Volume 16 - 2025 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1561916 This study examines the complex interplay between social behavior and mental health focusing on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying human interactions and their alterations associated with anxiety and depression disorders These conditions are characterized by heightened threat perception addressing social isolation as both a risk factor and an avoidance behavior that may provide temporary relief but ultimately perpetuate the clinical condition in the long term The findings offer valuable insights for clinical practice emphasizing interventions that enhance cognitive flexibility to foster stable and supportive interpersonal relationships Due to the inherent complexity of mental disorders and social isolation establishing a causal and sequential relationship between them presents a significant challenge exhibit a complex bidirectional relationship a lack of social interactions may serve as a predisposing factor for the development of these disorders exacerbating stress responses and impairing emotional regulation individuals with anxiety and depression disorders often struggle to maintain interpersonal relationships which can lead to a progressive pattern of social withdrawal This narrative review was conducted to integrate findings on the relationship between social isolation with a particular emphasis on the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of social interactions and their alterations in affected individuals The literature selection included empirical studies and meta-analyses drawing from widely recognized databases such as PubMed References published between 1965 and 2024 were analyzed using key search terms such as “social isolation,” “social behavior,” “social brain,” “anxiety and depression disorders,” “emotional dysregulation,” and “avoidance” The selection process focused on studies that provide relevant insights into social behavior and the impact of anxiety and depressive disorders on social interactions studies not directly related to the research theme were excluded This review was structured into distinct thematic sections to provide a comprehensive and integrative perspective the importance of social interactions is discussed highlighting their role in emotional well-being and physiological stress regulation The review then explores the neurobiological foundations of social behavior and social isolation focusing on brain circuits involved in social processing A dedicated section further examines the role of key neurotransmitters serotonin and oxytocin in modulating social behavior the review outlines the impact of anxiety and depression disorders on the neurobiology of social behavior emphasizing how these conditions alter emotional processing and social perception it explores the interaction between serotonin and oxytocin within the context of anxiety and depressive disorders the review addresses the intersections between emotion emphasizing their significance in understanding interpersonal difficulties associated with these disorders Beyond survival, social connections foster health and resilience within communities (28). Individuals who build relationships often experience positive emotions such as happiness, empathy, and a sense of belonging which enhance their quality of life and support long-term emotional well-being (10, 31) Social behavior is regulated by various brain regions and neural circuits, each contributing to different aspects of social and cognitive functioning (50). Research highlights the connectivity between structures involved in social cognition, such as the Default Mode Network (DMN), which supports psychological processes essential for attributing meaning to the mental states of oneself and others- critical during social interactions (51, 52) Research suggests that the same neural networks are involved in both the identification and expression of emotions (60). Among these, the amygdala plays a central role in recognizing facial expressions, particularly those associated with fear. It integrates sensory information from environmental stimuli with behavioral, autonomic, and endocrine responses critical for emotional recognition (60–63) Neurotransmitter-based studies have demonstrated that serotonin deficiency compromises dopamine release, suggesting an impairment in reward processing and anhedonia, both of which are core symptoms of depressive disorders (72, 75, 80). Dysfunction in this interaction may impair the salience of social stimuli, contributing to reduced motivation for social engagement (61, 80) In anxiety disorders, serotonergic hyperactivity disrupts dopaminergic mechanisms, reinforcing avoidant behaviors (74, 80). Key brain regions implicated in these dysregulations include the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens (NAcc), and amygdala, all of which play a central role in emotional and cognitive regulation (15) Alterations in oxytocin levels in individuals with anxiety and depressive disorders driven by impairments in brain regions involved in threat perception and emotional regulation, have been linked to increased social withdrawal, social dysfunction and heightened sensitivity to social rejection (68, 89, 90) Individuals respond emotionally based on their experiences and interpretations (19, 30). However, discrepancies frequently emerge between emotional states and their outward expressions, such as speech, behaviors, or facial cues. These inconsistencies stem from the influence of social and clinical factors on the neural and psychological mechanisms that govern emotional processing (68, 91) Social isolation, when adopted as an avoidance strategy by individuals with anxiety and depressive disorders, may serve as a coping mechanism to mitigate the emotional burden associated with social interactions (45). An alternative hypothesis suggests that dysfunction within the dopaminergic reward system may contribute to reduced motivation for social engagement (79) Mindfulness practices can be applied individually or in group settings effectively reducing rumination and enhancing treatment outcomes across different therapeutic modalities this study has some limitations that should be considered While it provides a comprehensive synthesis of the literature on the interplay between social isolation it lacks the systematic rigor of meta-analyses making it susceptible to selection and publication biases may limit the generalizability of findings restricting conclusions about causality and the long-term impact of social isolation on mental health Although this review focuses primarily on neurobiological mechanisms it is important to acknowledge the role of sociocultural and environmental influences including personality traits and pre-existing psychiatric conditions which may impact the interpretation of results these limitations do not diminish the value of this work highlighting opportunities for future research to incorporate longitudinal studies and a more integrative approach to better understand the complex relationship between social isolation Social relationships are essential for physical and mental health playing a key role in fostering a sense of belonging - an intrinsic human predisposition social isolation is widely recognized as a major risk factor for numerous illnesses While patients with these mental disorders may find temporary relief from social stressors through isolation their fundamental need for social connection remains critical An understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms that drive social interactions as well as the integration of social and personal information is essential for promoting healthy interpersonal relationships in clinical settings assessing the impact of relational difficulties is critical especially since these challenges frequently emerge from anxiety and depressive disorders Identifying the neurobiological foundations linking the social and cognitive aspects of these disorders is imperative Such insights may pave the way to understand the interplay between these factors and support the development of more effective therapeutic interventions This understanding is particularly important in strengthening the therapeutic alliance between patient and therapist The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article The work was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasi (CAPES Finance Code 001); Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro ((FAPERJ E-26/202.506/2019)); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico ((CNPq The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest The author(s) declare that Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript we employed artificial intelligence for the translation of texts which provided us with a more fluent and accurate rendition ensuring that the content was appropriate for the target English-speaking audience All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher Why social relationships are important for physical health: A systems approach to understanding and modifying risk and protection doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011902 PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar The relationships between social support and loneliness: A meta-analysis and review PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar and structural social isolation in 12-month and lifetime anxiety disorders Psychosocial remediation in depressive disorders: A systematic review The clinical significance of loneliness: a literature review PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar Studying the neurobiology of human social interaction: Making the case for ecological validity 11. 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Full Text | Google Scholar Krahe TE and Landeira Fernandez J (2025) Can social isolation alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression disorders Received: 16 January 2025; Accepted: 31 March 2025;Published: 16 April 2025 Copyright © 2025 Peçanha, Silveira, Krahe and Landeira Fernandez. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Amanda Peçanha, bWFuZGFwZWNhbmhhQGdtYWlsLmNvbQ== †ORCID: Amanda Peçanha, orcid.org/0009-0007-8396-7143Bruna Silveira, orcid.org/0009-0007-2229-7756Thomas Krahe, orcid.org/0000-0002-4686-9284Jesus Landeira Fernandez, orcid.org/0000-0002-8395-8008 Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Peçanha briefed National Press Foundation fellows in January 2022: How Data Journalists Track Politics Sergio Peçanha is an opinion columnist for The Washington Post where he publishes the visual column “Absurd America.” Before The Post he was a visual journalist at The New York Times in journalism and a master’s degree in illustration He began his career in his hometown of Rio de Janeiro and his work has been awarded multiple times in international visual journalism competitions Get the 2025 Outlook Report + 6 Ways to Boost AI's Impact for Your Clients worksheet Organic search visibility can shift overnight as AI Overviews and AI answer engines continue to replace traditional search engine results pages (SERPs) Large AI Overviews on SERPs are affecting visibility and causing a dramatic decrease in traffic high-impact PPC tactics designed to boost ROI without burning out The chief marketing officer of Rock Content shares how he responds to the challenges of being an effective marketing lead No matter how the digital space has evolved substantially over the last decade one thing remains the same – a chief marketing officer wears different hats a world-renowned leader in content marketing Using old doors from a country house of his co-founder’s father Peçanha built the first tables for the startup in 2013 Big (and small) decisions that shaped Rock Content into what it is today were made around those tables And the chief marketer sat at the heart of every decision-making process driving growth and purpose with creativity and analytics his role as a CMO has never been more dynamic and influential What does it take for modern-day CMOs to become high-impact leaders that drive their organizations to success What was your vision when you started your role as a CMO Vitor Peçanha: “As the founder of a marketing startup all I had at the beginning was an idea and a plan to execute it We founded Rock Content because we believe that there’s a better way to do marketing by using content to attract and delight your audience and generate business content marketing wasn’t very well known in the country and our vision was to become the largest content marketing company in the world starting by introducing it to Brazil.” How do you make sure your marketing goals are aligned with the overall organization we have a structured management model in place the executive team reviews the company’s goals – like revenue – to create the overall business plan for the company Then, we have a model of cascading responsibilities and key performance indicators (KPIs) that start at the top and end at the individual contributor where all the steps are connected to each other One of the consequences is that many of the department goals are usually pretty close to revenue How has your philosophy on building and managing a team changed over time VP: “I learned a few things over the last 10 years but I believe the most important one is that a great team member who delivers consistent quality and goes the “extra mile” is worth 10x someone who just does what he’s told This grit that some people have makes a whole difference and now I focus my hiring on this soft skill more than anything but I prefer to train a passionate junior employee than deal with an adequate senior one.” In a 2022 Gartner survey the lack of in-house resources stood out as the biggest gap in executing content strategies how do you attract and retain top marketing talent VP: “We built a huge brand in the digital marketing space over the last 10 years We are seen as innovators and trendsetters in the space so we don’t have an attraction problem when it comes to marketing talent one of our “hacks” is our learning center which has already crossed the 500,000-student mark because we are basically educating the market for our needs Retention is a different game because we need to keep them engaged and excited with the company so we invest a lot in training and other initiatives I prefer to have smaller teams, so each member has more responsibility and recognition. Since we outsource our content creation to our own freelance network, it’s easier to have a scalable team.” What kind of content marketing metrics do you focus on and how do you determine whether you have the right strategy in place VP: “The main metric of my team today is Sales Qualified Leads (SQLs) so I need to generate not only volume but high-quality prospects for the sales team It’s easy to know if we are performing well or not with this metric and we are constantly monitoring the SQL sources based on how much pipeline each source generates if a sponsorship generates 1 million in the pipeline and costs me 100,000 They say the CMO role is largely driven by analytics rather than gut decisions and most of my decisions are based on data I’m constantly checking how many SQLs my team generated the cost per dollar generated in the pipeline But data alone isn’t enough to make thoughtful decisions and that’s where gut feelings and experience come in A CMO needs to look at data and see a story Of course, not every initiative is heavily based on data. It’s still important to do things that aren’t directly measurable, like brand awareness campaigns but these represent a small portion of my investment and time.” What are the skills that CMOs need which don’t get enough attention VP: “Being able to craft and tell a great story is one of the greatest skills a CMO must have and it doesn’t get enough attention in a world focused on data but if you can’t turn that into a strategy that not only brings results but also excites people you’ll have a hard time being a great CMO and leader.” If you had to sum up the value of a content marketer VP: “A great content marketer can create pieces of content that seem simple and easy to write and skills that are invisible to the end user What do you think the future of content marketing will be the term content marketing will no longer be used in the near future Content strategies will be so integrated within the marketing department that it won’t make sense to call it content marketing the same way we don’t say Web 2.0 anymore Good CMOs and marketers will understand that the customer follows a journey where everything is content (even PPC and it doesn’t make sense to treat them separately.” Check out this SEJShow episode with Loren Baker where Peçanha talks more about what lies ahead in content marketing Featured Image: Courtesy of Vitor Peçanha and entrepreneurs to optimize and grow their businesses -- and careers The dates displayed for an article provide information on when various publication milestones were reached at the journal that has published the article activities on preceding journals at which the article was previously under consideration are not shown (for instance submission Journal of Environmental ManagementCitation Excerpt :In addition high values of ACL may indicate biological sources of hydrocarbons and the presence of anthropogenic hydrocarbons reduces ACL values values close to 34.5 indicate biological sources (terrestrial vegetation) and values close to 27.5 indicate rock sources (urban areas) (Bush and McInerney The mean ACL values found in this study are close to the reference values for rock sources (Fig Journal of HydrologyCitation Excerpt :Lipid biomarkers are frequently used to differentiate sedimentary OM origin (Meyers Sterols have a significant advantage over other lipid biomarkers because they are more source-specific and thus can provide more detailed OM input (Volkman cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3β-ol) and cholest-5,22-dien-3 β-ol are sourced from zooplankton and freshwater algae (Huang and Meinschein Environmental PollutionCitation Excerpt :The concomitant increases of the two proxies in sediments after 1947 (Fig 7i and j) reflect a switch to allochthonous petroleum input (Zhang et al. 2019) because αβ-hopanes of petroleum origin have a much high homohopane index up to 0.57–0.62 (Peters et al. as expected if the n-alkanes were partially derived from petroleum (Peters et al. This provides additional evidence of petroleum contamination although the CPI was still predominantly higher than 1.0 (Fig All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V., its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply. Share on FacebookShare on X (formerly Twitter)Share on PinterestShare on LinkedInThe Ozarks is known for its friendly people and beautiful scenery that attracts others to move here. Interestingly, one of our recent new residents is a 3-time martial arts World Champion from Brazil who's now teaching local youngsters and adults about the craft he loves. To see Leonardo Pecanha having a good time with his students at Springfield's Infinity Martial Arts Center on East Trafficway, you'd never realize how serious he is about his craft until you walk into a near-by room and gazed at just a few of his many championship belts. Leo took up Brazilian jiu-jitsu, a combat sport that focuses more on ground fighting, at age 5 in his native Rio De Janeiro. "He really came out of the favelas which is really the roughest of the rough," Infinity co-owner Dave Johnson said of the slums of Rio De Janeiro that Leo grew up in. "And where many of his friends are not living at this time because they got into the gangs." Now, 30-years-later, he's one of the most decorated jiu-jitsu athletes in the world. The fourth-degree black belt is a three-time world champion and nine-time Brazilian champ with other titles from the Pan-Am games to Europe to Asia to South America too numerous to mention. Along the way he moved to Dubai where he worked for the sheikh, and to Kansas City where he learned about the Ozarks. And with three children, he wanted a family-friendly place to raise his kids. "My family is big and I'm getting old," Leo said with a laugh. "Right now it is so dangerous in Brazil to live with your family. Springfield is an amazing city. I still can feel safe. They receive me with arms wide-open." Having spent much of his life in Brazil and Dubai, there was one thing about the Ozarks that he had to get used to. But even as a world class athlete, he's quickly adopted to our food. "I love pizza and I love the bergers," he said. "They love American fast-food," Johnson added. "I mean who doesn't right? It's fun to cheat on your diet." As a part-owner of the Infinity center, Leo says he's enjoying his life in Springfield. And says being an instructor is much better than his decision to try MMA fighting. "I broke my jaw and they put in 22 screws and four titan plates on my jaw," Leo recalled. "So I'm done." This is the district where the revolution to oust Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi kicked off in 2011. In the old royal palace, a balcony lay crumbling where Benito Mussolini, the Italian dictator, once delivered grand speeches. Volunteers led me to a body — an Islamic State fighter killed six months earlier, his remains booby-trapped. General Khalifa Hifter, a 75-year-old commander, dominates the east. The rest of Libya is split between many groups, including a U.N.-backed government. I went to see a famous local commander named Wanis Bukhamada. He showed me his favorite war movie — which had been shot by his son. My hotel, the once-proud Tibesti, had a ghostly air. It had few guests, and figures wandered the corridors in the distance, like a scene from “The Shining.” Dust carpeted the deserted offices of foreign airlines that flew to Benghazi in better days. The next day, I visited the former United States Consulate, where Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens died in 2012. What happened here defined Benghazi in the United States. But not every Libyan at the consulate was an attacker that night — some, like these men, tried to rescue the ambassador. Once a charred shell, the consulate building has been lavishly restored. The garden is filled with fig trees and birdsong; the living room is sumptuous. The landlord complained that the U.S. government refused to pay a cent in compensation. Another American betrayal, he said. I tracked down Fahad Bakoosh, who filmed the rescuers as they pulled Ambassador Stevens from the wreckage. “The next day, people came to consulate with flowers,” he said. “That shouldn’t be forgotten.” Now the city is impatient to rebuild. At the sprawling University of Benghazi, 70,000 students are back to school — in half-burned classrooms, on a campus strewn with landmines. I found another hopeful note at this glitzy hub for internet startups, run by a state body, that pushes young Libyans to a future beyond oil. For all the guarded optimism, there’s still a raw edge to the city. Thousands have been killed or displaced. Political tensions simmer. Car bombs go off. So much hinges on the strongman of the east, General Hifter, who once allied with the C.I.A. and now has ambitions to rule Libya. Critics say General Hifter is brutal and autocratic, another Colonel Qaddafi in the making. His supporters say that, after so many years of turmoil, maybe that’s what Libya needs. Either way, it leaves open the big question: Is Benghazi’s war truly over, or is this just a lull in the fight? Declan Walsh is the Cairo bureau chief of The New York Times, covering Egypt and the Middle East. He visited Benghazi in March. Sources: Photograph of the attack on the United States Consulate in 2012 by Esam Omran Al-Fetori/Reuters; video of the rescue attempt at the consulate by Fahad Bakoosh; videos of the war in Benghazi provided by Wanis Bukhamada. All other videos and photographs by Mr. Walsh. Map information by European Council of Foreign Relations and Suliman Ali Zway. Volume 11 - 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00727 Post-exercise heart rate (HR) recovery (HRR) presents a biphasic pattern which is mediated by parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal Several mechanisms regulate these post-exercise autonomic responses and thermoregulation has been proposed to play an important role The aim of this study was to test the effects of heat stress on HRR and HR variability (HRV) after aerobic exercise in healthy subjects Twelve healthy males (25 ± 1 years 23.8 ± 0.5 kg/m2) performed 14 min of moderate-intensity cycling exercise (40–60% HRreserve) followed by 5 min of loadless active recovery in two conditions: heat stress (HS) and normothermia (NT) subjects dressed in a whole-body water-perfused tube-lined suit to increase internal temperature (Tc) by ~1°C mean arterial pressure (MAP) skin blood flow (SKBF) and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) were measured throughout and analyzed during post-exercise recovery HRR was assessed through calculations of HR decay after 60 and 300 s of recovery (HRR60s and HRR300s) and the short- and long-term time constants of HRR (T30 and HRRt) Post-exercise HRV was examined via calculations of RMSSD (root mean square of successive RR intervals) and RMS (root mean square residual of RR intervals) The HS protocol promoted significant thermal stress and hemodynamic adjustments during the recovery (HS-NT differences: Tc = +0.7 ± 0.3°C; Tsk = +3.2 ± 1.5°C; MAP = −12 ± 14 mmHg; SKBF = +90 ± 80 a.u; CVC = +1.5 ± 1.3 a.u./mmHg) HRR and post-exercise HRV were significantly delayed in HS (e.g. P < 0.01; HRR300s = 39 ± 12 vs the HS-NT differences) on HRR were associated with its effects on thermal and hemodynamic responses and this effect seems to be mediated by an attenuated parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal after exercise the impact of heat stress on HRR is related to the magnitude of the heat stress-induced thermal stress and hemodynamic changes although HR was paired in control and cooling sessions during the exercise Tc was not different prior to the post-exercise period An ideal approach to investigate the role of thermoregulation on HRR would be to provoke differences in Tc between the conditions but ensure similar HRs during the exercise A potential association between thermoregulation and HRR might involve Tc induced changes in systemic and/or skin hemodynamics (i.e., mean arterial pressure—MAP and skin blood flow—SKBF, respectively). In this respect, a reduction in MAP during post-exercise recovery in heat stress has been associated with increased HR (i.e., reduced HRR; Franklin et al., 1993) little is known about the effects of different thermal conditions on the associations between HRR and thermoregulatory/hemodynamic responses the aim of this study was to assess the effects of heat stress on post-exercise HRR immediately after aerobic exercise and the association between heat stress-induced changes in HRR and in thermoregulatory and hemodynamic responses Our hypotheses were that heat stress would reduce HRR and HRV and the reductions in HRR would be associated with thermal and hemodynamic responses imposed by the heating protocol Twelve healthy young men (25 ± 1 years; 77 ± 2 kg; 1.80 ± 0.01 m; 23.8 ± 1.9 kg/m2) took part in the study had no history of cardiovascular disease and were not taking any form of medication After a detailed explanation of the experimental procedures subjects provided their informed written consent This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Liverpool John Moores University Prior to the experimental sessions, subjects visited the laboratory for a set of preliminary exams. The subject's health status was investigated through a detailed interview. Readiness to exercise was assessed through the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q; Shephard, 1988) Body weight and height were measured using a calibrated scale Seated blood pressure was assessed by an automated sphygmomanometer (GE Pro300V2; Dinamap United States) positioned on the subjects' left arm subjects performed a maximal exercise test on a magnetically braked cycle ergometer (Corival 400 The Netherland) using an incremental step protocol The test started with 5 min of warm-up at ~50% of the expected maximal workload Workload was then increased by 30 watts every 2 min until maximal effort/volitional exhaustion was achieved All subjects attained maximal workload within 8–12 min ventilatory variables were continuously measured using a metabolic cart (CPX Ultima United States) and HR was continuously recorded with a HR monitor (Polar RS800cx Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and HR (HRpeak) were determined by their maximal values at the end of the exercise test (average of 30 s) All subjects performed two experimental sessions (heat stress—HS and normothermia—NT) conducted at the same time of day Temperature and humidity of the laboratory were kept constant across the sessions (temperature ≈22–23°C; humidity ≈35%) Subjects were instructed to avoid alcohol and exercise for 24 h and food intake for 2 h prior to the sessions To match exercise HR between the HS and NT sessions an important requirement in studies comparing HRR between different conditions the absolute workload was lower in the HS session subjects performed unloaded cycling (60 rpm) for 5 min subjects re-weighed themselves nude and were instructed to rehydrate accordingly the analyses have focused on the post-exercise recovery period Post-exercise RR interval (RRi) time series were transferred to Matlab software (Matlab 6.0, MathWorks®, Massachusetts, USA) and HRR and post-exercise HRV were assessed as previously reported (Peçanha et al., 2016) A p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant All analyses were performed online using the software STATISTICA (v 8.0 The subjects' baseline characteristics (weight: 77.0 ± 8.2 kg; height: 180 ± 6 cm; VO2peak: 47.3 ± 2.3 ml.kg−1.min−1; HRpeak 185 ± 2 bpm) as well as the pre-exercise and exercise thermoregulatory and hemodynamic data have already been reported in a previous publication from our group, which have assessed the effects of HS on baroreflex control of HR (Peçanha et al., 2017b) Subject's initial hydration status was similar between HS and NT sessions as demonstrated by similar Uosm (449 ± 60 vs Baseline resting HR was similar between the sessions (55 ± 9 vs P = 0.23) and pre-exercise HR was greater in HS (79 ± 13 vs Absolute exercise HR (EX1 = 116 ± 3 vs respectively) as well as percentage of HR relative to HRreserve (EX1 = 40 ± 1 vs respectively) were similar between NT and HS Exercise workload was significantly lower in HS (EX1 = 50 ± 9 vs P < 0.01; EX2 = 106 ± 10 vs Mean post-exercise Tc, Tsk, SKBF, and CVC were significantly higher, and MAP was significantly lower in HS than NT session (P ≤ 0.01 for all comparisons, Figure 1) Mean post-exercise thermoregulatory and hemodynamic data obtained in the normothermic (NT) and heat stress (HS) sessions Post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) measured in the normothermic (NT) and heat stress (HS) sessions (A) HR at the end of exercise and in 30 s segments during the recovery (B,C) HRR after 60 and 300 s of recovery (HRR60s and HRR300s) (E) HRRt; long-term time-constant of HRR after exponential fitting RMSSD showed a marked increase during the recovery in NT and this increase was suppressed in HS (Figure 3A). In addition, RMSSD was lower in HS than NT from 60 to 300 s of the recovery (P = 0.01 for session vs. time interaction). In addition, regardless of time, RMS was lower in HS (P < 0.01 for session main effect, Figure 3B) Post-exercise heart rate variability indices measured in segments of 30 s in the normothermic (NT) and heat stress (HS) sessions square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent RR intervals root mean square of the residuals of the linear regression of the RR intervals Post-exercise baroreflex sensitivity was reduced in HS compared with NT (3.0 ± 2.9 vs Associations between the effects of heat stress (i.e. heat stress—normothermia) on HRR60s (heart rate decay after 60 s of recovery) and on thermoregulatory and hemodynamic variables correlations are presented for 11 subjects Correlations (r) were classified as trivial (<0.1) heat stress—normothermia) on HRR300s (heart rate decay after 300 s of recovery) and on thermoregulatory and hemodynamic variables correlations were presented for 11 subjects This study assessed the effects of increased thermoregulatory stress The results indicate that heat stress delayed immediate post-exercise HRR and suppressed post-exercise HRV restoration immediately after exercise the greater the thermoregulatory stress promoted by HS the greater the delay in post-exercise HRR the results of the present study extend this relationship between thermoregulation and cardiac autonomic control to immediately post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal these findings suggest that heat-stress induced reductions in parasympathetic nerve activity and elevations in sympathetic nerve activity restrain the magnitude of parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal after exercise the effects of HS on MAP and HRR were not correlated A likely explanation for this absence of association might reside in the reduced baroreflex sensitivity in the post-exercise period of the HS session which may have weakened the association between MAP and HR (or HRR) during the post-exercise recovery Taken together these information open the perspective that at least part of the reduced HRR observed in clinical populations might involve impaired thermoregulatory responses during or after exercise specific therapies targeting improvement in thermoregulation (e.g. post-exercise fanning) might benefit HRR in parallel and these could potentially affect HRR in the same way extra caution must be made to ensure very similar environmental conditions and/or thermal stress between sessions/groups in HRR studies heat stress attenuates post-exercise HRR and suppresses post-exercise HRV These results and the observed associations between HRR and the thermal and hemodynamic impact of heat stress confirm previous models that include thermoregulation as an active mechanism modulating post-exercise cardiac autonomic responses This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of Liverpool John Moores University Research Ethics Committee with written informed consent from all subjects All subjects gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki The protocol was approved by the Liverpool John Moores University Research Ethics Committee (15/SPS/053) and DL participate in the conception and design of the study TP and DL participate in the acquisition and analysis of the data and DL were responsible for interpretation of data and DL contribute to the draft of the paper All authors approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work The present study was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP 2015/15466-0; 2013/05519-4) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) We thank Tyrone Miah and Ceri Atkinson for their help with data collection Gemma Miller and Dean Morrey for the technical assistance and all volunteers for their willingness to participate in the study Post-exercise reduction of blood pressure in hypertensive men is not due to acute impairment of baroreflex function CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Spectral analysis of heart rate variability during heat exposure and repeated exercise The ingestible telemetric body core temperature sensor: a review of validity and exercise applications Muscle pump and central command during recovery from exercise in humans Effects of mode of exercise recovery on thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses Activation of lateral hypothalamic neurons stimulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality Cardiovascular function in the heat-stressed human Effects of whole body heating on dynamic baroreflex regulation of heart rate in humans Cardiovascular responses to heat stress in chronic heart failure Muscle sympathetic nerve activity during lower body negative pressure is accentuated in heat-stressed humans Postexercise hypotension and hemodynamics: the role of exercise intensity The influence of thermoregulatory mechanisms on post-exercise hypotension in humans Abnormal heart rate recovery immediately after treadmill testing: correlation with clinical Assessment of parasympathetic reactivation after exercise González-Alonso Human thermoregulation and the cardiovascular system Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science Vagally mediated heart rate recovery after exercise is accelerated in athletes but blunted in patients with chronic heart failure Thermoregulatory control following dynamic exercise PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar Heart-rate profile during exercise as a predictor of sudden death Blood pressure regulation III: what happens when one system must serve two masters: temperature and pressure regulation Effects of skin surface cooling and heating on autonomic nervous activity and baroreflex sensitivity in humans Influence of postexercise cooling techniques on heart rate variability in men Seasonal thermoregulatory responses in mammals Sympathetic nerve activity and whole body heat stress in humans Fluid replacement and heat stress during exercise alter post-exercise cardiac haemodynamics in endurance exercise-trained men Cardiac autonomic responses during exercise and post-exercise recovery using heart rate variability and systolic time intervals—a review Central neural pathways for thermoregulation The rostral raphe pallidus nucleus mediates pyrogenic transmission from the preoptic area Autonomic effects on the spectral analysis of heart rate variability after exercise Thermoregulatory responses of old men to gradual changes in ambient temperature CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Factors influencing the R-R interval during central venous injection in newborn swine Evaluation of the baroreceptor-heart rate reflex by 24-hour intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring in humans Peçanha Metaboreflex activation delays heart rate recovery after aerobic exercise in never-treated hypertensive men Peçanha Heart rate recovery: autonomic determinants methods of assessment and association with mortality and cardiovascular diseases Peçanha Methods of assessment of the post-exercise cardiac autonomic recovery: a methodological review Peçanha Additive effects of heating and exercise on baroreflex control of heart rate in healthy males Plasma norepinephrine and heart rate dynamics during recovery from submaximal exercise in man Effect of heart rate correction on pre- and post-exercise heart rate variability to predict risk of mortality—an experimental study on the FINCAVAS cohort Sympathetic responses to central hypovolemia: new insights from microneurographic recordings PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar Canadian Home Fitness Test and exercise screening alternatives Muscle mechanoreceptor modulation of sweat rate during recovery from moderate exercise Cutaneous vascular responses to isometric handgrip exercise Role of the dorsomedial hypothalamus in thermogenesis and tachycardia caused by microinjection of prostaglandin E2 into the preoptic area in anesthetized rats Forjaz CLM and Low DA (2017) Passive Heating Attenuates Post-exercise Cardiac Autonomic Recovery in Healthy Young Males Received: 28 October 2017; Accepted: 13 December 2017; Published: 21 December 2017 Copyright © 2017 Peçanha, Forjaz and Low. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited *Correspondence: David A. Low, ZC5hLmxvd0Bsam11LmFjLnVr Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish. Open navigationClose navigationHome All the major chapters in the American story from Indigenous beginnings to the present day History from countries and communities across the globe On October 26, 1917, Brazil declares its decision to enter the First World War on the side of the Allied powers formally entered the war alongside the Allied powers on April 6 chemical weapons and blood banks were introduced during World War I Get all the facts behind the conflict known as the "war to end all wars." a German U-boat sank the Brazilian merchant ship Parana as it sailed off the coast of France wrote to Secretary of State Robert Lansing declaring that Brazil was revoking its previous neutrality and severing its own diplomatic relations with Germany “Brazil ever was and is now free from warlike ambitions,” da Gama stated while it always refrained from showing any partiality in the European conflict it could no longer stand unconcerned when the struggle involved the United States actuated by no interest whatever but solely for the sake of international judicial order and when Germany included us and the other neutral powers in the most violent acts of war.” Brazil’s government actively sought to amend its constitution to enable it to declare war In an open letter sent to the Vatican but clearly intended to be read in countries around the world justified his country’s decision to enter the epic struggle of World War I on the side of the Allies by pointing to Germany’s attacks on international trade and invoking the higher purpose of creating a more peaceful democratic post-war world: “Through the sufferings and the disillusions to which the war has given rise a new and better world will be born and in this way a lasting peace may be established without political or economic restrictions and all countries be allowed a place in the sun with equal rights and an interchange of ideas and values in merchandise on an ample basis of justice and equity.” Many of the powers in World War I were competitive in overtaking territories in Europe and Africa. By: Becky Little Discover more of the major events, famous births, notable deaths and everything else history-making that happened on October 26th On October 26, 1774, the First Continental Congress sends a respectful petition to King George III to inform his majesty that if it had not been for the acts of oppression forced upon the colonies by the British Parliament, the American people would be standing behind British rule. Despite the anger that the American public […] On October 26, 1775, King George III speaks before both houses of the British Parliament to discuss growing concern about the rebellion in America, which he viewed as a traitorous action against himself and Great Britain. He began his speech by reading a “Proclamation of Rebellion” and urged Parliament to move quickly to end the […] On October 26, 1776, exactly one month to the day after being named an agent of a diplomatic commission by the Continental Congress, Benjamin Franklin sets sail from Philadelphia for France, with which he was to negotiate and secure a formal alliance and treaty. In France, the accomplished Franklin was feted throughout scientific and literary […] The Erie Canal opens, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson River. Governor DeWitt Clinton of New York, the driving force behind the project, led the opening ceremonies and rode the canal boat Seneca Chief from Buffalo to New York City. Work began on the waterway in 1817. Teams of oxen […] On October 26, 1864, the notorious Confederate guerrilla leader William “Bloody Bill” Anderson is killed in Missouri in a Union ambush. Born in the late 1830s, Anderson grew up in Missouri and moved to Kansas in the late 1850s. Arriving to settle on his father’s land claim east of Council Grove, Anderson was soon enmeshed […] On October 26, 1881, the Earp brothers face off against the Clanton-McLaury gang in a legendary shootout at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona. 1942 On October 26, 1942, the last U.S. carrier manufactured before America’s entry into World War II, the Hornet, is damaged so extensively by Japanese war planes in the Battle of Santa Cruz that it must be abandoned. The battle for Guadalcanal was the first American offensive against the Japanese, an attempt to prevent the Axis […] On October 26, 1946, Patrick Leonard Sajdak, who will one day be known to millions of game-show fans as the Wheel of Fortune host Pat Sajak, is born in Chicago. Wheel of Fortune, which debuted in 1975, became the longest-running syndicated game show on American television, turning Sajak and his co-host, Vanna White, into pop-culture […] Nineteen-year-old John McCollum is found shot to death on his bed in Indio, California. Although it was quickly determined that the fatal wound was self-inflicted, McCollum’s parents believed that singer Ozzy Osbourne was actually responsible because their son had been listening to Osbourne’s album, Blizzard of Oz, which contains the song, “Suicide Solution,” when he […] At Loma Linda University Medical Center in Loma Linda, California, Dr. Leonard L. Bailey performs the first baboon-to-human heart transplant, replacing a 14-day-old infant girl’s defective heart with the healthy, walnut-sized heart of a young baboon. The infant, known as “Baby Fae,” was born with hypoplastic left-heart syndrome, a deformity that is almost always fatal […] On October 26, 1985, a rising star named Whitney Houston shot to stardom when her first chart-topping hit, “Saving All My Love For You,” hit #1 on the Billboard Hot 100. Houston, the daughter of soul singer Cissy Houston and niece of pop star Dionne Warwick, parlayed her vocal gifts—and the professional nurturing of her […] In the wee hours of the morning on October 26, 1986, Red Sox first baseman Bill Buckner lets an easy ground ball dribble between his legs and roll down the right-field line. It was just a routine fielding error, but it was a disaster for the Boston Red Sox: It was the 10th inning of […] On October 26, 2001, President George W. Bush signs the Patriot Act, an anti-terrorism law drawn up in response to the attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. The USA PATRIOT Act, as it is officially known, is an acronym for “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required […] On October 26, 2015, the International Olympic Committee announces the creation of the first Olympic refugee team, drawing attention to the plight of forcibly displaced people around the world. The declaration, delivered at the United Nations, provided support for athletes displaced by conflict, persecution or human rights violations—and announced a new opportunity to “build a […] Both World War I and the 1918 influenza pandemic were devastating events in history. So why did memorials for one event overshadow the other? Some winged warriors, like the famed Cher Ami, received military honors for their intrepid feats as battlefield messengers. After terrorizing trans-Atlantic ships in World War I, German U-boats grew even more fearsome in World War II. Manfred von Richthofen—better known as the “Red Baron”—was the top scoring flying ace of World War I, with 80 aerial victories between September 1916 and his death in April 1918. We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate Uncover fascinating moments from the past every day Learn something new with key events in history from the American Revolution to pop culture you agree to receive emails from HISTORY and A+E Global Media You must be 16 years or older and a resident of the United States a place that turned into castles and faraway lands in the mind of a child a garden for adults who competed over who grew the best vegetables but it was an escape right outside the backdoor The children could hear their mother calling out from the second-floor window and there was Po Lan Ko telling them to stop roughhousing or to come inside for dinner Here is what’s in place of the backyard now — a boutique hotel the backyard behind the Thelma Burdick building on Manhattan’s Lower East Side was an oasis of open space for the low-income tenants who lived there This used to be our playground,” Robinson Ko He is the oldest child pictured in the backyard that feeling of belonging and then loss that has gripped pockets of New York City as waves of wealth stream through communities a famed curator of night life best known for Studio 54 and his partners bought the backyard land for $50 million in 2012 as he expanded his footprint in the boutique hotel industry “It’s based upon a simple but very important It means that everybody is entitled to participate in a luxury experience giving them everything they need and everything they want.” The modern design included floor-to-ceiling windows That sometimes creates a peep show for Burdick tenants who call the police to complain about the noise and sex Schrager declined to talk to us about the Burdick shown here with her son in their living room She is also the president of the local community board She is worried that she is going to lose her apartment she had been the longtime president of the Burdick’s tenants’ association She believes that the building management is trying to pressure her to leave because she stands up for residents’ rights black and a few white families — have become a tight-knit community that shares the need for safe When tenants learned that the backyard was being sold Ko and another longtime resident named Cheryl Freeman went up against representatives of their building’s owner and of the hotel The tenants hoped they could benefit in some way “They found out we were a force to be reckoned with.” where tenants receive rent subsidies from the federal government By promising to not mount a legal fight over the backyard tenants were guaranteed that the landlord would maintain the building as Section 8 The landlord also agreed to make renovations and every restoration has become a reason to celebrate tenants held a party to commemorate four new benches in a courtyard Tenants also received new air-conditioners and modern washers and dryers replaced old ones in the laundry room Some common areas of the building were restored reviving the simple yet elegant touches of art that helped elevate the Burdick as a model of low-income housing As current president of the tenants’ association must meet with management sometimes in the hotel “I don’t want to party with the enemy,” Ms “Sometimes I do want to go have breakfast there and I wish I could see what the food is like but I feel right now it’s weird,” she added “New York has always had extreme differences between the rich and poor,” said Kenneth T a history professor at Columbia University the city was teeming with heavily populated slums and home to half of the rich people in the United States “They lived in relative closeness because the city was jammed,” Mr was instrumental to the Lower East Side’s fight for affordable housing she helped to lead a victory against Robert Moses a legendarily powerful official in the 20th century who was the mastermind behind many of the New York area’s parks The protesters won a commitment from the city to develop affordable housing like the Burdick 43.5 percent of New York City’s population lives below or near poverty defined as a family of four with an income of $32,402 The contrast between rich and poor is extreme in the yellow spots on the map below where at least 40 percent of the families make less than $30,000 a year and at least 5 percent of the households have an annual income above $200,000 partying means balloons in the community room and sheet cake maybe some wine and liquor in plastic cups guests sometimes have to wait for a seat to enjoy cocktails Residents of the Burdick expected their new neighbors to be wealthier but living in the shadow was harder than many imagined The grass is so manicured that it looks like artificial turf Tenants are trying to hang on to some semblance of a garden vegetables and plants in pots in the paved courtyard that now has the benches Nearly six years after tenants agreed to the deal that paved the way for the hotel The differences between the Burdick building and the Public hotel are not all black and white Hotel guests and patrons of various races and ethnicities said they feel the hotel fills a void and is welcoming a jet-setting crisis management consultant was born and raised in Brooklyn and now lives in Harlem “Literally 200 languages being spoken right now,” he said at the hotel one night “It was such a moving experience just coming up in the elevator.” He won the event in London taking off on a painful left leg He prevailed in Rio taking off on his right the Brazilian team of Barbara Seixas and Agatha Bednarczuk ousted Kerri Walsh-Jennings and April Ross of the United States Photographs and composite image by Jeremy White earning the 58-year-old British rider his first medal in what was his seventh Olympic Games Photographs and composite image by Sergio Peçanha This gold-medal winning jump by the Canadian was 2.38 meters (7.8 feet) He cleared all the previous heights without a miss Here is the beam dismount of Laurie Hernandez during the team competition She had the third-highest score on the beam Composite image by Jeremy White and Sergio Peçanha Robson Conceição won Brazil’s first Olympic boxing gold medal The lightweight defeated Sofiane Oumiha of France in a unanimous decision Brianna Rollins of the United States cruised to gold in the women’s 100-meter hurdles followed by teammates Nia Ali (silver) and Kristi Castlin (bronze) Here is one of Sara Kolak’s four throws in the javelin Kolak won gold with a distance of 66.18 meters (217 feet) How Usain Bolt Came From Behind Again to Win Gold Leer en español hope sometimes comes at the price of the sun Most rents are far beyond the means of people like Amado who arrive looking for a better life or to make money to send back home Underneath the borough lives a shadow city of illegal apartments Owners of one- and two-family homes have carved up their basements into makeshift dorms illicitly constructed with narrow hallways shaky walls and electrical wiring strung together like knotted shoelaces There is no accurate count of how many exist but estimates are in the tens of thousands the basements are a haven for thousands of people who work in restaurant kitchens in small factories or on construction sites The apartments are unquestionably dangerous have found sanctuary in Queens among people who share their language dark room where Amado stays costs $650 a month who earlier this year frequently stayed over and shared a twin bed the glow of a small television set played the news and telenovelas with 800 languages spoken among its residents Vendors work long into the night because people are always on their way to or from work “FOR RENT” signs dot windows in homes and cover electrical poles The basement apartments differ considerably in size The threat of raids by immigration authorities had residents on edge during the summer But immigrants said they still feel a great deal of protection in Queens where there is more access to free legal help to assist them with their cases They can also find housing that is less expensive than in other places even if it does not meet city building standards Eight areas in Queens are consistently among the top 10 places in the city with the most complaints for illegal home conversions including cases where residents could not escape fast-moving fires that enveloped basements where they lived which focuses on the housing needs of South Asian residents the city recently started a pilot program that will provide homeowners with loans to install windows But it will benefit just 40 homeowners in Brooklyn City law says a basement’s ceilings must be at least 7 feet 6 inches high The city must approve apartments with a certificate of occupancy before they can be rented Such rules make practically all of the basement housing stock in Queens illegal The ceilings where he lives are just under seven feet high and the space has no visible smoke detectors More than half of the apartment sits underground Amado’s room shares a window with the room next to his He cannot use it as an exit in case of an emergency like a window that sits between two rows on an airplane The home had been cited years earlier for illegal conversion and illegal occupancy an inspector had not visited since November 2003 But the basement apartment was eventually filled again Amado moved in a few years ago after spotting a sign in a window Most of the time he and his roommates stay quiet The only visible sign of life is the light coming through the slots under the men’s closed bedroom doors At the entrance of the home of Sosimo and Dalilia like a messy plate of spaghetti that stuck after being thrown on the wall The married couple work in dry cleaning and live with two other men in a wood-paneled basement deep underground went to college so they could help with tuition They had previously paid $1,600 a month for an apartment The narrow kitchen is taken up by a stove attached to a propane tank that was designed for outdoor cooking But they cannot use the setup in the summer because it heats up the apartment to uncomfortable temperatures Sosimo records his amateur radio show that draws listeners from New York Los Angeles and his native San Andrés Solaga in Oaxaca Sosimo took up radio hosting about two years ago Some residents have been able to find basements that are structurally sound who lives in an apartment that has windows in every room and two easy exits But he must walk through the landlord’s office to get to his apartment His bathroom is outside his apartment in the real office His refrigerator sits next to a chest of drawers In a corner of the room that serves as both the kitchen and living room setting up his microphone and singing tunes still hoping to make the hit record that eluded him in his youth his retirement benefits and an occasional recording gig are just enough to afford the $850-a-month apartment There are exceptions to the darkness and loneliness that can come with living underground moved about two years ago into the basement of the house her daughter and son-in-law rent first arrived in Queens from South Korea in 1980 Son raised her daughter and son in Queensbridge public housing “I like this place,” she said in Korean one afternoon as light from the windows filled it up which he gets briefly when he walks to work at the restaurant where he’s worked for 11 years has lived in the United States for nearly 29 years coming by way of a smuggler through California He is now in the country legally and able to travel back and forth to Mexico “I was the first one in the family that arrived here,” he said in Spanish “It was very difficult for me to be in this city He doesn’t have much of a social life in New York a nonprofit organization that operates out of a storefront on Roosevelt Avenue for legal assistance they provided two years ago when he had problems with his green card He shows up to nearly every protest to lend his body and voice to whatever cause A wall in Amado’s room reflects the sacrifice he’s made: Receipts tacked to the wall show bank deposits and money orders sent back to his wife in Coatzingo He’s able to make the trip there only twice a year Amado switches his baseball cap for a cowboy hat He tends to the family cornfields and a few lime trees able to touch her and not just hear her voice in the dark in the basement With the money he saves living frugally in the basement in New York he is patron to both his family and the town doling out his earnings to pay for small luxuries he most likely would not have a job that could support his family The crops of the family farm bear fruit but earn little money He plans to stay in New York for at least another five years when he thinks he will have saved enough money to live a secure life in Mexico and can give his daughters the option of living in the United States to pursue whatever dreams they might have Source: New York City Department of Buildings; Note: Complaint data from January 2014 through September 2019 Additional editing and production by Meghan Louttit The two conflicts have cast the United States and Russia as enemies in one war and nominal allies in the other Rebel groups supported by the United States are focused on toppling the Syrian president The United States is focused on defeating the Islamic State While it has attacked 2,600 Islamic State targets it has not directly attacked the Syrian government and it is backing rebel groups only with money Iran and the Lebanese group Hezbollah want to keep Mr has aimed the vast majority of its airstrikes at rebel positions Assad and create a caliphate stretching beyond Syria’s borders into Iraq and other countries Russia has bases and advisers in several government-controlled locations It has mainly targeted rebels in areas where the government had been losing ground Rebels in areas targeted by Russian airstrikes have used antitank missiles made in the United States Iran’s Revolutionary Guards Corps and Hezbollah have been advising and shoring up pro-Assad forces since 2012 Most rebel groups supported by the United States The United States has been joined by Turkey and several Arab nations in its fight against the Islamic State They all believe ISIS poses a threat to them in their own countries “Most people are realizing now that the best way of dealing with the Islamic State is to contain them,” said Columb Strack “If you contain them and start hitting their economic sources the idea is that in a few years they will collapse from within That seems what the Americans are going for.” But because the war against the Islamic State is just one among many cutting off the group’s resources has been difficult Porous Turkish borders and private Arab dollars have helped the Islamic State’s rise the Islamic State is just one of many insurgent groups that they have called terrorists While some Russian airstrikes have hit areas controlled by the Islamic State Nearly 30 million Kurds live in territories divided across Turkey and they want more autonomy in those countries The conflict in Syria has given them an opening toward achieving those goals American airstrikes against the Islamic State have helped the Kurds seize a broad stretch of territory along the Turkish border Those gains have increased tensions with Turkey which has been fighting a bitter war with Kurdish separatists for decades all of these run the risk of their battles colliding Experts say a misguided attack or an errant airstrike could escalate Syria’s two wars and lead to an even wider international conflict Russian airstrikes have hit rebel groups supported by the United States and its allies Russian cruise missiles have crossed areas where American jets have been flying Turkey has attempted to hinder Kurdish advances in Syria and is bombing Kurdish rebels in its own territory despite saying that Turkey shares the American and Kurdish goal of defeating ISIS are fighting rebel groups supported by Saudi Arabia and other Sunni Arab nations Sixteen American military personnel have been punished for their roles in the attack but none of them will face criminal charges because a military investigation determined the attack to be unintentional “This was an extraordinarily intense combat situation,” the top officer of the military’s Central Command The disciplinary measures were unlikely to satisfy Doctors Without Borders and other rights groups that have said the attack may have constituted a war crime and that have called for an independent criminal investigation The punishments were “administrative actions” that could include suspension or removal from command The aircraft took off in haste because of an unrelated emergency and then was diverted to strike a building that Americans believed had been taken over by the Taliban the crew was not fully briefed and did not have a list of no-strike targets The hospital was hit in an airstrike on Oct Key electronic systems failed during the flight preventing the crew from sending video or sending and receiving electronic messages The systems included a video feed that would normally have sent pictures to higher-level commanders in real time the aircraft targeting system became misaligned and coordinates that should have identified the target building instead marked an empty field Position first indicated by aircraft sensor the crew mistakenly focused on the hospital because it was near the empty field and roughly matched a visual description of the intended target Even after the targeting system was fixed and correctly aligned with the intended target the crew continued to focus on the hospital crew members told officials at Bagram Airfield headquarters that they intended to strike a target and gave them the coordinates The officials had a no-strike list that included the hospital and its coordinates but they did not connect the information to realize that the crew was preparing to hit the hospital Doctors Without Borders succeeded in reaching several United States government officials to alert them of the attack But the strike was not called off until 19 minutes later The top officer of the military’s Central Command said Friday that the notification had to pass through “a series of layers” to get to military officials on the ground and that when it did reach the Special Forces commander “The ground force commander was not tracking a medical facility The timeline given by American officials does not agree with accounts by Doctors Without Borders and other witnesses who said the strike went on for more than an hour the French name of Doctors Without Borders reiterated its calls for an independent investigation saying in a statement “that it cannot be satisfied solely with a military investigation.” “Today’s briefing amounts to an admission of an uncontrolled military operation in a densely populated urban area forces failed to follow the basic laws of war,” said Meinie Nicolai under the circumstances described by the U.S. Countries with more than 1,000 Syrian refugees 85 percent of all refugees are living in this area The main sources of the more than 300,000 refugees living in France Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees then maybe the forces of destiny and the gods of soccer thought it appropriate to take him on the eve of Carnaval juxtaposing his loss with the start of the country's great party Because as revelers fill the streets from Rio to Recife there are many who like to see Brazilian soccer as one giant Carnaval everyone more concerned with having fun than with the result in a fabulous land full of skilled strikers and inept defenders It is a nonsensical point of view that does a monstrous disservice to those who have played defense for Brazil -- and none has done it better than Orlando Peçanha it is simply not possible to win titles while giving away cheap goals and the record shows that no one is better at winning titles than Brazil Statistics reveal that in World Cups very few can better Brazil's defensive record This is not only a result of the individual ability of the likes of Orlando but also the intense tactical experimentation that occurred in the Brazilian game around the middle of the last century It was Brazil that came up with the idea of the back four The old WM system had space for three defenders -- two fullbacks and a center back (who formed the base of the M) Coming up against superb strikers every week in domestic soccer concentrated the minds of Brazilian coaches who hit upon the idea of placing another man in the heart of the defense Now there would always be cover; one would mark and the other would be spare ready to mop up the danger if his colleague was beaten The Brazilians played the system in Sweden in 1958 and still the only time they have won it in Europe The heart of their defense would quickly become the classic center back pairing but highly effective at dealing with the aerial threat Excellent in the tackle and blessed with the crucial defender's gift of being able to read the game and sense danger before it appeared The 1958 side was perhaps the most stereotypically "Brazilian" of all the country's World Cup-winning teams The older members of the 1970 side I have spoken to seem to agree that man for man the '58 boys were better The squad in Sweden could count on the youthful Pele Garrincha's twisting fullbacks inside and out down the right wing Didi's pulling the strings in midfield and Nilton Santos' charging forward elegantly from left back But one of the notable facts of that campaign is that Brazil did not concede a goal until the semifinal Such defensive solidity permitted the front players to take risks and express themselves According to veteran journalist Sergio Cabral Orlando was Brazil's best player in the World Cup But Orlando couldn't receive the same praise when Brazil retained its title in Chile four years later By this time he had left Vasco da Gama in his native Rio and joined Boca Juniors in Buenos Aires but it made not the slightest difference to his international ambitions Brazil did not select players who were based abroad He returned home in time for a last hurrah at the 1966 World Cup in England A year earlier he left Boca and joined Santos to ensure that he would be eligible for selection he might have wished he had stayed in Argentina It is not a World Cup that Brazil can look back on with any fondness But after Brazil was beaten soundly by Hungary in the second his introduction was one of nine changes made for the final group game against Portugal With Pele kicked out of the game and opposing striker Eusebio on fire Brazil lost 3-1 and was eliminated from the tournament I gently asked Orlando whether he had been too old for the competition but the team had been undone by chaotic organization His professional pride was still bruised by the result In the 30 official games he played for his country this was the only time he was on the losing side and it goes to show that in the country of Carnaval the strikers and attacking midfielders might be full of feints and dummies and dance steps of individual inspiration but there is also a strong defensive tradition of center backs who are just as skilled in their own TIM VICKERY The content on this site is for entertainment and educational purposes only Betting and gambling content is intended for individuals 21+ and is based on individual commentators' opinions and not that of Sports Illustrated or its affiliates All picks and predictions are suggestions only and not a guarantee of success or profit If you or someone you know has a gambling problem crisis counseling and referral services can be accessed by calling 1-800-GAMBLER less than a quarter-mile from the Sistine Chapel Cardinals sit at rows of tables along the walls White smoke and the ringing of bells at St Peter’s Basilica signal that a new pope has been elected Black smoke means that the voting continues Ballots and notes are burned after the voting The stove on the left holds the smoke canisters that produce the white or black smoke Voting happens in the Sistine Chapel. The last few conclaves have been brief, selecting a pope in just a few days. In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI was elected a day after the conclave began.Related: The 115 Men Who Will Choose the Next PopeTop Contenders to Lead the Roman Catholic Church usually combining papers from two rounds of voting Chemicals are added to make the smoke white if a pope has been elected If a candidate has received a two-thirds majority Cardinals write a name under the Latin words “Eligo in Summum Pontificem” (I elect as Supreme Pontiff) and place the ballot in an urn Two cardinals read the ballot and record it Then the ballots are threaded together through the word “Eligo.” Sources: The Holy See; "Selecting the Pope" by Greg Tobin Sergio Peçanha and Graham Roberts/The New York Times The Deepwater Horizon had a number of defenses against blowouts But members of the crew hesitated at critical moments and failed to coordinate a response in three key areas initially gushes out of the well and cascades off the drilling floor A worker on a crane sees gas spreading across the rig Sources: Transocean; BP; National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling; interviews with Horizon crew members