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their first days of high school bring intense anticipation
Those early days are spent seeing what their classes are going to be like
meeting new classmates who may have attended different middle schools
and finding out with whom they share lunch period
That's not how it went for the Class of 2024 at <a href=https://www.framingham.k12.ma.us/framinghamhigh>Framingham High School</a>. Their initial days were spent on Zoom, <a href=https://www.metrowestdailynews.com/story/news/education/2020/11/16/framingham-teacher-holds-class-virtually-school-during-covid/6263497002/>learning in the same manner they did while finishing eighth grade</a> earlier a few months earlier
They met their new teachers and classmates while learning at home — the pandemic prevented them from gathering at school
'Difficulty finding staff': <a href=https://www.metrowestdailynews.com/story/news/healthcare/2024/06/07/framingham-ma-school-health-officials-describe-struggle-hire-nurses/73644615007/ target=_blank>Framingham school health officials describe nurses' struggle with burnout, criticism</a>
their final day as Framingham High School students
the Class of 2024 stood as one at their graduation ceremony at Bowditch Field
The 702 graduates got a picture-perfect night to march across the field
"Make no mistake about it, your path has been a unique one," <a href=https://www.metrowestdailynews.com/story/news/education/2024/05/15/mark-albright-framingham-ma-high-school-third-principal-two-years/73685695007/>Principal Mark Albright</a> told graduates. "From where you started online at home, in the fall of 2020, to where you stand today. You have risen above challenges at every turn. Continue to take the challenges head-on and keep working until you turn them into strengths."
Those difficulties would thankfully end late in their freshman year, as in-person learning resumed and students finally got a chance to properly attend Framingham High. But they still remember the challenges they faced in those early days.
Melanie Cerin Aldana challenged her fellow classmates, noting their achievement but asking them what they can do to better their community.
"I hope to see you all reach the sky, because when you reach the sky, there are no limits to what you can do," she said. "So sit back and think, what are you going to do to make an impact?"
Members of the Class of 2024 at Framingham High School include the following:
Isabelle Jeanne Abany, Lucia Claudia Dimitra Abate, Daniel Sarfo Abu, Anna Elizabeth Adams, Noah Maximus Albright, Josue Freddy Alca Atuncar, Samuel Martin Frederick Alexander, Zoe Antonia Jade Kayla Alexander, Rayyan Syed Ali, Matthew Aren Allekian, Patrick O’Rielley Moreira Almeida, Carlos Gilberto Alonso, Mateo Alonso Soriano, Angelyd Marie Alvarado Febus, Dayana Angelica Alvarado Perez, Jade Lamoure Alvarez, Joseph Isaac Alves, Leticia Fernandes Alves, Jeremiah Adu Amoateng and Angela Le An.
Also, Michael Christopher Anastasi, Gabrielly Marcena Andrade, Jessica Gomes Andrade, Sarah Toledo Andre, Alec Krikor Andriole, Kessia Vitoria Araujo, Amauris Lizandro Arias, Gabriella Ann Arpino, Luis Belisario Arqui, Luke Mikhail Arslanian, Julia Barbosa Assis, Jeremy Cole Auren, Zachary Aaron Austrager, Elizabeth Marie Avadanian, Daniel Da Rocha Avelar, Donnovin Michael Aviles, Kira Paige Aykanian, Aidan Zachary Bach, Nedeska Valentina Baltazar Castano and Akilis Dovzhuk Barbosa.
Also, Alycia Maree Bokuniewicz, Karol Milena Borda Ortiz, Lucas Pereira de Souza Borges, Aliyah Boubacar, Omar Boukantar, Emma Nicole Bowen, Alexander Aquillys Brollo Teixeira, Megan Olivia Bronzetti, Haleigh Alexis Brown, Daniel Bueno, Genesis Noemi Burgos, Kyra Annabel Busenburg, Matthew Cole Byank, Sthefanne Goncalves Cabidelli, Mason Daniel Calvert, Jesica Daniela Campos, Karolayne Santos Campos, Camilla Costa Candido, Melanie Fernanda Cante Lima and Catherine Grace Carney.
Also, Mary Catherine Carney, Shayla Leah Carney, Jeffrey Anderson Carpio Medina, Natalie Rose Carson, Thomason Joseph Carson, Emmalene Marie Caruso, Jennyfer Carvalho, Gabrielle Rose Casey, Brandon Rene Castaneda Cordon, Isaiah Temwani Castelly, Kevyn Martins Cecilio, Kristina Tomilyn Cedrone, Caroline Mary Cella, Melanie Michelle Cerin Aldana, Juliana Silva Chagas, Yacoub Michel Chammas, Adam John Lucas Chan, Alina Chaparian, Ana Julia Chaves and Serena Maria Cecilio Chaves.
Also, Sixuan Chen, Emily Maria Chipolone, Jacob Charles Christensen, Jennifer Rocio Cifuentes Reyes, Arthur Ambrozio Pires Coelho, Jace Richardson Coleman, Mackenzie Louise Coleman, Angel Gabriel Colon, Dominic James Connerney, Nicholas Anthony Coppola, Yeandiel Delanie Cora, Camille Cassiano Cordeiro, Ingrid Candido Cordeiro, Jose Luis Corona, Will Tyler Corton, Alyssa Varela Costa, Christopher Vieira Costa, Carolyn Patricia Cotta, Devin Brody Cox and Alexander Mekal Cruz.
Also, Elvin Roeli Diaz, Lesly Daniela Reynosos Diaz, Luis Joshua Diaz, Juan Diego Diaz Felipe, Tija Emma Dilba, Alice Ann DiMaggio, Jameson Richard Dinneen, Benjamin Earl Hukom Dionisio, Davi Bernardes Do Nascimento, Mason Douglas Doherty, Caitlin Trinity Donoghue, Emma Frances Donohue, Caroline Rose Donovan, Nicolas Ray Donovan, Shedly Dorce, Danielly Miranda Dos Reis, Larissa Goncalves Dos Santos, Mateus Martins Dos Santos, Julia Renee Doucet and Caroline Parker Duane.
Also, Malcolm Duncan-Kirkland Jr., Nicholas James Duplessis, Malik William Duran, Benjamin Craig Dustin, Isaque Inacio E Silva, Nina Ruby-Jean Edwards, Isabella Dominique Eeson, Erin Jillian Simeon Elagio, Deborah Mendes Elizeu, Kaio Evangelista, Aleah Rose Evans, Isaac Peter Ewida, Zachary Alesandro Fabri, Ciara Elizabeth Fahy, Glorimar Marie Famania, Anne Caroline Dias Faria, Lara Karter Ferreira Farias, Kaylee Hope Faulkner, Jovany Havier Febus and Eleanor Grace Felton.
Also, Arianna Jazlyn Galvez, Anna Rose Galvin, Gabriel Angel Garcet, Maria Daniela Garcia Orellana, Monica Garcia-Perez, Winter Elizabeth Gardner, Caitlyn Rose Garvey, Giancarlo Gelfusa, Isabella Sofia Gelfusa, Robert Louis Ablondi Geltman, Angelina Marie Gentile, Mikalo Antonio Glennon, Amanda Lorraine Godfroy, Livia Alves Godoy, Henry Robert Goldberg, Mitchell Jonathan Goldberg, Nelson Aristides Gomez Castro, Kendra Braga Goncalves, Yasmim Dionizio Goncalves and Hazyl Yuliana Gonzalez.
Also, Tessa Jan Harrison, Makayla Faith Hathaway, Tyler James Hayes, Meghan Elisabeth Hays, Trevor Daniel Haywood, Chloe Elizabeth Hein, Joel Dariel Henriquez, Aiden Christopher Hepp, Achilles Mary Hicks, Tessa Grace Hill, Ashley Naomi Hochen Ponce, Calvin Henry Hodge Jr., Luke David Hoffman, Hailey Bravo Hohenstein, Mia Yingqing Homann, Ethan Huang, John William George Hudson, Rodd Deon Hunt, Jenaya Marlene Hutchins and Kaick Macedo Isaltino.
Also, Dylan Wilfredo Ixlaj Aguilon, Mikese Rashawn Jackson, Wood Mohamed Jonathan’n Jacques, Bryan Jaramillo, Kaltrina Meri Jashari, Jennaya Yolanda Jean Baptiste, Louid Nordy Jeune, Jaryel David Alexis Jimenez, Nazire Cornell Lionel William Johnson, Violet Rose Johnson, Garrett Owen Jones, Michelle Joubanian, Emily Rosario Juarez Mcdowell, Vince Mati Kalmar, Ashley Gyamfuaa Karikari, Stokely Karp, Lucy Rose Keane, Jonathan Luke Keefe, Ella Haley Kent and Madani Khan.
Also, Tyler Joseph King, Matthew Stephen Koltenuk, Kasey Ann Kopaz, Luis Espila Kuenzler, Ryan Jacob Kulp, Karan Kumar, Jordan Joel Kurzman, Ryan David Lambert, Zahra Amina Lari, Anthony Jacob Larson DiPalma, Mariana Rodrigues Leal, Vitor Rodrigues Leal, Alondra Michelle Ledesma Guzman, Maxwell Edward Lee, Megan Alexandra Lee, Vivian Maria Lee, Blake Anthony Leighton, Ana Lara Massote Leite, Diego Alberto Leiva Ramirez and Connor Michael Lemay.
Also, Jonathan Joel Letts, Nathan Andrew Levey, Jordan Daniel Libby, Emma Jane Lickly, Melanie Nicole Linares, Benjamin Allen Lincoln, Mia Jayani Lizardo, Jennifer Abigail Lobos Rivera, Gloria Loja loja, Nicholas David Lombardo, Maria Eduarda Oliveira Gratz Lopes, Nathan Geraldo Araujo Lopes, Jessica Machado Lopez, Jonathan Jordy Lopez Aguilon, Merffy Lopez, Dennis Enrique Lopez-Mendez, Beau Jacob Lovett, Sophia Hermosa Lowe, Anna Rowena Luciano and Eleanor Margaret Lynch.
Also, Nicolly Alves Martins, Kayo Andrew Martuchelli Pereira, Mary N Massaquoi, Caroline Grace Maude, Katerin Fabiola Mayorga Garcia, Averi Madison McAuliffe, Marissa Linda McAuliffe, Kaydin Alan McBrayer, Brenna Elizabeth McCarthy, Colin Chase McCarthy, Meghan Kaneko McCluskey, Nolan Michael McEnaney, Ava Elizabeth McGeehan, Kerry Elizabeth McIrney, Colin Patrick McKinney, Ryan McNamara, Ma’Rya Jade Xyla McNeil, Daniel Richard Mealey, Isabella Rose Medina and Jaidalynn Victoria Medina.
Also, Johana Jasmin Morataya Garcia, Pedro Henrique Lima Moreira, Richarlison Sobreira Moreira, Anthony Michael Moretti III, Corrine Elaine Moschner, Maria Luiza Da Silva Muniz, Hayley Alanis Muniz Santiago, Maria Delfina Namina Llibri, Amanda Gomes Navarrete, Carmelo Nazario, Jasmine Nyleen Nazario, Keira Anne Neenan, Brianna Simone Neff, Nikkita Alexandra Neff, Pablo Flores Neiva, Carlyn Rose Nestor, Alexa Lianny Newton, Lena Ngoc Nguyen, Angelis Nicole Nieves Febus and Daniel Martin Noble.
Also, Kathryn Lynne Noble, Clara Margaret Noggle, Dexter William Noggle, Joao Henrique Pessoa Nogueira, Jack Thomas Novello, Ashley Nyamekye Nsiah, Amardo Andrake Nugent, Christopher Oscar Nunez, Brian Antonio Ochoa, Juan Jose Ochoa Davila, Kacey Mancini Olicio, Bryan Da Silva Oliveira, Thiago Morine Oliveira, Wallace Carlos Oliveira, Lucy Olson, Wendell Alexis Oquendo, Cynthia Orellana Salguero, Elmer Orellana, Naomi Esohe Oyomire and Kauã Pacheco.
Also, Avi Padayachee, Ria Padayachee, Kauan De Souza Paiva, Shanely Alexandra Paniagua Molina, Jennifer Ann Panza, Ashley Diane Paolini, Dennys Roberto Parada Campos, Cristian Deivis Parejo, Zion Lee Parker, Juliana Joy Bouchard Pasche, Deeya Ankur Patel, Alexis Paz, Gabriela Ximendes Peli, Rosemary Sophia Penate, Anna Julya Tudisco Penha, Luisinho Pereira, Marco Antonio De Souza Pires Pereira, Taylor Pereira, Nathaniel Alexander Perez and Gabriela Anahí Pérez López.
Also, Samuel Drew Perlman, Emma Jane Peterson, Liam Quinn Peterson, Kalem Renado Peynado, Norah Lan-Phuong Pham, Sophia Phipps-Fettinger, Alyson Morgan Piazza, Bryan Souza Pimenta, Misael Alexander Pineda, Paul Javier Pineda Hernandez, Isabele Vitoria Reis Pinto, Kaio Ramos Pires, Bianca Elena Massote Plassmann, Sean Thomas Plisner, Amber Victoria Podd, Karina Alejandra Polanco, Lucas Christopher Poole, Pamella Ribeiro Porfirio, Jose Angel Prera Milian and Abnie Preval.
Also, Kaynan De Souza Procopio, Livia Cardoso Putney, Alex Adrian Quijosaca Garcia, Jhon Abdias Quinchi Cambay, Kathryn Emma Quinn, Erick Daniel Quiroa-Torres, Kaiky Mariano Ramos, Kailyn Manoella Alencar Ramos, Maria Eduarda Maia Ramos, Pedro Ramos, Angelina Rattray, Prisha Ray, Kaik Cardoso Reis, Layla Cristina Reyes, Carlos Yahir Reynoso Melendez, Daniel Henrique Correa Ribeiro, Danilo Alves Ribeiro, Gabriel Santiago Ribeiro, Maria Eduarda Silva Ribeiro and Emily Judith Richardson.
Also, Emma Kaitlyn Rothstein, Eliza Sofer Rubel, Mary Catherine Ruddock, Abigail Maria Russo, Davi Vilas Novas Saar, Anst Diddley Saint Valliere, Maria Eduarda Limas Sales, Talia Grace Salls, Walter Josue Samayoa Garcia, Olga Johanny Sanchez Chalas, Ruddy Sanchez Cuellar, Davidson Sanon, Demetri Isiah Santiago, Rafael Antonio Santiago, Sara Cristiny Da Silva Santos, Xavier Steven Santos, Aisha Faith Sautier, Elliot William Savelle, Audrey Lynne Savill and Joseph T. Scandale.
Also, Mateus Fernandes Schiavo, Victor Mutz Schimmelpfennig, Matthew Henry Schneider, Ethan Tyler Schrag, Lunah Valentina Semprum, Arthur Rocha Sena, Andrea Nunu Serunjogi, Marabel Afia-Akoma Shackleford, Kaya Troncales Shen, Charles Josef Sherer, Nathan Franz Shishko, Madelin Sierra Contreras, Andrew Marques Silva, Emilly Junia De Assis Silva, Emilly Lima Silva, Enzo Silva, Hyago Faria Silva, Kaillyn Soares Silva, Kauan Soares Silva and Kayk Soares Silva.
Also, Kayllaine Pereira Silva, Millena Dos Santos Silva, Sheron Teixeira Silva, Victoria Emilly Oliveira Silva, Isis Claudino Silva Lopes, Sophia Senna Portuense Silveira, Melvin Osvaldo Sintuj Felipe, Lyssa Siqueira, Lyvia Siqueira, Nathaly Goncalves Siqueira, Jordan Abigail Sisitsky, Tristan Samuel Sisolak, Lola Isabella Smith, Cristopher Augusto Alves Soares, Seyed Ali Hosseini Sohi, Darelis Soto, Rafael Santana Sousa, Kaleb Souza, Duncan Cameron Speel and Margaret Ann Spring.
Also, Darius Ssemakula, Esther Nalule Ssentongo, Owen Asher Steck, Nora Kathleen Steiner, Natalie Hamel Stevens, Alana Jade Stone, Yhasmym Silva Storck, Jayden Strange, Sophia Samantha Strange, Abigail Jennifer Sullivan, Nida Ali Syed, Ella Beth Terranova, Annalis Terrasi, Brian James Thayer, Olivia Marie Tichnor, Joseph Elijah Till, Adelaida Ines Toma Carrillo, Thais Cristina Da Silva Torres, Madyson Cecile Toussaint and Josue Nestor Trigueros Jr.
Also, Andrew Kwan Truong, Asia Symone Turner, Joshua William Tynes, Nayda Uchoa, Michael Junior Urbaez, Inysha Fanette Valcourt, Yelena Sophia Valencia Pineda, Fernando Jose Vargas Rios, Maria Eduarda Rozario Varnier, Bryan Emmanuel Vasquez Colay, Axel Jerriel Vazquez, Jaslyn Vazquez, Kristel Melisa Ventura Flores, Derrick Vicente Vervil, Ryan Freitas Viana, Matthew Rodrigues Vilela, Dorothy Hazel Villeda, Gabriella Marie Viveiros, Aaron Jhosue Vuele Salinas and Jeremy Mwema-Shungu Wakadilo.
Also, Brendan Curtis Walker, Jaden Rashad Wallen, Owen Harrison Warren, Kiyan Rico Weiss, Miles Simon Wennik, William George Wennik, Robert John White, Caiden Ryan Whitney, Alexander George Wilkinson, Julia Naomi Wilkinson, Amelia Fay Williams, Trejon Williams, Keira Brooke Wiltshire, Lila Allegra Wolf-Wagner, Trey Wu Wong, Jovanni Mitchell Gillett Woods, Peter James Wozniak, Derrick Maurice Yancey Jr., Jonathan Ivan Yanes Hernandez and Ian Arthur Zaino.
Also, Brooke Elizabeth Zanella, Monica Susana Zecena Carrillo and Svitlana Zhukova.
Volume 3 - 2022 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2022.1037913">https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2022.1037913</a>
Approximately 15 million people die each year due to tropical diseases, which are caused by a variety of infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or protozoa. Such diseases usually are a result of an intricate relationship between poverty, poor living conditions, malnutrition, and poor healthcare system infrastructure, affecting a large proportion of developing and underdeveloped countries (<a href="#B1">1</a>&#x2013;<a href="#B3">3</a>)
these diseases are not restricted to infections that are uniquely reported in tropical regions
but also include illnesses that exhibit a very high burden in such zones of the globe
Despite the great progress in governmental and private initiatives to improve measures to prevent and treat these infections, they remain the world&#x2019;s leading cause of premature death, highlighting the magnitude of this public health problem (<a href="#B4">4</a>&#x2013;<a href="#B6">6</a>)
we summarize top priorities that pose grand challenges to dampen the burden of major tropical diseases worldwide
We will especially focus on the big three pathogens
which are the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
although other important conditions are highlighted
and prophylaxis are discussed to define the scope of interest of the Section Major Tropical Diseases of the Frontiers in Tropical Diseases journal
HIV infection is a major global public health problem, as it has been associated with a total of approximately 40.1 million deaths. Moreover, it is estimated that there are 38.4 million people living with HIV (PLWH), and at the end of 2021, 650 thousand people had died from HIV-related causes (<a href="#B7">7</a>)
Infected individuals gradually diminish the effectiveness of their immunological responses, as the virus invades and destroys lymphocytes, resulting in increased susceptibility to various opportunistic diseases (<a href="#B8">8</a>). The advanced stage of HIV infection is named acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is characterized by CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts below 200 cells/mm3 (<a href="#B9">9</a>)
There have been significant advances in the prophylaxis
Some crucial points in the HIV cascade of care still need to be optimized
from the initial diagnosis to achievement of viral suppression
The cascade of care illustrates the effectiveness of HIV testing services
provide earlier diagnosis and early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation
and create policies to increase treatment adherence
The most critical advance in the attempts to control the HIV epidemic was the development and implementation of ART, which has led to significant reductions in morbidity and mortality. The therapeutic effect is based on immune reconstitution which is characterized by improvement on lymphocyte counts and function, and attenuation of homeostatic disruption (<a href="#B12">12</a>). In addition, PLWH who achieve low levels of viremia are less likely to transmit the virus (<a href="#B13">13</a>)
ART is also an indispensable prevention strategy
Currently, 46 ART drugs approved by the US Food &amp; Drug Administration are available to treat HIV infection, and standardized treatment protocols vary depending on the country resources (<a href="#B14">14</a>). According to the latest WHO bulletin, approximately 70% of PLWH are currently on ART (<a href="#B9">9</a>). Despite that, ART is not curative, and the viral load usually rebounds within weeks if treatment is interrupted (<a href="#B15">15</a>)
This highlights the need to promote actions that encourage adherence to treatment
studies with clinical and epidemiological data are needed to understand the risk factors associated with this abandonment of treatment
aiming to direct the creation of effective public health policies to overcome this challenge
the development of novel highly effective and/or curative antivirals with less side effects may bring new hope to this field
There are different types of tests available to diagnose HIV infection, such as rapid point-of-care tests, serological, and nucleic acid-based assays. Importantly, after obtaining a positive test it is recommended to confirm the diagnosis with another type of test (<a href="#B19">19</a>)
During an infection, antibodies are produced by the immune system to eradicate the pathogen. The serological test for HIV identifies this production, which usually occurs within a period of up to 28 days. An important limitation of the diagnosis is the time from viral exposure to serologic conversion, defined as immunity gap (<a href="#B20">20</a>)
The creation of an easy and highly accurate test is crucial to identify HIV infection in vulnerable populations
novel approaches to exposed patients who were still in the gap of 28 days are needed
aiming to improve the application of the post-exposition therapy
For those who are tested and diagnosed with HIV
access to HIV treatment and an efficient cascade of care without stigma must be as simple and affordable as well as conceivable to obtain the favorable outcomes
the hesitancy to widely adopt sex education and family planning
and the exclusion of minorities that are most at risk for HIV all contribute to inability to achieve desirable level of HIV prevention
The lack of a vaccine that could control the worldwide dissemination of HIV disease completes the list of targeted challenges
To achieve the goals set by the WHO aiming at ending TB by 2035
we still need to optimize some key points in the prevention/vaccination
The big challenge in this scenario is in developing tools with high effectiveness
These three characteristics are important to implement each technology in underdeveloped countries
Treatment adherence is a substantial challenge to combat TB. The long duration of treatment and related ADR are associated with nonadherence and loss to follow up (<a href="#B34">34</a>, <a href="#B35">35</a>)
it is crucial to invest in shortening the treatment duration and/or in less toxic drugs to reduce the risk of ADR
treatment interruption may facilitate the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains
which represent an important obstacle in the management of TB patients
The necessity to develop an efficient treatment is related with the prerequisite of updating the knowledge on the molecular basis for evolution of Mtb drug resistance
Despite of the clinical form of TB, the diagnosis remains a public health problem. First, the diagnosis of TBI is rather indirect and relies on evidence of cellular immune response against mycobacterial antigens. The low tissue bacterial burden associated with TBI works against any microbiology-based diagnostic strategy focused on identifying the bacteria or its components (<a href="#B36">36</a>)
it is key to develop tests that can diagnose TB in easily accessible samples
the possibility of applying the tests on a large scale and at a low cost is indispensable
Tests that can diagnose TB independent of the site affected can potentially make the diagnosis of EPTB in populations at risk with low bacillary load more reliable
it is imperative to increase investment in research focused on biomarkers and molecular signatures of TB
another challenge is to develop tools that permit to identify patients with high risk to progress from TBI to active TB
as well as to recognize the patients who present increased risk of unfavorable TB treatment outcomes
This reinforces the need of investments in precision medicine on tropical diseases
The available prophylaxis for TB is the Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#xe9;rin (BCG) vaccine. This vaccine was formulated using&#xa0;a live-attenuated strain of M. bovis. However, the BCG vaccine prevents only severe forms of the disease, such as miliary and meningeal TB in children. Importantly, BCG does not prevent other TB presentations such as the primary pulmonary infection or activation of TBI (<a href="#B40">40</a>)
It is vital to encourage the development of an effective and specific vaccine against Mtb
which can prevent not only severe forms of the disease
but also the development of active pulmonary TB
There are a few vaccines currently been tested in clinical trials
but no candidate has been formally implemented in clinical practice
The world has made considerable progress in the fight against malaria. This disease is transmitted by mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium sp. In the past 20 years, the incidence reduced by 27%, and the mortality rate decreased by 50.8% (<a href="#B41">41</a>). Of note, due to service disruptions caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, increases of 14 million cases of malaria and 47 thousand deaths were estimated in 2020 compared to 2019 (<a href="#B41">41</a>)
Despite all advances in the last years, malaria remains with high burden worldwide, notably in resource-limited, tropical countries, with most cases and deaths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2020, approximately 241 million cases of malaria and 627 thousand malaria-related deaths were reported worldwide, accounting 7.8% of the global diseases burden (<a href="#B41">41</a>)
Some population groups are at higher risk of acquiring malaria and developing the severe disease presentations, such as children under five years of age, pregnant women, and PLWH (<a href="#B41">41</a>)
Among the most important clinical presentations of public health relevance are severe anemia and cerebral malaria
which are associated with elevated risk of death if not treated
Parasitic and host factors are involved in the development of the severe clinical forms
and the associations between clinical parameters and the outcomes have been largely explored in recent years
New perspectives in the research field are required to better understand the dynamicity between Plasmodium fitness and the host immune response
new malaria drugs and mosquito intervention strategies are necessary to achieve the WHO goals and minimize the malaria burden
decreasing the devastating impact of this parasitic disease in the world
Malaria treatment depends on the parasite species, severity of infection, endemicity of the area, and drug-resistance profile. The drugs used range according to the local guidelines and include various possible combinations (<a href="#B42">42</a>)
Antimalarial drugs are used in the treatment and prevention of Plasmodium infection (<a href="#B43">43</a>)
is the main target in the current treatment model
the lack of a highly effective therapy and the emergence of drug-resistant parasite strains lead to challenges in the malaria burden control
such as proteins and enzymes associated with lipid metabolism and parasite DNA replication
Importantly, the urgency of simple, quick, accurate, and cost-effective diagnostic tests for determining the presence of malaria parasites has foster development of numerous rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). RDTs are used as a screening test and must be validated with other methods, such as microscopic diagnosis and serological and molecular tests, to confirm the infection (<a href="#B45">45</a>)
It is necessary to offer resources more quickly and efficiently to patients at risk of severe illness
Better understanding of the interaction between the host and parasite is the key to the development of prediction models of severe disease
Prophylactic approaches include individual protection measures against mosquito exposure and vector control (<a href="#B47">47</a>). Regarding vector control, there are several methods considered effective, such as community education for surveillance and reduction of breeding sites, sanitary improvements, behavioral measures (use of repellents and insecticides in spray versions or impregnated with materials) and vaccination (<a href="#B48">48</a>, <a href="#B49">49</a>)
There is currently only one WHO-approved malaria vaccine: RTS,S/AS01. This vaccine was implemented in endemic countries in 2019. Nonetheless, it is only 36% effective in a population highly exposed to Plasmodium (<a href="#B50">50</a>)
it is necessary to encourage new studies to develop an effective vaccine that can be widely applied to the entire population
long-term sustainable preventive measures as well as large scale availability of malaria tests
and possibility of geolocation of notified cases in a timely fashion are critical
to combat possible outbreaks of the disease
The major tropical diseases listed here still represent tremendous public health and socioeconomic burden is several countries worldwide
aside from increased investments from governmental and public sectors
it is necessary to design decision making strategies
that can be reliably implemented in the tropical regions
This also needs to consider the peculiarities of each region
Our journal was launched to serve as a forum to discuss such strategies and help accelerating new policies to reduce the burden of these diseases
All authors contributed to manuscript revision
and approved the submitted version of the manuscript
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version
The study was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Oswaldo Cruz
MA-P and RM received a fellowship from Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior
GR and KV-S received a fellowship from Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo a&#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB)
JM-P received a fellowship from Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico (CNPq)
The work of BA was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Oswaldo Cruz
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations
Any product that may be evaluated in this article
or claim that may be made by its manufacturer
is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher
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Received: 06 September 2022; Accepted: 03 October 2022;Published: 21 October 2022
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On one of our business trips to the city of Madison
a restaurant that is proud to show the origin of the ingredients it uses in its kitchen
we were struck by a map of the state (Wisconsin) showing the restaurant connected to dozens of farms
we observed a huge panel with a picture of the producer of the month and the characteristics of their products and farm
we surfed the Graze website and found a map and a list of its farm suppliers
Revealing the source of food is a worldwide trend now that consumers increasingly seek information on the origin of the products they consume
whether they are concerned about the quality
many rural producers are reluctant to reveal too much about how their farms are operated
and fiscal problems explain this resistance
there is a battle to increase transparency about the farms to eliminate these problems
which is responsible for 40 percent of the country’s cattle herd
about 86 million head of cattle graze on 61 million hectares
Pastures are equivalent to two-thirds of the total deforestation in the region
releases a large amount of smoke when the forest is burned down
the sector also leads the occurrence of slave labor and land tenure conflicts
Because it is difficult to control so many farmers
pressure against deforestation and slave labor has reached the meat processors (meatpackers) that purchase the cattle from the ranches and supply the meat and sub-products to supermarkets and slaughterhouses and leather to the fashion industry
the Federal Prosecutor’s Office and the Federal Environmental Agency (IBAMA) in Pará state sued the meatpackers that purchased cattle from areas embargoed due to illegal deforestation and warned the meat and leather purchasers that they could also be sued if they continued to buy from these companies
Greenpeace increased the pressure by protesting against large companies that bought from these meat processors
To avoid losing business, 13 <a href="https://news.mongabay.com/2009/10/brazilian-beef-giants-agree-to-moratorium-on-amazon-deforestation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-wpel-link="internal">meatpackers in Pará signed commitments</a> (Conduct Adjustment Agreements
TACs in Portuguese) to not purchase cattle from areas deforested after 2009 and meet other requisites such as being registered under the Rural Environmental Registry
not being in Indigenous Land and Conservation Units (where the presence of farms is forbidden)
and not being included on IBAMA’s embargo list or the Ministry of Labor’s slave labor list
representing 70 percent of total slaughter capacity in the region
representing the other 30 percent of slaughter capacity
we did not find evidence that they are controlling the origin of the cattle
We visited meatpackers who are not signatories of a TAC in Pará and Mato Grosso and confirmed that they did not have protocols to block ranches that violated labor and environmental laws
we interviewed ranchers that affirmed that non-signatories of a TAC bought cattle from ranches that had been dropped by those companies that had signed a TAC
but has since increased 75 percent as of 2016
The TACs&#8217; success is limited due to the lack of reliable public information on the farms
and the implementation of the agreements by some of the meat processors
Some meatpackers that have signed a TAC are checking information on the finishing ranches where they purchase animals for slaughter — in other words
they verify if the ranch is registered under CAR
cross the CAR map with the deforestation map
and check that the ranch is not in areas embargoed by IBAMA and the slave labor list
information on CAR is not entirely reliable
we heard of cases where ranchers left part of the illegal deforestation off the map of their property
but continued to use the area illegally deforested
We also found cases in which the rancher redesigned the map of the property after the first CAR registry to leave out the illegal deforestation
Some ranchers also declared they raise cattle on farms without CAR (including on Indigenous Lands and Conservation Units) and later sell the cattle through farms with CAR
This attitude contrasts with the worldwide consensus that land tenure transparency helps business
since it facilitates commercial transactions
There is actually a global real estate transparency index published by the public company JLL (Jones Lang LaSalle)
Public accessibility to real estate registrations is among the 139 items considered in the index
data on the real estate owners and values are available online
even if the CAR maps of the direct suppliers were perfect
verifying the finishing ranches is not enough to stop deforestation
These ranches often buy calves and steers from other farms (called breeding and rearing ranches) that are not verified by the meat processors
The second largest meatpacker in Brazil indicated that 50 percent of the cows slaughtered in its processing plants in the Legal Amazon grazed on only one farm
went through more than one property before reaching the meat processor
This part of the production remains unknown and is not monitored
the rancher (an indirect supplier for the meat processor) can deforest and not be detected by the meat processor
One way to verify the indirect origin of the cattle would be to register the identity and breeding history of each animal
A tracked animal is identified after its birth and receives a marking (such as an earring or a capsule inserted in its stomach) that follows it on all the farms it passes through
The meat processor could check if the animal for slaughter has grazed on a farm that was illegally deforested – assuming the information on the farms and cattle are publicly available
The fear of transparency also led politicians and farmers to bar access to the only governmental data on the transportation of cattle between farms
farmers must fill out the number of animals
destination (whether for finishing on another farm
and the identification of origin (municipality
Tax Payer’s ID Number — CPF and CNPJ) on the guides
This form accompanies the cattle until their destination and the data is then registered by the government to help identify possible sources of disease
When will butcheries, supermarkets, and restaurants in Brazil and the world be proud to show the cattle ranches from which their suppliers buy cattle in the Amazon?
Paulo Barreto and Ritaumaria Pereira are researchers at the Amazon Institute of People and the Environment (Imazon).
The “fortress conservation” model is under pressure in East Africa, as protected areas become battlegrounds over history, human rights, and global efforts to halt biodiversity loss. Mongabay’s Special Issue goes beyond the region’s world-renowned safaris to examine how rural communities and governments are reckoning with conservation’s colonial origins, and trying to forge a path forward [&hellip;]
There are scarce data on the prevalence and disease presentation of HIV in patients with tuberculosis (TB) and dysglycemia (diabetes [DM] and prediabetes [PDM]), especially in TB-endemic countries.
There is a high prevalence of dysglycemia in patients with pulmonary TB in Brazil, regardless of the HIV status. This reinforces the idea that DM should be systematically screened in persons with TB. Presence of HIV does not substantially impact clinical presentation in persons with TBDM, although it is associated with more frequent use of recreational drugs and smear negative sputum samples during TB screening.
Infectious Diseases: Pathogenesis and Therapy
Volume 8 - 2021 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.804173">https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.804173</a>
Background: There are scarce data on the prevalence and disease presentation of HIV in patients with tuberculosis (TB) and dysglycemia (diabetes [DM] and prediabetes [PDM])
Methods: We assessed the baseline epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB
enrolled in a multicenter prospective cohort in Brazil (RePORT-Brazil) during 2015&#x02013;2019
Dysglycemia was defined by elevated glycated hemoglobin and stratified as PDM or DM
we used data from TB cases obtained through the Brazilian National Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN)
diagnosis of diabetes was based on self-report
Logistic regression models were performed to test independent associations between HIV
and other baseline characteristics in both cohorts
the prevalence of DM and of PDM was 23.7 and 37.8%
the prevalence of HIV was 21.4% in the group of persons with TB-dysglycemia and 20.5% in that of patients with TBDM
and among the TBDM group the prevalence of HIV was 4.1%
Logistic regressions demonstrated that aging was independently associated with PDM or DM in both the RePORT-Brazil and SINAN cohorts
whereas a higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with DM occurrence
HIV was not associated with an increased risk of PDM or DM in patients with pulmonary TB in both cohorts
the TBDM-HIV group presented with a lower proportion of positive sputum smear and a higher frequency of tobacco and alcohol users
Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of dysglycemia in patients with pulmonary TB in Brazil
This reinforces the idea that DM should be systematically screened in persons with TB
Presence of HIV does not substantially impact clinical presentation in persons with TBDM
although it is associated with more frequent use of recreational drugs and smear negative sputum samples during TB screening
We also investigated such associations in TB cases reported to the Brazilian National TB Registry through the National System of Diseases Notification (SINAN)
All clinical investigations were conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki
and study documents were approved by the institutional review boards at each study site and at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (CAAE: 25102414.3.2009.5543)
Participation in RePORT-Brazil was voluntary
and written informed consent was obtained from all such participants
Between 2015 and 2019, TB cases were interviewed for sociodemographic, clinical and epidemiological data such as age, sex, race/ethnicity (self-reported, based on the guidelines of the Ministry of Health of Brazil (<a href="#B19">19</a>, <a href="#B20">20</a>)
passive smoking status (living with someone who smokes)
and clinical data such as presence of TB symptoms (cough
chest pain) and had the following tests performed: chest X-ray
HIV serologic test (the test was not performed if the individuals had a previous diagnosis of HIV)
CD4 and viral load (if HIV serology was positive or previous diagnosis of HIV-infection)
Xpert-MTB-RIF (if available) and mycobacterial culture (Lowenstein-Jensen medium or BD BACTEC MGIT)
Patients who received TB treatment or fluoroquinolones for &#x0003E;7 days in the 30 days prior to TB diagnosis and pregnant women were excluded
We only analyzed information collected at the study baseline
In pulmonary TB cases from RePORT-Brazil, participants with HbA1c &#x02265; 5.7% were classified as dysglycemic and those with HbA1c &#x0003C;5.7% were considered normoglycemic. Study participants were also classified as having DM (HbA1c &#x02265; 6.5%), PDM (HbA1c = 5.7&#x02013;6.4%) or normoglycemia (HbA1c &#x0003C;5.7%), following American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines (<a href="#B23">23</a>)
Categorical variables were presented as proportions and compared using a two-sided Pearson&#x00027;s chi-square test (with Yates&#x00027;s correction) or Fisher&#x00027;s two-tailed test in 2 &#x000D7; 3 or 2 &#x000D7; 2 tables
Continuous variables were presented as median and interquartile range (IQR) and compared using the Mann Whitney U (between 2 groups) or Kruskal Wallis test (between &#x02265;2 groups)
Viral load values and CD4 count were transformed to log10 for analyses
Multinomial and binomial logistic regression models with stepwise method (Wald) were performed to evaluate independent associations between clinical characteristics of pulmonary TB cases and presence of diabetes and/or prediabetes in the Report-Brazil and SINAN cohorts
Parameters with p-values &#x02264; 0.2 in univariate analyses were included in multivariable models
P-values &#x0003C; 0.05 were considered statistically significant
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 24.0 (IBM statistics)
HIV infection among dysglycemic patients with active tuberculosis in RePORT-Brazil and SINAN cohorts
(A) Left panel: Scatter plot comparing distribution of HbA1c levels between subgroups of pulmonary TB cases per HIV infection status
Data were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test
Left panel: Total frequency of HIV infection among diabetic TB patients was 20.5%
among prediabetics was 22&#x000B7;2% and among normoglycemic patients was 20.7% (chi-square test p &#x0003E; 0&#x000B7;05)
(B) Frequency of individuals with diagnosis of diabetes
prediabetes and HIV infection in the indicated age category (in years) among pulmonary TB patients is shown
Data were compared using the Pearson&#x00027;s chi-square test
(C) Box plot comparing distribution of HbA1c levels between subgroups of pulmonary TB cases per ART-experience and ART-naive status
(D) Spearman correlation between HbA1c and viral load (log10) levels (Left panel) and CD4 (log10) levels (Right panel) at baseline in pulmonary TB patients grouped according to the dysglycemic status
Line and shaded area represent linear curve fit with 95% confidence interval
(E) Total frequency of HIV infection among diabetic TB patients was 4.1% and among normoglycemic patients was 12.3% (chi-square test p &#x0003E; 0&#x000B7;05)
The statistical analyzes were carried out only with the available data
omitting the cases with missing information (14 patients were removed due to lack in HIV status)
(F) Frequency of individuals with diagnosis of diabetes and HIV infection in the indicated age category (in years) among pulmonary TB patients is shown
Characteristics of TB cases by DM status in RePORT-Brazil cohort
Clinical Characteristics of people with TB according glycemic and HIV status in the RePORT-Brazil cohort
(A) Proportion of positive smears and abnormal X-rays in each study group
(B) Frequency of TB cases according glycemic and HIV status regarding smoking habit
alcohol consumption and illicit drug use (smoking
and illicit drug: in the past or at the time of evaluation before anti-TB treatment)
(C) Frequency of TB classical symptoms in each study group
The data were compared between the groups using the Pearson&#x00027;s chi-square test
Comparisons with significant p-values are displayed in bold
We found a similar clinical profile in the SINAN cohort, where the TBDM-HIV group was characterized by a higher frequency of male sex (70.1%). Furthermore, the highest median age was 55 years among TBDM cases, followed by 49 years in the TBDMHIV group (p &#x0003C; 0.001) (<a href="#T2">Table 2</a>)
the pardo race was the most self-reported in all groups
the TBDM-HIV group presented a slight proportion of drug resistance cases
and especially to rifampicin and isoniazid (8.1%) (p &#x0003C; 0.001)
Characteristics of TB cases by DM and HIV status in SINAN cohort
Clinical Characteristics of people with TB according glycemic and HIV status of the SINAN cohort
(C) TB cases according glycemic and HIV status regarding smoking habit
representing 66% of DM cases in RePORT Brazil cohort
demonstrating the importance of DM screening at the time of TB diagnosis
which could be a potential confounding factor
but HIV-infection was not associated with occurrence of dysglycemia in our study in both cohorts
presence of HIV-infection was linked to increased likelihood of normoglycemia in the population with pulmonary TB
the findings presented here from both large cohorts analyzed in this study argue that HIV-infection does not appear to be a determinant of dysglycemia in patients with pulmonary TB in Brazil
Further studies are necessary to clarify whether HIV disease progression affects glycemic control by measuring several laboratory parameters simultaneously
fasting glucose levels or oral glucose tolerance tests
Our findings clearly corroborate the idea that despite the effect of HIV-infection on the immune system
glucose metabolism does not seem to be highly affected by this infection or disease progression
which may contribute at least in part to lung damage leading to cough and altered x-rays
dysglycemia was investigated by means of HbA1c levels; we did not perform fasting glucose levels or oral glucose tolerance tests
Although glycated hemoglobin levels have been reliably used to estimate dysglycemia in several studies
it is possible that the final numbers of DM and PDM would have differed if additional laboratory assessments had been used
the use of anti-DM drugs was not uniformly recorded
diabetes condition is notified without differentiating if it was self-reported or if it had a laboratory confirmation
the accuracy of DM diagnosis may have been affected
Another limitation was that in the RePORT-Brazil cohort
the type of DM was type 2 and in the SINAN cohort the type of DM is not specified in the notification system
monitor glycemia and ensure a favorable treatment result
the results of this strategy are still being evaluated to find a functional system in the comprehensive care of patients with TB
Andrade (Laborat&#x000F3;rio de Inflama&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o e Biomarcadores
Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative
Cubillos-Angulo (Laborat&#x000F3;rio de Inflama&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o e Biomarcadores
J&#x000E9;ssica Rebou&#x000E7;as-Silva (Laborat&#x000F3;rio de Inflama&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o e Biomarcadores
Andr&#x000E9; Ramos (Instituto Brasileiro para Investiga&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o da Tuberculose
Funda&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o Jos&#x000E9; Silveira
Costa (Programa de P&#x000F3;s-Gradua&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o em Medicina Tropical
Laborat&#x000F3;rio de Pesquisa Cl&#x000ED;nica em Micobacteriose
Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas
Brazil); Jaquelane Silva (Programa de P&#x000F3;s-Gradua&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o em Medicina Tropical
Ign&#x000E1;cio (Division of Infectious Diseases
United States); Vanessa Nascimento (Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative
Instituto Brasileiro para Investiga&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o da Tuberculose
Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#x000FA;de P&#x000FA;blica
Brazil); Maria Cristina Louren&#x000E7;o18
Mayla Mello (Programa Acad&#x000EA;mico de Tuberculose da Faculdade de Medicina
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by The RePORT-Brazil protocol
The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study
All authors Writing&#x02014;review and editing
All authors have read and agreed to the submitted version of the manuscript
The study was supported in part by the intramural research program of FIOCRUZ (BA.)
Fogarty International Center and National Institute of Child Health &#x00026; Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under (Award Number D43 TW009763 through a research scholarship awarded to MA.) and by the NIH (U01AI069923)
are senior scientists from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#x000ED;fico e Tecnol&#x000F3;gico (CNPq)
received a research fellowship from the Funda&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o de Amparo &#x000E0; Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB)
MA-P and BB-D received a fellowship from Coordena&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o de Aperfei&#x000E7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#x000ED;vel Superior (Finance code: 001)
We also thank the teams of clinical and laboratory platforms of RePORT-Brazil
USA) for administrative and logistical support
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.804173/full#supplementary-material">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.804173/full#supplementary-material</a>
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Received: 28 October 2021; Accepted: 14 December 2021; Published: 21 January 2022
&#x0002A;Correspondence: Bruno B. Andrade, <a id="encmail">YnJ1bm8uYW5kcmFkZUBmaW9jcnV6LmJy</a>
&#x02020;These authors have contributed equally to this work
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tuberculosis (TB) presents an ongoing challenge
demanding innovative strategies for its control
This review spotlights the intersection of TB with diabetes mellitus (DM)
recognized by the World Health Organization as a key risk factor in the TB epidemic
Particularly prevalent in low and middle-income nations
the TB-DM comorbidity drives up TB rates through a nexus of chronic inflammation
we elucidate the impact of TB-DM on patient prognosis and the multifaceted complications it introduces to disease transmission
Our synthesis aims to offer a fresh lens on TB-DM
fostering a nuanced understanding that could inform future healthcare policies and interventions
In the contemporary global health landscape, tuberculosis (TB), a persistent challenge, intersects intricately with another widespread condition, diabetes mellitus (DM) (<a href="#B1">1</a>, <a href="#B2">2</a>). Recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a crucial risk factor in the TB epidemic, TB-DM comorbidity emerges as a significant concern, especially in low and middle-income countries (<a href="#B1">1</a>)
The coexistence of TB-DM presents a unique challenge in global health
demanding a nuanced understanding of their interplay
that affects TB disease progression and individual outcomes
incorporating both traditional epidemiological methods and advanced molecular techniques
is essential to fully comprehend and effectively address the TB-DM comorbidity
In this context, the TB-DM comorbidity has garnered significant attention in the last years. Interestingly, some studies revealed regional disparities in the immune profile resulting from this interaction and emphasized the influence of socio-demographic and clinical factors on both diseases (<a href="#B9">9</a>, <a href="#B10">10</a>)
This article delves into the multifaceted relationship between TB and DM
exploring how this interplay exacerbates TB incidence
Our review compiles recent findings on the epidemiological
highlighting its profound implications on patient outcomes and the broader challenges it poses in disease management
we aim to provide a comprehensive multiplatform perspective that not only sheds light on the complexities of this comorbidity but also suggests pathways for innovative healthcare strategies and policy formulations
References for this review were identified through searches of PubMed for articles published from January
by use of the terms &#x0201C;tuberculosis,&#x0201D; &#x0201C;diabetes,&#x0201D; &#x0201C;hyperglycemia,&#x0201D; &#x0201C;epidemiology,&#x0201D; &#x0201C;immune profile,&#x0201D; &#x0201C;treatment outcomes,&#x0201D; &#x0201C;clinical presentation,&#x0201D; and &#x0201C;omics.&#x0201D; Articles resulting from these searches and relevant references cited in those articles were reviewed
and the most relevant and recent papers published in English were included
This may be a reflection of the high coverage of DM screening in TB clinics
as well as points to the potential influence of regional epidemiological patterns
now being explored through multiplatform studies
indicating a complex interplay of epidemiological elements in TB-DM comorbidity
highlighting the relevance of DM confirmation after TB treatment to avoid an overestimation of the dual burden of diseases
the investigation of TB infection in DM patients
as well as dysglycemia in TB infected people
is crucial as a cost-effective public health strategy to mitigate the impact of the epidemics
The insights from epidemiological and molecular studies on TB-DM comorbidity have significant implications for future healthcare policies and interventions
such as the IL-6 GG encourage the design of molecular epidemiology projects to identify specific SNPs associated with increased disease risk
explain varied disease burdens across populations and inform tailored public health strategies
potentially reducing the incidence and improving the management of TB-DM comorbidity
The relationship between TB-DM represents a complex, bidirectional nexus significantly impacting clinical presentation, and disease dynamics and outcomes. DM is not only associated with the prevalence of TB but also exacerbates its progression (<a href="#B31">31</a>, <a href="#B32">32</a>). By 2050, projections suggest that one-third of TB incidence and mortality within the Asia-Pacific region and similar environments, will be attributable to DM (<a href="#B33">33</a>)
This alarming trend underscores the need for integrated health strategies that address both TB and DM
particularly in regions with high prevalence rates
The changes in clinical presentations and the consequences of a late diagnosis and start of TB treatment emerge as a clinical challenge in TB management and disease burden control
These factors interact in ways that enhance the transmission potential among TB-DM patients
thereby underscoring the need for timely diagnosis and targeted interventions to control the spread of TB in this vulnerable population
These effects could contribute to poor adhesion of both treatments
highlighting the relevance of TB-DM to public health
The challenges of TB-DM regarding clinical manifestations and
outcomes play pivotal role in the future direction of TB management
is necessary to expand the glycemic tests among TB patients
identifying and treating DM with better glucose control
an active search for TB is fundamental to early diagnosis and treatment
it is important to focus on screening close contacts of TB-DM individuals
improving the understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the worse clinical presentation and unfavorable outcomes could help to tailoring effective and patient-centered interventions
The varying global incidences of TB-DM and the notable impact of DM on the clinical presentation
and transmission of TB underscore a complex and intricate synergy between these conditions
multi-platform approaches are essential for dissecting the intricate cellular and molecular interactions in TB-DM comorbidity and provide a comprehensive view of the inflammatory processes involved
Such advancements have the potential to significantly enhance prognosis
and contribute to a reduction in the burden of TB
several multimolecular biomarkers have been explored with the goal of enhancing diagnosis and clinical management of TB-DM patients
The interplay between TB-DM leads to significant impairments in both innate and adaptive immune responses
This results from a combination of altered cytokine production
phenotypic changes in immune cell populations
and metabolic influences due to hyperglycemia
These cellular alterations contribute to a weakened immune defense against TB in diabetic individuals
underlining the importance of targeted interventions that address these specific cellular immune challenges in TB-DM comorbidity
Another study analyzed the interferon-gamma gene variants and found that the TACCCAGA haplotype was negatively associated with TB-DM
The frequency of this haplotype was high in healthy controls compared to TB-DM patients
ehich may denote the importance of genetic variation in TB-DM predisposition
as well as facilitate the identification of individuals at risk
These findings collectively deepen our understanding of the genetic interplay between TB and DM
emphasizing the need for integrative approaches that consider genetic
and environmental factors in addressing TB-DM comorbidity
These correlations may play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of TB-DM
contributing to a more severe clinical presentation and unfavorable outcomes
These studies demonstrate that transcriptomics has shed light on the field of TB-DM
revealing that there are consistently altered pathways in TB-DM patients
These findings not only provide a deeper understanding of TB-DM pathophysiology but also open avenues for new diagnostic
which can be associated with unfavorable outcomes and Mtb dissemination
Multi-omics investigations have significantly advanced our comprehension of the complex interplay between these two diseases
By integrating data from various omics layers such as genomics
it is possible to achieve a holistic understanding of the biological processes involved in TB-DM interaction and consequently prognosis
Funding multi-omic studies is fundamental to better understanding the pathophysiology of TB-DM and its impact on anti-TB treatment outcomes as well as in the identification of new targets to host directed therapies
these findings highlight that multimolecular signatures can be more predictive and impactful for precision medicine compared to single-omic approaches
underscoring the enhanced potential of multi-omic platforms in advancing our understanding of inflammatory and infectious diseases
as well in finding markers that can be implemented in the clinical practice
The studies included in this review provide substantial evidence of the interplay between TB and DM and highlight the need for advanced research methodologies
Current evidence in epidemiology demonstrates a global prevalence of DM in TB cases
there exists a knowledge gap that needs addressing to understand the regional disparities in TB-DM comorbidity
Investment in molecular epidemiology studies is crucial for this understanding and is pivotal for developing targeted public health strategies
This approach would not only elucidate regional differences but also aid in formulating more effective
The clinical nexus of TB-DM presents a bidirectional impact
with DM complicating TB management and exacerbating disease progression
Research shows a positive association between DM and increased mycobacterial loads and distinct lung lesions
underscoring the need for integrated health strategies addressing both diseases
The next step in addressing TB-DM comorbidity in the clinical point of view would involve developing more targeted public health policies for individuals with both conditions
This could include enhanced TB screening in DM patients and the other way around
as well as expanding research into contacts of these patients to assess transmission dynamics
It is also important to highlight that further studies are needed to evaluate how DM multimorbidity (such as chronic kidney disease
and cardiovascular problems) affect the inflammatory profile of the TB-DM patients
making complex the potential identification of biomarkers or treatment targets
These strategies would improve individual patient care and contribute to broader public health efforts in managing and preventing the spread of TB-DM comorbidity
It is also known that DM impacts immune cell function and response in TB
with specific genetic variations associated with TB susceptibility
This points to the potential of using advanced technologies like single-cell analysis to uncover new therapeutic targets and biomarkers
This review provides several cellular and molecular insights associated with TB-DM comorbidity
We discussed the altered immune cell function in DM patients which are crucial in containing TB infection
as well as the influence of genetic factors
and the role of multi-omics in understanding molecular pathways disrupted in TB-DM
as well as the addition cutting-edge technologies such as single-cell analysis could be instrumental
This technology can allow for a more granular understanding of cellular responses in TB-DM comorbidity at an individual cell level
potentially uncovering new pathways and therapeutic targets
and implementation of point-of-care testing for specific biomarkers already identified through these advanced methods could revolutionize early detection and monitoring of TB-DM comorbidity
This approach aligns with the development of predictive scores
and clinical data to accurately assess disease progression and treatment outcomes
a targeted TB vaccine could play crucial role in diseases prevention
but anyone directed to population with impaired inflammatory responses
A better understanding of the nuances of immune activation and impairment in TB-DM could help the development of a new TB vaccine focused on DM patients
Moreover, the creation and improvement of comprehensive risk scores, incorporating socio-demographic, lifestyle, and clinical variables, could greatly enhance the precision of public health interventions. These scores, derived from multi-omic and epidemiological data, could be tailored to specific populations, considering regional variations in TB-DM comorbidity. <a href="#F1">Figure 1</a> encapsulates the current state of knowledge and future directions in TB-DM comorbidity research
leveraging these innovative technologies and approaches could bridge the gap between current knowledge and the untapped potential in managing TB-DM comorbidity
Overview of the interplay between Tuberculosis (TB) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and future directions
and cellular/molecular knowledge concerning TB-DM co-morbidity
Down: Prospective actions for advancing research and healthcare strategies
The intricate relationship between TB-DM is a worldwide health threat
impacting treatment outcomes and mortality rates
and lipidomic studies is vital for understanding the complexities of TB-DM comorbidity
The study of multi-omic platforms emerges as an opportunity to gain insights into disease pathogenesis
given that it simultaneously explores several components of immune responses through multiple assay platforms
The identification of precise biomarkers for diagnosis and individualized treatment
along with public health strategies informed by molecular and epidemiological findings
This area of research holds the promise of significant advancements
offering enhanced management of TB-DM comorbidity and contributing to global public health outcomes
Writing &#x02013; review &#x00026; editing
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research
and KV-S were supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#x000ED;fico e Tecnol&#x000F3;gico (CNPq)
BB-D received a fellowship from Coordena&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o de Aperfei&#x000E7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#x000ED;vel Superior (Finance code: 001)
BA was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Funda&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o Oswaldo Cruz
Intramural Research Program of the Funda&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o Jos&#x000E9; Silveira
Departamento de Ci&#x000EA;ncia e Tecnologia
and the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [U01-AI069923]
BA and AQ are senior investigators and fellow from the CNPq
We thank Elze Leite for the administrative support
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<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?author=R+Singla&#x00026;author=N+Khan&#x00026;author=N+Al-Sharif&#x00026;author=MO+Ai-Sayegh&#x00026;author=MA+Shaikh&#x00026;author=MM+Osman+&#x00026;publication_year=2006&#x00026;title=Influence+of+diabetes+on+manifestations+and+treatment+outcome+of+pulmonary+TB+patients&#x00026;journal=Int+J+Tuberc+Lung+Dis.&#x00026;volume=10&#x00026;pages=74-9" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a>
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Rifampin enhances the glucose-lowering effect of metformin and increases OCT1 mRNA levels in healthy participants
Rifampicin alters metformin plasma exposure but not blood glucose levels in diabetic tuberculosis patients
Metformin revisited: a critical review of the benefit-risk balance in at-risk patients with type 2 diabetes
Impaired recognition of mycobacterium tuberculosis by alveolar macrophages from diabetic mice
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Impact of diabetes mellitus on the immunity of tuberculosis patients: a retrospective
Tuberculosis susceptibility of diabetic mice
Diabetic mice display a delayed adaptive immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Decreased frequencies of gamma/delta T cells expressing Th1/Th17 cytokine
and immune markers in latent tuberculosis-diabetes/pre-diabetes comorbidity
Unraveling genetic causality between type 2 diabetes and pulmonary tuberculosis on the basis of Mendelian randomization
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prospective cohort study of whole blood gene expression in the tuberculosis-diabetes interaction
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Queiroz ATL and Andrade BB (2024) Intersecting epidemics: deciphering the complexities of tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity
Received: 28 August 2024; Accepted: 29 November 2024; Published: 18 December 2024
Copyright &#x000A9; 2024 Araujo-Pereira, Vinhaes, Barreto-Duarte, Villalva-Serra, Queiroz and Andrade. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)</a>
&#x0002A;Correspondence: Bruno B. Andrade, <a id="encmail">QnJ1bm8uYW5kcmFkZUBmaW9jcnV6LmJy</a>
&#x02020;These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
Volume 4 - 2014 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2014.00174">https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2014.00174</a>
This article is part of the Research TopicGlycan diversity in fungi, bacteria and sea organisms<a class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--medium Link--icon Link--chevronRight Link--right" aria-label="View all 10 articles" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/2262/glycan-diversity-in-fungi-bacteria-and-sea-organisms/magazine" target="_self" data-event="customLink-linkType-a_viewAll10Articles">View all 10 articles</a>
are a formidable source of natural compounds with diverse biological activities
In the last five decades it has been estimated that more than 3000 natural compounds were discovered from these organisms
The great majority of the published works have focused on terpenoids
glycolipids are a neglected class of macroalgal secondary metabolites therefore remaining as a largely unknown reservoir of molecular diversity
the interest regarding these compounds has been growing fast in the last decades as activities of ecological or pharmaceutical interest have been highlighted
This paper will review recent work regarding isolation and structural characterization of glycolipids from seaweeds and their prospective biological activities
General structure of the three main glycoglycerolipids from seaweeds
These glycoglycerolipids are present in chloroplasts of eukaryotic algae where MGDGs and DGDGs are the most abundant lipids of the thylakoid membrane and appear to play a crucial role in photosynthesis (<a href="#B15">H&#x000F6;lzl and D&#x000F6;rmann, 2007</a>)
This work will present a concise review of studies from the last 15 years regarding the isolation and structural characterization of bioactive glycolipids from marine macroalgae
The MGDG isolated from Petalonia binghamiae was characterized as a potent inhibitor of the activities of mammalian DNA polymerase &#x003B1; (<a href="#B27">Mizushina et al., 2001</a>)
SQDG and DGDG from the Japanese macroalga Sargassum horneri were found to induce apoptosis of the human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cell when associate with sodium butyrate (<a href="#B16">Hossain et al., 2005</a>)
Two glucopyranosyldiacylglycerols were isolated from Sargassum fulvellum. The two compounds were identified to be 1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-oleoyl-3-O-(&#x003B1;-D-glucopyranosyl)-glycerol and 1-O-myristoyl-2-O-oleoyl-3-O-(&#x003B1;-D-glucopyranosyl)-glycerol and showed fibrinolytic activity in the reaction system of single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen (<a href="#B39">Wu et al., 2009</a>)
The dichloromethane-methanol (7/3) extract of Lobophora variegata from the Yucatan coast (Mexico) demonstrated activity against the protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis, with an IC50 value of 3.2 &#x003BC;g/ml (<a href="#B5">Cantillo-Ciau et al., 2010</a>)
Further fractionation of that extract was undergone and led to a chloroform fraction that showed activity against the protozoa T
Purification of this fraction allowed the isolation of three SQDGs: the major compound 1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-myristoyl-3-O-(6-sulfo-&#x003B1;-D-quinovopyranosyl)-glycerol
along with small amounts of 1,2-di-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(6-sulfo-&#x003B1;-D-quinovopyranosyl)-glycerol and a new compound identified as 1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-oleoyl-3-O-(6-sulfo-&#x003B1;-D-quinovopyranosyl)-glycerol
 <a href="#B33">Plouguern&#x000E9; et al. (2010)</a> isolated MGDGs in a fraction obtained from Sargassum muticum collected from the coast of Britanny (France)
that inhibited the bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens and Polaribacter irgensii and the fungi Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera
The inhibitory activity was reported for a concentration of 0.75 mg/l
The crude ethyl acetate extract of Fucus evanescens, collected on the Arctic coast of Ungava Bay, Nunavik (Canada), showed strong antibacterial activity (&#x02265;4 log10 colony-forming units (cfu) against Hemophilus influenza, Legionella pneumophila, Propionibacterium acnes, and Streptococcus pyogenes, when tested at 100 &#x003BC;g/ml. This glycolipid rich extract also inhibited by 3 log10 cfu the bacteria Clostridium difficile and Staphylococcus aureus (<a href="#B10">Amiguet et al., 2011</a>)
Further purification of the glycolipid rich extract led to the isolation and identification of the main compound as the MGDG 2&#x02032;
3&#x02032;-propyl dilinolenate-&#x003B2;-D-galactopyranoside
<a href="#B9">El Baz et al. (2013)</a> investigated the structures and biological activities of sulfolipids from the Mediterranean macroalgae Dilophus fasciola and Taonia atomaria
The authors highlighted antibacterial and antiviral activities from sulfolipids extracts
The major compounds were identified as SQDG and SQMG (sulfoquinovosylmonoacylglyceride)
<a href="#B18">Imbs et al. (2013)</a> isolated a highly unsaturated monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) from the ethanol extract of Fucus evanescens
collected from the west coast of the Iturup Island of the Sea of Okhotsk (Russia)
identified as 1-O-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentanoyl)-2-O-(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatetraenoyl)-3-O-&#x003B2;-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol
inhibited the growth of human melanoma cells with an IC50 = 104 &#x003BC;M
<a href="#B31">Ohta et al. (1998)</a> isolated the SQDG KM043 from Gigartina tenella
that demonstrated inhibition of DNA polymerase &#x003B1;
DNA polymerase &#x003B2; and HIV-reverse transcriptase type 1
The structure of the SQDG was identified as 1-(1&#x02032;-O- &#x003B1;-D-sulfoquinovosyl)-2-palmitoyl-3-[5&#x02033; (E)
17&#x02033; (E)-eicosapentaenyl]-syn-glycerol
 <a href="#B1">Al-Fadhli et al. (2006)</a> isolated three distinct fractions containing polar glycolipids from the soluble fraction of crude methanolic extract of Chondria armata
The structure of the glycolipids was elucidated using multidimensional NMR techniques and ESI-MS in the positive ion mode
The most active fraction showed significant growth inhibition of the bacteria Klebsiella sp.
the yeast Candida albicans and the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans when tested at the concentration of 130 &#x003BC;g/disc
The main compound present in the fraction was identified as the MGDG 1-eicosapentanoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-O-galactopyranosyl-glycerol
The MGDG lithonoside isolated from the cytotoxic hexane-soluble extract of the Fijian coralline macroalga Hydrolithon reinboldii demonstrated moderate growth inhibitory activity against cancer cell lines with a mean IC50 value of 19.8 &#x003BC;M (<a href="#B20">Jiang et al., 2008</a>)
<a href="#B8">de Souza et al. (2012)</a> isolated an anti-HSV (herpes simplex virus) glycolipid-enriched fraction from the Brazilian macroalga Osmundaria obtusiloba
The major compound of the active fraction was identified as the SQDG 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-(6-deoxy-6-sulfo-&#x003B1;-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
<a href="#B37">Tsai and Pan (2012)</a> isolated SQDGs from Porphyra crispata collected from northeastern Taiwan that inhibited the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2)
<a href="#B9">El Baz et al. (2013)</a> investigated the structures and biological activities of sulfolipids from Laurencia papillosa and Galaxaura cylindrica collected from the Red Sea
The major compounds were identified as SQDG and SQMG
Anti-inflammatory activity was highlighted for two SQDGs isolated from Palmaria palmata (<a href="#B1a">Banskota et al., 2014</a>)
The bioactive compounds were identified as (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-myristoyl-3-O-(6-sulfo-a-D-qu-inovopyranosyl)-glycerol and (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(6-sulfo-&#x003B1;-D-quinovopyranosyl)-glycerol and demonstrated nitric oxide inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 36.5 and 11.0 &#x003BC;M
 <a href="#B38">Wang et al. (2007)</a> isolated a SQDG from the n-butanol fraction of the invasive Caulerpa racemosa collected from the South China Sea
The SQDG compound was characterized using spectroscopic methods as (2S)-1,2-di-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(6&#x02032;-sulfo-&#x003B1;-D-quinovopyranosyl) glycerol
with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 15.6 mg ml&#x02212;1 against both standard and clinical strains of HSV-2
MGDGs capsofulvesin A and B, along with the MGMG capsofulvesin C, isolated from Capsosiphon fulvescens collected from the southern coastal area of Wando (Korea), demonstrated cholinesterase inhibitory activity (<a href="#B11">Fang et al., 2012</a>)
 <a href="#B19">Islam et al. (2014)</a> revealed for the first time the aldose reductase inhibitory activity of the capsofulvesin A and capsofulvesin B
Such results highlighted the potential health benefits of C
fulvescens in improving neurotransmission as well as in preventing diabetic complications
<a href="#B9">El Baz et al. (2013)</a> investigated the structures and biological activities of sulfolipids from the Mediterranean macroalga Ulva fasciata
and the major compounds were identified as SQDG and SQMG
Among the three phyla of marine macroalgae
Ochrophyta appears as the main source of recently reported bioactive glycolipids
Among bioactive glycolipids isolated from marine macroalgae, SQDGs, and MGDGs dominated the reports for the last 15 years. <a href="#B23">Khotimchenko (2003)</a> studied the distribution of glyceroglycolipids in marine macroalgae and highlighted the predominance of SQDG as a characteristic of brown seaweeds from the order Fucales
It would then be logical to expect such order as a major source of bioactive SQDGs
bioactive SQDGs were more abundant in Dictyotales
Glycoglycerolipids from seaweeds are compounds with both biotechnological potential and ecological interest
Further studies are needed to extend knowledge concerning the mechanism of action of these molecules as well as their distribution between macroalgal species
This work was supported by FAPERJ (Funda&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o de Amparo &#x000E0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro)
CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#x000ED;fico e Tecnol&#x000F3;gico)
CAPES-Proex (Programa de Excel&#x000EA;ncia Acad&#x000EA;mica da Coordena&#x000E7;&#x000E3;o de Aperfei&#x000E7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#x000ED;vel Superior)
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) and Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)
and Eliana Barreto-Bergter are CNPq research fellows
Glycolipids from the red alga Chondria armata (Kutz.) Okamura
Antibacterial properties of a glycolipid-rich extract and active principle from Nunavik collections of the macroalgae Fucus evanescens C
Polar lipids from the marine macroalga Palmaria palmata inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells
Exploitation of marine algae: biogenic compounds for potential antifouling applications
NY: Springer; New Delhi: Anamaya Publishers
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Structural Characterization and Anti-HSV-1 and HSV-2 Activity of glycolipids from the marine algae Osmundaria obtusiloba isolated from southeastern Brazilian coast
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cholinesterase inhibitors from Capsosiphon fulvescens
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Statistical research on marine natural products based on data obtained between 1985 and 2008
Isolation of Fucoxanthin and highly unsaturated monogalactosyldiacylglycerol from brown alga Fucus evanescens C Agardh and in vitro investigation of their antitumor activity
The inhibitory activities of the edible green alga Capsosiphon fulvescens on rat lens aldose reductase and advanced glycation end products formation
Antineoplastic unsaturated fatty acids from Fijian macroalgae
Fatty-acids of green macrophytic algae from the sea of Japan
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Antiviral sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols (SQDGs) from the brazilian brown seaweed Sargassum vulgare
<a name="B33" id="B33"></a> Plouguern&#x000E9;
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Pereira RC and Barreto-Bergter E (2014) Glycolipids from seaweeds and their potential biotechnological applications
Received: 10 July 2014; Accepted: 24 November 2014; Published online: 17 December 2014
Copyright &#x000A9; 2014 Plouguern&#x000E9;, da Gama, Pereira and Barreto-Bergter. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)</a>
provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited
*Correspondence: Erwan Plouguern&#x000E9;, Laborat&#x000F3;rio de Produtos Naturais e Ecologia Qu&#x000ED;mica Marinha, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, Outeiro S&#x000E3;o Jo&#x000E3;o Batista s/n, Centro, Niter&#x000F3;i, RJ 24001-970, Brazil e-mail:<a id="encmail">ZXBsb3VndWVybmVAaG90bWFpbC5jb20=</a>
When retired Canadian Space Agency astronaut
was aboard the International Space Station for the final time
Hadfield orbited Earth 2,597 times and took nearly 45,000 photographs of Earth from the International Space Station
His Twitter stream of photos catapulted him to popularity — he now has more than a million followers.&nbsp;
Hadfield compiled some of his favorite photographs in his new book "<a href="http://penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/247235/you-are-here#9780345814951" data-track-click="{&quot;click_type&quot;:&quot;other&quot;,&quot;element_name&quot;:&quot;body_link&quot;,&quot;event&quot;:&quot;outbound_click&quot;}" rel=" nofollow" target="_blank">You Are Here: Around the World in 92 Minutes.</a>"
In the book's introduction he writes about Earth: "You are here — we all are — for life. Let's get to know the place a little better." With these stunning images he captured of our planet, you can.&nbsp;
Volume 7 - 2020 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00116">https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00116</a>
This article is part of the Research TopicChemically Mediated Interactions Between Marine Macrophytes and Microbes<a class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--medium Link--icon Link--chevronRight Link--right" aria-label="View all 9 articles" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/9468/chemically-mediated-interactions-between-marine-macrophytes-and-microbes/magazine" target="_self" data-event="customLink-linkType-a_viewAll9Articles">View all 9 articles</a>
Unraveling new environmentally friendly antifouling (AF) agents is one of the major quests currently facing marine biotechnology
Marine macroalgae represent a rich source of new compounds with promising biological properties
but most of the macroalgal compounds studied to date are terpenoids or polyphenolics
The aim of this work was to investigate the possible AF role played by a usually neglected class of marine natural products: glycolipids (monogalactosyldiacylglycerols &#x2013; MGDG
digalactosyldiacylglycerols &#x2013; DGDG and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols &#x2013; SQDG) isolated from the Phaeophyceae Sargassum vulgare collected along the coast of south-eastern Brazil
3 sub-fractions demonstrated particularly promising AF activity toward the growth inhibition of marine bacteria and microalgae: F3III117
The main compounds present in these fractions were identified as MGDG
These results highlight the potential of glycoglycerolipids from S
vulgare as new promising antifouling agents
new solutions are needed to develop environmentally friendly alternatives to TBT
Western states are leading the campaign against copper AF paints: Washington became the first state to ban copper-based paints containing more than 0.5% copper beginning in 2020 (for recreational boats under 20 m)
glycolipids are represented by three major distinct classes of compounds: monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDG)
digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDG) and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols (SQDG)
glycolipids from the Brazilian Phaeophyceae Sargassum vulgare were extracted and a bioprospecting approach was used to identify antifouling activity and perform fractionation of the extract
Three sub-fractions demonstrated particularly promising antifouling activity toward the growth inhibition of marine bacteria and microalgae involved in the biofouling process
The main compounds present in theses fractions were identified as
vulgare were collected by free diving in the shallow subtidal zone on the Ilha de Itacuru&#x00E7;&#x00E1;
a large nearshore island inside Sepetiba Bay (Mangaratiba district
Southwestern Atlantic &#x2013; 22&#x00B0;56&#x2032;S
vulgare were immediately transferred to the laboratory in isothermic boxes
Thalli were then freeze-dried and further ground to a fine powder before performing extraction
Fraction F3 was purified on a silica gel column eluted with chloroform/methanol with increasing concentrations of methanol (100
Eighty-two sub-fractions were obtained which were then pooled according to their HPTLC profiles (HPTLC Silica gel 60 F254 Merck&#x00AE;) (CHCl3/MeOH/NH4OH[2N]; 40/10/1)
Purification of the fraction F3I31 was then performed on a second silica gel column sequentially eluted with chloroform/methanol with increasing concentrations of methanol (95:5
The purification process led to fifty-nine sub-fractions
the fractions were pooled and their number reduced to five: F3II1
A third silica gel column was used to purify the F3II18 fraction
The elution of fraction F3II18 by 100% chloroform followed by chloroform/methanol (95/5) and finally chloroform/methanol (95/5) led to one hundred and fifty-one fractions
These fractions were pooled according to their TLC profiles
resulting in eight final fractions: F3III1
eluted with methanol and enriched in sulfatides
was further purified on a silica gel column
which was sequentially eluted with chloroform/methanol with increasing concentrations of methanol (95:5
The resulting fractions were combined in twelve final fractions
Fraction F4I86 was guarded for further analyses and fraction F4I90
and purified on a second silica gel column yielding a purified sulfolipid fraction
The F4II70 fraction was further purified using preparative TLC (CHCl3/MeOH/H20; 30/17.5/3.5)
Resumed purification protocol of glycolipids from S
vulgare against bacteria (Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii
and Polaribacter irgensii) and microalgae (Chlorarachnion reptans
and each treatment and control (seawater and SEA-NINE) was repeated six times
The crude extract and fractions were incubated with each bacterial strain (2.108 cells/ml) in 96-well plates (VWR) in LB medium (Luria Hinton Broth
the intensity of growth in presence of the tested compounds and control was compared by measuring the optical density at 620 nm
Results were expressed as MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values
All results concerning the antibacterial activity of S. vulgare crude extract, fractions and sub-fractions are presented in <a href="#T1">Table 1</a>
3 sub-fractions demonstrated particularly high antifouling activity: F3III117
Fraction F3III117 inhibited the growth of all the bacterial and microalgal strains tested with MIC values of 0.01 &#x03BC;g/mL
F3III117 displayed higher antibacterial activity than the commercial antifouling product SEA-NINE
Fraction F4II70a was the second most active fraction and inhibited the growth of 7 of the 9 strains tested
with a MIC of 0.01 &#x03BC;g/mL; the bacteria P
marina were inhibited with a MIC &#x003E;10 &#x03BC;g/mL
The antibacterial activity of F4II70a was similar to the commercial biocide SEA-NINE
The third most active fraction was the fraction F4II70b
which inhibited the growth of all the microalgae strains
5 of them with an MIC of 0.01 &#x03BC;g/mL
Further chemical analyses were carried out in order to identify the main compounds present in these three fractions
In order to improve the positive ion detection of neutral lipids, Li + (LiCl) was added in the sample solvent, giving the molecules as lithiated ions. The fraction F3III117 gave in MS1 a predominant ion with m/z 778.13 [M + Li] +. This predominant ion was fragmented by CID-MS giving rise to characteristic spectrum of neutral glyceroglycolipids (<a href="#F2">Figure 2</a>)
The ions at m/z 521 and 481 were consistent with loss of a palmitic acid (C16:0) from the sn-1 position and a nonadecenoic acid (C19:1) from the sn-2 position
The fragment-ions from glycan moiety appeared at m/z 227.1 and 169.0
thus being consistent with the fragmentation partner of a monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG)
Fragmentation in positive mode of the major ion at m/z 778.1 detected in fraction F3III117
Fragmentation in positive mode of the major ion at m/z 912.8 detected in fraction F4II70a
Fragmentation in negative mode of the major ion at m/z 835.9 detected in fraction F4II70b
total lipids extracted with chloroform/methanol were used to obtain glycolipids of the brown seaweed S
vulgare and they have been evaluated as antifoulants against different biofouling bacteria and microalgae in laboratory assays
and our results expand the knowledge of glycolipids in these marine organisms and reiterates the importance of these chemicals in Sargassum species
which highlighted antimicrofouling activity of glycolipids from the brown seaweed Sargassum muticum
It is noteworthy that some fractions were even more effective than commercial antifouling compounds currently in use
Further studies are necessary to evaluate the antifouling efficiency of these chemicals against macrofouling
in order to confirm the settlement trends observed in the laboratory
All datasets generated for this study are included in the article/supplementary material
and EB-B: conceived and designed the experiments
This research was funded by CNPq and FAPERJ
This work was supported financially by the Funda&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de Amparo &#x00E0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ; protocol 231672)
and EB-B benefit from Research Productivity fellowships awarded by CNPq
Maria Thereza Menezes de Sz&#x00E9;chy from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) for her help in setting up the collection of Sargassum vulgare
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Copyright &#x00A9; 2020 Plouguern&#x00E9;, de Souza, Sassaki, Hellio, Trepos, da Gama, Pereira and Barreto-Bergter. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)</a>
*Correspondence: Erwan Plouguern&#x00E9;, <a id="encmail">ZXBsb3VndWVybmVAaG90bWFpbC5jb20=</a>; Bernardo A. P. da Gama, <a id="encmail">YmFwZ2FtYUBnbWFpbC5jb20=</a>
&#x2020;ORCID: Claire Hellio, <a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2988-5183">orcid.org/0000-0003-2988-5183</a>
Retired professor at the Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics (IFGW) Reiko Sato Turtelli passed away on December 14th at the age of 77.&nbsp;
Read below the letter signed by rector Marcelo Knobel and João Paulo Sinnecker (Brazilian Center for Physics Research - CBPF) about the academic and personal trajectory of professor Reiko Turtelli
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Delegation learned about research carried out at Unicamp and expressed interest in international cooperation
The show class with chef and gastrologist Tibério Gil on the role of nutrition and gastronomy in contemporary women's health
opened the program that runs until Friday (8)
the occupation of command positions is still unequal between men and women
with six places offered each year in the first two periods; the offer increases to nine beneficiaries in the following two years
The publications are divided in a didactic manner into the themes General Women's Health
Obstetric Health and Adolescent Women's Health
a political commitment in favor of the solution is necessary and the&nbsp;Brazil can play an extremely important role in global environmental solutions&nbsp;
the sociologist was president of the National Association of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Social Sciences in the 2003-2004 biennium
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