including his own have typically focused on developing return streams that are uncorrelated with wider markets But clients increasingly are asking for products that are “anti-correlated” to public markets He attributes the change in thinking to worries about fixed income portfolios as the era of quantitative easing comes to an end as well as the recent failure of several common defensive strategies to protect against stock market falls Awareness among asset allocators of the importance of getting through such episodes unscathed has also grown Deutsche traced the impact of the best and worst 5% of months on investors’ compound annual growth rates using proxy data for funds finding the worst months had the biggest effect followed by the best months in second place “The other 90% of months don’t really matter that much,” Natividade says “It’s how you performed in the worst and best months that matters.” The team looked at how to construct portfolios of 11 common defensive strategies so as to achieve the best combination of diversification and capital protection Natividade describes the task as a portfolio optimisation problem the best mix of strategies will depend on an investor’s wider choices Deutsche’s work shows that combining both diversifying and insurance-type strategies in a drawdown protection overlay is likely to lead to better long-term growth – with the diversifying strategies reducing the performance drag of the insurance investors should be willing to include more volatile insurance-type strategies in the mix as doing so can enhance the capital efficiency of the overall strategy Deutsche also examined ways to enhance short-volatility strategies saying buy-siders should be copying alternative delta hedging approaches commonly used by market-makers to hedge gamma exposure when selling options the idea is to underhedge selectively to allow for intraday momentum in futures markets which typically leads to futures trading rich into the close “There has been a disconnect between those that make markets in options and options users,” Natividade says “Alternative delta hedging is the bread and butter of profit generation for bank options desks Risk premia investors on the other hand tend not to think like that.” researchers have found a glow-in-the-dark mushroom not seen since 1840 The long-forgotten fungus has been reclassified but scientists are still trying to determine just what makes the mysterious mushroom glow — and why The mushroom's bioluminescence or an organism's ability to produce light on their own was first discovered by English botanist George Gardner who spotted a group of boys playing with a glowing fungus on the streets of Vila de Natividade in Brazil The boys led him to where it grew at the base of a decaying dwarf palm when San Francisco State University researcher Dennis Desjardin and colleagues collected new specimens of the glowing mushroom and reclassified it as Neonothopanus gardneri But tracking down the elusive fungus was no easy task Researchers had to "go out on new moon nights and stumble around in the forest running into trees," while on the lookout for nearby poisonous snakes and prowling jaguars with digital cameras allowing the researchers to photograph mushrooms in darkened rooms since some bioluminescence is not visible to the human eye compared to the 30 to 40 minutes required of regular film exposure scientists haven't yet identified luciferin and luciferase in fungi as long as water and oxygen are available," Desjardin said "But animals only produce this light in spurts This tells us that the chemical that is acted upon by the enzyme in mushrooms has to be readily available and abundant." Scientists have discovered several other glow-in-the-dark mushroomsaround the world in recent years Get the world’s most fascinating discoveries delivered straight to your inbox There are about 65 luminescent fungi speciesknown but the ability may have evolved to attract nocturnal animals to aid in dispersal of the fungi's spores — spreading their offspring around and if it evolved multiple times," Desjardin said "Each one of these is a fascinating question that we are close to answering." The findings are available online and are scheduled to be published in the November/December print issue of the journal Mycologia La Niña is dead — what that means for this year's hurricanes and weather El Cono: The mysterious sacred 'pyramid' hidden deep in the Amazon rainforest May's full 'Flower Moon' will be a micromoon Bahamas -- Lora Cherepy and Victor Oliveira were married on April 18 at 5 p.m The bride is the daughter of Karen and Louis Cherepy The groom is the son of Diamontino and Natividade Oliveira Andrea Cherepy and Jose Oliveira were witnesses A reception followed at Viva Wyndham at Fortuna Beach The bride is a 2000 graduate of Delaware Valley College and works for the U.S The page you are looking for might have been removed Powered by ATC Online LLP