Volume 7 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00061 This article is part of the Research TopicGrazing Behaviour and Welfare of RuminantsView all 14 articles Social hierarchy affects the access of animals to feed resources supplementation time may influence feeding behavior This trial was designed to test the effect of grain delivery time on the feeding behavior of heifers Heifers divided into two groups according to breed (n = 15 Braford and n = 19 Jersey) were tested in a crossover design with two treatments: INITIAL—supplement at 8 am (entry time to a fresh paddock) and MIDDLE—supplement at 4 pm (middle time of paddock use) Animals entered a new paddock every morning and grain supplement at 2 kg/animal/day was offered at the fence line (1 m/animal) ingestive and other behaviors were registered by direct visual observation through scan sampling at 2-min intervals for 1 h after grain supply Agonistic interactions were recorded continuously (instigator–victim) to build a social matrix whereby each heifer was defined as dominant Weekly pasture samples were collected according to the order that animals left the feeding area to determine crude protein and fiber content Heifers spent more time grazing on the INITIAL treatment (p < 0.0001) but exhibited more behaviors on the MIDDLE treatment (p < 0.0001) Dominant heifers spent more time eating grain (p = 0.0008) whereas subordinate heifers spent more time grazing along the paddock (p = 0.0067) The crude protein content of pasture samples was higher for the INITIAL treatment (p < 0.0001) Behavioral interaction occurred with respect to the order of leaving the feeding area Subordinate heifers consistently grazed more and ate less grain supplement than dominant and intermediate heifers when grain supplement was offered at the time animals entered the paddock more grazing activity took place during supplement feeding and subordinate heifers could select a high-protein diet this means that subordinate animals could benefit from the better pasture available reducing agonistic interactions and likely improving their welfare Rotational grazing systems, as proposed by Andre Voisin, allow better use of the pasture, ensuring sufficient interval between two successive shearings for vigorous regrowth and ensuring that animals will forage at the optimal level (1) Despite the benefits of rotational grazing farmers may need to offer feed supplements to the animals as a nutritional increment in times of pasture scarcity or as part of the diet of highly productive animals subordinate animals may have their access to feed limited if dominant animals have priority over the use of resources we raised to question how subordinate animals would behave under such conditions We further asked what strategies might be used by both animals and farmers to mitigate the negative effects of social dominance to subordinate animals we know that animals enter a new paddock every morning it would be logical to offer feed supplement in the late afternoon when pasture availability is decreased and the animals are more motivated to obtain feed we hypothesized that subordinate animals could graze the best patches while dominant animals would eat feed supplement as long as it is offered when animals enter the new paddock this study was designed to compare the effect of different delivery times (morning × afternoon) of grain supplement on the feeding behavior of heifers managed in a rotational grazing system The study was conducted between June and August of 2016 (winter) at the Voisin's Rational Grazing (VRG) Unit of the Federal University of Santa Catarina Experimental Farm of Ressacada Brazil (17°40'25” S; 48°32'30” W) The VRG unit is a 24-ha pasture divided into 86 paddocks averaging 2,500 m2 and mainly composed of plants of the genus Axonopus The study was performed in accordance with the Ethics Committee on Animal Use of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (CEUA/UFSC) under the approved protocol number 1004100516 the animals were routinely managed in two groups according to breed: Braford and Jersey heifers without any feed supplementation These breeds make up the herd of the experimental farm and are very representative of the herds in southern Brazil where the Jersey breed is the most common breed for grazing milk production and the Braford breed is well-adapted to the region being composed of zebu (3/8) and taurine (5/8) blood and two groups were formed: 15 Braford heifers (group 1 averaging 316 ± 44 kg) and 19 Jersey heifers (group 2 Each group was first allocated to one of the treatments: INITIAL—supplement was offered at occupation time (8 a.m.); and MIDDLE—supplement was offered at middle occupation time (4 p.m.) the animals had 5 days for habituation to observers and the experimental routine followed by 35 days (each day in a new paddock) for data collection Animals were moved to a new paddock every morning with mineral salt and water ad libitum Space availability per animal in the paddocks was ~145 m2/animal Animals were identified by ear tags and individually marked with numbers on their bodies with black and green livestock markers (Raidex. The supplement was a commercial ration for cattle (12% CP) and was offered on a daily basis of 2 kg/animal/day on the ground at the fence line in the morning or afternoon Description of behaviors observed during the study All agonistic interactions during the 1-h observation period were recorded—displacements, threats, and other behaviors associated with a conflict or fighting between two individuals that involved an instigator and a victim, including, or not, physical contacts, resulting in the physical displacement of an animal (15). Then, a dominance index was calculated according to Kondo and Hurnik (16) An “S” value was calculated for each heifer relative to the others if animal “I” won over animal “J” in Xij interactions and animal “J” won over animal “I” in Xji interactions then Sij would correspond to Sij = Xij-Xji/|Xij-Xji| Then the dominance index for heifer “I” (Si) would be the sum of S that animal had in each dyad The dominance value for each individual was calculated as a result of the sum of all relationships of each animal with all other animals within the group When two or more animals had the same “S” value (for example the tiebreaker was the result of direct confrontation between both animals A dominance index was constructed for each group based on the difference between the maximum and minimum dominance value, and then it was divided into three social categories: dominants (D) in the upper stratum, intermediates (I) in the middle, and subordinates (S) in the lower stratum of the index. Social hierarchy of each heifer and its dominance score are shown in Table 2 Dominance score (Score) and respective social hierarchy (SH) of each individual animal within each group To estimate the quality of the consumed diet (crude protein/CP and neutral detergent fiber content/NDF), weekly samples of pasture were collected accordingly by hand-plucking. Grazing simulation can be defined as harvesting a forage sample in the areas where the animals were grazing and simulating the morphological composition of the forage consumed by the heifers (17) six focal animals were selected for pasture collection The first three animals (FIRST3) starting to graze and the last three animals (LAST3) leaving the feeding area were chosen Samples were taken along the paddock immediately after grazing started (SAMPLE1) and then 1 h later (SAMPLE2) Each sample was conditioned in a tagged plastic bag taken to the laboratory and dried in a forced-air buffer for 72 h at 55°C until constant weight samples were ground to pass a 1-mm screen in a Wiley mill before analysis using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR/MPA “Multi-Purpose Analyzer,” Bruker Optics GmbH The FIRST3 and LAST3 data were also used for the analysis of the correlation between the order to leave the feeding area and start grazing and the social hierarchy of each individual Descriptive statistics were calculated using Microsoft® Excel® for Windows and all other statistical analyses were conducted using SAS 9.3 The percentage frequency of behaviors was summarized over the days per period yielding one value for each animal per period The Shapiro test was used on the model residual information as well as the examination of the normal plot to evaluate the dataset for the normal distribution The effect of treatment and social rank on the percentage frequency of eating grain supplement and grazing near fence line and along the paddock was analyzed using mixed procedures (Proc Mixed of SAS) The effect of treatment and social rank on the frequency of other behaviors was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (Proc Glimmix of SAS) Treatment and social rank were included in the model as fixed effect The effect of breed and interactions between treatment and social rank were removed from all models as they were not significant (p > 0.05) and grazing near fence line are reported as the least square means ± standard error (S.E.) of the percentage frequency; results of other behaviors are reported as least square means (95% confidence interval) The relation between treatment order (FIRST3; LAST3) and neutral detergent fiber were analyzed using mixed procedure (Proc Mixed of SAS) and social rank were included in the model as fixed effects and period as random effect Interactions were included in the models when they were significant (p < 0.05) Results are reported as least square means ± S.E The number of agonistic interactions (either instigator or victim) for each animal was summed per period (morning The effect of period and social rank on agonistic interactions was measured through analysis of variance (Proc GLM) Period and social rank were included as fixed effect and animal as the experimental unit Interactions between period and social rank were tested and excluded from the model as they were not significant (p > 0.05) Data are expressed as least square means ± S.E of the number of agonistic interactions/animal Treatment did not affect the time heifers spent eating grain supplement or the time they spent grazing near the fence (feeding area), but it did affect the total time dedicated to grazing along the paddock (p < 0.0001) and other behaviors (p < 0.0001), as shown in Table 3 Heifers spent more time grazing on the INITIAL treatment and performed other behaviors more frequently in the MIDDLE treatment Effect of treatment (INITIAL; MIDDLE) and social rank (dominant or subordinate) on behavior: eating grain supplement and other behaviors [normal data: least square mean ± standard error; non-normal data: least square mean (95% confidence interval)] social hierarchy influenced the feeding behavior of the group Dominant animals spent more time eating grain supplement compared to subordinate animals (p = 0.0008) spent more time grazing along the paddock (p = 0.0067) The order to leave the feeding area and start grazing was inversely related to social status Of the first three heifers leaving the supplement site whereas of the last three heifers leaving the supplement site A significant effect of treatment was observed on the crude protein content (INITIAL: 11.27 ± 1.5 vs. MIDDLE: 8.27 ± 1.47; p < 0.0001) of the forage collected as grazing simulation. An interaction was also noted among the order to leave the feeding area, social rank, and crude protein content (p = 0.04) (Table 4) The NDF content was higher for LAST3 compared to FIRST3 (FIRST3: 70.26 % ± 1.52; p > 0.05; LAST3: 73.74 % ± 1.53; p = 0.0367) and social rank were not related to FDA (39.28% ± 0.96; p > 0.05) Crude protein (%CP) content of hand-plucked pasture samples according to the order of leaving the feeding area to start grazing (FIRST3; LAST3) and the social rank (dominant Treatment and social rank affected the number of agonistic interactions Heifers performed fewer agonistic interactions on INITIAL (182.1 ± 14.03) compared to MIDDLE (249.2 ± 14.03; p < 0.01) Dominant heifers (247.7 ± 16.26) performed more agonistic interactions than subordinate heifers (182.72 ± 19.15; p < 0.05) Intermediate heifers (216.6 ± 16.26) performed a number of agonistic interactions similar to that of the other two (p = 0.2) Treatment and social status affected grazing along the paddock Heifers spent more time grazing along the paddock when grain supplement was delivered at the time of paddock entry (INITIAL) and subordinate heifers grazed longer than dominant and intermediate heifers during grain supplement feeding no difference was noted between eating grain supplement and grazing near the fence line (where supplement was placed) relative to treatment dominant and intermediate heifers ate more grain supplement and grazed longer near the fence line when compared to subordinate heifers In our study, dominant heifers spent more time eating grain supplement and grazing along the fence line than subordinate heifers, which, in turn, spent more time grazing along the paddock. Dominant animals are known to have priority of access to feed resources (24), and for grazing ruminants, this is related to the priority of access to high-quality grazing areas (9) When the dominant heifers entered the new paddock they went directly to the feeding area along the fence line and stayed there for a long time even after all the grain had been consumed This could represent a strategy to prevent subordinate heifers from eating grain supplement as they were used to the experimental routine; that is when grain supplement was offered at the time of paddock entry (INITIAL) subordinate heifers were motivated to ingest feed and they could choose to graze along the paddock instead of competing for grain supplement with dominant heifers there were a higher number of agonistic interactions probably due to the fact that heifers no longer had high-quality pasture available offering the supplement at the time of entering the paddock would reduce fights giving subordinate heifers an opportunity to graze high-quality pasture The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author The animal study was reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee on Animal Use of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (CEUA/UFSC) under the approved protocol number 1004100516 GB and LP contributed to the conception and planning of the experiment GB and KS made the data collection and field work LP and MH were advisors and revised and helped in writing All authors have read and approved the last version of the manuscript This study was funded by CNPq (National Council on Scientific and Technological Development) through Project no GB belongs to Câmara de Agroecologia The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest We further acknowledge CNPq for the scholarship for LP and MH and Thiago Mombach Pinheiro Machado for their collaboration during the experimental period Google Scholar Effects of time of supplementation on beef stocker calves grazing ryegrass CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The order of grass and maize silage supplementation modifies milk yield grazing behavior and nitrogen partitioning of lactating dairy cows The effects of social dominance on the production and behavior of grazing dairy cows offered forage supplements Graded leadership by dominant animals in a herd of female beef cattle on pasture CrossRef Full Text Effects of drinking-water flow-rates and social rank on performance and drinking behavior of tied-up dairy cows CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Google Scholar water trough location and shade availability on drinking behaviour of cows on pasture CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Social hierarchy in the domestic goat: effect on food habits and production Social hierarchy and feed supplementation of heifers: line or piles CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Self-organization of foraging behaviour: from simplicity to complexity without goals Diurnal changes in forage quality and their effects on animal preference In: 35th California Alfalfa and Forage Symposium Google Scholar The relationship between level of sward height reduction in a rotationally grazed sward and short-term intake rates of dairy cows Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1996) Google Scholar Farm Animal Behaviour – Laboratory Manual Stabilization of social hierarchy in dairy cows CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Avaliação de diferentes métodos para se estimar o valor nutritivo de forragens sob pastejo Google Scholar Time of daily supplementation for steers grazing dormant intermediate wheatgrass pasture Effect of time of supplementation on performance forage intake and grazing behavior of yearling beef steers grazing Russian wild ryegrass in the fall CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Timing of supplementation alters grazing behavior and milk production response in dairy cows Diurnal grazing pattern: its physiological basis and strategic management CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar impacts of spatial patterns in pasture on animal grazing behavior Continuous and rotational grazing of dairy cows - the interactions of grazing system with level of milk yield CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Factors influencing the priority of access to food and their effects on the carcass traits for Japanese Black (Wagyu) cattle Group-living herbivores weigh up food availability and dominance status when making patch-joining decisions Towards evenly distributed grazing patterns: including social context in sheep management strategies CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Dominance in free-stall—housed dairy cattle is dependent upon resource CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar motivation and aversion tests to ask scientific questions about animals' feelings CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar 31. 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Available online at: http://revistas.aba-agroecologia.org.br/index.php/rbagroecologia/article/view/13010 Google Scholar Invited review: an evaluation of the likely effects of individualized feeding of concentrate supplements to pasture-based dairy cows The nutritive value of pasture ingested by dairy cows varies within a herd In: 6th Australasian Dairy Science Symposium Hamilton: Australian Dairy Science Symposium Committee (2014) Google Scholar Social strategies associated with identity profiles in dairy goats and bunk design and management for adult dairy cattle CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar designing the menu and influencing the diner CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar de Sousa KT and Hötzel MJ (2020) Time of Grain Supplementation and Social Dominance Modify Feeding Behavior of Heifers in Rotational Grazing Systems Received: 05 October 2019; Accepted: 24 January 2020; Published: 06 March 2020 Copyright © 2020 Bica, Pinheiro Machado Filho, Teixeira, de Sousa and Hötzel. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Gabriela Schenato Bica, YmljYUB1ZnByLmJy; Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho, cGluaGVpcm8ubWFjaGFkb0B1ZnNjLmJy †Present address: Gabriela Schenato Bica Universidade Federal do Paraná Setor Litoral Instituto de Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais Mesa com as professoras Tatiana Vargas-Maia (PPGEEI/UFRGS) e Rosana Pinheiro-Machado (University College Dublin) Local: Auditório da FCE – sala 410 (4° andar) – 17/08/2023 às 17h e 30min The Rise of the Radical Right in the Global South is the first academic study—adopting an interdisciplinary and international perspective—to offer a comprehensive and groundbreaking framework for understanding the emergence and consolidation of different radical-right movements in Global South countries in the twenty-first century From deforestation and the anti-vaccine movement in Bolsonaro’s Brazil to the massacre of religious minorities in Modi’s India the rise of the radical right in the Global South is in the news every day some of these countries were globally celebrated as emerging economies that consolidated vibrant democracies they never overcame structural problems including economic inequality and more generally from Africa and Latin America this book analyses future scenarios and current alternatives to this political movement to the radical right It proposes a shift of focus in examining such a trend adopting a view from the Global South; conventional theoretical tools developed around the experience in Global North countries are not enough The authors show that the radical right in the Global South should be analysed through specific lenses considering national historical patterns of political and economic development and instability They also warn that researching these countries may differ from contexts where democratic institutions are more reliable This does not mean abandoning a transnational understanding of the radical right; rather it calls for the opposite: the chapters examine how the radical right is invented and resisted in specific regions of the globe Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos Estratégicos InternacionaisUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul A série de webinários Conexões UFSC: Internacionalização na prática terá sua estreia no dia 28 de março de 2025, sexta-feira, às 14 horas com o episódio 1: “A UFSC e a Rússia na internacionalização universitária” via canal no youtube UFSC Internacional A idealização do projeto é fruto de uma parceria entre a Secretaria de Relações Internacionais (SINTER/UFSC) e a Cátedra UNESCO em Políticas Linguísticas para o Multilinguismo que também atua na área de política linguística da SINTER O objetivo da série é apresentar mensalmente projetos e iniciativas que impulsionam e fomentam a internacionalização na UFSC Neste primeiro webinário os professores Gilvan Müller de Oliveira e Agripa Faria Alexandre entrevistarão o professor Dr Fred Leite Siqueira Campos e a equipe do Grupo de Estudos sobre a Rússia (PRORUS/UFSC) é doutor em Economia pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) é professor e pesquisador do Departamento de Economia e Relações Internacionais (CNM) do Centro Socioeconômico (CSE) na UFSC onde coordena o Grupo de Estudos sobre a Rússia (PRORUS) foi Coordenador-Geral da Rede de Pesquisas sobre a Rússia (REDE.RU) além de deter experiência na área de Economia com ênfase em mudança tecnológica e Rússia foi realizado o Fórum de Reitores Brasil – Rússia – Belarus na Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU) a mais antiga e prestigiada universidade russa O evento contou com a presença de delegações de diversas universidades dos três países representada pelo Secretário de Relações Internacionais Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho representada por seu Reitor José Fernando Fragalli e sua secretária de cooperação internacional e outras tantas federais e as estaduais paulistas Delegação brasileira em frente à Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU) A abertura do encontro foi conduzida por Viktor Sadovnichy reitor da MSU e presidente da União de Reitores da Rússia que reúne 693 instituições de ensino superior vice-ministro da Ciência e Educação Superior da Federação Russa reitor da Universidade Estatal de Informática e Radioeletrônica da Bielorrússia que representou as universidades bielorrussas O ponto alto do fórum foi a assinatura de um Memorando de Entendimento (MoU) para a criação da Liga de Universidades da Rússia O MoU define a Liga como “uma associação não-comercial informal e voluntária de instituições acadêmicas e científicas da Bielorrússia A presidência é rotativa com reuniões anuais e será exercida consecutivamente por uma instituição da Rússia Em 2025 caberá ao Brasil presidir a Liga e sediar a reunião fez o convite para o próximo encontro ser no Brasil Vale ressaltar que as Universidades russas e bielorrussas são públicas e gratuitas planejamento e tomada de decisões da Liga é o Fórum As regras para condução do Fórum serão sempre decididas com base no consenso de todas as partes por meio de 12 grupos de cooperação temática (clusters setoriais) detalhados na lista abaixo O número de clusters poderá ser expandido a critério das instituições Lista preliminar de grupos de cooperação temática (clusters setoriais) Tecnologias Espaciais e Aeroespaciais e suas aplicações; Docentes e pesquisadores(as) interessados(as) em colaborar com instituições da Rússia e Bielorrússia devem registrar seu interesse na seguinte planilha, indicando nome, departamento, e-mail, cluster temático de preferência e, se possível, a instituição e o contato de interesse. Posteriormente estabeleceremos contato para dialogar sobre possíveis ações. Secretário de relações internacionais Luiz Carlos Pinheiro e a Vice-reitora da RSUH Profa. Vera Zabotkina assinando o convênio UFSC-RSUH. Depoimento do estudante Gustavo Scalabrin Hübner, que fez intercâmbio na RSUH em 2023. À tarde, a delegação visitou o Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia Skoltech, uma instituição de ponta focada em inovação e parcerias com empresas, que oferece exclusivamente cursos de pós-graduação e realiza pesquisas sob demanda. A missão foi marcada por trocas produtivas e celebrações, incluindo um brinde pela renovação do convênio com a RSUH, sinalizando uma nova fase de cooperação acadêmica entre o Brasil e a Rússia. Volume 8 - 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01389 This article is part of the Research TopicThe Aging Immune System and HealthView all 23 articles Aging is a continuous process promoted by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that each trigger a multitude of molecular events Increasing evidence supports a central role for inflammation in this progression we discuss how the low-grade chronic inflammation that characterizes aging is tightly interconnected with other important aspects of this process inflammation also plays a critical role in many morbid conditions that affect patients who are admitted to Intensive Care Although the inflammatory response is low grade and persistent in healthy aging while it is acute and severe in critically ill states we hypothesize that both situations have important interconnections we performed an extensive review of the literature to investigate this potential link Because sepsis is the most extensively studied disease and is the leading cause of death in Critical Care we focus our discussion on comparing the inflammatory profile of healthy older people with that of patients in septic shock to explain why we believe that both situations have synergistic effects leading to critically ill aged patients having a worse prognosis when compared with critically ill young patients Over time, improved health conditions have led to a steady growth in the older population, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of critically ill-aged patients. In addition, advanced age is associated with a worse outcome in all of the most frequent critical care conditions (1) The genetic lesions arising from DNA damage include point mutations, translocations, gains, losses, strand breaks, and telomere shortening. DNA lesions occur frequently, even under physiological conditions (49) These genetic changes have a well-established impact on the aging process and have been largely investigated as both a cause and consequence of chronic low-grade inflammation The same process may occur in the critically ill; however it seems to occur over a short-time period and be massive in this population while it is low-grade and persistent during aging Since genomic instability is a hallmark of aging genetic damage secondary to severe infection or other causes of critical illnesses may have a larger impact in seniors than in young patients We believe that this is a critical factor that partially explains the worse outcome of older people when affected by overwhelming inflammatory syndromes There is increasing evidence that together with the above discussed factors, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs also play a key role in fundamental epigenetic processes, with important implications for the aging process and various morbid states (74–76) The treatment of critically ill aged patients is challenging. Older people frequently exhibit atypical symptomatology, due to comorbidities and dysfunctions throughout all body systems that are related to the aging process (77) The inflammation that characterizes healthy aging and the inflammatory processes in several critical care conditions differ in duration and intensity but both involve similar molecular interconnections where inflammation plays a central role The results of these studies strongly suggest that the inflammatory response of the elderly is compartmentalized with significant differences in the inflammatory profile depending on the organ under investigation The intestinal mucosal barrier is a fundamental line of defense against undesirable luminal contents, such as microorganisms, toxins, and antigens, preventing their entrance into the bloodstream. It is mostly composed of epithelial cells, immune components, and mucus. Some researchers also consider the microbiome as part of the intestinal barrier (9, 91) since it helps to maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier providing nutrients and protecting against pathogens Microbiome studies are challenging because there is extensive inter-individual variability, even among healthy subjects. Genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors, such as diet, physical activity, geography, and exposure to xenobiotics, all cause substantial modifications to the intestinal microbiome. However, despite this extensive interindividual variability, specialists agree on the existence of a global human core microbiota (101, 102) It is well established that the intestinal microbiota is severely modified during critical illnesses it remains unclear which change occurs first Older adults in critical care conditions develop a peculiar inflammatory response, which is associated with poorer outcomes. 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Machado MCC (2017) Septic Shock and the Aging Process: A Molecular Comparison Received: 30 August 2017; Accepted: 09 October 2017; Published: 25 October 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Pinheiro da Silva and Machado. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited *Correspondence: Fabiano Pinheiro da Silva, cGluaGVpcm9mYWJpYW5vQGhvdG1haWwuY29t News and events Please note this event has been rescheduled The world-wide crisis in democracy is well-documented Scholars have examined this crisis under the rubric of “democratic backsliding” The causes of such crisis have been widely debated What is ignored in these debates are the real and practical ways in which individuals organisations and collectives of people have resisted the challenge to democracy and built solidarities to overcome the divisions sowed by authoritarian rulers reinventions of citizenship are becoming the focal point for democratic struggles In the backdrop to these recent challenges to democracy in many parts of the world new assertions of identities of historically marginalised and recently disenfranchised communities have emerged People across the global south and the global north navigate precarious contexts of violence These processes that are underway only point to the continued importance of citizenship in the everyday life of people and on the macro processes that are on the move this workshop series will be a virtual gathering of activists and academics across the world who will together take a critical look at citizenship in an interdisciplinary context We shall present conversations that will speak to various aspects of citizenship today and explore how different acts and enactments of citizenship have manifested across time We look forward to listening and learning from the experiences of our speakers of undertaking their own research and activism © University of York Legal statements | Privacy | Cookies | Modern slavery statement | Accessibility Modify Brazil - January 2023 - The 2023 Young Missionaries Project (PMJ) reached 1,554 families visited in just one week The Salesian missionary volunteer experience involved 70 people and Salesians from the "São Pio X" Province of Porto Alegre (BPA) The missions were held at "Senhor Bom Jesus dos Passos" Parish "Nossa Senhora da Luz das Cacimbinhas" Parish the projects put the Salesian charism into practice through oratory activities for children and youth the missionaries brought the Salesian message of holiness and joy "It is a time of expanding the charism through visits It is also a time to experience the Salesian charism," said Fr who accompanied the project in Rio Grande do Sul "For us Salesians it is always a special moment of accompaniment It is a great pleasure to be part of this," concluded Fr ANS - “Agenzia iNfo Salesiana” is a on-line almost daily publication the communication agency of the Salesian Congregation enrolled in the Press Register of the Tibunal of Rome as n 153/2007 This site also uses third-party cookies to improve user experience and for statistical purposes By scrolling through this page or by clicking on any of its elements Gardai responded to a report on the afternoon of Saturday, October 28, that a motorbike had been stolen from a delivery driver in Sandyford, south Dublin. João Henrique Ferreira, 23, was among a number of Brazilians who were trying to help gardai recover the man’s motorbike — he was a friend of Ferreira — by following a tracking device, when the incident occurred near junction 11 in Tallaght. Ferreira, who moved to Dublin five years ago with Júlia Langneck, his girlfriend, had to have part of his right leg amputated and is “A campanha de Bolsonaro criou confusão onde ela não existia O eleitorado antipetista estacionado na candidatura do capitão parece começar a pensar duas vezes onde parecia mais do que decidido” apontando para o precedente do caso Marina com o derretimento da candidatura nos últimos dias do primeiro turno e para o voto estratégico anti-PT se mover para um candidato mais viável e com capacidade de vitória no segundo turno precisa crescer como uma avalanche e tomar as ruas com todo o mainstream possível na semana final” Você possui 1 artigo para ler sem se cadastrar que é o de interpretar os movimentos eleitorais e de motivação como se o eleitor estivesse se comportando de acordo com nossas expectativas de racionalidade e de preferência eleitoral Quero pedir licença para ignorar sumariamente as pesquisas eleitorais Não tenho nada contra os institutos e acho que qualquer pesquisa temos o reflexo de presumir que pesquisas têm mais impacto do que a realidade sugere – boa parte das análises na eleição de Trump o que causou tanto uma crise de super confiança na campanha democrata quanto um enviesamento da análise de cientistas políticos profissionais que viam Trump com muito menos chances do que ele quero falar dos precedentes da nossa atual corrida eleitoral O derretimento de última hora da sua candidatura não é um movimento que deva se repetir no caso Bolsonaro Se o Bolsonaro derreter nessas últimas duas semanas essa descida vai ser objeto de estudo para três ou quatro anos de pesquisa e não vai ser fácil entender os motivos que nos autorize concluir que o sujeito que decidiu votar no capitão vai mudar de ideia – especialmente se a gente pegar o precedente da Marina como guia vale lembrar que Marina só subiu depois que Eduardo Campos morreu O fato pareceu muito mais forte do que a candidata não conhecia a complexidade política do Brasil etc Alguma dessas razões motivaria alguém a deixar de votar no Bolsonaro Dizer para um eleitor-padrão do Bolsonaro que ele é perigoso é Dizer que ele perde no segundo turno para o PT é insultar a inteligência desse eleitor já que ele vai lembrar que o PSDB é especialista em perder eleições para o PT e que não existe alternativa eleitoralmente viável melhor na praça O grau do sentimento de frustração com o establishment e da quebra com a política convencional não está sendo bem compreendido no contexto brasileiro – nem o apelo romântico que a candidatura Bolsonaro tem para 20% dos eleitores que já aderiram ao candidato desde o ano passado vamos ter que estudar o que aconteceu e qual foi a estratégia utilizada E daí teremos que dar a letra dessa estratégia para outros lugares do mundo que passaram pelo mesmo movimento romântico e antiestablishment e contar para eles o que foi feito aqui e como funcionou O que o precedente dos últimos quatro anos nos ensina é que candidatos com as características do Bolsonaro até podem perder eleição compra de dados de pesquisas eleitorais e terraplanismo quero falar um pouco sobre o ponto da Pinheiro-Machado: entrar na guerra dos memes e agitar as ruas podem ajudar a mobilizar eleitores indecisos contra o Bolsonaro mudar a posição de eleitores que migraram para o Bolsonaro além de agregar e motivar o público de orientação de esquerda e centro-esquerda Eu não sei qual vai ser o resultado dessa eleição mas eu sei de uma coisa: o Bolsonaro está na frente na guerra dos memes e na guerra cultural O precedente do Trump tem uma coisa para nos ensinar aqui: fazer o jogo online e o do pânico moral favorece candidaturas com o estilo do Bolsonaro organizar pessoas para votar e até consolidar candidaturas para o congresso O caso da #resistance o movimento no twitter de “resistência” de diversos luminares de centro-esquerda e centro-direita estadunidense contra o Trump sugere bastante cuidado com a aposta nas redes sociais como um meio de derrotar candidatos como o Trump ou o Bolsonaro Talvez o episódio mais emblemático seja o vídeo em que Trump aparece falando barbaridades sobre como pessoas famosas poderiam tratar mulheres O vídeo iniciou uma série de reações, virou trending topic, foi tema de artigos na imprensa, pessoas declararam, por todo o lado, que Trump era um candidato inviável e seria derrotado de forma retumbante nas urnas. Toda a cartilha da ação e reação online foi seguida, outros casos de comportamento lamentável do então candidato vieram à tona e vídeos de campanha apelando para a emoção do eleitor pipocaram Semana passada o Ciro Gomes fez algumas considerações, no mínimo, interessantes, comparando Bolsonaro ao Hitler e afirmando que tem muito nazista no Sul Vocês podem imaginar que a declaração não foi recebida de forma particularmente efusiva nos circuitos políticos ao sul do Brasil A hashtag “elenão” foi imediatamente respondida com uma “elesim” e eu fico pensando se colocar pessoas na rua gritando palavras de ordem provavelmente não vai mobilizar o voto pró-Bolsonaro ainda mais os candidatos de extrema-direita perdem a eleição executiva (como na Suécia o crescimento de partidos dessa natureza e a normalização da presença deles como força política tem se consolidado em tudo que é lugar Uma espécie de vanguarda imune às manipulações do politicamente correto agrega esse eleitor talvez mais até do que o antipetismo Acreditar que um movimento dessa natureza vai comover quem já decidiu o voto por Bolsonaro reflete uma falta de empatia com esse mesmo eleitor – uma incompreensão da visão de mundo desse camarada Mesmo que todos eleitores do Bolsonaro não sejam fascistas malucos sedentos pela volta de uma ditadura violenta declarar simpatia ou aderência ao Bolsonaro é o equivalente a dizer que todas as outras alternativas não servem mais Para esse sujeito essas manifestações chegaram tarde demais É ingênuo pensar quem já decidiu e declarou o voto no Bolsonaro vai mudar de ideia porque viu o vídeo de uma manifestação ou uma hashtag na internet O valor dessas manifestações é o de mostrar uma agitação democrática uma ocupação do espaço público e uma mobilização de uma população que se vê particularmente vulnerável diante do crescimento da extrema-direita brasileira Talvez essas manifestações consigam capturar alguns indecisos mas também vale perguntar se quem está indeciso Minha aposta é que os eleitores que permanecem indecisos votar nulo ou ir fazer um churrasco com os amigos na hora de comparecer à urna Existe um número pequeno de pessoas que ainda pode ser “capturado” nessa eleição tem um cenário de queda do Bolsonaro capaz de tirar ele do pleito ainda no primeiro turno O foco de quem quer derrotar o Bolsonaro já deve se mover para o segundo turno – imediatamente – e tem que deixar de lado a fé cega em um derretimento do candidato em teto eleitoral ou qualquer coisa parecida A eleição no segundo turno vai ser complicada em todo tipo de associação – desde o pessoal que joga bola junto até a galera que vai no rolê sertanejo universitário no final de semana –é muito alto em círculos conservadores e às vezes nem tanto deve nos fazer acordar para algo que essa eleição tem deixado muito claro: a ideia de uma direita decente racional e que rejeita discursos autoritários no Brasil parece ser uma ficção Ao Haddad restará confiar que uma mensagem antiautoritária e progressista junto com o impacto dos programas sociais dos oito anos do governo Lula irão bastar para frear o movimento representado por Bolsonaro – ao menos nas urnas Governador e empresário são colegas no Republicanos Negócio transformou fazenda de pesquisa em criação de gado – e faz parte de uma série de vendas de terras públicas prometidas por Tarcísio Reação dos viúvos da operação é desonesta e tem como único propósito resgatar um legado anticorrupção que nunca existiu ex-presidente assiste impotente ao surgimento de novos líderes na extrema direita Show de martirização mira ganhos políticos e eleitorais mas foco deveria ser apenas em deixar o ex-presidente com a saúde perfeita para Governador e secretário de segurança pública são os principais fiadores da selvageria descontrolada que tomou conta da polícia no estado com a ascensão do bolsonarismo Este não é um acesso pago e a adesão é gratuita Confirme seu endereço de e-mail para continuar lendo a partir da interpretação de fatos e dados Poder na internet do bolsonarista Nikolas Ferreira o levou a ser o deputado federal mais votado do país Imagem: Reprodução Rosana Pinheiro-Machado Colaboração para Universa O fenômeno de audiência de Lula na live do podcast Flow coloca o candidato num lugar privilegiado na disputa política digital que tem se transformado rapidamente desde a eleição de 2018 desde quando as fake news toscas mobilizam o universo do WhatsApp mas há uma sofisticação e diversificação nos modos de recrutamento político online com o crescimento dos reels do Instagram e do TikTok ocupam um lugar chave na persuasão política Há muitos anos, minhas pesquisas têm procurado entender como o bolsonarismo tem cooptado classes populares e trabalhadores precarizados. Nos últimos 18 meses, tenho olhado com profundidade para o empreendedorismo digital no Instagram e o papel dos influencers naquela rede social Voltarei a este tema muitas vezes neste espaço para falar sobre como os mais pobres caem na lábia do fazer dinheiro fácil fui descobrindo como a política chegava sutilmente entre aos ouvidos dos desesperados por oportunidades Ao olhar para o universo do empreendedorismo digital para vender produto ou serviço e ganhar dinheiro mesmo fui entendendo como influencers de marketing digital investidores e coachs motivacionais formam um ecossistema de influência política mais complexo do que espalhar a mentira da "mamadeira de piroca" ou de que um chip chinês nas vacinas muda seu DNA Digo mais complexo porque a visão política não é explícita na maioria das vezes e consegue atingir milhões de pessoas que não necessariamente se identificam com Bolsonaro e com a extrema-direita Para milhões e milhões de pessoas, os influencers vendem a ilusão de um estilo de vida: riqueza, beleza, vida sem patrão e independência financeira. Se a extrema-direita era velha e outsider há até pouco tempo, hoje ela é o padrão. Isso ainda se soma ao mundo dos gamers e do sertanejo vamos captando o posicionamento político e tendência de voto de cada um deles identificamos apenas um alinhamento ideológico —que não é surpresa para ninguém— que influencers saiam do armário e declarem voto Pedir voto é arriscado para um influencer que depende da torcida de sua base de fãs e é importante que o campo todo se mova de forma similar para que eles possam se proteger das consequências do posicionamento político Dos 212 maiores influenciadores de suas áreas que monitoro 187 demonstraram alinhamento com o bolsonarismo nos últimos meses Bolsonaro realizou uma reunião no Palácio do Planalto com boa parte do que chamou de "influenciadores cristãos" que já estavam alinhados ao presidente de forma explícita foi a Brasília de jatinho na companhia de Nikolas Ferreira As fotos do evento se espalharam no Instagram para além do campo cristão Bolsonaro convocou influenciadores de todas as áreas para outra reunião fechada no dia 13 de Outubro.Ao longo dos últimos anos como comentadora política e cidadã posicionada tenho lamentado a profunda defasagem da esquerda em relação à disputa das redes sociais Ela parecia não entender a surra que estava levando enquanto a extrema-direita sambava sozinha no salão político digital a eleição de Bolsonaro só podia ser culpa de fake news manipulada de cima para baixo e com zero organicidade vendedores de sonhos com política embutida falavam para milhões e convertiam populares de todas as classes ainda se está muito longe da formação de um ecossistema comparável ao bolsonarista Boa parte disso se deve ao encorajamento do deputado André Janones (Avante-MG) está ativo com vídeos curtos e contundentes Faz uma semana que o campo progressista está em alta nas redes leva Bolsonaro e sua base a dobrar a aposta não penso que as redes sejam o aspecto decisivo da eleição temos um contexto de aumento da fome e da miséria em um país devastado por uma crise sanitária e econômica a grande rejeição que boa parte da população tem a Lula Mas mobilizar e produzir contágio nas bases políticas Lula, que é uma força na natureza, só precisou estar à vontade no programa do Flow. Mostrou que é possível valer-se de sua autenticidade "gente como a gente" para fazer política grande nas redes. Soube brincar que "ninguém gosta de patrão", misturando direitos trabalhistas e o incentivo ao trabalho autônomo Se a extrema-direita sempre fez a disputa das redes por meio do ressentimento da mentira e da venda insustentável do enriquecimento fácil Lula mostrou que é possível ter presença online falando de esperança em um caminho muito longo a ser reaprendido pela esquerda para se reconectar com trabalhador precarizado ID: {{comments.info.id}}URL: {{comments.info.url}} Ainda não é assinante? Se você já é assinante do UOL, O autor da mensagem, e não o UOL, é o responsável pelo comentário. Reserve um tempo para ler as Regras de Uso para comentários. realizaram uma visita ao presidente da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Estado de Santa Catarina (Fapesc) dialogou-se sobre oportunidades de parcerias entre a UFSC e a Fapesc A Fapesc tem promovido diversas chamadas públicas voltadas à internacionalização do ecossistema catarinense como o Programa Catarinense de Internacionalização da CTI: Missão Japão e Singapura 2022 Em todas as possíveis iniciativas conjuntas de internacionalização a serem empreendidas o propósito é que haja o envolvimento de diversas instituições de Santa Catarina e o Chefe da Seção de Apoio Internacional da Secretaria de Relações Internacionais (SINTER) realizaram uma visita ao Coordenador da Delegacia de Polícia de Imigração em Santa Catarina Por meio da parceria já existente entre a SINTER e a Delegacia a SINTER realiza o pré atendimento e a assessoria à comunidade internacional da UFSC nas questões de registro nacional migratório reforçou-se a importância da parceria e discutiu-se a possibilidade de ampliar essa forma de atendimento aos campi de Araranguá assunto que será apresentado aos campi nas visitações da SINTER a possibilidade de condução de projetos sociais conjuntos em questões relacionadas aos imigrantes em Santa Catarina