The dates displayed for an article provide information on when various publication milestones were reached at the journal that has published the article activities on preceding journals at which the article was previously under consideration are not shown (for instance submission All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. the page you were looking for could not be found The most comprehensive sci-tech news coverage on the web More than a hundred specimens of the fluorescent zebrafish were captured by researchers The zebrafish (Danio rerio), a species popular among aquarium lovers and widely used as a model for scientific research, is native to freshwater habitats in Asia. In Brazil it is named after the state of São Paulo (paulistinha) due to its dark-blue and silver stripes, which resemble the state flag (see Pesquisa FAPESP nº. 209) Several overseas companies now sell a genetically modified variant of the species with genes from fluorescent jellyfish and coral that make it glow green and blue—the modified variant has been a big hit with fish collectors Although imports into Brazil have been banned since 2008 the transgenic zebrafish species can be found in private aquariums and A paper in the February issue of Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment reports that over 100 individuals have been found in two headwater creeks in Brazil’s Paraíba do Sul River Basin Researchers at the Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ) and the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS) sampled five creeks in the municipalities of Vieiras and Muriaé Glow-in-the-dark zebrafish variants were spotted swimming in two creeks—Lopes and Queiroga—near the municipalities of Vieiras and Glória “This is a concerning discovery,” says André Magalhães an ecologist at UFSJ and the lead author of the study “There’s no telling what effects the proliferation and dietary habits of this transgenic species might have on native fauna.” In Minas Gerais zebrafish have no natural predators in the locations where they were found and the insects and zooplankton they feed on are abundant Water temperatures in these creeks are relatively constant all year round at between 24 °C and 30 °C allowing the species to reproduce during all seasons Magalhães and his colleagues worry that native fish could be at a disadvantage if they have to compete for food with genetically modified zebrafish “If minnows or any other local species become extinct this would remove a link in the food chain that could potentially upset the balance of stream ecosystems,” says Magalhães Although the genetically modified zebrafish are not yet considered an invasive species in the basin this may soon be the case if nothing is done about them The fluorescent variant appears to have adapted well to its new habitat Léo Ramos Chaves Wilde-type zebrafish are recognizable by their dark blue and silver stripesLéo Ramos Chaves  Near the creeks where the zebrafish were captured is a large ornamental aquaculture center in Muriaé where wild-type zebrafish—which can be legally imported—are grown in ponds that are often connected to the nearby streams The common and wild-type zebrafish species are very similar in appearance The glowing colors of the genetically modified version become more visible when the fish is exposed to ultraviolet light This has led the researchers to hypothesize that the emerald-colored variant may have been imported and subsequently bred in captivity among wild-type species Fish breeders may have been unaware that they were interbreeding in their aquaculture ponds it is likely that some genetically modified individuals may have escaped from these fish farms and found their way to nearby creeks when emptying fishponds without containment netting “We recommend using nylon netting on the pipes used to discharge pond water into the river,” says Magalhães a zoologist at the State University of Maringá (UEM) in Paraná says the article addresses an important yet little-studied problem which can have significant adverse impacts on native species that are fished by local communities “The paper also highlights Brazil’s legislation on exotic species and good practices in breeding them,” says Pavanelli a biologist at the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) notes that genetically modified zebrafish are used in research but under tightly controlled conditions these fish are contained within safe barriers,” says Carvalho uses genetically modified specimens to study the role of genes and proteins in heart development Zebrafish are used before testing with rodents and later trials in humans Introducing genetically modified or exotic species in the wild will not necessarily have a negative impact He believes issues can arise when an invasive species escapes its safety zone and enters an unintended habitat “The tilapia is an exotic species native to Africa but is widely cultivated all around the world Exotic species are introduced fairly frequently,” says Carvalho “But genetically modified fish escaping to the wild could have negative environmental impacts needs to be dealt with case by case—for instance we wouldn’t want to ban imports of animals Scientific article MAGALHÃES, A. L. B. et al. The fluorescent introduction has begun in the southern hemisphere: Presence and life-history strategies of the transgenic zebrafish Danio rerio (Cypriniformes: Danionidae) in Brazil Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment © Revista Pesquisa FAPESP - All rights reserved. Volume 9 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.878116 This article is part of the Research TopicClimate and Ocean Dynamics at the Brazilian Margin - Past and PresentView all 10 articles Various mechanisms were proposed as substantial drivers of (sub)tropical South American hydroclimate changes during the last deglaciation the interpretation of past precipitation records from the regions affected by the South American Summer Monsoon the dominant hydroclimatic system in (sub)tropical South America still insufficiently consider feedbacks between oceanic and atmospheric processes evident in modern observational data we evaluate ocean-atmosphere feedbacks active in the region from 19 to 4 ka based on a multi-proxy record comprising lipid biomarker bulk sediment elemental composition and foraminiferal geochemistry from a sediment core retrieved from the tropical western South Atlantic offshore eastern Brazil at ~22°S Our proxy data together with existing paleoclimate records show that the consideration of large scale synoptic climatic features across South America is crucial for understanding the past spatio-temporal rainfall variability While the paleohydrological data from our study site show relatively stable precipitation across the deglaciation in the core region of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone distinct hydroclimatic gradients developed across the continent during Heinrich Stadial 1 the prevalent atmospheric and oceanic configuration caused more frequent extreme climatic events associated with positive rainfall in the northern portion of eastern South America and in the southeastern portion of the continent These climatic extremes resulted from substantial warming of the sub(tropical) western South Atlantic sea surface that fostered oceanic moisture transport towards the continent and the reconfiguration of quasi-stationary atmospheric patterns We further find that enhanced continental precipitation in combination with low glacial sea level strongly impacted marine ecosystems via enhanced terrigenous organic matter input in line with augmented nutrient release to the ocean Extreme rainfall events similar to those that occurred during Heinrich Stadial 1 are likely to recur in South America as a consequence of global warming because the projected reduction of the intra-hemispheric temperature gradient may lead to the development of atmospheric patterns similar to those in force during Heinrich Stadial 1 improving our understanding of the response of the SAMS to climatic perturbations is instrumental in order to more reliably project how the spatial distribution and intensity of rainfall events might develop in response to global warming This does not only relate to the socio-economic impacts of water shortage or flooding on the continent but must also consider the potential impact of marked changes in the hydrological cycle on coastal marine ecosystems Figure 1 Map of monthly average austral summer precipitation (December-February) across (sub)tropical South America (Karger et al. The precipitation pattern illustrates a fully established South American Monsoonal System Note enhanced precipitation along the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) indicated by NW-SE oriented white dashed line The yellow asterisk marks Core M125-35-3 (this study) White diamonds indicate marine sedimentary climate archives mentioned in the text Red diamonds reflect terrestrial paleo-rainfall reconstructions mentioned in the text Black arrows indicate the South American Low Level Jet (SALLJ) in two different modes: the southward oriented Chaco Jet Event (CJE) and the eastward oriented No Chaco Jet Event (NCJE) The red and orange outlines indicate the drainage basins of the Paraíba do Sul located in the core region of the SACZ and the La Plata River The thick orange arrows represent major oceanic surface currents in the western sub(tropical) South Atlantic namely the southward flowing Brazil Current which is fed by the southern South Equatorial Current (SSEC) Figure 2 Schematic representation of the mechanism active during the negative SALLJ/SACZ dipole phase in South America and the western South Northern hemispheric cooling (in line with a southward shift of the ITCZ into the warmer Southern Hemisphere) triggers the adjustment of the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude Rossby wave train (thick grey line) a persistent anticyclone (grey ellipse) establishes over eastern and southeastern Brazil Increased radiative forcing (yellow arrow) leads to increased sea surface temperatures (SST) in the tropical western South Atlantic The persistent anticyclone blocks the easterly flow of the SALLJ during its “non Chaco Jet Event” (NCJE) configuration (black dotted arrow) and prohibits tropical moisture flux towards southeastern South America (SESA) This results in dryer conditions across SESA Tropical moisture is rather channeled by the SALLJ towards subtropical southern Southeastern South America during the “Chaco Jet Event” (CJE) (thick blue arrow) wich significantly increases rainfall in its exit region Gravity core M125-35-3 was retrieved from the upper continental slope (21°53.606’S, 040°00.279’W, 428.6 m water depth), ~100 km off the Paraíba do Sul River mouth in SE Brazil during R/V Meteor cruise M125 in 2016 (Bahr et al., 2016) A total of 4.25 m of sediment was recovered For lipid biomarker and bulk sediment elemental composition analyses 89 sediment samples were taken downcore along the study interval between 25 and 170 cm covering the interval between 4 and 19 ka Sample spacing for lipid biomarker and elemental analyses was not equidistant (in average ~1.5 cm) and adjusted to changing sedimentation rates in Core M125-35-3 to generate a temporally evenly resolved record the core was sampled between 25 and 170 cm at 1 cm spacing Sampling was performed on the split-core working half of Core M125-35-3 using 10 cm3 syringes at Universidade Federal Fluminense in Niterói sediment samples from Core M125-35-3 were freeze-dried and homogenized using an agate mortar 7 g) were ultrasonically extracted using a 2:1 mixture of dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) The extracts were combined and the solvent was subsequently removed by rotary evaporation under vacuum The resulting total lipid extracts (TLE) were separated into polarity fractions using silica gel column chromatography ketone and polar fractions containing n-alkanes and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) were eluted using n-hexane the apolar and ketone fractions were dissolved in 50 µl n-hexane The polar fractions were dissolved in n-hexane:isopropanol (95:5 v:v) and filtered through a 0.45 μm Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter prior to analysis Alkenone and n-alkane measurements were carried out on an Agilent 7890 series II gas chromatograph equipped with an on-column injector and a Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) at the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy A fused silica capillary column (DB-5MS; 50 m x 0.2 mm film thickness: 0.33 μm) was used with He as carrier gas and the consecutive GC oven temperature was raised to 150°C at a rate of 20°C/min By 150°C the temperature increase was reduced to 6°C/min to 320°C Both alkenones and n-alkanes were determined and quantified by authentic external standards Analytical precision for alkenone and n-alkane measurements was < 5% based on replicate standard analyses presuming a congruent response between the standard and measured GDGTs Reproducibility of GDGT concentrations was < 9 % brGDGTs and crenarchaeol were converted to Mass Accumulation Rates (MAR) to ensure their independency of other sedimentary components where DBD is Dry Bulk Density calculated from sample volume and its dry weight, SR is the sedimentation rate and Cbio correspond to concentrations of alkenones, n-alkanes, brGDGTs or crenarchaeol (Supplementary Material Figure S2) The Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraether (BIT) index was calculated as defined by (Hopmans et al., 2004): X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis was performed on an ITRAX XRF Core Scanner (Cox Analytical Systems Sweden) at the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy The freeze dried and homogenized aliquots of Core M125-35-3 were pressed into sample cups and covered with Ultralene® foil The samples were placed into the core scanner in series enabling continuous measurement sequences The XRF Scanner was equipped with a chromium (Cr) X-ray tube set to a voltage of 30 kV and a current of 55 mA All 89 measurements were carried out at 1 mm resolution along the sample cup surface and a counting time of 60 s per sample The multiple measurements per sample were averaged to determine most representative elemental quantities The measured XRF spectra were quantified by external in-house standard measurements Samples of Core M125-35-3 were quantified by using a set of 30 in-house standards from DSDP Site 511 the standard calibration curves reveal a strong correlation (r2 > 0.8) foraminiferal tests were gently crushed between two glass plates and residual detrital sediments from the exposed test chambers was removed The crushed foraminiferal tests were rinsed three times with ultrapure methanol and ultrasonicated between each rinsing step Stable isotope measurements were carried out on a Thermo Fisher MAT 253plus mass spectrometer equipped with an automatic Kiel IV carbonate preparation system at the Institute for Earth Sciences Isotope values were calibrated to an in-house carbonate standard (Solnhofen limestone) and are reported in per mil (‰) relative to Vienna Peedee belemnite [VPDB] Analytic precision based on repeated measurements of the in-house standard is < 0.03 ‰ for δ13C δ13Cplank of Core M125-35-3 likely reflects the rate of photosynthesis and amount of exported 12C enriched particulate organic matter from the reservoir Non-biotic effects may comprise advection or upwelling of water masses with different δ13CDIC signatures ruber (p) occurs throughout the entire record of Core M125-35-3 and this species is associated to the oligotrophic waters carried by the Brazil Current one would not expect a substitution of different water-masses foraminiferal respiration and symbiont activity may bias δ13C in foraminiferal tests as we analyze a single species within a narrow size range our record should be uniformly affected by these influences next to other productivity-proxies shown in this study δ13Cplank may give supporting evidence in the interpretation of oceanic paleo-productivity Table 1 Calibrated AMS 14C ages measured on the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (pink) using the software Calib (version 8.2) and the MARINE20 calibration curve with ΔR = -81 ± 124 Bølling-Allerød interstadial; YD δ13Cplank remains relatively constant during HS1 and increases steadily by ~0.5 ‰ during the Holocene (Figure 3C) alkenone and crenarchaeol MARs reveal distinctly higher oceanic productivity during HS1 approach minimum values during the early Holocene and show a subsequent continuous increase that accelerates after ~7 ka The successive decrease in organic matter of terrestrial origin and especially the sudden decrease in both n-alkanes and brGDGTs during the B/A and Holocene point at a significantly reduced input of terrigenous organic matter to the upper slope likely amplified by other mechanisms (see Discussion below) we infer that terrestrial siliciclastic sediment and organic-matter flux to the upper slope off the Paraíba do Sul was maximal during HS1 and subsequently declined during the late deglacial and Holocene largely owing to the rising eustatic sea level and ensuing coastline retreat one might argue that δ13Cplank values remain constantly low during HS1 instead of the expected more enriched values in response to high surface productivity the isotopic fractionation of DIC due to enhanced marine productivity during HS1 may have been compensated by the enhanced input of terrestrial organic matter which is considerably depleted in 13C The δ13C in the western subtropical South Atlantic must be considered an open system where the reservoir and fixation of light 12C by oceanic productivity is constantly compensated by run-off of terrestrial organic matter resulting in no notable fractionation in our δ13Cplank record during HS1 when terrestrial sediment and organic matter input to the upper slope were significantly reduced as increasing ln(Al/Si) and decreasing ln(K/Al) ratios indicate successively wetter conditions after 8.5 ka we argue that increased oceanic productivity during the Holocene was caused by increased terrestrial runoff fostered by successively wetter conditions across the Paraíba do Sul catchment eventually providing nutrients to the sub(tropical) South Atlantic increased river runoff in line with higher precipitation during the Holocene was less efficient in affecting the oceanic nutrient inventory than the sea-level fluctuations during the deglacial This is also supported by the lower Holocene MARs of alkenones and crenarchaeol when compared to HS1 the isotopic fractionation displayed by δ13Cplank may point to limited influx of 13C-depleted terrestrial organic matter and diminished deposition in terrestrial derived sediments Thick lines in panels a-d and g-i indicate 3-point running average Based on the ln(K/Al) and ln(Al/Si) data from Core M125-35-3 (Figures 4A, B) we suggest that precipitation intensity in the core domain of the SACZ (at least over the Paraíba do Sul catchment) did not vary markedly over the deglaciation with slightly more precipitation during HS1 and the YD compared to the drier B/A neither of these intervals stick out as a climatic extreme in Core M125-35-3 based on available data from Botuverá Cave a reduction in winter-time precipitation can be inferred while the SACZ-related precipitation appeared to have been relatively stable The more frequent δ18O minima in both cave records may be explained by northward expansions of the SACZ leading to increased precipitation above the cave sites seems unaffected by potential northward expansions as the Paraíba do Sul catchment remains within the SACZ influence as inferred from ln(K/Al) and ln(Al/Si) of Core M125-35-3 when a minimum in δ18O indicate the wettest phase in the Paixão record Minimum δ18O occurs synchronously with slightly dryer conditions across the Paraíba do Sul catchment area suggesting a northward displacement of the SACZ A significant contribution of ITCZ rainfall to ESA is hence unlikely Figure 5 Schematic illustration of atmospheric circulation patterns and rainfall anomalies in South America during Heinrich Stadial at ~16 ka The blue shaded area marks the low-pressure system related to the steady eastward propagating Rossby wave train High-pressure systems propagate northward as they pass the Andes (indicated by the red arrow) The quasi-stationary system that occurred at ~16 ka during HS1 foster a subtropical high-pressure system across South America (red area above South America) Substantial moisture transport via the Chaco Jet Event (CJE) configuration (black arrow) enhances rainfall in southern southeastern South America the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) was likely displaced northward relative to its modern position Green and yellow diamonds indicate terrestrial and marine previously published precipitation records respectively Lapa Sem Fim Cave The yellow star marks Core M125-35-3 (this study) While the deglacial hydroclimate variability in ESA and partially in SESA might be well explained by changes in trade wind intensity and SACZ dynamics precipitation patterns across SSESA are strongly influenced by synoptic-scale climate features that are usually insufficiently considered in paleoclimatic studies that late deglacial precipitation pattern associated with SACZ/SAMS variability was stabilized by the configuration of perpetually propagating non-stationary Rossby waves inhibiting sustained phases of extreme rainfall in SSESA such as during ~16 ka where the (sub)tropical western South Atlantic was involved as an important moisture source SSTs of Core M125-35-3 indeed show a parallel warming trend during the YD we assume that the quantity of oceanic-sourced moisture feeding SESA was greatly reduced because warming of the western tropical South Atlantic was much weaker compared to HS1 which shows an increased portion of oceanic moisture we infer that during the mid- and late Holocene precipitation across SESA was enhanced by increased moisture flux from the sub(tropical) South Atlantic in line with higher SSTs Our deglacial multiproxy dataset of Core M125-35-3 reveals a strong impact of riverine run-off on marine biota in the western tropical South Atlantic and discloses new insights in the dynamics of the SAMS/SACZ our data show that enhanced terrigenous nutrient and organic matter input fueled marine productivity in the realm of Core M125-35-3 during HS1 a consequence of low sea level and slightly enhanced continental precipitation vigorous warming of the (sub)tropical South Atlantic and substantial alteration of the atmospheric circulation during HS1 enhanced oceanic moisture flux towards eastern South America our findings imply that SAMS variability in SESA cannot be explained by changes in the intensity and geographic extent of the SACZ alone we demonstrate that reconstructions of rainfall patterns across SESA and SSESA need to consider the dynamics of Rossby wave trains and their influence on the SALLJ dynamics numerical models imply that extreme climate conditions as reflected by the persistent negative SALLJ/SACZ dipole pattern around ~16 ka during HS1 will likely recur under decisively different boundary conditions in the future as a consequence of global warming The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.942656 realized visualizations and conducted analytical work aided in interpreting the results and worked on the manuscript CC and OF contributed to the interpretation of the results and provided critical feedback and helped shape the manuscript ALA contributed resources and contributed manuscript writing AB contributed to the design of the study and implementation of the research and contributed to the analysis interpretation of the results and writing of the manuscript All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version AB acknowledges funding by the German Research Foundation (DFG; projects HO 5927/1-1 and BA 3809/14-1) AJ acknowledges financial support from DFG (grant 268236062 – SFB1211) CMC acknowledges financial support from FAPESP (grants 2018/15123-4 and 2019/24349-9) For the publication fee we acknowledge financial support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the funding programme Open Access Publikationskosten''as well as by Heidelberg University The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher We kindly acknowledge the captain and crew of R/V METEOR during research cruise M125 we thank Bernd Knape for assistance in ICP-MS measurements Kolb and Maria Wierzbicka-Wieczorek for scientific discussion Julia Hoffmann and Barbara Hennrich for laboratory assistance Nicole Mantke and Volker Wennrich are thanked for help with XRF analysis Daniela Warok and Bianca Stapper for assistance in lipid biomarker 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Karl J. F. Meier, a2FybC5tZWllckBnZW93LnVuaS1oZWlkZWxiZXJnLmRl Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Scientists have discovered a new suckermouth catfish in the Rio Paraíba do Sul basin in southeastern Brazil Pareiorhina hyptiorhachis is thought to feed on algae Pareiorhina hyptiorhachis is on the small end of the spectrum for catfish which range in size from 1 cm-long Aspredinidae and Trichomycteridae species to the monster Wels catfish (Silurus glanis) which can attain a length of 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) and weigh more than 100 kg (220 lbs) and the giant Mekong catfish (Pangasianodon gigas) which can exceed 3.2 meters (10.5 feet) and weigh up to nearly 300 kg (660 lbs) The “fortress conservation” model is under pressure in East Africa as protected areas become battlegrounds over history and global efforts to halt biodiversity loss Mongabay’s Special Issue goes beyond the region’s world-renowned safaris to examine how rural communities and governments are reckoning with conservation’s colonial origins and trying to forge a path forward […] Too many automated requests from this network Júlia María de Assis thought someday she would take over the hotel her father had begun building in Atafona a seaside district in Brazil's northern Rio de Janeiro state But the very attraction that drew the tourists to Atafona – the sea – became its foe Advancing water put the hotel’s construction on hold until “It was going to be 48 suites – a big hotel that never started operations,” said de Assis standing beside rubble that once composed her family’s dream “Even though the hotel’s structure was strong every time the waves hit the building they damaged it and over the past half century the Atlantic Ocean has been relentlessly consuming Atafona part of the Sao Joao da Barra municipality that is 250 kilometers (155 miles) from Rio de Janeiro's capital and home to 36,000 people which originates in neighboring Sao Paulo state brings sediment and sand to Atafona where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean Its flow was mostly diverted in the 1950s to provide water to the growing capital which weakened Atafona’s natural barrier to the ocean materials technology professor at the Fluminense Federal Institute “Less land sediment and sand that stabilized the coast made it so the sea is eating away at the city,” said de Araújo who is pursuing a doctorate analyzing river erosion and seeking to model what that will mean for its delta going forward He estimates that the river has one-third of its original flow Deforestation of mangroves in recent decades also left Atafona more vulnerable The sea’s average position moves some five meters (16 feet) inland every year My biggest fear is that one day it will take my hut,” fisherwoman Vanesa Gomes Barreto said at the stall where she sells her catch Specialists have evaluated possible solutions such as construction of artificial barriers or depositing vast quantities of sand but none appear effective enough to halt the ocean’s advance Global sea level rise due to melting ice means destruction will continue if her city's reversal of fortunes saddens her She says she is grateful she was born in Atafona “I feel nostalgic for the house where I spent summers,” she said “It’s at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.” Silva de Sousa reported from Rio de Janeiro rewritten or redistributed without permission Sustainable Cities and SocietyCitation Excerpt :Moreover this may indicate that there is a serious mismatch between economic activities and the original water endowment in the central and eastern regions which rely on trade with foreign provinces and need water projects to sustain regional development In contrast to existing studies that suggest that urbanization and the resulting industrial agglomeration will increase water stress (Paiva et al. this study finds that the impact of new urbanization on water stress in local and surrounding areas is influenced by industrial structural changes In the first stage of industrial structural changes the development of new urbanization may reduce the water stress in the region Science of the Total EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :Climate change profoundly impacted the established hydrological patterns limiting the sources and transformation processes of DOM in water bodies The complex composition of DOM in rivers is mostly attributed to regional climate changes and local hydrogeochemical changes (Liao et al. and studies have shown that the contribution rate of protein-like components in a river in southeast Brazil is higher in spring than in autumn but that of humus-like components is lower than in autumn (Vidal et al. Seasonal changes lead to an increase in the abundance of terrigenous DOM in the rainy season and a relatively strong in-situ degradation of DOM in the dry season (Ni et al. as well as seasonal changes in temperature Atmospheric EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :The PCA and Spearman correlation analysis together indicated that the difference in the properties of these fluorescent components may be related to the oxidation level the oxidation level of C1 and C4 was higher than that of C2 and C3 the C1–C4 components were also distributed along PC2 with the biological index (BIX) and humidification index (HIX) which are practical metrics that provide specific source information regarding the CDOM in aquatic environments (Huguet et al. Given the differences in the chemical composition of atmospheric and aquatic fluorophores the HIX and BIX indicators of atmospheric WSOC may have new definitions (Chen et al. Ecological EconomicsCitation Excerpt :On a much smaller scale they have also been applied in developing countries (Birol and Das Their increasing use in developing countries is accompanied by a debate on the specific challenges that arise when choice experiments are employed in such countries (Do and Bennett CE application in developing countries is characterized by high protest responses due to low income among rural communities (Rai et al. and the process of collecting choice data is in many regions limited to face-to-face interviews as internet access is limited by low income and education levels among respondents (Kahn et al. Renewable EnergyCitation Excerpt :The most important valuation methods identified were willingness to pay cost-benefit analysis and the market value approach Most of the articles used the willingness to pay method but combined it with a second one [34,39,73–75] The cost-benefit analysis is also one of the most often-used methods to assess the impacts of the construction and operation of power plants on ES [71,76] and externalities to stakeholders [77] Journal of Hazardous MaterialsCitation Excerpt :This highlights the role of this ecosystem in regulating the input of Hg into the ocean and characterizes its sediments as a major reservoir of the metal [15,16,60] the Hg can return to the water column due to variations in salinity or through the physical effect of remobilization caused by tides and wind [64] which can explain the higher Hg concentrations in the SPM from the estuarine ecosystem (Fig This phenomenon is more pronounced during periods of low river discharge when there is a lower water column height and greater tidal interaction with the sediments [64] Microscopic cracks in crystals help reconstruct the history of the Bocaina Plateau SILVIO HIRUMA / GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTERagged profile on the southeast coastSILVIO HIRUMA / GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE A giant channel runs parallel to the coast of Brazil for over 1,000 km from Curitiba It is the Continental Rift of southeastern Brazil a geological formation that looks like a valley about 100 kilometers wide through which the Paraíba do Sul River flows It is flanked by two jagged mountain ranges the Serra do Mar and the Serra da Mantiqueira from the Geological Institute of São Paulo has been investigating the geology of a stretch of this formation – the Bocaina Plateau – and has concluded that these mountains were formed at very different moments The oldest of them came about some 120 million years ago: it was the separation between Africa and America that generated enough stress on the Brazilian coast to also push up the Serra do Mar which is today to the east of the Paraiba do Sul River The highest peaks of this range of mountains comprise the 1800 square kilometers of the Bocaina Plateau which probably still has parts preserved since before the separation of the continents “It’s a region that hasn’t suffered from strong erosion and so it’s important to investigate the geological history of this mountain range,” says Hiruma The chain further inland is the Serra da Mantiqueira a favorite destination for people from São Paulo during the winter in addition to taking their overcoats out of the closet This chain was formed around 60 million years later when geological movements opened up the continental rift What allows for the dating of exposure and erosion events in the ancient crystalline rocks that form the region is observing the fission tracks in apatite grains These are defects in the crystalline structure of the mineral They are only visible under the microscope after chemical treatment heated in deep layers below the earth’s surface “The density of these tracks allows us to estimate how long ago that apatite went through more superficial portions of the crust,” explains the geologist The work is part of the project coordinated by Claudio Riccomini one of the pioneers in studying the region and Hiruma’s PhD thesis advisor Some of the analyses were done at Paulista State University (UNESP) in collaboration with Peter Hackspacher’s group Dating indicated that the Bocaina Plateau preserves testimonies from very different eras “It was an accumulation of elevations followed by erosion,” Hiruma explains The ages indicated by the apatite grains from samples collected at different altitudes of this plateau vary from about 46 million years ago until about 303 million years ago according to an article published this month in Gondwana Research in the region of the headwaters of the Paraitinga River and the Capetinga Stream and those less than 130 million years old are lower down such as the region of the Funil River and the Serra da Carioca hills it would tell a very simple story of mountains rising and being eroded this is not the case: different samples collected at the same altitude showed very different fission track ages from 60 million and 137 million years ago a sample 303 million years old was found in the middle of the scarp that is the northern boundary of the Bocaina Plateau Traces of the past This age distribution reveals a complex story of diverse geological processes around 80 million and 65million years ago – at the time of the formation of the Continental Rift of southeastern Brazil – also caused the mountains to rise movements of the crust continued to change the geological organization there All this activity resulted in dramatic changes in the topography in which river drainage networks are reversed mountains rise and faults open up like tears is just beginning: there are only 2 samples it seems that the region of Campos do Jordão has rocks that were exposed much later than those of the Bocaina Plateau which is work that Hiruma and his colleagues intend to continue pursuing in the coming years To further complicate the journey in time undertaken by the researchers the rocks formed and overturned by various processes are not necessarily waiting for geologists to tell their story Erosive processes that are still happening today already existed hundreds of millions of years ago so that more superficial testimonies often cease to exist This makes the job harder and the mosaic more challenging The fission track technique has begun being more widely used in geological studies in the last 30 years which is very recent for this type of research It opened doors that Hiruma expects will be increasingly explored over the coming decades and will eventually reveal much of the history of this continent Scientific article Hiruma, S. T. et al. Denudation history of the Bocaina Plateau, Serra do Mar, southeastern Brazil: Relationships to Gondwana breakup and passive margin development