General HERTZ PIRES DO NASCIMENTO was born in Rio de Janeiro on June 2 at the Agulhas Negras Military Academy (AMAN) He was commissioned as an Officer of the Cavalry on December 7 serving in the 1st Combat Tank Regiment in Rio de Janeiro He completed the Cavalry Captain’s Advanced Training in 1994 and the Army Command and General Staff School in 1999-2000 He served as an Instructor at Agulhas Negras Military Academy on two occasions he was Deputy for Operations of the 3rd Army Division; Intelligence Analyst of the Army Intelligence Centre; Deputy of the Operations Division of the Land Operations Command; Head of the Production and Publishing Division of the Army Social Communication Centre; Head of the Doctrine and Research Division of the Army Doctrine Centre; and Commander of the 7th Mechanized Cavalry Regiment the Psychological Operations and Civil Affairs Course at Fort Bragg –United States the Military Training Course and the English Language Cooperation Program of NATO in Canada He also served as Chief of the Psychological Operations and Civil Affairs Section at the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti and the Brazilian Army's Liaison Officer at the US Army Combined Arms Centre he served as Commander of the 3rd Mechanized Cavalry Brigade Rio Grande do Sul; Head of the Army Doctrine Centre in Brasília; and Commander of the 3rd Army Division General Hertz was awarded several national and foreign decorations including the Medal of the Order of Defence Merit (Grand Officer) Order of Military Judicial Merit (High Distinction) and the Meritorious Services Medal of the US Army Before assuming the Southern Military Command General Hertz was Deputy Chief of the Army General Staff • Progress of the National Strategy for Defence • Modernisation of armoured vehicles to meet future requirements • Armour’s role in the operations of the Brazilian Army Check out the incredible speaker line-up to see who will be joining Hertz         The browser you are using is not supported that will prevent you from accessing certain features of the website We want you to have the best possible experience For this you'll need to use a supported browser and upgrade to the latest version when I tell you that the photo here left my mouth agape and struggling to find the words How'd it get there? Who put it there? Where'd they go? Why'd they put it there? Did they go all Evel Knievel and jump the fountain at Cesar's and somehow land perfectly on the telephone wire The photo comes to us via Reddit's r/Motorcycles subreddit and the readers and community members there likewise have thousands of questions and quips about the motorcycle doing its best pigeon impression.  I've seen "Red Bull gives you wings", talk of failed hover conversions ala Back to the Future, the rider giving in to those intrusive thoughts we all get whenever we see a ramp truck at the side of the road and even that the rider timed their Portal swap wrong the reality of the situation is far more wild than you or I could've ever predicted or even imagined.  A freakin' balloon carried it up there.  The whole scene takes place in Sao Paulo, Brazil, where a hot air balloon fell out of the sky and into a local neighborhood and lifted the motorcycle in question up into the power lines.  "A balloon that fell in the early hours of Monday on Rua Alto Belo East Zone of Sao Paulo caught fire and hit real estate and a daycare center where it dragged and overturned a car on Jaguaruna Street hoisting it into the air and onto electrical wiring of the pole on Avenida Pires do Rio." and then somehow dropped it onto the power lines perfectly Zero Wants You to Lock In Pre-Tariff Electric Dirt Bike Pricing Now Looking For Free Motorcycle Training In Virginia MotoAmerica Revolutionises Rapid Concussion Testing in Sport With New Blood Test This New Electric Motorcycle Has Four Gears Is This Italian Motorcycle Maker Full Of It Fabio Teixeira Soybeans spill out of cupped hands in this illustration picture Concern over the Amazon's destruction is fueling interest in land regeneration to boost soybean output in top producer Brazil a Context series on the future of crops on a warming planet exploring how we can grow enough nutritious food for a rising global population while protecting the climate and nature.  Brazil - When Brazilian farmer Ricardo Santinoni first planted soybeans in the central state of Goiás he could only afford to sow about 70 hectares And he did it without cutting down a single tree The land Santinoni took over from his father was a degraded cattle-grazing pasture - once part of Brazil's vast Cerrado tropical savanna - cleared decades ago and then abandoned when it became unproductive Santinoni and his partner Fernanda Ferreira have gradually brought it back to a fertile condition by rotating other crops such as corn or beans and grazing cattle on it to enrich the soil with manure "I see myself as a small part of a giant whole," Santinoni told Context in his office at the Morro do Peão farm gesturing to a red plaque hanging on the wall that sums up their mission: "Feed Life in a Sustainable Way." Soy farming, closely linked to deforestation has seldom been synonymous with sustainability but Santinoni said more and more farmers were working to regenerate depleted land instead of expanding the agricultural frontier Their push reflects growing global concern about deforestation to make way for the crop in Brazil the world's biggest producer of soy - used to feed Europe's livestock and make cooking oil for big Asian markets such as India and China soy traders voluntarily agreed to stop buying soy from areas deforested in the Amazon after a certain date soy farming has expanded rapidly in other areas including the Cerrado where environmental advocates want a similar pact Goiás is Brazil's third-largest soy-producing state Cities like Pires do Rio - where Morro do Peão is - are encircled by farmland where soy corn and other crops are grown year-round on rolling plains that stretch toward low hills on the horizon During the dry months from May to September the rural landscape turns yellow and brown after the main soy crop has been brought in withered stems littering the parched soils there is still plenty of green from beans in some fields and from grass in others where the farm's roughly 1,000 cattle graze Santinoni said no rain had fallen here for three months "I'm contributing a lot to the sustainability of the planet with the practices we have on the property," the 49-year-old said after wrapping up a weekly meeting with his employees that focused on reducing waste and keeping the farm clean Brazil has overtaken the United States in recent years as the world's biggest soy producer with its farmers gathering a record 2023 harvest of 155 million tonnes About 45 million hectares (111 million acres) - an area roughly the same size as Sweden - are used to grow the oilseed Brazil has about 100 million hectares (247 million acres) in degraded pastures lands that could potentially be brought back into production for soybeans or other food crops While land regeneration has been done for decades in the country the practice has gained traction as an alternative to clearing more land for agriculture as governments around the world seek to tackle global warming Deforestation is fueling climate change impacts - including harsher heat, drought and floods, which can slash harvests and spur new pests, posing a growing threat to global food security That makes efforts like land regeneration that seek to balance nature protection and farming all the more urgent especially in areas like the Cerrado - the world's most biodiverse savanna - where deforestation has been rising Brazil's government announced plans in July to create a fund for restoration The aim is to gather about $120 billion from investors which would allow for 40 million hectares (99 million acres) to be restored over the next decade according to an August report in business newspaper Valor Econômico "We have the technology to make these areas productive again," said Marcia Mascarenhas Grise Brazil's agricultural research corporation "We don't need to open new areas (for agriculture)." soy yields have steadily ticked up despite reductions in the use of chemical fertilisers illustrating the effectiveness of their approach they harvested an average of 49 60-kg (132 lb) sacks of soybeans per hectare they gather 75 sacks per hectare and hope to reach 100 sacks by 2026 Crop rotation is central to their land management technique and the practice includes planting grass for cattle grazing - saving on feed and keeping the animals healthier Ferreira said as she walked in the fields alongside the cattle Restoring land and increasing productivity is vital to avoiding further deforestation head of policy evaluation at the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) a non-profit that works in Brazil alongside PUC-Rio the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Continued tree clearance in the Amazon even poses a threat to the country's agricultural production by leading to lower rainfall in key soy-growing areas in the south of the country we had such a severe drought that (insurance claims) increased almost four-times compared to the previous harvest," Souza said But despite the promise of land restoration as way to protect Brazil's forests she said government assistance will be needed especially for small-holders who tend to have less capital and technical expertise restoration is uncertain and costly," she said it often makes economic sense for Brazilian farmers to restore their lands and investment firms have started looking for opportunities Ricardo Santinoni meets with his employees at Fazenda Morro do Peão Ricardo Santinoni and his partner Fernanda Ferreira inspect the soil at Fazenda Morro do Peão "There's a very simple explanation for that: it's a lot cheaper for a farmer to convert a degraded area than to open a new (legally deforested) one," said Pedro Henrique de Alcântara is structuring a 500-million reais ($100.6 million) fund to buy up degraded land and restore it Structuring funds to buy up land is not uncommon but usually firms just buy land and then lease it back to farmers But Paramis aims to restore and manage the land itself through a partnership with Fisalis a resource management firm that specializes in agricultural assets "Our thesis is transformational: we are taking up land that yields 20 sacks (of soy) per hectare and improving that to 60 sacks," said Ricardo Scaff an agricultural engineer and partner at Fisalis It's better than buying and renting," Scaff added the shift towards greater sustainability on his farm marks a turning-point amid growing international pressure over deforestation and reflects a change in thinking among a new generation of farmers It is also about farmers' financial survival with diminishing soy yields eventually making growers uncompetitive This project was funded by the European Journalism Centre through the Solutions Journalism Accelerator This fund is supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation additional reporting by Diana Baptista; editing by Helen Popper) Context is powered by the Thomson Reuters Foundation Newsroom Our Standards: Thomson Reuters Trust Principles The foods we love are under growing pressure from climate change Here’s what could help keep them on our plates These links open on reuters.com By providing your email, you agree to our Privacy Policy What does a Donald Trump presidency mean for LGBTQ+ rights? Indigenous forest peoples can finally control nature finance Inside Trump's $6mn deportee deal with El Salvador mega-prison Half London councils found using Chinese surveillance tech Portable internet helps Asia's scam centres bypass blackouts How is Bangladesh preparing farmers for increasingly salty soil? Context is a media platform created by the Thomson Reuters Foundation. We provide news and analysis that contextualises how critical issues and events affect ordinary people, society and the environment. Find out more. The Workforce Disclosure Initiative is an investor-backed project to improve the quantity & quality of corporate workforce data via an annual survey & engagement process Trust Conference is the Thomson Reuters Foundation’s flagship annual event taking place in the heart of London each year TrustLaw is the Thomson Reuters Foundation’s global pro bono service facilitating free legal assistance to NGOs and social enterprises around the world Practical insights from and foracademics and university staff Everything you need for each stepof your study abroad journey the institution’s academics vote for a candidate Their selected candidate and two others are put to the country’s president It is not uncommon for Jair Bolsonaro to choose one of the candidates not favoured by the university This is “the worst” example of political interference in higher education, says Denise Pires de Carvalho, rector of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Carvalho herself was nominated by her peers for the post of rector in 2019; while she was awaiting the president’s decision she told a national newspaper that he had no reason not to nominate her a forthright statement the publication printed on its front page ‘You should not have said that,’” she says with a laugh the president has for political reasons picked someone without the backing of the institution The government also interferes if an academic is a politician for an opposition party “I’m questioned if they are not from the same party of the government Our freedom is really challenged at this time,” Carvalho says Women in the running for leadership posts also seem to get a hard time from the president who has rejected female academics with the backing of their faculty There used to be 20 female rectors in Brazil “He’s biased against women – he said that!” adds Carvalho has described his one daughter as a punishment for his wrongdoing One reason Carvalho felt confident that Bolsonaro would not reject her is that she is a true researcher’s researcher She started studying medicine when she was 17 years old but fell in love with lab work She was dragged away from her beloved lab as colleagues nominated her to represent them on committees: “People chose me She coordinated the graduate course in biological sciences/physiology at UFRJ for five years ‘I’m going back to my laboratory,’ [and] they said no.’” Eventually it was decided that she should take the top job It’s not something that I decided; it’s not like this There is a group of people that decides that now it’s your turn.” That turn came at a particularly difficult time for universities which were feeling the effects of Bolsonaro’s anti-science agenda as well as the impact of the pandemic According to the Academic Freedom Index which assesses the level of respect for academic freedom in 175 countries and territories based on surveys of more than 2,000 country experts around the globe Brazil is one of four countries (alongside Hong Kong India and Turkey) that “saw the greatest declines in academic freedom between 2011 and 2021” While political interference is no walk in the park it is the squeeze on her institution’s finances that keeps Carvalho up at night The university’s budget has been cut by 50 per cent since 2015 at the same time as student numbers have risen It is not all doom and gloom, however. The pandemic has boosted the standing of universities in the eyes of the general public universities had been viewed with some distrust; as public universities had become more inclusive and awarded more places to under-represented groups they felt the wrath of parents whose children missed out on places ‘Why are these universities important?’” she says academics have “more or less a good salary while the public does not earn a lot” It started when the country ran out of ethanol academics began appearing on television to explain the pandemic “We did the diagnosis for society every day during those more than 24 months,” she says but [because of it] we reached society in a way that we never did before,” Carvalho adds Has this newfound respect for academics continued even though the pandemic is no longer so novel Epidemiologists and other experts still make regular television appearances to update Brazilians about the pandemic who “behave as if the pandemic has stopped” universities have proven their worth to such an extent that “when we say we do not have [enough] budget The other bright side is that the pandemic was a rocket booster for interdisciplinary working something Carvalho is especially passionate about it has to be answered by multidisciplinary teams,” she says Boosting interdisciplinary working further will require a change in approach among local universities “There are people working on the same subject all over Brazil And they do not talk to each other,” she says “Sometimes we talk to people that are in France in the United States – but not in our own country or in the countries that are here [in Latin America]…We compete with each other instead of cooperating.” she thinks interdisciplinary working will be the future: “The 21st century is a century of more cooperation and we have to work together to solve problems.” In October, Brazilians will head to the polls again and Bolsonaro could be ousted by former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva “I hope that Brazil chooses the best politicians who will be able to continue with a project for our country [to become] a developed nation This means that we have to support politicians that defend science universities and the adequate budget for these public institutions that produce knowledge,” she says she is positive about the future of higher education they pass; and we [universities] will continue because we are important for society.” This is part of our “Talking leadership” series of 50 interviews over 50 weeks with the people running the world’s top universities about how they solve common strategic issues and implement change. Follow the series here The Times Higher Education Latin America University Rankings will be released at 18:00 BST on 14 July 香港浸会大学（Hong Kong Baptist University）校长分享了针对快速变化的就业市场的解决方案 Subscribe today to receive unlimited news and analyses commentary from the sharpest minds in international academia our influential university rankings analysis and the latest insights from our World Summit series Metrics details Understanding connectivity patterns has implications for evolutionary and ecological processes as well as for proper conservation strategies This study examined population genetic structure and migration patterns of the coral Mussismilia hispida one of the main reef builders in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean 15 sites were sampled along its entire distributional range employing 10 microsatellite loci hispida was divided into five genetically differentiated populations by Structure analysis Population structure and migration estimates are consistent with present-day oceanographic current patterns zones of upwelling and historical sea-level changes The Central Region and Oceanic Islands populations had the highest genetic diversity were possibly the main sources of migrants for other populations and presented mutual migrant exchange This mutual exchange and the high diversity of Oceanic Islands but can be explained if these sites acted as refugia in past low sea-level stance This is the first connectivity study in the region using hyper-variable markers and a fine sampling scale along 3,500 km These results enlighten the population dynamics of an important reef building species and shows how oceanographic processes may act as barriers to dispersal for marine species providing valuable information for management strategies these studies have either employed relatively conserved markers or have sampled at low spatial resolution such that current knowledge about coral connectivity in the SWA is limited to restricted locations and to more ancient timescales Although population connectivity does not rely solely on gamete dispersal this asynchrony raises questions about reproductive isolation and gene flow patterns in M Such facts make this species a great model to understand connectivity patterns in the SWA besides providing means to test the effects of reproduction asynchrony in a wide geographical range (i.e. in this study we aimed to address various questions concerning population connectivity of M hispida populations along its distributional range using microsatellite data We tested the hypotheses that (1) the reproductive asynchrony in this species influences its patterns of population structure; (2) M hispida is structured across its distributional range; (3) the main barriers to gene flow coincide with previously reported biogeographical breaks in the SWA; and (4) that the gene flow directions agree with the major ocean currents in the region Principal coordinates analysis of the FST values between localities. Colours correspond to populations of Mussismilia hispida as defined by Structure analysis: Northern Region (purple), Oceanic Islands (yellow), Central Region (green), Southeastern Region (blue) and Southern Limit (red). Sampling localities are abbreviated as in Table 1 The isolation by distance analysis showed significant but weak correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance (R2 = 0.19 When the Oceanic Islands were excluded from the analysis since they had high geographic distances compared to all other localities the correlation remained weak and significant (R2 = 0.17 we believe K = 5 is the best inference given this dataset the existence of substructure was tested for the other four populations but results showed that the most probable K was one for all of them Scheme of migration patterns for all scenarios tested using Migrate Arrows indicate the direction of gene flow considered in each scenario Boxes and their colours correspond to populations of Mussismilia hispida as defined by Structure analysis SER: Southeastern Region and SL: Southern Limit The present study is the first to evaluate the genetic connectivity and migration patterns of Mussismilia hispida one of the most important reef-building corals in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean These patterns were assessed across this species’ entire distributional range encompassing more than 3,500 km of coast line which is a great part of the Southwestern Atlantic (SWA) tropical region hispida’s genetic structure can be explained by oceanographic processes upwelling events and past sea-level changes Since gene flow intensity and direction and what barriers to dispersal may shape them are still unknown for most species in the region we believe this study could serve as a baseline for hypothesis testing regarding the biogeographical barriers of sessile invertebrates in the SWA This deviation is likely due to assumptions of HWE not being met in natural populations random mating is likely not met in coral populations considering that adults are sessile and have high longevity hispida and can be further reinforced by larval retention but additional investigation is needed to confirm this the presence of another species is unlikely given the high genetic similarity found among individuals in AB and PS using hyper-variable markers it is possible that differences in spawning time of AB and PS are due to different local abiotic conditions or cues to spawning The NBC current may not limit gene flow from most species but its role as a barrier to dispersal appears to be important for corals it is important to note that there is few information on PLD and coral coverage for SWA corals and the influence of these factors shaping the apparent distinct connectivity of these species can only be speculated these potential barriers do not appear to be effective for M hispida and the occurrence of barriers to dispersal between 10–13°S in the SWA may not be generalized for all marine organisms this protected area also has cold water temperatures and temperature may not be the only factor that prevents coral recruitment in the area which could also be influenced by local hydrodynamism these are the first genetic data to support its role as a barrier for a marine invertebrate Such mesophotic populations could provide a more continuous patch of suitable habitats favouring the maintenance of gene flow between the Oceanic Islands Complex currents coupled with populations in intermediary mesophotic reefs may account for this unexpected observed connectivity few genetic studies have been conducted in the SWA that include both the mainland and oceanic islands and what causes this probable barrier to dispersal is an interesting feature that warrants further investigation This is because all three islands have relatively small areas two of them (AR and FN) are separated from the mainland with no intermediary suitable habitats and M hispida appears to have low densities in all of them (LP and CZ one would expect that the extinction risk in these areas is high and their population is mainly dependent on subsequent colonization this scenario would unlikely result on the formation of a distinct genotypic cluster with high genetic diversity One possible explanation is that the oceanic islands have been isolated from the mainland sites long enough to accumulate the observed levels of genetic diversity however this goes against the fourth unexpected pattern found here the mutual exchange of migrants between the Oceanic Islands and Central Region an alternative explanation may account for both patterns where peripheral habitats can also export diversity isolated populations need attention in terms of management Our results suggest that Southeastern Region and Southern Limit populations are isolated from one another and from more central populations This highlights the need for management and the establishment of new marine reserves within each of these genetic populations The Oceanic Islands and Central Regions were identified as the main source of genetic diversity and migrants and effective management measures need to be enforced and evaluated to ensure that coral populations continue to thrive in these regions hispida population limits presented here is of great importance and should be taken into consideration in future conservation planning for Brazil’s marine habitats 0.1 M B-mercaptoethanol) until DNA extraction DNA quality and concentration were assessed with the pattern Lambda DNA (125 ng/µL) on a 0.8% agarose gel stained with GelRed (Biotium) and visualized under UV light overall size and concentration were assessed using a 100 bp DNA ladder (Fermentas) on a 2% agarose gel stained with GelRed (Biotium) and visualized under UV light Up to four PCR products with different fluorescent dyes were pooled together and were genotyped in an ABI3500 sequencer using a GS600-LIZ size standard (Applied Biosystems) Allele sizes were scored manually using the software GeneMarker (Soft Genetics) two to three samples that had previously been genotyped were re-genotyped as a positive control and to ensure that allele scores were consistent Samples with poor genotype resolution in a locus were re-amplified and re-genotyped once that locus was left blank for the particular sample Only samples with more than nine genotyped loci were used in the analyses assuming sampling sites (localities) as populations each previously defined population was analysed individually in Structure with the same parameters as the first analysis to verify the existence of substructure The best scenario was chosen based on the higher Bezier and Harmonic Mean log marginal likelihoods and on the model probability calculated using Bezier marginal likelihoods in Wolfram Mathematica Software where \({\rm{Prob}}({{\rm{model}}}_{i})=\,\frac{m{{\rm{L}}}_{{{\rm{model}}}_{i}}}{{\sum }_{j}^{i}m{{\rm{L}}}_{{{\rm{model}}}_{j}}}\) Although we believe that the scenarios tested are the most realistic ones given the previous information available it is important to note the limitation of analysing only a small portion of all possible migration scenarios and that the stipulated best scenario is relative to this specific set of scenarios The datasets analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request Footprints on water: the genetic wake of dispersal among reefs Considering evolutionary processes in conservation biology Larval dispersal and marine population connectivity Gene flow and isolation among populations of marine animals Regionally isolates populations of an imperiled Caribbean coral Genetic connectivity patterns of Pocillopora verrucosa in southern African Marine Protected Areas Historical and contemporary factors shape the population genetic structure of the broadcast spawning coral Acropora millepora on the Great Barrier Reef Geographic differences in vertical connectivity in the Caribbean coral Montastraea cavernosa despite high levels of horizontal connectivity in shallow depths Long distance dispersal and vertical gene flow in the Caribbean brooding coral Porites astreoides A realignment of marine biogeographic provinces with particular reference to fish distributions what we already know and what is still missing Conhecendo os recifes brasileiros (eds Zilberberg Long distance dispersal and connectivity in amphi-Atlantic corals at regional and basin scales Genetic variation and population structuring in two brooding coral species (Siderastrea stellata and Siderastrea radians) from Brazil Implications of isolation and low genetic diversity in peripheral populations of an amphi-Atlantic coral Reef coral reproduction in the Abrolhos Reef Complex Reprodução de corais de águas rasas do Brasil Sexual reproduction of Brazilian coral Mussismilia hispida (Verrill First Record of a reef coral spawning event in the western South Atlantic Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 41(1) Genetic variation across species’ geographical ranges: the central-marginal hypothesis and beyond de Souza, J. N. et al. Contrasting patterns of connectivity among endemic and widespread fire coral species (Millepora spp.) in the tropical Southwestern Atlantic. 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N., Cirano, M., Soares, I. D. & Campos, E. J. D. On the Dynamics of Salvador Canyon, Bahia – Brazil (13°S). 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Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23680 (2017) Biodiversidade bentônica da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira (eds Lavrado Connecting places: the ecological consequences of dispersal in the sea A general dynamic theory of oceanic island biogeography Events of equatorward translation of the Vitoria Eddy U-Th ages obtained by mass spectrometry in corals from Barbados: sea level during the past 130,000 years Les variations du niveau de la mer durant les derniers 17.500 ans BP: l’exemple de la plateforme continentale du Rio Grande do Sul - Brésil Links between climate and sea levels for the past three million years Geoid change indications along the Brazilian coast during the last 7,000 years Proceedings of The Fifth International Coral Reef Congress The origins of tropical marine biodiversity Geographic differences in species boundaries among members of the Montastraea annularis complex based on molecular and morphological markers Polymorphic microsatellite loci for endemic Mussismilia corals (Anthozoa Scleractinia) of the Southwest Atlantic Ocean An economic method for the fluorescent labeling of PCR fragments Micro-Checker: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data a computer program to calculate F-statistics Trypano tolerance in West African Cattle and the Population Genetic Effects of Selection Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data An empirical evaluation of some genetic methods for identifying the number of gene pools and their degree of connectivity Structure harvester: a web site and program for visualizing Structure output and implementing the Evanno method Clumpp: a cluster matching and permutation program for dealing with label switching and multimodality in analysis of population structure Distruct: a program for the graphical display of population structure Maximum likelihood estimation of a migration matrix and effective population sizes in n subpopulations by using a coalescent approach Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 98(8) Unified framework to evaluate panmixia and migration direction among multiple sampling locations CREATE: a software to create input files from diploid genotypic data for 52 genetic software programs Download references Calderon and the Brazilian Marine Biodiversity Network SISBIOTA-Mar for field collection We also thank local and federal governmental institutions for granting sampling licenses (permit numbers were issued by the Ministério do Meio Ambiente for sampling in Federal Conservation Units: TE 22387-2; unnumbered permits for sampling in BZ and PS at sites within Municipal Conservation Units were issued by the “Prefeitura da Cidade de Armação dos Búzios” and the “Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente de Porto Seguro” This work was funded by Fundação o Boticário de Proteção a Natureza SISBIOTA-Mar(CNPq 563276/2010-0 and FAPESC 6308/2011-8 Projeto Coral Vivo and its sponsors (Petrobras and Arraial d’Ajuda Eco Parque) Projeto BIOTA/FAPERJ and FAPERJ for the MSc Laboratoire d’Ecologie Benthique Côtière (LEBCO) participated in part of the field data collection collected and analysed the genetic data and drafted the manuscript; V.T determined part of the genotype data; F.N. conceived the study and participated in part of the field data collection; C.Z participated in the writing of the manuscript added ideas to the discussion and critically reviewed The authors declare no competing interests Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21010-y Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. the meat companies began sharing resources to speed up delivery of feed and water supplies to chicken and hog farms where an unspecified number of animals have perished due to the devastating floods.Paulo Pires president of Rio Grande do Sul farm lobby Fecoagro said it was too early to know how much grain production had been lost due to the flooding that hit silos around river areas."They are large silos but it is really difficult to quantify this," Pires said by telephone.Gedeao Pereira confirmed isolated cases of food silos being hit but floods but said they could dry in time and hence losses would be minimized Pereira said he is more concerned with crops like soy which farmers have yet to harvest in Rio Grande do Sul especially in center and southern areas.Earlier on Tuesday the state's port authority said Rio Grande was "operating normally" as its terminals had not been affected by the rise in the level of the Laguna dos Patos lagoon.At around 8 a.m the current was ebbing in the access channel Rio Grande port allowing water to flow at a speed of about three knots the equivalent of 5.55 kilometers per hour The tide table indicated a level of 90 cm above normal.Cargonave confirmed slower grain arrivals at Rio Grande port which last year had exported 10.4 million tons of soybeans and 3.6 million tons of soymeal.Reporting by Roberto Samora and Ana Mano in São Paulo; Writing by Ana Mano; Editing by Franklin Paul and Richard Chang Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles., opens new tab , opens new tab Browse an unrivalled portfolio of real-time and historical market data and insights from worldwide sources and experts. , opens new tabScreen for heightened risk individual and entities globally to help uncover hidden risks in business relationships and human networks. © 2025 Reuters. All rights reserved O endereço abaixo não existe na globo.com (Leia essa matéria em português no The Intercept Brasil. You can also read Mongabay’s series on the Tapajós Basin in Portuguese at The Intercept Brasil here.) The Tapajós River Basin lies at the heart of the Amazon and also at the heart of an exploding controversy: whether to build more than 40 large dams turning the Basin into a vast industrialized commodities export corridor; or to curb this development impulse and conserve one of the most biologically and culturally rich regions on the planet Those struggling to shape the Basin’s fate hold conflicting opinions but because the Tapajós is an isolated region Journalist Sue Branford and social scientist Mauricio Torres travelled there recently for Mongabay and over coming weeks hope to shed some light on the heated debate that will shape the future of the Amazon The cerrado — a vast tropical savanna rich in endemic species in Brazil’s central Mato Grosso state — was despised as worthless for farming for centuries But over the last 15 years much of the biodiversity of this wide plain has been destroyed and through the widespread use of chemical fertilizers and herbicides it has become the pride of Brazilian agribusiness achieving the world’s highest levels of productivity Thanks in part to the Cerrado’s development Brazil became the largest exporter of soybeans on earth in 2013 (though the US still produces more) it achieved a 41 percent share of the global market becoming very competitive with the United States But large-scale farmers in northern Mato Grosso are struggling to bring this bounty to market as they are forced to truck their perishable harvest over hot pothole-ridden roads via a circuitous 1,500-mile route to the Atlantic Ocean ports of Santos in São Paulo state Agribusiness has three dreams for drastically reducing these high transportation costs: the paving of the BR-163 highway (linking the cities of Cuiabá and Santarém); the building of a new railroad parallel to that road (already nicknamed Ferrogrão the building of the Teles Pires-Tapajós industrial waterway a mega-infrastructure construction project requiring dozens of big dams speaks glowingly of the Tapajós River as “Brazil’s Mississippi,” and as a “gift from God” has been bequeathed by nature with the Juruena will allow for the transport of crops by barge and container ship from the country’s largest agricultural region in Central Brazil to the Amazon River and on to ports on the Atlantic Ocean — dramatically shortening and cheapening export routes to China Of course, God has also graced the Tapajós Basin with staggering biodiversity — making it one of the most biologically rich regions of the Amazon It is also home to a large number of indigenous groups and traditional river communities These constituencies see a very different vision for the future which took place in the town of Juara on the Juruena River in late October provided a forum for voices of protest generally absent in Brasilia’s decision-making regarding the destiny of Amazonia’s rivers including representatives of the indigenous Apiaká Nambikwara and Rikbaktsa peoples; spokespeople from traditional river communities and peasant settlements; researchers and environmental NGOs possibly caused by construction on the Sāo Manoel dam Ironically, the Juara meeting, launched in rebellion against the industrialization of the Tapajós Basin — which the Indians see as just another callous act of colonialism — was occurring in the central square of Juara the big monument’s inscription reads: “our history began here because it was at this very spot that Zé Paraná and other members of Sibal [the Real Estate Society of the Amazon Basin] began their trek into the forest in the midst of the cinders of the first [forest] felling” She told Mongabay that OPAN had deliberately chosen to hold the event in this square: “All the people who took part in the festival live here They are people who have been made invisible It was really daring of us to bring these people to a public square to a square called the Square of the Colonizers.” The “history that began” alluded to on the Juara monument plaque is a story of Brazilian expropriation and exclusion that intensified thousands of miles to the south during the country’s infamous dictatorship period Zé Paraná and the Real Estate Society of the Amazon Basin were beneficiaries of the military government’s so-called land colonization program — created to provide “land for the landless” people living in the south by settling them in the Amazon The military government launched initiatives to encourage large companies to set up cattle ranches and colonization programs along the Transmazônica highway It also divvied up swathes of land in the northern part of Mato Grosso state among just a few favored “owners’: Juara was given to Zé Paraná; Sinop to Énio Pipino; Alta Floresta to Ariosto da Riva; and so on These privileged “owners” in turn subdivided and sold small plots to peasant families who had been left landless in the south due to the government’s support for large-scale farming and its failure to carry out a national program of agrarian reform As the plaque inscription notes approvingly those settlers “who began history” set about felling and burning the forest and planting crops these colonizing families found everything hard — the alien climate The newcomers also ran smack up against a huge governmental lie The government had promised “a land without people for a people without land” indigenous groups and traditional fishing communities had long lived in the forests and on the river shores that were sold to the outsiders Serious land and livelihood conflicts quickly erupted between newcomers seeking to develop the land and the progressively marginalized indigenous and traditional people who already lived and worked there until the progressive 1988 Constitution was promulgated the indigenous people struggled for their very existence for under previous constitutions the Indians were only allowed to stay on their land until they were “assimilated” into national society Even though they have won far greater rights today their struggle is unrelenting: they have continued to lose land all over Brazil as their epic In the Mato Grosso part of the Tapajós Basin Indians today are often confined to shrinking “islands” indigenous zones tentatively guaranteed by the government territory is increasingly threatened by agribusiness’s ambitious new infrastructure plans as well as by governmental schemes to delay and deny indigenous territorial demarcation But it is not only Indians who are in trouble Landless peasants flocked to the Amazon in the early years of the 21st century left-wing Workers’ Party (PT) government would deliver on its pledge to carry out an extensive program of agrarian reform Indians and traditional communities cling to the land as extensive soy plantation monocultures — largely in the hands of large-scale wealthy farmers — march deeper into the Amazon forest from the south This collision of livelihood and lifestyle has resulted in violence The Catholic Church’s Pastoral Land Commission recorded 19 violent deaths in the rural parts of Pará state in 2015 Instead of responding with law enforcement the government has sometimes tried to minimize and normalize the violence Brazil’s Agriculture Minister Blairo Maggi himself one of the world’s largest soybean farmers attributed the rising number of violent deaths to “problems of personal relationship.” Human rights activists take a different view — seeing the current violence as a conflict over land use Fernanda Moreira from the Catholic Church’s Missionary Council (Cimi) told Mongabay: “While the frightening level of violence in the countryside against Indians peasant families and leaders of social movements indicates the ethnocide character of these struggles it also demonstrates the intensity with which these people are resisting.” The first step to securing a commodities export corridor stretching north through the Tapajós Basin required the paving of BR-163 That road was to form a critical link between Cuiabá the capital of Mato Grosso state — where much of the nation’s soy is grown — with the port of Miritituba on the opposite side of the Tapajós River from the city of Itaituba soy and other commodities could be shipped down the Tapajós to the city of Santarém then on down the Amazon to the coast for export Jorge Baldo became the first to promote BR-163’s improvement — a very challenging construction project considering the difficult terrain though many ridiculed his vision as pure “fantasy.“ and finally we formed [our own] organization and won the government over” who presided over the Regional Development Association for the Conclusion of the BR-163 The area around Sorriso where Baldo lives is now Brazil’s biggest soy producing region with 3.5 million hectares (13.5 million square miles) under cultivation Baldo declares the BR-163 to be essential for soy growers: “Our region is not viable without it!” The government approved the paving project in 2004 and today only a final 110-kilometer (68-mile) stretch remains to be asphalted BR-163 will open the way for high-speed truck traffic from Mato Grosso to Santarém and the soy farmers are overjoyed about that One of the first acts of Michel Temer’s government when it came to power earlier this year was to select Ferrogrāo as a priority infrastructure project with bidding for the contract expected in 2017 A final infrastructure project — the most controversial of all — is the industrial waterway but many important questions about it still have to be resolved and perhaps eventually the Tapajós industrial waterway will at last provide Brazilian agribusiness — allied with multinational commodities trading companies Bunge ADM and others — with a highly efficient commodities export corridor passing through the heart of the Amazon basin Carlos Fávaro’s dream of turning the Tapajós River into “Brazil’s Mississippi” is now within the grasp of Brazil’s agribusinessmen — with only indigenous people, traditional riverine communities, environmentalists and the ever-increasing concern of climate scientists about the damage that will be done to the forest (Leia essa matéria em português no The Intercept Brasil. You can also read Mongabay’s series on the Tapajós Basin in Portuguese at The Intercept Brasil here) The “fortress conservation” model is under pressure in East Africa as protected areas become battlegrounds over history and global efforts to halt biodiversity loss Mongabay’s Special Issue goes beyond the region’s world-renowned safaris to examine how rural communities and governments are reckoning with conservation’s colonial origins and trying to forge a path forward […] Nossos serviços estão apresentando instabilidade no momento Algumas informações podem não estar disponíveis The IBGE makes available today (29) the second issue of volume 69 of the Brazilian Journal of Geography (RBG) the publication has seven articles: two in the regular submission section and five one as part of the Jalapão Report written by a team of professors and researchers at the Graduate Program in Geography of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) conducted a fieldwork that repeats the same route covered in 1943 by a team of technicians from the National Council of Geography  (CNG) whose members included renowned geographer Pedro Geiger “It is truly rewarding to observe we are in an institution that has contributed so significantly to the formation of the Brazilian state and that we keep alive a journal that keeps such important records of the work of the IBGE as it is the case of the article published in 1943 which turned out to be a guide for the 2023 expedition The results of the new fieldwork allow us to make comparisons between both expeditions have a special meaning in this current edition of the RBG,” Maria Lúcia Vilarinhos Entitled “Network of Cities and Regional Development in Brazil: an economic-spatial two-scale approach” the first article shows cities as a factor of connection between regional areas authors Bárbara Cobo Soares (IBGE/ENCE) and Lucas Linhares (ENCE) attempt to characterize the distribution of hub cities in the regional urban network concepts and territorial divisions of the of the survey Area of Influence of Cities - REGIC 2018 (IBGE 2020) data from the Municipal Accounts/GDP (IBGE 2020) and from the 2022 Census relative to the distribution of the population over the territory The objective of the study is to provide elements for the  identification of priority areas to receive subsidies and public policies aiming at regional development “This work is an important reflection about the role of polo cities in the expansion of economic development around their closest surroundings about the relevance of certain territorial divisions for the understanding of spatial dynamics of economic vectors is fundamental to guarantee effectiveness of regional public policies,” Maria Lúcia adds “Urban management as a social science: an integrative revision from social politics to urban techno-politics,” PhD student at the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná presents a bibliographical review of publications that deal with urban management as a social phenomenon attempting to do that in integration with the ones that discuss the same topic from a social political and techno political perspective the article aims to identify the impacts of urban space and of its transformations on the populations that live in these territories The 2023 expedition and the publication of the report celebrated the 80 years of that occasion. The field activity of 1943 resulted in a publication in the Brazilian Journal of Geography. “Expedition to Jalapão”, by engineer Gilvando Simões Pereira, is available at: Expedition to Jalapão | Brazilian Journal of Geography voids and traficking: mobilization of the Jalapão territory,” by Vinicius Burle Ferreira Araujo Cruz and Letícia Parente-Ribeiro questions the idea of Jalapão (TO) as a territory of voids the space-time dynamics of a region marked by population flows and commercial routes remembrances and geographical expeditions,” Rafael Augusto Andrade Gomes analyses the preparation of the expedition in an attempt to understand the objectives behind it based on reports and registries of technical meetings that preceded it and on press releases from that time approaching the expedition and the Jalapão itself Ana Brasil Machado and Telma Mendes da Silva authors of “Landscapes in Jalapão: a path through images of 1943 and 2023,” discuss the importance of the use analysis and interpretation of images in geographical studies both in use and in occupation of the space covering choices and framings found in both field works (1943 and 2023) besides highlighting the transformations resulting from the technical resources available for the representations a way of seeing and learning Jalapão (TO),” written by Gisela Pires do Rio as she analyzes the descriptions and observations produced in his report on the 1943 fieldwork The proposal of the article is to explore the terms and concepts that reveal different temporalities in the analysis of space as the very dynamic of regional transformation imposed by the occupation of the territory a starting landscape: an essay about geographical forms and disorientations,” Marcos Paulo Ferreira de Góis also departs from the comparison between the two works this time to discuss what is identified as “geographical disorientations," highliting the changes in the center of the observations that the RBG Editorial Council and the tehnical body of the IBGE's Geography Divison pay homage to geographer anthropologist and professor Ana Maria Lima Daou “She had an outstanding role as a professor and researcher strongly linked to landscape issues field work and the importance ot Geography teaching having graduated in Geography from PUC-Rio and gotten a Master's and a Doctoral degree in Social Anthropology from UFRJ Her professional activity was also directed to the proximity between these two firlds of knowledge She published two very important books about the impacts of rubber extraction in Amazonas between the end of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century: ‘The Amazon Belle Époque’ (2000) and ‘The city the Theater and the ‘Country of Rubber Trees’: practices and representations of the society of the Amazon from the 19th to 20th century’ (2014) which we have been using in the production of the Amazon volume of the Atlas of literary representations of Brazilian regions,” Maria Lúcia recalls the Brazilian Journal of Geography (RBG) is one of the oldest and most respected Brazilian technical-scientific publications in the area of Geography and related sciences the RBG was published on a four-month basis for nearly 70 years Many articles opened important knowledge frontiers becoming classic articles in Brazil and abroad the IBGE resumed the publication in a new format - as a semi-annual electronic edition © 2018 IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística Nós utilizamos cookies para melhorar sua experiência de navegação no portal. Para saber mais sobre como tratamos os dados pessoais, consulte nossa Política de Privacidade. Metrics details Tithonia diversifolia is an invasive weed commonly found in tropical ecosystems we investigate the influence of different abiotic environmental factors on the plant’s metabolite profile by multivariate statistical analyses of spectral data deduced by UHPLC-DAD-ESI-HRMS and NMR methods roots and inflorescences were collected from two Brazilian states throughout a 24-month period along with the corresponding monthly environmental data A metabolomic approach employing concatenated LC-MS and NMR data was utilised for the first time to study the relationships between environment and plant metabolism A seasonal pattern was observed for the occurrence of metabolites that included sugars sesquiterpenes lactones and phenolics in the leaf and stem parts which can be correlated to the amount of rainfall and changes in temperature The distribution of the metabolites in the inflorescence and root parts were mainly affected by variation of some soil nutrients such as Ca We highlight the environment-metabolism relationship for T diversifolia and the combined analytical approach to obtain reliable data that contributed to a holistic understanding of the influence of abiotic environmental factors on the production of metabolites in various plant parts Due to the wide-distribution and great adaptive response capability of T diversifolia to different environmental conditions and its proficiency to yield potential therapeutic natural products a specific and innovative metabolomic approach was used to obtain the respective chemical profiles of the samples and to correlate them with the environmental data (climate and soil) from distinct regions at different seasons The metabolomic approach is useful to understand how variations in plant metabolism can be a response to changes in the surrounding environmental conditions and to be able to propose a statistically sound experimental model that can be applied to environmental metabolomics of plants in the fields of ecology medicinal plants research and other related fields of research Considering the ecological adaptability features of T this species was proven as an adequate object of study to establish an experimental model for environmental metabolomics of plants through a new concatenated approach combining UHPLC-DAD-(ESI)-HRMS and NMR spectral data Mass spectrometry has the advantage of detecting metabolites at micro- to nanogram concentrations while NMR provides more information on the identity of the metabolites The new concatenated approach was an efficient method in directly matching the mass to ratio data with the structure of the respective compounds which can only be specified from the NMR datasets that expedites the dereplication step This approach was used for the first time to carry out a comparative study of different plant part samples of specimens obtained from two environmentally diverse regions of Brazil and collected at different seasons throughout a 24-month period metabolomic profiling was focused on a set of compounds that correspond to the main classes of secondary metabolites encountered in T particularly sesquiterpene lactones and phenolics which are related to the most relevant biological properties presented by this species; in addition primary metabolites also compose the set of analysed compounds This study is strategic in provision to bioprospecting the worthwhileness of invasive weeds in yielding bioactive natural products at different environmental conditions A regular future harvest of such invasive weeds for bioprospecting purposes will maintain ecological balance of the natural home species Analyses and data processing of 170 extracts by UHPLC-DAD-(ESI)-HRMS recorded 1,277 and 1,084 peaks in the positive and the negative mode The negative mode results were used as a basis for proposing the groups for variation analysis of T the processed 1H and J-resolved NMR spectral data were also subjected to PCA and OPLS-DA Results of the multivariate analysis of the UHPLC-DAD-(ESI)-HRMS and J-resolved NMR spectral data were complementary OPLS-DA score scatter plots of the concatenated data obtained from various plant extracts of T G = Group; L = Leaves; S = Stems; R = Roots; I = Inflorescences PCA loading plots of the concatenated data (a) and J-resolved chemical shift data (b) of T. diversifolia leaf extracts to correlate discriminant classes of metabolites with the various environmental factors. G = Group; L = Leaves; Rain = Rainfall; Humi = Humidity; Temp = Temperature. PCA loading plots of the concatenated data (a) and J-resolved chemical shift data (b) of T. diversifolia stem extracts to correlate discriminant classes of metabolites with the various environmental factors. G = Group; S = Stems; Rain = Rainfall; Humi = Humidity; Temp = Temperature; Rad = Solar radiation. PCA loading plots of the concatenated data (a) and J-resolved chemical shift data (b) of T. diversifolia root extracts to correlate discriminant classes of metabolites with the variations in soil nutrients. G = Group; R = Roots; Ca = Soil calcium; Mg = Soil magnesium; P = Soil phosphorus; K = Soil potassium. PCA loading plots of the concatenated data (a) and J-resolved chemical shift data (b) of T diversifolia inflorescence extracts to correlate discriminant classes of metabolites with the various environmental factors G = Group; I = Inflorescences; Ca = Soil calcium; Cu = Soil copper; Temp = Temperature; Rad = Solar radiation it can be observed that samples of two different groups of matrices were clustered together so that the main common feature between samples within the cluster is the time of the year when the samples were collected even for the roots and inflorescences samples it was observed that the main pattern of separation between the clusters was not based on the geographical origin of samples but on the seasonal variation of the environmental factors samples were not grouped primarily according to the group of matrices of which they were obtained the results of this study certainly added new and relevant information on the seasonal variation of the major classes of metabolites found in T The environmental factors monitored in this study include temperature humidity and solar radiation as well as the amount of soil macro- and micronutrients which proved to correlate to variations in the sugar and nucleoside content as well as secondary metabolite composition of T It should also be kept in mind that other environmental factors that may affect soil conditions in the two remotely distant regions have not demonstrated significant influence on the metabolic profile of the plant variation in metabolic profile in the leaves and stems seems to be related mainly on rainfall and humidity levels with temperature and solar radiation also exerting some influence on the metabolic profile Inflorescences and roots were grouped according to the availability of certain nutrients in the soil with solar radiation and temperature also significantly affecting the metabolic profile in the inflorescences plants under conditions of stress induced by climate factors (i.e high levels of solar radiation) may show changes in the production of different metabolite classes It can be observed that samples collected during the rainiest periods tend to cluster and were rich in primary metabolites such as sugars and nucleosides Leaf and stem samples collected during the drier periods were rich in secondary metabolites such as sesquiterpene lactones particularly in the cold months while there was an increase production of trans-cinammic acid ester derivatives during the hot months Collected samples of leaves and stems during the transition period between the dry and rainy seasons yielded intermediate levels of both primary and secondary metabolites root samples were distributed into three large groups composed mostly of samples from the state of Goiás which were mainly collected in the first year of study and samples from state of São Paulo were collected in the first half of the first year of study there were higher levels of soil macronutrients in both regions and GR1 was characterized by lower accumulation of secondary metabolites GR2 consisted of a larger number of samples from Goiás mainly collected in the second year of the study and samples from São Paulo collected in the second half of the first year The observed levels of soil macronutrients decreased during this period and in parallel GR2 samples indicated low but significant accumulation of phenolic compounds composed mainly of samples from São Paulo collected during the second year of study it was observed the lowest levels of soil macronutrients and the high accumulation of phenolic compounds especially esters of trans-cinnamic acid derivatives For the inflorescences, it was possible to observe the existence of two main groups (Figs 1d and 2d) Group GI1 was primarily composed of samples from Goiás where the soil showed higher levels of Ca and the temperature and levels of solar radiation were low during the flowering season The accumulation of sugars was observed along with high Ca concentration in the soil the occurrence of sesquiterpene lactones was correlated with the increase of Cu levels Group GI2 consisted mostly of samples collected in São Paulo described to have higher temperatures and higher levels of solar radiation The collected inflorescences indicated the accumulation of esters of trans-cinnamic acid derivatives the presence of certain soil nutrients can also be associated with the occurrence of some metabolites Moderate levels of primary metabolites and sesquiterpene lactones were detected in inflorescence samples of plants from soils rich in Ca or Cu The four aerial part outliers (one for the leaves two for the stems and one for the inflorescences) were characterized by high accumulation of two specific sesquiterpene lactones: namely tagitinin A but mainly tagitinin C All these outlying samples were collected from São Paulo during the dry season of the first year of study The increased accumulation of tagitinins A and C was observed to be related to a specific combination of environmental conditions low temperatures and low levels of solar radiation The PCA loading plots obtained from the NMR (J-resolved) data showed signals with chemical shift values representing major classes of metabolites used as discriminants for the respective proposed groups. For example, as shown in Figs 3 and 4 resonances between 5 to 6 ppm were related to olefinic double bonds present in an aliphatic carbon skeleton while those between 2 to 3 ppm corresponded to hydrogens attached to a saturated carbon in the environment of a carbonyl group typical to unsaturated fatty acids and sesquiterpene lactones as found in tagitinin C in samples of leaves and stems grouped under GL1 and GS1 which were characterized by the accumulation of these substances Considering all the results presented herein we can highlight the relationships between environment and the metabolic profile of T in which the variation in the production of certain classes of metabolites in the plant appeared to be a direct response to changes in conditions of its surrounding environment It can also be highlighted that the set of analytical techniques selected for this work combined with proper multivariate analysis allowed us to obtain statistically-sound reliable data that contribute to a holistic understanding of how some primary but mainly secondary metabolism are affected in the species according to the changes of the abiotic environmental factors of the location where it can be encountered and how respective plant parts is differently affected by the environment metabolic information was obtained by the fusion of two data sets originated from high resolution LC-MS and NMR The fused concatenated data set was an efficient method in directly matching the m/z signals with the structure of the respective compounds within a cluster which expedites the dereplication step the approach reported herein may be useful in the study of other invasive and highly adaptable species as well as in the study of the effects of environmental changes in the development of plants which can also be extended to explore quality control or biological properties of further economically important crops the latter responsible for the accumulation of active substances that exert pharmacological effect in humans samples were collected in condition ex situ from two groups of matrices cultivated in two different states of Brazil one located in the Garden of Medicinal Plants of the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto state of São Paulo (latitude 21° 10′ 07.4″ S longitude 47° 50′ 49.1″ W) and the other at Fazenda Santo Antonio (Saint Anthony Farm) Cultivation was carried out in two Brazilian states with the aim of analysing the influence of two diverse geographical locations on the metabolic homeostasis of the species Voucher specimens for each sampled population were deposited and identified at Herbarium SPF under the responsibility of the curation of Dr Voucher numbers for each specimens were assigned as Sampaio #01 (samples from Pires do Rio-GO) and Sampaio #02 (samples from Ribeirão Preto-SP) All the samples and the voucher specimens were prepared according to the standard operating procedure for the access and shipment of component of genetic heritage as issued by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq) under authorization of Genetic Heritage Management Council (Conselho de Gestão do Patrimônio Genético – CGEN) For all the plant collection areas covered in this study climate data information between March 2012 and March 2014 was obtained from the available online climate database of the National Institute of Meteorology (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia – INMET) humidity and radiation and accumulated rainfall for each month were used To prepare the crude extracts used in this study freeze-dried samples of different plant parts (leaves roots and inflorescences) were ground in a mill grinder (11 Basic IKA Model) and was sieved through a size 42 mesh (opening = 0.355 mm) packed in plastic microtubes and then stored at −20 °C 100 mg aliquots were weighed into plastic microtubes (a total of 170 samples - 48 samples each of leaves stems and roots and 26 samples of inflorescences) 2 mL of 70% ethanol (v/v) were added and the extraction was performed in an ultrasonic bath for 20 min the material was centrifuged for 3 min at 13,000 rpm the supernatant was filtered through a syringe filter (0.22 μm pore diameter) the filtrate was further cleaned-up by partitioning with n-hexane (95% HPLC grade) to remove excess of fats (fatty acids followed by centrifugation to separate the n-hexane partition which was then discarded The fat-free plant extracts were dried in a centrifugal vacuum prior to metabolite variation analyses For the preparation of the samples for UHPLC-DAD-(ESI)-HRMS analysis the obtained extracts from the previous section were dissolved in water (Milli-Q)/acetonitrile (LC-MS grade) (7:3 v/v) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL then filtered through a syringe filter (0.22 μm) A solvent blank of water/acetonitrile (7:3) was also prepared in order to subtract any solvent interfering signals in the data processing step A reference sample containing a mixture of extracts from various plant parts was used to align the chromatograms during data processing diversifolia extracts was analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR and J-resolved) at the Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences Access and sample shipment were in accordance with the Brazilian laws (Term of Authorization for Access and Shipment No 010319/2013-1 issued by CNPq and approved by the letter COAPG No 5 mg of each of the sample were dissolved in 650 μL of methanol-d4/D2O (600:50) and transferred to 5 mm diameter 7″ NMR tubes The 170 extracts were analysed by UHPLC-DAD-(ESI)-HRMS Thermo Scientific® Accela equipped with Accela 1250 quaternary pumps coupled to a Accela photodiode array detector and a Thermo Scientific® Exactive Plus mass spectrometer with an Orbitrap® analyzer Chromatographic analysis of the extracts was performed on an ACE® analytical column (3.0 mm internal diameter × 150 mm length 3 μm particle size) placed in an oven maintained at 35 °C using H2O with 0.1% formic acid as solvent A and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid as solvent B with the following gradient elution program; at 0 min it started with 5% B which was increased to 20% B in 10 min then to 25% B in 15 min to 45% B in 25 min and to 100% B in 30 min continued at 100% B to 38 min for washing and was equilibrated back to 5% B to 44 min at a solvent flow rate of 400 μL/min Electrospray ionization method was used for mass spectrometry under the following conditions: spray voltage (positive mode = 3.6 kV; negative mode = 3.2 kV); temperature of the capillary in positive mode at 300 °C and 320 °C in the negative mode diversifolia extracts on a 400 MHz Jeol-LA400 FT-NMR spectrometer system equipped with a 40TH5AT/FG probe (JEOL The acquisition of the one-dimensional proton spectra (1H NMR) was performed by the pre-saturation pulse sequence using 16 scans per analysis two-dimensional J-resolved NMR spectra were also acquired with 32 scans and 64 increments per scan Data points were collected into a plot using spectral widths of 3.56 kHz for F2 (chemical shift axis) and 50 Hz for F1 (spin–spin coupling constant axis) The pre-saturation method was used to suppress the solvent signal during acquisition and the two-dimensional J-resolved spectra provided separation of overlapping chemical shift values (δ) against corresponding coupling constants (J) at different axes The data obtained after analysis of the extracts by UHPLC-DAD-(ESI)-HRMS were pre-treated and pre-processed for multivariate analysis The obtained data were separated between positive and negative mode of ionization and converted to mzXML format with ProteoWizard 3.0.6002 package MSConvert software (Proteowizard Software Foundation) The sorted data was processed by MZmine 2.10 (MZmine 2 project) for peak detection gap filling and the search for adducts and peak identification using an in-house compounds database The following MZmine parameters were used for the data processing: noise level at 106; Lorentzian function for the peak shape; minimum peak height at 5 × 106; and m/z tolerance at 0.002 m/z or 5.0 ppm The processed data were then exported as tables categorized according to peak areas exact mass and retention times for each sample extract which were then subjected for multivariate statistical analysis The acquired 2D J-resolved spectrum were first tilted at 45° to remove the effect of constant couplings over the shaft with the chemical shift values then symmetrized The spectra on the one-dimensional projection were extracted then processed following the same steps described for 1H spectra The data obtained by 1H NMR and J-resolved analyses were processed with MestReNova version 8 (Mestrelab Research S.L.©) prior to multivariate analysis The 1H NMR spectra of respective extracts were stacked and processed in active spectrum mode Pre-processing included baseline correction using the Whittaker-Smoother method apodization was at a Gaussian function of 1 GB [Hz] normalization was on the highest signal equivalent to 100 smoothing was done with the Savitzky-Golay method binning to the full spectrum used a value of 0.01 ppm for each bin then subjected to a second normalization step to normalize the intensity of each bin The processed NMR data were exported as electronic tables containing the intensities of the signals for each chemical shift at 0.01 ppm intervals Chemical shift values between 0.5 to 9.25 ppm and 0.5 to 8.9 ppm were used from the 1H and J-resolved spectral data The solvent peaks for methanol-d4 and D2O were manually deleted in MS-Excel® The environmental data sets for the soil nutrients and climate from the two collection sites of T diversifolia were processed according to the data type - data expressed as percentages (relative humidity and percentage of saturation for bases) and data not expressed as percentages (organic matter cation exchange capacity and the sum of the bases) The environmental data expressed in percentages were transformed by the equation (1) while the other experimental data not expressed in percentages were calculated using the equation (2) (1.) Transformation of variables by the arcsin method (2.) Logarithmic transformation for the variables The data were divided into two blocks consisting of the LC-MS data block and 1H-NMR data block) Each block was scaled by the equation below (3) both blocks were combined into one single data matrix which was subjected to multivariate analysis (3.) 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When asked which individual opponents he found most difficult, Pires told the MOTD Top 10 Podcast: 'In the Premier League, it was John Terry and Rio Ferdinand.  'Matches against Chelsea and Manchester United were always hard and Terry and Ferdinand were very tough, very physical.' When Pires arrived in north London in 2000, Manchester United were the dominant force in England having just won the treble under Sir Alex Ferguson. While Ferdinand had not joined the Red Devils by that point, he was still impressing against Pires and Arsenal while at Leeds United. In his second full season at Arsenal, the Frenchman guided the north Londoners to the league and cup double in 2002, with Pires winning the Football Writers' Player of the Year that season.  He was also named in the PFA Team of the Year for three consecutive seasons between 2002 and 2004, the latter being Arsenal's Invincibles season when they won the Premier League without losing a single game.  Yet the following season, Arsenal lost out in the Premier League title race to Jose Mourinho's Chelsea, who were captained by Terry. Despite the success Pires had in England's top-flight, the ex-Arsenal winger admitted he found the Premier League very difficult to begin with.  He added: 'Coming from France to play in the Premier League, it was very difficult at the beginning. Arsene Wenger told me: "It's not the same football. It's physical, you need to learn." 'My first match was at Sunderland. I was sitting on the bench and after about 20-25 minutes I remember thinking: "Wow, this football is not for me."' Pires left Arsenal in 2006, with his last appearance for the club coming in the Champions League Final defeat to Barcelona in Paris.  The Frenchman then joined Villarreal, where he came up against Ferdinand and Manchester United once again in the Champions League, while he also had brief spells at Aston Villa and FC Goa in India.  Now Pires is still a regular at the Arsenal training ground and has been spotted taking part in certain training sessions over the past few seasons. The former France international, who won the 1998 World Cup and 2000 European Championships with his country, revealed plans to move into coaching over the next few years.  Pires said: 'I think coaching is a good job. Even if it's hard on a daily basis.  'I think that in the years to come, I will decide to take the coaching diplomas. And I plan to do it in Spain.'  Robert Pires: John Terry and Rio Ferdinand were the toughest opponentsCommenting on this article has endedNewest{{#isModerationStatus}}{{moderationStatus}}