About | Privacy Policy | Advertising| Editorial | Contact Us Subscribe | Login Fun fact about yourself: I have visited 6 of the 7 Wonders of the World and hope to complete the set by visiting Machu Picchu in the next year Undergraduate School and Degree: George Washington University Where was the last place you worked before enrolling in business school Where did you intern during the summer of 2024 Where will you be working after graduation Community Work and Leadership Roles in Business School: Yale SOM Student Government: The Yale SOM Student Government is the principal means by which students collectively shape their SOM experience and the experience of future classes I lead regular meetings and collaborate with an exceptional group of over 50 classmates across our priorities in academic affairs Yale SOM Alumni Advisory Board and other Yale committees helping to shape the incoming class of SOM MBA students a prestigious scholarship and leadership development program for LGBTQ+ MBA students a merit-based award for students committed to advancing diversity and inclusion in business * Student Organizer for the 2024 ROMBA Conference the world’s largest gathering of LGBTQ+ business students and alumni Having worked in key political campaign roles for state and national elections I remained involved in advocacy by organizing canvass launches for Yale graduate students into Pennsylvania during the 2024 presidential election Out of Office (Yale SOM’s LGBTQ+ student club) Which academic or extracurricular achievement are you most proud of during business school I am most proud of serving as President of the Yale SOM Student Government and I’ve been honored to work alongside my classmates and the dedicated faculty and staff at SOM to continue fostering our school’s distinctive culture of collaboration and curiosity SOM is more than just a business school—it’s a tightknit community with a family-like feel where students support one another and push each other to grow I have been proud to champion student voices and help strengthen the bonds that make SOM such a special place What achievement are you most proud of in your professional career I will always be filled with a deep sense of pride for the work I did to help elect my former bosses and clients to public office across California and the United States I had the privilege of serving on the political teams of some of California’s most prominent leaders I was tasked with building coalitions and securing endorsements for campaigns I left everything on the table because I truly believed that electing these leaders could drive our communities and society forward in meaningful ways I chose Yale SOM because I wanted a business education that explored impact beyond the bottom line I was drawn to SOM’s mission of educating leaders for business and society—where success is measured not just by a company’s growth but by the meaningful impact it has on the world SOM’s curriculum combines business fundamentals with a deep curiosity for purposeful leadership and I wanted to develop my management skills in that spirit—learning how to lead and win with both strategic insight and a commitment to positive change My favorite MBA professor has been Judy Chevalier Beinecke Professor of Finance and Economics at Yale SOM who taught me Strategic Management of Nonprofit Organizations and part of Competitor in SOM’s core curriculum Chevalier is a renowned expert in her field She deeply cares about her students’ growth evident in her incisive questioning that sharpens their thinking Chevalier as a professor made me a more astute decision-maker My favorite MBA course at SOM has been America’s Future Role in the Global Economy and debating how the international financial system is undergoing major changes and what that means for the business leaders of tomorrow It is a fascinating time to study this topic as the course offers a macro-level view of the systems and levers that shape global business Dean Emeritus Garten brings a wealth of experience from his public and private sector careers we have weekly expert speakers who share behind-the-scenes what is the one thing you’d do differently and why I have immensely enjoyed my time at SOM and in New Haven it would be to dedicate even more time to exploring all that the broader Yale community has to offer I have been fortunate to take courses at other Yale graduate schools and experience the university’s rich arts scene including performances at the legendary Yale Repertory Theatre With so much to discover beyond SOM’s extensive and fulfilling programming I only wish I had more time to take advantage of the incredible opportunities across broader Yale What did you love most about your business school’s town New Haven is the ideal place to study and grow during a two-year MBA program The city is large enough to offer a vibrant array of ever-changing entertainment and cultural experiences yet small enough to maintain a deep sense of community and rich history It strikes the perfect balance between intellectual energy and local charm—home to the legendary New Haven pizza House of Lies) best reflects the realities of business and what did you learn from it The Emmy-winning series The Bear offers a raw and unfiltered look at the realities of running a small business in the high-pressure and the challenge of turning around a failing operation The Bear highlights the importance of trust It underscores that success requires both technical expertise and strong leadership in the face of overwhelming obstacles the complexities of personal dynamics in entrepreneurship and the tension between a powerful creative vision and the need for operational efficiency What is one way that your business school has integrated AI into your programming My professors have been incredibly supportive of integrating AI into our learning experience alongside our coursework I have been introduced to a variety of AI tools that enhance how we engage with the class material—from synthesizing readings and case studies to providing tailored explanations for follow-up questions using AI has also helped me refine my critical thinking skills by offering alternative perspectives and uncovering insights I might have missed It has broadened the way I approach problem-solving serving as a soundboard for my thinking and enhancing my brainstorming capabilities I have gained a deeper appreciation for AI’s potential to drive smarter decision-making and create new opportunities in the business world Eliza Chory-Noyes is the classmate I most admire at SOM She is deeply resilient and consistently goes above-and-beyond for the people in her life Eliza generously shares her knowledge and network to support classmates looking to break into the field serving as an organizer for the Yale Philanthropy Conference and as a Nonprofit Board Fellow at the New Haven Pride Center Beyond her professional and extracurricular commitments she brings joy to those around her and always takes the time to check in on others This ensures that in the whirlwind of business school everyone remembers to take care of themselves She is a builder of community anywhere she goes Eliza is the type of person everyone wants to have in their life What are the top two items on your professional bucket list I would love the opportunity to work abroad at some point in my career either in my home country of Argentina or elsewhere in Latin America Gaining international experience would allow me to deepen my understanding of regional markets and contribute to meaningful economic growth in the region I also have a long-term dream of launching my own startup in the food industry I’m passionate about the intersection of food and I hope to create a venture that not only delivers great products but also introduces American consumers to Latin American food products What made Nico such an invaluable addition to the Class of 2025 “I am delighted to provide a whole-hearted and unreservedly enthusiastic commendation for Nico Pedreira a second-year MBA student at Yale School of Management I first came to know Nico in an MBA course (called Modeling Managerial Decisions) taught jointly by Professor Nathan Novemsky and me and required of all entering MBA students in their first term The course combines normative approaches to decision making using mathematical optimization models with behavioral insights about the frailty and flaws of human decision making Nico excelled in both facets of the course and stood out for his insightful observations in class Though I had come to know Nico reasonably well in the class it was only after he was elected as president of SOM’s Student Government that I came to appreciate the full measure of his talents as a thoughtful and inspirational leader in the community He is naturally gifted as an empathetic listener and a persuasive communicator He has an uncommonly nuanced understanding of the issues that affect the students’ educational experience on campus His intellectual curiosity is complemented by open-mindedness and a remarkable ability to understand multiple perspectives that underpin the expectations and demands classmates place on student leaders and steadfast personal integrity have earned him great trust and respect among students and administrators alike It has been a pleasure for me to work closely with Nico during his tenure as president I have no doubt that the qualities that make him a wonderful student leader will continue to serve him throughout his professional life.” DON’T MISS: THE 100 BEST & BRIGHTEST MBAS: CLASS OF 2025 Our Partner Sites: Poets&Quants for Execs | Poets&Quants for Undergrads | Tipping the Scales | We See Genius Website Design By: Yellowfarmstudios.com Beatriz Pedreira is co-founder of Instituto UPDATE a São Paulo-based NGO that studies and promotes political innovation in Latin America She is currently UPDATE’s director of research and storytelling Pedreira is a social scientist and political behavior researcher with more than thirteen years of experience in public and political innovation She co-hosted the television series “Politics: new ways of using it” on Brazilian news channel GloboNews about new ways of doing politics in Latin America she coordinates the “Emerging Politics Women” project focused on the impact and potential of women elected to political office in six countries in Latin America Pedreira was an event speaker at the Dialogue.  The Dialogue is a hemispheric organization that builds networks of cooperation and action to advance democratic resilience and sustainable development across the Americas and enhance collaboration to unlock meaningful change in the Western Hemisphere Inter-American Dialogue1155 15th Street NW | Suite 800Washington, DC 20005P: +1-202-822-9002F: +1-202-822-9553 We use cookies to enhance your browsing experience We use cookies to help you navigate efficiently and perform certain functions 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Nightingale revolutionized nursing with her notes we commemorate the fight of women and advocate for equal rights These figures highlight the underrepresentation of women and emphasize the urgency of breaking the glass ceiling gender biases influence research and medical care clinical trials have focused primarily on male subjects with a ratio of one woman for every four men assuming that the results would apply to the entire population androcentric medicine has created knowledge gaps that directly impact the accuracy of diagnoses enduring chronic pain without effective treatments or adequate medical responses To address this issue, initiatives like EndoHealth work to identify risk factors and improve diagnosis and treatment strategies for endometriosis the healthcare system will continue to fail in providing appropriate solutions for diseases that predominantly affect women Another initiative improving women's health is the Manuela Project developed by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) which aims to combat misinformation about women’s health by analyzing microbiota and considering factors like diet and lifestyle Addressing these biases is key to building inclusive medicine with a gender perspective ensuring that women’s health is researched as rigorously as men’s Feminist science is based on the premise that knowledge is not neutral but is influenced by the sociocultural context in which it is generated It challenges traditional approaches that have ignored the particularities of women’s health and promotes more inclusive research One example of this approach is the LangBiTe program developed by the Open University of Catalonia (UOC) and the University of Luxembourg which uses artificial intelligence to detect gender inequalities in medical research and propose solutions Initiatives like this help identify biases in clinical studies ensuring that research outcomes better reflect the needs of the entire population Beyond promoting women’s participation in science a feminist perspective requires rethinking methodologies and data interpretation to ensure a more equitable and rigorous approach We have seen how the gender gap in science and medicine is reflected not only in the low representation of women in leadership but also in biases in research feminist science emerges as a key tool to correct these imbalances and ensure that knowledge production is truly inclusive Moving toward a bias-free science is not just about equity it is essential to improving research quality and healthcare for everyone we recognize the crucial role of women in science and join the fight for a fairer and more equal world Every step toward inclusion is a step toward a more diverse Women in Global Health Spain Women and men may develop Alzheimer's disease through different mechanisms Understanding these differences is essential if the disease is to be.. 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our advertising partners They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites They do not store directly personal information but are based on uniquely identifying your browser and internet device you will experience less targeted advertising The pace of change in technology has created many opportunities—and raised as many challenges Overcoming the challenges to grasp the opportunities requires tools and processes that nurture an engineering culture build stable foundations for resilient technology operations Driving this shift requires modern technology leaders to expand from their traditional role as “guardians of IT” to become closer partners with the business in this interview with McKinsey’s Jorge Machado where he reflects on his long experience leading technology organizations and the key actions that have allowed him to transform the technology function What follows is an edited version of their conversation Jorge Machado: How did you go about building up an engineering culture What was the biggest change in terms of how you managed technology as a result David Pedreira: To build an engineering culture you need to bring together people who like to challenge traditional processes—we went from requiring 15 signoffs for a road map to getting it approved in one meeting and adopting agile resource management—and who understand what is required to enable a better developer experience I’ve also prioritized technology leaders who like to manage people over experienced managers with less technical experience; it’s critical to have deep experience in technology first particularly an integrated developer portal The right tool enforces process standardization and helps with communications When you try to organize engineering in a portal you learn that all your engineering processes need to be easy you need to go from what has traditionally been a confusing series of requests and hurdles to a much simpler self-service model where approved code and services are ready to go and easy to integrate A developer portal also handles all the aspects of an application’s life cycle from the code to managing incidents in production are products and should be treated as such I created a small business intelligence team that ensures that every single thing is measured That created a data-driven culture and helped both in making decisions and in handling the continuous improvement of all activities Jorge Machado: What are two or three of the most successful initiatives you’ve led to improve IT resiliency at Santander David Pedreira: I truly believe IT resiliency is the offspring of discipline in demanding well-executed processes Two areas where I was able to make an immediate impact were fixing the “crisis of the first day” and the site reliability engineering (SRE) practice which leads many Argentinians to buy dollars restrictions were placed on the monthly access to US dollars This led many Argentinians to go to the online bank to buy dollars at the earliest possible moment Traffic would spike 20 times higher from one minute to the next—I’ve never seen anything like it but we had an outage every single month because our mainframe was not designed to handle so many transactions Scaling the mainframe or offloading the transactions elsewhere wasn’t an option So we buffered the mainframe by introducing a “virtual queue” to the site which gave our teams time to offload the transactions from the mainframe and decreased downtime by 70 percent I also created the SRE team and moved to a true no operations (NoOps) approach introduced observability and automated the generation of alarms and the escalation process We also changed the main monitoring from technical measurements to detecting anomalies in customer behavior—for example we no longer depend on percentage of CPU usage but on number of logins to detect incidents We also broke up our monolithic system to create small “failure” domains—you cannot imagine how many times I have seen different microservices sharing a database—and accelerated the migration of applications to the cloud These actions reduced the number of incidents by 90 percent significantly improved our response time to incidents and also improved the management of technical debt in the road map Jorge Machado: How did you improve infrastructure automation and adopt infrastructure as code (IaC) David Pedreira: To automate infrastructure I’ve adopted two key principles: abstraction and “zero tickets.” In terms of abstraction the less a developer knows about the details of the infrastructure the better I wanted to make sure that the development teams focused only on the code The engineering teams are the ones that handle the IaC and “hide” it behind the developer portal where developers can get prebuilt templates to work with The “zero tickets” principle is based on the idea that the ticket is the physical realization of waste We leveraged a ticketing tool and established a path to zero requests over two to five quarters We also introduced a zero-ticket goal on the developer employee-satisfaction score so that we could track if the goal was being achieved all infrastructure teams started automating everything That not only reduced the number of people in charge of these activities from more than 400 to less than 90 but also reduced the resolution time from weeks to minutes or seconds Jorge Machado: Could you discuss your experience in adopting FinOps practices and optimizing cloud infrastructure spend David Pedreira: I’m going to talk about my previous role at Mercado Libre I’m quite proud of what we built while I was CTO there The cost of a simple compute instance is a function of memory if you pay in advance and commit consumption (reserve instances and if you are willing to sacrifice quality The virtual machine (VM) will have indirect costs The cost ends up including more than 100 different components and it’s hard to understand what is relevant and what is not our first step was to do some math to arrive at a good-enough approximation of the price of the VM and find the three main components that made a difference We did it for the main costs in the cloud provider and mapped it to the costs of our engineering products The second step was to split the problem of efficiency into “How much are you consuming (quantity)?” and “How cheaply can you provide the service to your customer (price per unit)?” The former was made an objective for the developer teams: “You cannot use more than X US dollars per month.” The latter was made an objective for the engineering teams: “Your average VM cost cannot exceed Y US dollars per month.” Our third step was to create the right operating model We created a center of excellence around FinOps to analyze more-complex scenarios and push for optimizations all across the board We brought our finance and control teams on board since this initiative needed to be shared with the organization the evolution was natural and required little effort over the year it took to bootstrap this practice Jorge Machado: How has the CTO role changed in the past five years many organizations have viewed the technology function as “the others.” We handled tools we’re moving toward being IT strategists who set the direction the organization should move toward such as how to use generative AI or how to evolve a product We define how product development teams should work and where they should focus speaking directly on the go-to-market plan Something that never ceases to amaze me is that technology is always changing We will need to focus more on the strategy side and become better internal communicators about what is relevant and what technologies matter to help transform the company David Pedreira is the CTO of Santander Argentina. Jorge Machado is a partner in McKinsey’s New York office Comments and opinions expressed by interviewees are their own and do not represent or reflect the opinions or positions of McKinsey & Company or have its endorsement an editorial director in the New York office Avianca CEO Frederico Pedreira said the Colombian carrier is close to adding a new destination in the southeast U.S and the carrier already operates to Florida cities Miami and Orlando in the U.S southeast from its Bogota El Dorado Airport (BOG) hub “I hope that I can make an announcement next week,” Pedreira said Dec 11 in Bogota at Avianca’s year-end press conference The new destination would become Avianca's 14th network point in the U.S “We have short-term plans to announce additional flights to the U.S.,” he said airport is “going to be in the southeast.” The service is being flown daily with an Airbus A320 aircraft configured to carry 180 passengers The BOG-ORD route “is performing better than expected,” Pedreira said we don't have any plans to increase flight frequency to Chicago.” market has improved as 2024 has progressed "At the beginning of the year it started weaker we've seen it growing stronger,” he explained According to CAPA – Centre for Aviation data 22.2% of Avianca’s international seats are operated to the U.S. in 2024 “had one of the best performances,” Pedreira said “It's one of the markets working very well for us today One of the reasons why we think this is the case is that we have a cost structure that allows us to be profitable on certain routes that would have been unthinkable in 2019 [This allows Avianca to target] those passengers who are price conscious that we want to attract to our flights.” He said the carrier is also willing to experiment with route choices “If we launch 10 routes and eight perform well but we need to continue experimenting and not stay stuck with the same routes,” Pedreira said Avianca currently operates from BOG to U.S network points Boston; Dallas-Fort Worth; Fort Lauderdale Miami and Orlando in Florida; Houston Intercontinental; New York John F Ontario and San Francisco in California; and Washington Dulles Aaron Karp is a Contributing Editor to the Aviation Week Network insight and analysis from our award-winning editors delivered to your inbox daily No account yet? Create one now By signing up, you agree to GTR Privacy Policy and Terms of Use Crown Agents Bank has appointed Duarte Pedreira as its global head of trade finance will now focus solely on trade finance and is tasked with leading a broader strategy shift that will see the lender target clients in new international markets He will continue to be based in London and reports to Crown Agents Bank’s chief commercial officer In his most recent posting at Crown Agents Bank prior to a temporary shift into an advisory role in February Pedreira served as head of international development organisations client coverage and trade finance portfolio management he also led the lender’s emerging and frontier markets client coverage business for a little over three years He tells GTR that the new title reflects Crown Agent Bank’s increasingly international focus The London-headquartered bank recently established a subsidiary in Amsterdam and plans to open a US office soon “The reality is we are now a global institution,” Pedreira says “We have been conducting trade finance since 2016 and the types of trade finance we do often have a very meaningful impact in emerging economies but we are expanding significantly into places like Latin America hence the importance of these new offices.” The bank’s new strategy is focused on regional expansion without altering its product mix or aggregator approach. “Our clients are typically financial institutions in emerging markets the very same FIs that provide us with local currency liquidity This is key for our FX and payments business which is used by development finance institutions the bank’s trade finance portfolio was largely comprised of letters of credit though Pedreira says they are becoming a “smaller part” of the business and trade refinancing loans are a key growth area “We have some very interesting angles that we’re trying to capitalise on,” he tells GTR the bank is exploring the possibility for clients to repay their loan facilities in local currency “You can see the potential impact in terms of the trade finance gap which is exacerbated by hard currency shortages,” Pedreira says The move follows Crown Agents Bank’s hiring of Neeraj Kapur as group CEO in early 2024 who previously held senior roles in retail the bank is looking to seriously engage in growing its trade finance book,” says Pedreira “There is a refocusing on trade finance within the bank and how we can make our balance sheet work for our clients.” Crown Agents Bank is also looking to bolster its trade finance division through additional hires it is looking to establish a more formal trade sales team that will specialise in deal origination Tags: Crown Agents Bank, David Bee, Duarte Pedreira, Neeraj Kapur Become a part of the most comprehensive contact listing of service providers in the global trade This Privacy Policy outlines the information we may collect about you in relation to your use of our websites related publications and services 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website This Privacy Statement was last updated in April 2018 By Howard Hardee2024-12-17T17:55:00 Competing with low-cost carriers remains a critical area of focus, chief executive Frederico Pedreira tells Airline Business ‘But we also have customers that want to pay more’ Your guide to international capital project developments Capital Projects Monitor provides information about capital project developments worldwide with a focus on projects that generate oversize and project cargo transportation opportunities across the power generation Site powered by Webvision Cloud member-first insights and commentary on the global aviation industry O endereço abaixo não existe na globo.com There is a lot written and said about beating the cool-season forage summer slump Annual warm-season grasses such as sorghum species or native grasses often top the list of suggestions let’s not forget about one of the old standbys that has been both villainized and worshiped through the years — crabgrass We’ve reached the point in the summer where the sight of crabgrass invasion into cool-season grass pastures or in a growing crabgrass monoculture are a welcomed relief a species that can be grown across a wide swath of the U.S “Crabgrass can be a great forage alternative to feed cattle due to its high yield and nutritive value,” notes Bruno Pedreira an extension forage specialist with the University of Tennessee crabgrass can offer higher nutritive value.” Pedreira explains that crabgrass has a clump-type growth habit and spreads with stolons which are aboveground stems that grow horizontally and can produce new roots Although it’s officially considered an annual forage crabgrass has the ability to produce and drop large amounts of seed on the soil surface most crabgrass users allow it to mature and drop seed that will comprise the next year’s crop Pedreira has been on a few Tennessee farms that had crabgrass pastures planted more than 10 years ago without being mechanically reseeded “A good stand (of crabgrass) can be achieved by seeding 3 to 5 pounds of pure live seed per acre,” Pedreira says Seeds planted too deep results in a poor pasture stand where weeds are more likely to become a challenge.” but Pedreira recommends using the higher end of the seeding rate range or more and to cultipack after seeding for improved seed-to-soil contact This will also reduce seed losses due to any heavy rainfall event seed germination begins when the soil temperature reaches 55°F “Pasture establishment can be enhanced through nitrogen fertilization at planting or when tillers are in the early stages,” Pedreira notes keep stubble heights above 3 to 4 inches; this will help to ensure a quick stand recovery Stands harvested with too short of a residual will result in weed encroachment and reduced yields In the University of Tennessee Beef & Forage Center’s variety trials (2018 to 2022) crabgrass has produced from 3 to 6 tons per acre with crude protein ranging from 11% to 22% and total digestible nutrients from 60% to 70% There simply are not too many downsides to incorporate crabgrass into a grazing system and it helps fill the decline in cool-season pasture growth After graduating from medical school in Brazil I completed residency training in Internal Medicine followed by a fellowship in Endocrinology and Metabolism Then I went on to complete a clinical and research fellowship in Pediatric Endocrinology at the Royal Children’s Hospital in Australia qualifying me as a double board certified Pediatric and Adult Endocrinologist I am working as a postdoctoral fellow at the Pediatric Endocrine Unit at Massachusetts General Hospital as an extension of my ongoing PhD program in Brazil During my free time you can find me enjoying nature through activities like rowing For 100 years, the Endocrine Society has been at the forefront of hormone science and public health. Read about our history and how we continue to serve the endocrine community Endocrine Society is a global community of physicians and scientists dedicated to accelerating scientific breakthroughs and improving patient health and well being Here's a summary of court cases that were decided at the Marion County Judicial Center on May 24 and 26 Bernard PedreiraAbout the case: Deputies arrested the elderly man in 2018 after a girl said he molested her on several occasions Charges: Bernard Pedreira was charged with two counts each of sexual battery on a child under 12 and lewd lascivious molestation of a child under 12 and one count of show obscene material to minor Verdict: Deliberating for less than an hour and a half, a six-member jury consisting of four men and two men said Pedreira was guilty Sentence: Pedreira was not sentenced by Circuit Judge Peter Brigham Pedreira could spend the rest of his life behind bars Undercover operation: Sheriff: Men thought they were arranging sex with minors. But it was an online sting. In court: Ocala courthouse: One man sentenced, another awaits sentencing after jury trial the judge ordered the 90-year-old Dunnellon man to the Marion County Jail Both the victim and Pedreira took the stand Lawyers: Assistant State Attorney Elizabeth White was the lawyer for the prosecutor while Johnathan Kruse of Clermont defended Pedreira Felipe VelezAbout the case: The Fort White man was charged with abuse of a disabled adult He was originally charged in 2020 with sexual assault Sentence: Felipe Velez was sentenced to five years probation in an agreement between him and the state An American sign language interpreter related messages to Velez during his change of plea hearing held in front of retired Circuit Judge David Eddy on May 24 has to complete a psycho-sexual evaluation and pay fines and court costs Derrick Pullens and Steven PersaudAbout the case: Members of the Unified Drug Enforcement Strike Team alleged the men were connected to a large drug trafficking operation where illegal narcotics were transported to Marion County for sale and distribution along with several others to include three brothers were charged for their alleged participation in what prosecutors called a drug enterprise On May 25, the judge revoked bail for one of the brothers, 32-year-old Andys Alfredo Marin of Marion Oaks for having contact with Jose Camacho-Negron on May 23 Andre Miller-McCreary and Derrick Pullens were each charged with conspiracy to traffic in cannabis racketeering violation and trafficking in cannabis in excess of 25 ponds Persaud was charged with conspiracy to traffic in cannabis Verdict: Miller-McCreary while Camacho-Negron was found guilty by a jury Miller-McCreary has another pending charge of possession of alprazolam his sentence was delayed so a Pre-Sentence Investigation Trial: Potential jurors met May 22 at the courthouse and a six-member jury was selected on May 23 Spanish interpreters were present for translation for Camacho-Negron Circuit Judge Lisa Herndon presided over the trial Jurors began deliberations shortly after 4:30 p.m Lawyers: Camacho-Negron, 48, of Ocala, was represented by David Anthony Wilson; Lee Leslie Fairchild was the lawyer for 39-year-old Miller-McCreary of Ocala; D. Gary Lashley was the lawyer for Pullens Assistant State Attorney Sam Armstrong prosecuted the case Miller at austin.miller@starbanner.com or @almillerosb Over four years into organizing the biggest union for digital artists in Canada the Vancouver-based Canadian Animation Guild On Saturday, Jan. 25, the guild, as part of a group called Organize the Digital Arts, will host a town hall event to talk about the strides it’s made to protect artists and what it’s got in store for 2025 the guild now boasts a union of visual effects designers supporting work on major Hollywood blockbusters — including Sony’s animated Spider-Verse series of movies — in Vancouver Guild President Eddy Pedreira says approximately 10,000 workers comprise the local industry making Vancouver a leading centre in the world But he says the working conditions for digital artists can be rough Strict deadlines to maintain costly production schedules lead to a lot of unchecked overtime hours and exploitation That’s why about 160 workers from animation studio Titmouse Vancouver first organized to form a branch of the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees union “To take the massive amount of money flowing through this industry taking the world renown of the Vancouver animation industry and translating it into lifelong stable careers that can bring dignity to the folks making all this magic work has been a top priority for us ever since,” said Pedreira He says the guild is now bargaining the first collective agreements to fight for consistent hours and combat wage stagnation for over 1,000 people — and hosting events like the one planned for Saturday to attract more he says the artistry in Vancouver has improved “Because we’ve been able to make the union present in front of people’s lives if they feel that if production is a bit of a nightmare and if they start feeling that pressure to start doing those ghost hours they know that their department steward is just a couple lines down at the studio… and they can just focus on the work and not worry too much about it taking over their entire lives.” Pedreira says the guild is working to build a central health plan to protect its members from the pitfalls of the all-too-common studio turnover endemic to the industry “And so when you swap between workplaces or even if you’re not working at all you [would] get those extended health benefits that you wouldn’t necessarily have just through the public options that we have.” The event Saturday will feature speakers from local studios and a chance to socialize with digital arts workers and build community — which Pedreira says is crucial to organizing and building a better union “I think the spark that we started in 2020 is leading to a lot of engagement in that space,” said Pedreira “And I’m hoping that in a few years it’s not going to be uncommon at all to walk into a studio and just be like here’s your unit membership to go along with it.'” The accused person in the deadly car attack at the Lapu-Lapu Day block party in Vancouver on April 26th appeared at the provincial Court of British Columbia 30-year-old Kai Ji Adam Lo appeared via video in court The Chilliwack RCMP says it has found a young girl who was reported missing Thursday afternoon Four people remain in critical condition in hospital and another two remain in serious condition five days after the deadly attack at the Lapu-Lapu Day festival in Vancouver on April 26 Jack Rabb has more on the efforts to support the victims 11 high school lacrosse players in New York have been charged over an alleged hazing incident involving five younger teammates Laura Aguierre looks at the disturbing allegations and the role the suspects' ages might play in what happens next Legislature Thursday preceded a scheduled court appearance Friday for the man suspected of the deadly vehicle-ramming attack in Vancouver that left 11 people dead and dozens more injured Listen to NewsRadio Vancouver live anytime and get up-to-the-minute breaking-news alerts weather and video from CityNews Vancouver anywhere you are – across all Android and iOS devices ever more stringent environmental regulations Veolia handles 5,500 tonnes of solid waste a day - 60% from Sao Paulo 25% from industrial and tertiary businesses in the region and 15% from other cities in the urban area Waste management in São Paulo This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. The slightness and organic walkway creates a nodal point, improving the geographical site itself whose structure ends on a fantastic viewpoint to the sea. © Artur SilvaThe walkway wooden handrail is not just safer for the guests but punctually exhibits information panels about the site Using structural solid wood on the walkway exploits a better integration comes as a result from a detailed urban planning to take advantage of its landscapes and its geological site You'll now receive updates based on what you follow Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors If you have done all of this and still can't find the email A Tunkhannock Township man has been apprehended on charges of criminal homicide of his girlfriend following an argument about firearms. Pocono Mountain Regional Police announced that on Thursday, Oct. 31, officers were dispatched to a home on Sawmill Road in Emerald Lakes for a female with a gunshot wound. While officers were responding, the Monroe County Control Center advised them that the person who had called in was a neighbor, and that Bernard Pedreira, 88, had come to his home and told him that his girlfriend had been shot after an argument over a firearm. Upon arrival, police found a 72-year-old woman with an apparent gunshot wound to the chest within the residence. A rifle was found nearby. Police spoke with Pedreira, who resided with the victim, and found that Pedreira and the victim had been arguing over his guns. During the argument, a rifle was discharged, striking the victim. Pedreira and the victim were the only people present in the home at the time of the shooting. Pocono Mountain Regional Police confirmed Thursday that Pedreira was arrested. The investigation will continue, and police are conducting additional interviews. Multiple search warrants have been served in order to locate and seize evidence in the case. Anyone with additional information is asked to contact Detectives Kyle Van Note or Ryan Venneman at 570-895-2400. Volume 3 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/ffutr.2022.972133 This article is part of the Research TopicTransport Demand Management in the Era of App-influenced MobilityView all 4 articles The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about considerable changes to human mobility Although circulation restrictions are being lifted worldwide following the mitigation of the crisis the understanding of its long-term effects is still limited This paper addresses the situation of business meeting trips made by public officials in Brazil by gauging the level shift in the number of trips the pace of recovery in the aftermath and whether there is any perspective of returning to a pre-pandemic baseline in the near future more than 420,000 trips comprising 5 years of operation of the “TaxiGov” ridesourcing system were evaluated in the framework of a dynamic regression model based on an Interrupted Time Series analysis with Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average errors We found that the baseline level of meeting trips plummeted more than 80% with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic an unprecedented effect that was not matched by any major external shock in recent human history more than 138,000 expected trips did not occur considering only the first year of the pandemic (April 2020 to March 2021) which is roughly three times as much as the actual number of trips in the same period based on the time series’ characteristics a forecast for the following year indicates that the number of business trips will be still behind the baseline figures of 2018 and 2019 We provide solid evidence that the COVID-19 might have produced longstanding (and perhaps irreversible) effects in business meeting trips in the Brazilian public sector Important policies implemented throughout this period such as the regulation of teleworking in the public sector and the incorporation of new working habits after an extended period of adaptation are probably the main reasons behind these findings we emphasize that the reduced environmental impacts ensuing from this decreased mobility could be further expanded by substituting car trips with microbus/van lines serving the main origin-destination trip pairs or by adding ridesharing/carpooling options within the existing ride sourcing system which could enhance the acceptability of this practice in the long-term thereby deserving considerably more attention the present study addresses the following questions: • How severe was the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the volume of business meeting trips • How did these trips recover 2 years after the onset of the crisis • Based on the recovery characteristics what are the prospects for the business meeting trips made by public officials in the near future This was done by analyzing a comprehensive trip dataset from a ridesourcing system designed for public officials from the Federal Government of Brazil (FGB) known as “TaxiGov.” We focus on the metropolitan region of the capital Brasília whereby more than 420,000 trips for meeting purposes were recorded between January 2017 and February 2022 corresponding to roughly 2,452,000 km traveled The variable of concern is the number of such trips performed each month the main objective of this study is to estimate the dynamics of the volume of these trips in the timespan under study to answer the research questions raised By considering actual trip data from both before and during all of the COVID-19 pandemic phases we expect to provide a more detailed picture of this phenomenon It is important to highlight that we did not address the contribution of specific factors such as the epidemic evolution (e.g. resilience of the local healthcare system and individuals’ risk perception in the fluctuation of these trips our interest lies in the net effect of the pandemic on the public officials’ meeting trips taking into account all of its inherent time-related features Section 2 explains the ridesourcing system its dataset and the methodological procedure to meet the paper’s objectives Section 3 presents the resulting model and its forecasts which is followed by a discussion of these results in Section 4 Section 5 concludes with a summary of the objectives achieved Map of the integrated development region of the federal district and surroundings (RIDE) In January 2018, the TaxiGov system was defined as the exclusive means of contracting intra-urban or regional land transportation services for the direct public administration of the Executive branch of the FGB in the RIDE (Executive Order No. 6 of 15 January 2018). By April 2018, all public agencies in this scope had fully transitioned to the TaxiGov service (Lopes, 2019) it was also implemented in public agencies operating outside the RIDE such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (although the exclusive service provision by the TaxiGov system has not been yet imposed in these cities) Similar to other ride-hailing systems (e.g. TaxiGov is an on-demand transport service whereby available registered drivers are designated to individual travelers through a mobile- and web-based application The provision of the service is carried out by a private company which is contracted in each city/region by means of a public tendering procedure three different companies have been awarded with the contract of the service in the RIDE The first lasted from February 2017 to February 2019 the second from March 2019 to August 2019 and the third has been operating since September 2019 Because the TaxiGov webpage only provides data from the third period previous data were obtained from a direct request to the TaxiGov management team from the Ministry of Economy of the FGB To answer the research questions regarding the study objectives, the methodological procedure depicted in Figure 2 was proposed a time series modeling approach was chosen as the main analytical framework of the study the dataset was evaluated according to its quality and completeness the issue was brought to both the TaxiGov management team and the DE support from the Ministry of Economy to be discussed data correction and/or imputation was carried out to enable the later analytical steps In an ITS analysis, the effects of an event/intervention on the outcome yt are represented by artificial independent variables. Considering t=1,2,3,…,n as each of the n observations of the time series and t≥T0 the period after the event/intervention occurrence, this influence can be mapped by the step (St) and the ramp (Rt) piecewise functions, described by Eqs 1, 2 As the coefficients are related to the natural log of yt the mean number of trips before the pandemic can be calculated by eβ0 the level change observed due to the pandemic measured by y^St′≥T0/y^St′<T0=eβ1 and the secular trend represented by y^t′+1/y^t′=eβ2 (for t′=1,2,3,…,n) then the post-pandemic modified trend can be calculated by eβ2+β3 An alternative model considering a decreasing growth rate after the pandemic was also adjusted. In this case, the stepwise function Rt′ (Eq. 4) replaces the original Rt, resulting in the model of Eq. 5 the modified trend for t≥T0 can be obtained by eβ2+β3⁡ln(t−T0+2t−T0+1) which varies with t (unlike the previous model which defines a constant eβ2+β3 growth rate in the post-pandemic period) As higher values of t reduce the effect of the coefficient β3 asymptotically approaching the secular trend (eβ2) where B is the backshift operator (Bkyt=yt−k) ΦP(Bm)=1−∑i=1PΦiBim is the autoregressive polynomial of the seasonal term ϕp(B)=1−∑i=1pϕiBi is the autoregressive polynomial of the regular term ΘQ(Bm)=1+∑i=1QΘiBim is the moving average polynomial of the seasonal term θq(B)=1+∑i=1qθiBi is the moving average polynomial of the regular term ∇d=(1−B)d is the differencing operator of the regular term ∇mD=(1−Bm)D is the differencing operator of the seasonal term and εt is the error term with COV(εi,εj)=0,∀i≠j which was the one with the lowest AICc chosen to perform the next steps aiming to investigate how far the predicted number of trips are from the pre-pandemic levels 80% and 95% confidence intervals were considered so as to gauge the uncertainty in the predictions It is also worth mentioning that the median trip distance presented a slight increase during the pandemic, probably due to the elimination of short-distance trips. Indeed, it is possible that routine meeting trips made by workers from different FGB agencies, which are located nearby in the Esplanada dos Ministérios region (see Figures 3, 4) decreased more than other non-routine long-distance trips during the pandemic due to them being replaced by teleconferencing this median trip distance returned to the pre-pandemic figure throughout the pandemic period of analysis (2 years after its onset) Although this could be a source of contradictory results all the statistical procedures were also carried out for the variable total distance traveled Heatmap of the most common origins of meeting trips in the RIDE Heatmap of the most common destinations of meeting trips in the RIDE Both the data preparation and analytical steps from this methodological section were computationally performed using the “fable” and the “fabletools” packages for the R programming language (O’Hara-Wild et al., 2021a; O’Hara-Wild et al., 2021b) which coincides with the location of the FGB buildings (known as Esplanada dos Ministérios) 61.5% of the trips were produced for physical meeting purposes making a total of 422,277 rides and 2,452,061 km traveled Evolution of the number of meeting trips and important events in the time series the mortality rate was severely reduced thereafter which induced a widespread relaxation of social distancing measures meeting trips have not yet recovered to pre-pandemic mobility levels Residuals’ diagnosis plots of the models (time series As the version with a decreasing growth change produced the best AICc value, this model was used in the following analyses. Admittedly, a visual inspection in the time series during the pandemic in Figure 5 clearly shows that the recovery in the number of trips does not seem to be steadily increasing during the pandemic Modified post-pandemic trend throughout the pandemic period: eβ2+β3⁡ln(t−T0+2t−T0+1) Using this model to hypothesize the counterfactual scenario of almost 2 years when there was no pandemic (from April 2020 to February 2022), one can clearly notice the magnitude of the crisis effect in Figure 8 Comparing the actual number of trips to the monthly point forecast estimates only in the first year (from April 2020 to March 2021)—where the prediction interval is more precise—nearly 138,000 “lost” trips are found in this period corresponding to almost three times of what really occurred (approximately 46,000 trips) For the following 11 months (from April 2021 to February 2022) which is still considerably greater than the actual number in the same period (almost 60,000 trips) Counterfactual scenario of the number of meeting trips when there was no COVID-19 pandemic Finally, considering the forecast for the following 12 months (March 2022 to February 2023), it can be ascertained that these figures are closer to what happened in 2018, although the predicted number of trips still lag far behind those levels of 2019 (Figure 9) It is important to mention that the model considers that the number of trips increases indefinitely over time as the post-pandemic growth asymptotically approaches the secular monthly growth (1.4%) the prediction can only be supported if this trend holds for the horizon under analysis (i.e. Forecast of the number of meeting trips for the following year (March 2022 to February 2023) The correlated outcomes of the present study endorse this claim with the number of trips for meeting purposes in the urban/regional trips of public officials plummeting more than 80% in Brazil which demonstrated that the recovery in business meeting trips of public officials at the urban/regional level is far from sufficient to return to a pre-crisis baseline (let alone a counterfactual scenario for the present moment) considering only the first year of the pandemic in Brazil and the growth rate appears to have decreased over time Although the intensity of virtual meetings was not measured in the present study the reduced number of trips after 2 years associated with the currently milder state of the pandemic indicates that the momentum gained by teleconferencing may not be transitory Since our results indicate that meeting trips are still far behind pre-pandemic levels this can be an indication that these types of meetings are probably not predominant in the data an appropriate investigation should be carried out to verify this claim This paper evaluated the COVID-19 pandemic impacts on the mobility of Brazilian public officials By studying a rich official database with more than 420,000 ridesourcing trips for meeting purposes occurring both before and during the crisis we highlight the main research findings as follows: • A severe baseline reduction of approximately 15% compared to the pre-pandemic level was observed an unprecedented effect on this type of activity not matched by any other previous crises • The return occurred slowly and with a decreasing rate of recovery might have turned into habitual choice and is preventing the pre-crisis level from returning • A forecast carried out for the following year suggests that the number of trips will be still far from closing the gap of the 2019 baseline Considering the research background on this topic the contributions of the present study are fourfold: a) While the literature is disproportionately focused on air passenger transport the consequences of the pandemic to meeting trips in the urban/regional context was first revealed and discussed b) All the pandemic phases were assessed in the present analysis in contrast to the current state of knowledge that only considered the impact of the first wave or shortly after c) The actual number of trips were measured and not the intentions of performing them d) To the best of the authors’ knowledge this is the first study to consider these kinds of trips in the Global South context in which serious urban and mobility problems are frequent and must often be solved with limited resources which should be taken into consideration in future studies Another possible drawback is ignoring the business cycle’s specificities of the ridesourcing system in the time series although this issue was probably attenuated by analyzing only the months in which the system was fully implemented on all agencies Assessing other types of trips (such as those for documentation purposes) and monitoring the evolution of meeting trips are also highly suggested it is important to remember that this dataset provides crucial information to understand the mobility of more than half a million Brazilian public agents relevant policy-making regarding the transportation demand originating from governmental activity can be designed considering both the supply and the demand sides by knowing the most important origin-destination pairs and their time of occurrence the reduction in emissions resulting from the pandemic effects could be further amplified by substituting car trips by microbus/van lines or the implementation of ridesharing/carpooling schemes within the existing ridesourcing system given the probable habitual effect resulting from 2 years of pandemic on the choice of teleconferencing corporate business leaders should not overlook issues related to videoconference fatigue and difficulties in exchanging complex and ambiguous messages Even considering that meeting trips will not reach pre-pandemic figures within the next 12 months they are still expected to increase as indicated in the forecasting procedure this trend should be regularly monitored to ascertain whether this practice will still hold in the future there is an important window of opportunity in this field which should be pursued by improving the planning and organization of meetings and adopting new technologies such as telepresence systems By gaining employees’ support with these measures the benefits of reduced emissions during the pandemic could be incorporated permanently avoiding a return to an unnecessary increased mobility ensuing from physical meetings Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: https://dados.gov.br/dataset/corridas-do-taxigov The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows and AB; Analysis and interpretation of results: JP All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript This research was carried out with the financial support from the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES—Finance Code 88887.505770/2020-00) and from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq—Finance Codes 308436/2015-6 and 304345/2019-9) We would like to thank the public officials from the Ministry of Economy of the Federal Government of Brazil for the data concession and availability for supporting our research efforts The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar “Business travel and sustainability,” in Handbook of sustainable travel (Dordrecht: Springer) CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar AIC (2021). 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We used classical growth in vitro assays to evaluate the effects of VIP on Bordetella spp. growth and survival. Using the three classical Bordetella spp. in combination with different mouse strains we were able to evaluate the role of VIP/VPAC2 signaling in the infectious dose 50 and infection dynamics. Finally using the B. bronchiseptica murine model we determine the suitability of VPAC2 antagonists as possible therapy for Bordetella spp. infections. Taken together, our findings uncover a novel mechanism of bacteria-host crosstalk that could provide a target for the future treatment for whooping cough as well as other infectious diseases caused primarily by persistent mucosal infections. Volume 13 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1111502 This article is part of the Research TopicRising Stars in Bacteria and Host: 2022View all 5 articles Introduction: Bordetella are respiratory pathogens comprised of three classical Bordetella species: B cases and antibiotics becoming less effective to combat infectious diseases there is an imperative need for novel antimicrobial therapies Our goal is to investigate the possible targets of host immunomodulatory mechanisms that can be exploited to promote clearance of Bordetella spp Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide that promotes Th2 anti-inflammatory responses through VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptor binding and activation of downstream signaling cascades Methods: We used classical growth in vitro assays to evaluate the effects of VIP on Bordetella spp in combination with different mouse strains we were able to evaluate the role of VIP/VPAC2 signaling in the infectious dose 50 and infection dynamics bronchiseptica murine model we determine the suitability of VPAC2 antagonists as possible therapy for Bordetella spp Results: Under the hypothesis that inhibition of VIP/VPAC2 signaling would promote clearance hinder the ability of the bacteria to colonize the lungs resulting in decreased bacterial burden by all three classical Bordetella species treatment with VPAC2 antagonists decrease lung pathology suggesting its potential use to prevent lung damage and dysfunction caused by infection Our results indicate that the ability of Bordetella spp to manipulate VIP/VPAC signaling pathway appears to be mediated by the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) suggesting that this might serve as a therapeutical target for other gram-negative bacteria our findings uncover a novel mechanism of bacteria-host crosstalk that could provide a target for the future treatment for whooping cough as well as other infectious diseases caused primarily by persistent mucosal infections suggesting a critical function for this peptide during lung immune responses Given the influence this peptide has on the regulatory T-cell response and its abundance in the lungs we hypothesized that VIP/VPAC2 axis can be utilized as immunotherapy during Bordetella spp disease to decrease infection factors such as bacterial burden and pathology Table 1 Bacterial strains included in this study Wildtype C57BL/6J mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories Xiao-Hong in the department of Pharmacology who originally purchased the mice from Jackson Laboratories (B6.129P2-Vipr2tm1Ajh/J) Breeding colonies were maintained under the care of the employees and the veterinarians at the animal facility at Louisiana State University health science center at Shreveport All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with all institutional guidelines (AUP:20-038; AUP:22-031) and performed in at least two or more independent experiments with the total number of mice used for each experiment indicated in the figure legends Mice were euthanized using 5% CO2 followed by cervical dislocation and lungs were collected in 1 mL of cold PBS in 2 mL tissue homogenization tubes containing a mixture of 0.5 mm and 1.4 mm ceramic beads as measuring bacterial burden at later timepoints such as day 7 or day 14 post-infection would be more representative of the infection peak or the initiation of infection clearance 50% of the bacterial inoculum required to efficiently infect the mice used for these experiments (also referred to as ID50) was calculated C57BL/6J and VPAC2-/- mice were intranasally challenged with 30-50μL of PBS containing 1x105 CFU/mL of B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica (bacterial strains listed in Table 1) Bacterial colonies were enumerated from the nasal cavity and lungs by plating serial dilutions in BG agar with 20 μg/ml of Streptomycin once every 7 days starting from day 7 and ending on day 28 post-infection For the evaluation of the effects of the administration of an antagonist of the VPAC2 receptor the compound PG 99-465 was purchased from Bachem Americas C57BL/6J mice were intranasally challenged with the RB50 strain of B The administration of the treatment consisted of daily 50μL doses of an 8.5μM dilution of PG 99-465 This was to ensure proper administration of a 0.1mg/1kg dose in a volume high enough to flood the murine lungs and generate a localized effect The preparation of the 8.5 μM dilution of PG 99-465 started from the 0.5mg of compound in the commercial format and adding 1x PBS until reaching the desired concentration The mice were treated until day 14 post-infection Another group of mice were sacrificed at day 7 post-infection for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to assess inflammation in the lungs All results were graphed in GraphPrism v9.5.0 and statistical significance was calculated using the Sidaks two-way ANOVA multiple comparison test for all animal experiments All experiments were performed in at least two or more independent biological replicates The exact number of mice and technical replicates is indicated in each figure legend A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant In the figures the asterisks correspond with *p ≤ 0.05 Statistical significance is shown only in the relevant figures Previous literature has shown that the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) has an antimicrobial effect on some bacterial species such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans (El Karim et al., 2008; Carion et al., 2015) we first evaluated the antimicrobial activity of VIP against all three classical Bordetella species We were not able to identify defect in growth or bacterial killing in DMEM or sputum we concluded that VIP does not possess bactericidal nor bacteriostatic activity against the three classical Bordetella spp Figure 1 VIP does not kill nor affect the growth of classical Bordetella spp bronchiseptica strain RB50 in blue (C) were inoculated on a 96-well plate using DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS containing a series of increasing VIP concentrations (between 0 to 1000nM) The plate was incubated in a Biotek Synergy H1® for 12 hours to monitor bacterial growth by optical density (OD600) Each symbol shows the mean of a single biological replicate containing 3 technical replicates Duplication time was calculated for each case during the exponential phase Two-way ANOVA analysis was performed to evaluate statistical differences with 3 technical replicates for each assay We wanted to investigate if prior incubation with VIP would prime Bordetella spp to better respond to host cues and enhance the bacteria’s ability to colonize the respiratory tract similar to what has been shown with other host components overnight cultures of the three classical Bordetella spp in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS with or without 200 nM of VIP (as indicated in the figure legend) mice were euthanized to enumerate colonies in the respiratory tract to assess for the ability of the bacteria to colonize the lungs we concluded that VIP does not possess any kind of activity that enhances the colonization properties of any of the three classical Bordetella species Figure 2 Pre-incubation with VIP does not promote bacterial colonization were done in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS The overnight cultures were treated with or without 200nM of VIP as indicated in the legends of each figure these cultures were used to intranasally inoculate mice with 30μl of PBS containing 5x105 CFUs of bacteria CFUs were enumerated by counting colonies in BGS agar from the nasal cavity (NC) Data was comprised of two independent experiments with each data point representing one mouse (n = 4-7 mice per condition) our results altogether suggest that the absence of a functional VIP/VPAC2 signaling impairs classical Bordetella spp Figure 3 Functional VIP/VPAC2 axis promotes lung colonization by Bordetella spp C57BL/6J and VPAC2-/- mice were intranasally challenged with increasing bacterial inoculums (x-axis) of B each mouse strain indicated in the figure legends we enumerated colonies from the lungs to evaluate colonization Inoculations were done in parallel in the two different mice strains and critical dosages were repeated in at least two independent experiments with each data point representing one mouse (n = 4-8 mice per condition) One critical aspect of Bordetella spp. infection is the pneumonic phase that in patients lead to serius illness or even death (Rath et al., 2008; Barger-Kamate et al., 2016; Jiang et al., 2021) Identifying immunotherapies that prevent long term lung damage is of great importance and we saw a defect in VPAC2-/- mice colonization we wanted to investigate if VIP/VPAC2 signaling plays a role during Bordetella clearance from the lungs VPAC2-/- or C57BL/6J mice were challenged with B bronchiseptica then sacrificed at different time points to evaluate the bacterial burden in the respiratory tract our results suggest that disruption of VIP/VPAC2 signaling axis promotes clearance the infection from the lungs Figure 4 Functional VIP/VPAC2 axis promotes long-term persistent infection in the lungs were intranasally challenged with different concentrations of B with mice strains indicated in each figure legend we enumerated colonies from the nasal cavity (A Inoculations were done in parallel in the two different mice strains and critical dosages were repeated at least in three independent experiments Each point represents mean ± SEM (n = 5-20 mice per condition) During Bpp infection, no differences were detected in the colonization of the nasal cavity (Figure 4F). However, in the trachea and lungs (Figures 4D–F respectively) we were able to detect a more rapid decrease in bacterial burden at day 28 post-infection parapertussis infection is more rapidly cleared from the lower respiratory tract of VPAC2-/- mice Our results did not reveal significant differences in the bacterial burden detected in the nasal cavity (Figure 4I) and trachea (Figure 4H) between the C57BL/6J and VPAC2-/- mice. In the lungs, we observed a clear decrease in the bacterial burden by day 14 post-infection (Figure 4G) these results indicate that the VIP/VPAC2 signaling pathway significantly impacts the clearance of B bronchiseptica mouse model can be used for a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level as the differences found became clearer when using a natural pathogen of mice bronchiseptica strain which fails to colonize in VPAC2-/- mice bronchiseptica utilize the T3SS to manipulate the host VIP/VAPC2 axis were intranasally challenged in parallel with different concentrations of B or the T3SS knockout mutant RB50ΔbscN (C) with each mouse strain indicated in each figure legend we enumerated colonies from the lungs to evaluate colonization levels Inoculations were done in parallel with independent experiment performed at least 2 times with each bar representing mean ± SD (n = 4-8 mice per condition) One of the main virulence factors regulated by the btrS-pathway is the type 3 secretion system (T3SS). Using the same experimental setting as previously described, we wanted to evaluate the role of the T3SS in the modulation of VIP/VPAC2 signaling, we again performed an ID50 study. We expected that if manipulation of VIP/VPAC2 signaling is mediated by the T3SS, we will not be able to observe differences in the ID50 between C57BL/6J and VPAC2-/- mice (Figure 5C) Our results did not show difference between the ID50 in C57BL/6J mice and the VPAC2-/- mice with the T3SS mutant of B the modulation of the VIP/VPAC2 axis by Bordetella spp Although VIP/VPAC2 axis is also involved in the modulation between Th1/Th2 responses the fact that no differences were found in the ID50 of the RB50ΔbscN while differences were found with all the wildtype bacteria led us to hypothesized that T3SS might mediate Bordetella spp manipulation of VIP/VPAC2 axis to promote colonization Our previous results show that blocking VIP/VPAC2 axis promotes rapid clearance of the lower respiratory tract the use of an antagonist of the VPAC2 receptor should have a similar effect in clearance to that observed in the VPAC2-/- mutant mice To evaluate if antagonists of VPAC2 promote clearance we used the substance PG 99-465 as a treatment for C57BL/6J mice infected with B The mice were treated every 24 hours following inoculation with a 50μL dose of PG 99-465 (8.5μM) the mice were euthanized to evaluate lung pathology and colonization respectively Although no differences in lung colonization were observed (Figure 6A), this could be the consequence of the short half-life of the antagonist, which is a very small and unstable peptide. However, the pathology results show a clear difference in inflammation of the bronchia and consolidation of the respiratory parenchyma between the untreated and treated mice (Figure 6B) The pathology in mice treated with the antagonist resembled the pathology observed in VPAC2-/- mice this suggest that VPAC2 receptor could be targeted for novel immune therapies against Bordetella spp Figure 6 Treatment with VPAC2 antagonist reduce lung pathology (A) C57BL/6J mice were intranasally challenged with B we started a treatment with the VPAC2 antagonist daily Colonies were enumerated from the lungs at day 14 with solid blue points representing untreated mice with the hollow blue points being the treated animals with each bar representing mean ± SD (A has an n=3-4 animals per condition (B) H&E pathology staining was done at day 7 post-infection with a minimum of 4 animals per group The above images are representative of each experimental condition Our results indicated that incubation with VIP had no effects in bacterial growth within the host or bacterial infectivity we wanted to investigate if blocking this signaling cascade would promote clearance of Bordetella spp we observed that in the absence of a functional VIP/VPAC2 axis the classical Bordetellae fail to colonize the lungs with low infection dosages and infection is more rapidly clear from the lower respiratory tract our results revealed that in the absence of a functional VPAC2-/- receptor classical Bordetella spp failed to efficiently colonize the lungs and clear more rapidly the infection from the lungs suggesting that Bordetella harbor mechanisms to manipulate VIP/VPAC2 signaling We have not evaluated the role of VIP/VPAC2 in the generation of protective immunity or its impact in the Th1/Th17 and Th2 responses though it is clear that it has an impact on the length of infection we identified one of the possible bacterial mechanisms involved in the manipulation of this host signaling pathway which regulates an immunosuppressive pathway is involved in the manipulation of the host VIP/VPAC2 axis we identify that the T3SS plays a role in the bacterial ability to manipulate VIP/VAPC2 in order to promote bacterial colonization in the lungs It is known that the T3SS is involved in persistence and immunosuppression in Bordetella spp as well as in other gram-negative bacteria these findings provide a novel function for the T3SS where bacteria manipulate host VIP/VAPC2 to promote colonization using the T3SS this also suggest that other gram-negative bacteria that harbor a functional T3SS might also have the capability to manipulate the VIP/VPAC2 signaling axis to promote colonization and persistence Overall, our results demonstrate that Bordetella spp., and based on the literature possibly other mucosal bacterial pathogens (Askar et al., 2020) may exploit the VIP/VPAC2 axis to promote colonization and long-term persistence The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author The protocols were reviewed and approved by "the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Louisiana State University Health Science at Shreveport The protocols P20-038 and P22-031 were filed by Dr Animals were care for according to the National Institute of Health guidelines for the care and use of animals NF: Perform experiments (he took part in all of them) and writing and editing; JP-L: Perform experiments and writing and editing; MRFS-S: Perform experiments and writing and editing; KMP performed experiments and significant re-writing and editing; X-HL: Provide tools All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version This research was funded by NIH grant number P20-GM134974 for the COBRE entitled “Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes” The Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology intramural award Louisiana Board of Regents LEQSF(2022-25)-RD-A-33 Intramural Research Council Seed package support from LSU Health Shreveport and the Start-up package from LSU Health The funding bodies had no role in the design The authors would like to acknowledge that JP-L and MRFS-S are fellows supported by the Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program of the Fundación Barrie de la Maza and LSU Health science center at Shreveport We would like to acknowledge the Immunophenotyping core of the COBRE grant P20-GM134974-0181 at Louisiana State University health science center at Shreveport for their help with staining and brain storming We would also like to acknowledge the histology core at Louisiana State University health science center at Shreveport CCDS for their help with embedding and sectioning the tissues The authors would also like to acknowledge the High-Throughput Screening – INLTE core at Louisiana State University health science center at Shreveport for providing us access to their technologies that allowed 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persistence of the three classical Bordetella in the lower respiratory tract Received: 29 November 2022; Accepted: 01 February 2023;Published: 29 March 2023 Copyright © 2023 First, Pedreira-Lopez, San-Silvestre, Parrish, Lu and Gestal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Monica C. Gestal, bW9uaWNhLmNhcnRlbGxlZ2VzdGFsQGxzdWhzLmVkdQ==; bWNhcmdlc0BnbWFpbC5jb20= by Andrew Liptak David Pedreira envisions an inhabited Moon and its role in a larger geopolitical fight for planetary dominance It’s often depicted as a place where people can start over but Pedreira’s book has a very different view: one where the Moon’s inhabitants simply can’t escape from the Earth’s ideological and political machinations Set in the world 2072, the Earth has had a rough time: rampant global warming and an event known as the Thermal Maximum ruined the atmosphere, kicking off mass dislocation, famine, and warfare. Humanity was saved by breakthroughs in the development of fusion energy, which requires Helium-3 — an isotope found in abundance on the Moon A weekly newsletter by David Pierce designed to tell you everything you need to download, watch, read, listen to, and explore that fits in The Verge’s universe. Photo Credit: Avianca Brasil CEO Frederico Pedreira will led the airline through its international expansion and perhaps into a merger with Avianca Colombia Learn More An airline called OceanAir Linhas Aéreas might not sell many tickets in New York and Miami and they might be jittery about booking a Brazilian airline they don't know But consumers have been booking journeys on that airline, even if they don't know it. OceanAir remains the official name of what most travelers know as Avianca Brasil Brazil's fourth-largest carrier had flown almost exclusively domestic routes it launched new long-haul service to New York and Miami The airlines have separate management and operating certificates controlled by Germán Efromovich and his brother José Efromovich We spoke recently with Avianca Brasil CEO Frederico Pedreira to learn about more about his airline's expansion plans. We also asked him about the overall Brazil market and discussed the complicated relationship between Avianca Brasil and Avianca Colombia. Pedreira replaced Jose Efromovich as CEO in April 2016. Note: This interview has been edited for length and clarity What’s the relationship between Avianca Brasil and Avianca Holdings Frederico Pedreira: Both companies are controlled by the same shareholder owns 100 percent of Avianca Brasil and about 70 percent of Avianca Colombia but we basically operate in different markets The long-term vision of the shareholder is to put everything together and under the same umbrella Skift: That means merging the two airlines Pedreira: That is the million-dollar question It's something that even for us is hard to guess it is something that the shareholder is very committed to I would say that most likely within the next two years Did this public saga affect Avianca Brasil It's something that's between the shareholder And it was something that didn't impact at all in our business Skift: Your airline had flown also exclusively domestically until this year when it expanded to Miami and New York from Sao Paulo we believe that it's a market that has a global potential as large as the domestic market And the second point is that we believe that we have a product that has demand for international travelers We've been discussing the subject internally for the last five years, and we originally planned to fly internationally in July 2015. But due to the devaluation of the real at the time there was a big crisis in the international market And now we kicked off the operations in May this year Pedreira: Our business model in Brazil in domestic is to focus on the Brazilian key markets That will not change a lot in terms of how we see our international expansion We will go first for the more obvious markets — markets with more passengers or dense markets — rather than go for smaller markets Skift: And what about flying beyond North America Pedreira: We have been considering Europe for a couple of years now and it's something we are currently assessing and those routes will be most likely either be an additional one from the United States if we see that there's enough demand in one of the routes that we're already operating in international We prefer to add additional frequencies on routes that are already operating than to open new destinations Skift: Brazil’s economy has had a rough few years. Many airlines slashed international capacity. Is Brazil back We feel that the economy is recovering and you've probably read about that and heard about that The economy is giving signs that it's starting to recover both on GDP and specifically within our sector However we are not expecting some magical numbers in terms of growth Skift: We’ve seen international airlines add more capacity into Brazil Is demand for long-haul travel improving faster than the economy as a whole In the past year maybe — or year and a half — we've seen the international markets out of Brazil recovering better than the domestic market Pedreira: The past three years have really been tough on Brazil and particularly on airlines I would say that most likely the worst year was last year the demand for air travel between major cities in Brazil But we were able to still continue to roll even within a crisis in the sector We are the airline in Brazil that has grown the most for six years in a row and we are the only airline in Brazil that grew last year Skift: Which airlines do you consider your biggest competitor Pedreira: I'll say there are two largest competitors Skift: And not Azul Airlines? actually there is a very little overlap between ourselves and Azul if we look at our networks and all the routes we operate Azul's market share within the routes we operate is about 3 percent Skift: Synergy has suggested both Avianca Colombia and Avianca Brasil could benefit from a joint venture with United Airlines We are in the process of negotiating a joint venture It's something that we look forward to reach an agreement on and we are working to have an agreement within the next year Skift: Will it be similar in scope to LATAM’s proposed joint venture with American Airlines? Pedreira: We're still in discussions so it's really hard now; I cannot comment on that Skift: Typically for a joint venture, there must be an Open Skies agreement between the two countries. Brazil and the United States don’t have one, though reports indicate Brazil may ratify Open Skies next year. Is it imminent Pedreira: Open Skies with the United States will happen I just don't know and can't tell you that it's going to be immediately or or not it's hard to tell you something is going to happen very fast because very frankly Skift: Are you sure Open Skies will be beneficial for Avianca Brasil Sometimes airlines thrive in protected markets But I think there are two things that have to move together and the other thing is to level the rules of the game between Brazilian airlines and the international airlines Today we play under rules that are slightly different and regulations that are slightly different We fully support Open Skies as long as the rules and the regulations within Brazil for airlines get closer to international standards Skift: Can you share an example of an issue where rules are different or if the airport is closed due to its own airport infrastructural reasons I have a plane that is about to leave with 200 passengers and I have to cancel the flight the next day I'm fully responsible not only for food but transport and hotel accommodations for all the passengers It doesn't matter if it's because it's raining We do not want to escape our responsibilities and we should be liable fo everything that is related and can be controlled by the airline But in cases like weather or airport infrastructure problems That only increases our costs as a whole and impacts our competitiveness Pedreira: It depends on where the ticket is bought But we are always liable — both for domestic and international Skift: The CEO of Avianca Holdings has said he expects someday there will only be two global airlines in Latin America, LATAM and Avianca. Do you agree Pedreira: I think that there is space in the market for further consolidation But will there be only two airlines in Latin America I think that there will be other relevant players within the region Skift: Do you consider Brazil a mature air market Pedreira: I believe that there's a lot of potential for growth in Brazil I think the two most important ones have to do with the geography of the country and the lack of infrastructure air travel will be the means of transport in Brazil And the second point is that penetration of air travel in Brazil is still very low and still very concentrated in certain types of classes There's now some penetration in lower-income classes but it's still very concentrated in middle- to high-income Jet Stream keeps you ahead of the fast-moving world of global airlines you agree to receive email communication from Skift Tags: avianca airlines, avianca brasil, fope Subscribe today to keep up with the latest travel industry news Already a subscriber? Login New users get20% offtheir first year of Skift Pro It seems we cannot find what you are looking for This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page The ad-free version is ready for purchase on iOS mobile app today we couldn't find that page";var n=e.querySelector("h2");return n&&n.remove(),{staticContent:e,title:t}},d=function(e){var t=document.createElement("button");return t.innerText=e,t.classList.add("error-page-button"),t},f=function(e){var t=document.createElement("div");t.id="recirculation-404",t.classList.add("brand-hint-bg");var n="\n \n \n \n \n \n '.concat(e,' Tick here if you would like us to send you the author’s response Patricia Pedreira has blazed quite a trail in her first five years in the industry At a phase in her career when many agents are still figuring out the business Pedreira has already won Royal LePage’s Diamond Chairman’s Club and President’s Gold awards Pedreira attributes some of her recent success to being willing to strike out in a new market “Move close to an area that you want to focus on,” she advises “I listed and sold a lot in Leamington but I lived an hour away in Windsor.” Relocating to Leamington has made her job “much easier” and has allowed her to show more properties in significantly less time In a story that challenges conventional wisdom has claimed to have survived the past half-century solely on a diet of Coca-Cola defying medical norms and raising eyebrows worldwide According to reports in international press Pedreira insists that he has not consumed a drop of water in 50 years relying entirely on the popular soft drink for his hydration needs including multiple stents in his heart and a history of heart attacks Pedreira remains steadfast in his devotion to Coca-Cola Pedreira insists on taking his medication with Coca-Cola instead of water highlighting his unwavering commitment to the beverage stating that he has never witnessed his grandfather drinking water Pedreira’s preference for Coca-Cola extends to all aspects of his life; he reportedly insists on having the soft drink even while consuming ice cream Pedreira’s story has gained traction on social media with many expressing disbelief and intrigue While Pedreira’s lifestyle choice may seem incredulous to many his grandson attests to his grandfather’s commitment to regular medical check-ups and adherence to prescribed medication Despite the controversy surrounding his unique diet Pedreira remains resolute in his reliance on Coca-Cola as his primary source of hydration even with ice cream,&quot; said Pedreira’s grandson shedding light on the astonishing story that has captivated the public’s imagination and website in this browser for the next time I comment Northeast News is a digital only news platform covering Northeast India news 24×7 Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh hardly get any news coverage in the mainstream media