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elemental and isotope constraints to calibrate the synergy of integrated mountain-basin evolution in western Gondwana
We show that deposition of the Bambuí Group coincides with closure of the Goiás-Pharusian (630–600 Ma) and Adamastor (585–530 Ma) oceans
Metazoans thrived for a brief moment of balanced redox and nutrient conditions
by closure of the Clymene ocean (540–500 Ma)
This hindered seawater renewal and led to uncontrolled nutrient input
shallowing of the redoxcline and anoxic incursions
fueling positive productivity feedbacks and preventing the development of typical Ediacaran–Cambrian ecosystems
but may also preclude life development if basins become too restricted
characterizing a Goldilocks or optimal level effect
During the late Neoproterozoic-Cambrian fan-like transition from Rodinia to Gondwana
Baltica and Siberia remained open to the global sea
while intracontinental basins of Gondwana became progressively landlocked
The extent to which basin restriction might have affected the global carbon cycle and climate
through the input of gases such as methane that could eventually have collaborated to an early Cambrian greenhouse world
even deleterious effects of mountain ranges in the biogeochemical conditions of adjacent life-supporting sedimentary basins are not yet fully considered
providing detritus for long-lived adjacent sedimentary basins over broad timescales
The goal is to investigate the influence of the uplifting mountains in the sedimentary and biological record of the first metazoan-bearing basins by tectonic restriction of epeiric seas and changes in continentally-derived nutrient influx through time
We argue that progressive basin restriction by the surrounding mountains might have damaged the conditions for complex life development and discuss the possible global outcome of widespread basin restriction in Gondwana and its effects on global biogeochemical cycles
U–Pb and Pb-Pb plots of the analyzed samples. Charts were created using the Isoplot 3.6 Visual Basic Add-in freeware by Ken Ludwig, Berkeley Geochronology Center (http://www.bgc.org/isoplot) for Microsoft Excel (http://www.microsoft.com)
Box–Whisker plots showing the variation of trace metal contents and Ce anomalies for each studied section. Charts were created using Microsoft Excel (http://www.microsoft.com) and Corel Draw Graphics Suite 2018 (http://www.coreldraw.com)
In Fig. 5
isotopic and trace element data presented here is integrated in a comprehensive compilation of C
Sr and Nd isotope data from the available literature
Interpreted together in the framework proposed here
the amassed dataset establishes a chrono-correlation of the Bambuí Group evolutionary stages and diachronous mountain belt formation around the São Francisco paleocontinent
These can be summarized in a three-stage evolution:
as well as the sharp 87Sr/86Sr peak from ca
support enhanced weathering of source areas during deposition of the cap dolostone
Considering the U–Pb in-situ dates obtained here
the Pedro Leopoldo member would represent the cap carbonate to the Marinoan glaciation
deposited between 635 and 600 Ma and bearing consistent δ13C
87Sr/86Sr and typical features such as barite layers with negative Δ17O and phosphorite deposits
while the Lagoa Santa member would represent carbonates deposited after a ca
20 Ma depositional hiatus and spanning from ca
This scenario is only achieved after a drastic reduction of the dissolved oxygen pool through aerobic respiration and consumption of other oxidants
provided P did not get trapped in ferrous iron minerals
a very important future research direction is to quantify the degree of restriction and the influence of Gondwanan basins
preserved in present-day southern hemisphere continents
Carbonates had their CO2 extracted on a high vacuum line after reaction with phosphoric acid at 25 °C
and cryogenically cleaned at the Stable Isotope Laboratory (NEG-LABISE) of the Department of Geology
Released CO2 gas was analyzed for O and C isotopes in a double inlet
triple collector mass spectrometer (VG-Isotech SIRA II)
using the BSC reference (Borborema Skarn Calcite) that was calibrated against NBS-20 (δ13C = − 1.05‰VPDB; δ18O = − 4.22‰VPDB)
based on multiple standard measurements of NBS-19
Aliquots of the carbonate samples were attacked with 0.5 M acetic acid in order to prevent dissolution of the siliciclastic fraction, following procedures described in21
Sr was then separated using the conventional cation exchange procedure at the Laboratory of Geochronology
Samples were measured at 1250–1300 °C in dynamic multi-collection mode in a Thermoscientific Triton Plus mass spectrometer
The 87Sr/86Sr values of the samples were corrected for the offset relative to the certified NIST SRM 987 value of 0.710250
The long-term (year-round) average of this standard 87Sr/86Sr ratios measured in this machine is 0.71028 ± 0.00004
Procedural blanks for Sr are less than 100 pg
All uncertainties are presented at the 2σ level
fifteen spots on our internal reference material Rio Maior calcite gave a low intercept age of 62.43 ± 0.37 Ma (MSWD = 0.7
This age is identical to our long-term measurement in the Department of Geology at Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP)
Instrumental mass bias and ablation depth-dependent elemental fractionation were corrected by tying the time-resolved signal for the unknown to the identical integration window of the primary standard NIST612
BCR and BHVO were used as secondary control reference materials
and yielded values within the recommended USGS range
Errors are derived from the averaged counts for each mass for both the standards and values are then compared to those of the primary and secondary standards
Rock samples bearing crystal fans were carefully cut out from a 5 mm thick slab with a rotating diamond blade mounted to a hand-hold hand-piece used in dental offices
The material was carefully ground by hand in an agate mortar
dried in an oven at 50° and then sieved into a 10–40 µm fraction
We prepared three aliquots: Two fractions (A1
A2) which we processed further by subjecting them to magnetic separation using a Frantz Isodynamic separator
cleaning the sample material from magnetic particles in the rock matrix and also intergrown directly with aragonite; and a third fraction (A3) which were not treated nor purified
All sequentially leached samples were dried and
after conversion to the chloride form with 1 mL of 6 N HCl
Pb was separated on miniaturized 1 mL pipette tip columns with a fitted frit
charged with 300 µL of Biorad™ AG1-X8 100–200 mesh anion resin
using a conventional HCI-HBr anion exchange procedure with doubly distilled acids diluted to our needs with ultrapure water provided by a Milli-Q® Reference Water Purification System
Errors assigned to the isochrons are 2σ given in the 95% confidence interval
While this might indicate Pb release from at least another subordinate phase with elevated U and Th relative to Pb
information deduced from the uranogenic–thorogenic common Pb diagram seems to indicate that this is unlikely
the leaching patterns in this diagram reveals a linear relationship of the data
with the exception of aliquot 3 (not purified by magnetic separation)
A linear arrangement of TATI data in this diagram strongly supports the leaching of only one phase
in this case calcite pseudomorphs after aragonite
the scattered leaching pattern of A3 in the uranogenic–thorogenic common Pb diagram reflects the presence of a multicomponent system with Pb contributed from phases likely having different U/Th
the well-defined correlation line defined by TATI data of the pure crystal fan separates (A1 and A2) in the uranogenic common Pb diagram is interpreted as a true mono-mineral isochron
with a slope corresponding to an age of 576 ± 36 Ma (MSWD = 0.72)
We interpret this age to indicate the timing of growth of the respective aragonite fans
The results strongly reveal the importance of removal of matrix phases
to prevent erroneous interpretation of linear arrays in uranogenic Pb isotope diagrams as isochrons
whereas they instead signify mixing lines with no interpretable geological meaning
recalculated for the expected age of deposition
were grouped in a single column for each unit
Only the less radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr results reported for each section in the cited literature
corresponding to samples with higher Sr concentration and lower Mn/Sr ratios
generally considered successful and accurate for low-n datasets (n < 300)
but not age-equivalent to at least other two spots
analytical issues or under-representation due to statistical or analytical bias
and are not considered as reliable indicators of maximum depositional age
All data are available within the paper and its Supplementary Material tables or from the corresponding author upon reasonable request
Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon
Biostratigraphic and geochronologic constraints on early animal evolution
Secular change in metamorphism and the onset of global plate tectonics
and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic terranes that the modern episode of subduction tectonics began in Neoproterozoic time
The Neoproterozoic oxygenation event: Environmental perturbations and biogeochemical cycling
The mountains that triggered the Late Neoproterozoic increase in oxygen: The Second Great Oxidation Event
Did the Transgondwanan Supermountain trigger the explosive radiation of animals on Earth?
Terminal Proterozoic reorganization of biogeochemical cycles
and secular controls on the appearance of Cryogenian and Ediacaran body and trace fossils in the Mackenzie Mountains of northwestern Canada
Ediacaran 2,500-km-long synchronous deep continental subduction in the West Gondwana Orogen
Integration of elemental and isotope data supports a neoproterozoic adamastor ocean realm
Waning buoyancy in the crustal roots of old mountains
High and dry in central Tibet during the Late Oligocene
The puzzle assembled: Ediacaran guide fossil Cloudina reveals an old proto-Gondwana seaway
Körperlich erhaltene Scyphozoen-Reste aus dem Jungpräkambrium Brasiliens
Late Neoproterozoic-Cambrian granitic magmatism in the Araçuaí orogen (Brazil)
the Eastern Brazilian Pegmatite Province and related mineral resources
Closing the Clymene ocean and bending a Brasiliano belt: Evidence for the Cambrian formation of Gondwana
Marinoan glaciation in east central Brazil
Early to late Ediacaran conglomeratic wedges from a complete foreland basin cycle in the southwest São Francisco Craton
Ediacaran paleoenvironmental changes recorded in the mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Bambuí Basin
Striated pavement of the upper Pre-Cambrian glaciation in Brazil
Multiproxy geochemical and isotope stratigraphy records of a Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event in the Ediacaran Sete Lagoas cap carbonate
Neoproterozoic peritidal phosphorite from the sete lagoas formation (Brazil) and the Precambrian phosphorus cycle
aragonite fan formation and seafloor environments following the Marinoan glaciation
Linking paleocontinents through triple oxygen isotope anomalies
The fate of a Neoproterozoic intracratonic marine basin: Trace elements
TOC and IRON speciation geochemistry of the Bambuí Basin
Análise estratigráfica das seqüências neoproterozóicas da Bacia do São Francisco
A large epeiric methanogenic Bambuí sea in the core of Gondwana supercontinent?
Constraining the origins of the middle Bambuí carbon cycle anomaly in Brazil
supported by the first U–Pb dating of volcaniclastic bed
Direct dating of the Sete Lagoas cap carbonate (Bambuí Group
Brazil) and implications for the Neoproterozoic glacial events
Identification of a Sturtian cap carbonate in the Neoproterozoic Sete Lagoas carbonate platform
A full-plate global reconstruction of the Neoproterozoic
Effective use of cerium anomalies as a redox proxy in carbonate-dominated marine settings
0.7 Ga old post-glacial carbonate successions
Glacial diamictites of Serra Azul Formation (Ediacaran
Paraguay belt): Evidence of the Gaskiers glacial event in Brazil
Tracking connection and restriction of West Gondwana São Francisco Basin through isotope chemostratigraphy
Dynamic redox conditions control late Ediacaran metazoan ecosystems in the Nama Group
Low-oxygen waters limited habitable space for early animals
Regional nutrient decrease drove redox stabilisation and metazoan diversification in the late Ediacaran Nama Group
Redox-dependent distribution of early macro-organisms: Evidence from the terminal Ediacaran Khatyspyt Formation in Arctic Siberia
Heterogenous oceanic redox conditions through the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary limited the metazoan zonation
Controls on the evolution of Ediacaran metazoan ecosystems: A redox perspective
Did phosphorus derived from the weathering of large igneous provinces fertilize the Neoproterozoic ocean
Carbon isotope evidence for large methane emissions to the Proterozoic atmosphere
Detrital zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf data for a kinzigitic gneiss (Jequitinhonha Complex
SE Brazil) constrain the age of a huge storage of Ediacaran carbon
Treptichnus pedum in the Três Marias Formation
and its implications for the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition in South America
Uhlein, G. J. et al. Microbially induced chromium isotope fractionation and trace elements behavior in lower Cambrian microbialites from the Jaíba Member, Bambuí Basin, Brazil. Geobiology 19(2), 125–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12426 (2021)
Evidence for enhanced phosphorus regeneration from marine sediments overlain by oxygen depleted waters
A nutrient control on marine anoxia during the end-Permian mass extinction
Conditions required for oceanic anoxia/euxinia: Constraints from a one-dimensional ocean biogeochemical cycle model
Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology and whole-rock Nd-isotope constraints on sediment provenance in the Neoproterozoic Sergipano orogen
Brazil: From early passive margins to late foreland basins
Provenance shift through time in superposed basins: From Early Cryogenian glaciomarine to Late Ediacaran orogenic sedimentations (Araçuaí Orogen
New evidence of an Ediacaran age for the Bambuí Group in southern São Francisco craton (eastern Brazil) from zircon U–Pb data and isotope chemostratigraphy
Did the breakout of Laurentia turn Gondwanaland inside-out?
Methane and the origin of five-element veins: Mineralogy
fluid inclusion chemistry and ore forming processes in the Odenwald
Pb-isotope analyses of USGS reference materials
A calcite reference material for LA-ICP-MS U–Pb geochronology
Calibrating rates of early Cambrian evolution
In situ Sr isotopes in plagioclase and trace element systematics in the lowest part of the eastern Bushveld Complex: Dynamic processes in an evolving magma chamber
In-situ Sr isotopic measurement of natural geological samples by LA-MC-ICP-MS
Origin of megacrysts in volcanic rocks of the Cameroon volcanic chain—Constraints on magma genesis and crustal contamination
Neodymium and strontium isotope data for USGS reference materials BCR-1
GSP-2 and Eight MPI-DING refer ence glasses
Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of apatite reference materials used in U–Th–Pb geochronology
The Sr isotope composition of the world ocean
marginal and inland seas: Implications for the Sr isotope stratigraphy
Data reduction software for LA-ICP-MS: appendix
in Laser Ablation-ICP-Mass Spectrometry in the Earth Sciences: Principles and Applications
Single mineral dating by the Pb–Pb step-leaching method: Assessing the mechanisms
User’s Manual for Isoplot 3.6—A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel
Nd isotopes and the provenance of detrital sediments of the Neoproterozoic Brasilia Belt
Carbon and oxygen isotope profiles across Meso-Neoproterozoic limestones from central Brazil: Bambuı́ and Paranoá groups
Proveniência de sedimentos dos grupos Canastra
Vazante e Bambuí–Um estudo de zircões detríticos e Idades Modelo Sm–Nd (Universidade de Brasília
Sedimentary provenance in the southern sector of the São Francisco Basin
Proveniência e análise sedimentar da porção basal do Grupo Bambuí em Arcos (MG)
Meso-Neoproterozoic isotope stratigraphy on carbonates platforms in the Brasilia Belt of Brazil
Carbon isotopes of Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic sequences from Southern São Francisco craton and Araçuaí Belt
Assessment of widely used methods to derive depositional ages from detrital zircon populations
Neoproterozoic glacial deposits from the Araçuaí orogen
provenance and correlations with the São Francisco craton and West Congo belt
Detrital zircon (U–Pb) and Sm–Nd isotope studies of the provenance and tectonic setting of basins related to collisional orogens: the case of the Rio Preto fold belt on the northwest São Francisco Craton margin
Detrital zircon age patterns and provenance assessment for pre-glacial to post-glacial successions of the Neoproterozoic Macaúbas Group
O Grupo Ibiá (Faixa Brasilia Meridional): Evidências isotópicas Sm–Nd e U–Pb de bacia colisional tipo flysch
Neoproterozoic glacial dynamics revealed by provenance of diamictites of the Bebedouro Formation
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This work is supported by Instituto Serrapilheira (Serra-1912-31510)
through Project MOBILE (geolifemobile.com)
ELD and LVW acknowledge the support received from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
especially through Research Productivity Grant 303566/2019-1 to the main author
for the support received through the Programa Pesquisador Mineiro (PPM-00618-18)
LVW would like to thank FAPESP (Grant 2018/26230-6)
An earlier draft was highly improved after comments and suggestions by Eva Stüeken and six anonymous reviewers
Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management
All of the authors contributed in the conception and design of this article
complemented by comments and suggestions by all of the co-authors
Sample collection in the field was performed by F.A.C.
geological mapping and production of the cross-section
contributed to discussions and added to the Ediacaran paleobiology of the Bambuí Group and paleogeography of western Gondwana
The authors declare no competing interests
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99526-z
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Four men were arrested near Glenwood Springs Thursday on a range of felony drug charges after undercover officers purchased $33,000 worth of heroin from the suspects
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