the São Francisco river has straightened and deepened under the influence of erosion and dams nothing like the Xingó canyons formed hundreds of millions of years ago on the border between the states of Sergipe and Alagoas where its waters today flow between rock walls up to 50 meters (m) high in response to changes in rainfall patterns and vegetation on the riverbanks known locally as “Velho Chico,” has changed significantly The 2,863-kilometer (km) river cuts through 521 municipalities from its source in the Serra da Canastra Mountains of Minas Gerais When rain was more abundant between 90,000 and 66,000 years ago the river carried large amounts of sediment and carved through the land When sediment volumes were particularly high sand was deposited on the riverbed and banks creating an intertwined pattern of multiple channels flowing at the same time When there was less sediment and more moderate rainfall between 66,000 and 39,000 years ago and between 19,000 and 9,000 years ago it formed broad sinuous curves called meanders Meandering rivers are common in tropical and subtropical environments exemplified by the Purus and Juruá rivers in the Amazon according to sediment analyses conducted by researchers from the University of São Paulo (USP) the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) and the Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL) Geologist Patrícia Mescolotti points out that the method used to determine when sunlight last fell on the quartz crystals found in the sand on the riverbanks before they were covered by more recent sediment is limited to 90,000 years but we cannot say for sure,” says the researcher who has been working at the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) in Campo Grande since May 2022 Describing the river’s geomorphological dimensions in a January 2022 article in the Brazilian Journal of Geomorphology geologists Landerlei Santos of UNESP and Edgardo Latrubesse of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG) observed that some of the floodplains may have formed at the end of the Pleistocene epoch under the guidance of geologist Mario Assine and UNIFESP geographer Fabiano Pupim Mescolotti examined sediments collected from 51 points along the riverbank in Bahia and from dunes in the municipality of Xique-Xique She also studied aerial photos and satellite images that showed the old riverbed — shaped like small horseshoes and abandoned as the water found easier paths to follow — and helped to reconstitute the terraces (former floodplains) Alexandre Affonso / Revista Pesquisa FAPESP“Despite the river being a symbol of the Northeast the flow of the São Francisco appears to be controlled by the South American monsoon system [characterized by intense rainfall in the summer and dry winters] which takes water from the Amazon to the Southeast of Brazil,” explains Pupim most of which are supplied by tributaries along their entire course the São Francisco receives most of its water near its source from tributaries such as the Rio das Velhas (the largest) “As has been the case for thousands of years around two-thirds of the river’s water continue to come from the region of the river’s source in Minas Gerais.” By the time it reaches the municipality of Januária the river already has almost 70% of its volume as described in an article published in Quaternary Science Reviews in April 2021 USP geologist Cristiano Mazur Chiessi and colleagues studied the behavior of the São Francisco river basin by examining the proportion of two distinct forms of hydrogen and carbon in tree and grass remains accumulated in marine sediments which they collected from depths of 1,897 m less than 1 km from the river mouth on the border of Alagoas and Sergipe Their conclusions were similar to those of Pupim’s group: “Rainfall in the São Francisco river drainage basin particularly at the headwaters and in the middle section comes mainly from the Amazon,” says Chiessi “We didn’t notice any significant long-term changes in the water source.” The hydrogen and carbon distribution indicated periods of more or less intense rainfall in the São Francisco basin trees occupied a greater area in the Cerrado in the area of the river basin near the source grasses predominated,” says USP geologist Jaqueline Quirino Ferreira lead author of an article detailing the group’s results published in Quaternary Science Reviews in March 2022 An particular aspect of Velho Chico is that it crosses three natural environments — the Atlantic Forest “Long rivers that flow from north to south or south to north generally cross more than one type of natural environment which cuts through the Atlantic Forest and southern Brazil and Argentina,” explains José Cândido Stevaux a geologist from the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) in Três Lagoas who worked with Mescolotti São Francisco has one of the largest artificial lakes in the world part of the power plant of the same name in northern Bahia This and four other large hydroelectric power plants (Três Marias and consequently change the lives of residents in nearby towns “The effects of the dams are clearer near the mouth especially in three municipalities in Alagoas (Piranhas and Traipu) and one in Sergipe (Propriá),” observes geographer Genisson Panta a PhD student at the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) and high school teacher at a state public school in Maceió he has been studying these changes since 2019 and presented them in an article published in the Journal of South American Earth Sciences in January Walter Antonio do Livramento / Wikimedia CommonsIn Piranhas the river has become shallower in response to the increased flow caused by the Xingó damWalter Antonio do Livramento / Wikimedia Commons Based on field research and the analysis of data from hydrometric stations that measure the river’s flow the depth decreased in response to an increased flow caused by the Xingó hydroelectric plant built on the border between Alagoas and Sergipe in 1994 there was a layer of sediment at the bottom of the river the depth of which was adjusted depending on the flow rate,” he says and the river could only make lateral adjustments In the region between Propriá in Sergipe and Porto Real do Colégio in Alagoas the river’s banks widened by 250 m from 1969 to 2022 erosion is not continuous — it is episodic “A single flood can wash away tons of sediment.” but its width increased from 600 m to 720 m after the Xingó power plant began operating 150 km downstream in 1994 the depth of the river increased from 2 m to 3 m after the construction of the Três Marias dam 700 km to the south “The figures are similar to those of other tropical river systems such as Tocantins-Araguaia and Paraná,” he noted a municipality in Alagoas located 10 km from the river mouth an unusual number of teenagers and adults suffered hypertension the cause of which was discovered in 2017: during a drought seawater flowed back into the river and people consumed untreated brackish water “The sea advances more easily into the river mouth now because since the dams were built the river flow is controlled by the demand for electricity,” says Panta Given its current name by Italian explorer Américo Vespúcio (1454–1512) in 1501 and still today the stage for events such as a boat procession in Penedo the São Francisco continues to be transformed by both human and natural forces One ongoing major project is a transfer of its waters started in 2007 and partially completed in 2022 through the construction of 700 km of concrete canals to supply farms and residents in the interior of northeastern Brazil a strong plan is needed on how much water to take and how to distribute it perhaps not taking it at certain times of the year so as not to harm the river,” says Stevaux “Hundreds of rivers have been diverted around the world Patricia Colombo MescolottiNow divided by rivers the dunes of Xique-Xique once formed a singular areaPatricia Colombo Mescolotti Based on analyses of sand collected from depths of up to 2 meters began to be formed by sand from the São Francisco river at least 150,000 years ago as described in an article published in the journal Geomorphology in January the dunes were once more extensive and formed a single area today divided by the rivers that flow into the São Francisco,” says Patricia Mescolotti Different reptile and mammal species live on either side shift in response not only to the river sands that feed them but also to the removal of vegetation from the riverbanks and the intensity of droughts according to a paper published in Geomorphology by Santos and Latrubesse in November 2021 They observed that the dunes migrated an average of 15 meters per year between 2002 and 2010 and 9.4 meters per year from 2010 to 2019 © Revista Pesquisa FAPESP - All rights reserved Several studies have reported the benefits of supplementation with various organic acids or their salts in fish diets although negative results have also been documented and reportedly related to differences between species and/or rearing conditions Fumaric is a weak organic acid that is generally stable at room temperature non-toxic and naturally found in plants and fungi fumaric acid (FA) has only been evaluated as a single additive in African catfish diets or as part of dietary organic acid blends for yellow catfish fumaric acid is one of the most widely studied organic acids for terrestrial animal feeds This article – adapted and summarized from the original publication (Neves Dietary Supplementation with Fumaric Acid Improves Growth Performance in Nile Tilapia Juveniles 8) – evaluated the dietary supplementation of fumaric acid in aquafeeds based on productive performance and villi morphometry of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles This study assessed the effects of inclusion of fumaric acid at 0 20 and 30 grams per kg in diets (350 g/kg crude protein 3.4 kcal digestible energy per gram) of Nile tilapia juveniles Fish were provided by the Reference Center for Aquaculture and Fishery Resources (Porto Real do Colégio Brazil) of the Companhia de Desenvolvimento do Vale do São Francisco e Parnaíba (CODEVASF São Francisco and Parnaíba Valley Development Company) Tilapia juveniles were distributed in three 40-liter aquaria per treatment (13 fish per aquaria) in a completely randomized design the fish received the experimental diets three times daily to apparent satiety Samples of tissues and intestines were collected weekly for various laboratory analyses For detailed information on the experimental design and fish husbandry; microbiological and histological sampling and processing; proximate and chemical composition analyses; and calculations and statistical procedures Do probiotics work in aquaculture? Our results showed that dietary supplementation with fumaric acid clearly improved the growth performance and protein efficiency ratio of Nile tilapia juveniles The greatest difference was found for weight gain with values increasing proportionally to fumaric acid supplementation of up to 14 to 15 g/kg The benefits of dietary supplementation of several organic acids in a pure form These gains are usually a result of a complex group of factors such as the pH reduction in the gastrointestinal tract favoring the activity of digestive enzymes and consequently the digestibility of nutrients; antimicrobial activity of organic acids; and protective effects on intestinal epithelium regardless of the intrinsic properties of the organic acid evaluated it is necessary to determine the optimum dietary supplementation levels of fumaric acid for different fish species to maximize the benefits of this feed additive dietary supplementation greater than 15 g/kg of fumaric acid tended to decrease productive performance as well as feed and protein use by the Nile tilapia juveniles The negative impact of organic acid supplementation on fish growth can be attributed to a reduction in feed intake due to acidification of diets the feed intake of fumaric acid diets by Nile tilapia was similar to that of the non-supplemented diet tilapia has been shown to adjust the ingestion of diets with a high range of supplementation of several organic acids or their salts fumaric acid is an energy source readily available for use by the intestinal mucosa promoting a faster recovery of gastrointestinal cells and increased absorptive surface of the gut This is a plausible hypothesis to explain the increase in the height and width of intestinal villi in Nile tilapia fed fumaric acid-supplemented diets And other researchers have reported that Nile tilapia juveniles given malic acid-supplemented diets showed higher whole body a common response to increased availability of dietary energy the antimicrobial activity of organic acids favors the development of non-pathogenic microorganisms forming a protective barrier that assists in the development of the villi and enables greater absorption and utilization of nutrients; thus feed and protein use in Nile tilapia is a result of a multifactorial set of benefits provided by fumaric acid supplementation We clearly demonstrated positive results of fumaric acid-supplemented diets up to 15 g/kg in our trial higher inclusion levels of this organic acid led to decreased performance parameters in Nile tilapia juveniles The effects of overdoses of organic acids (>10 g/kg) in aquafeeds have rarely been studied and deserve further research other scientists have reported that clinical signs of liver damage (necrosis sinusoid disorganization and hemorrhage) were more apparent in Nile tilapia fingerlings fed sodium citrate-supplemented diets (20 and 40 g/kg) as were decreased growth and feed efficiency We did not observe any pathological signs in the intestinal villi of our Nile tilapia regardless of fumaric acid supplementation Among the bacterial agents in aquatic ecosystems Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae can be found in the skin and others – are important opportunistic pathogens that can cause intestinal disease the addition of fumaric acid to the diet inhibited the growth of enterobacteria in the intestine beginning on day 28 thereby constituting a viable strategy for the exclusion of potentially pathogenic bacteria from the animal microbiota The benefits of dietary supplementation with organic acids are commonly known in farm animals but these compounds are rarely exploited as additives to aquafeeds Fumaric acid and its salts are among the most used organic acids in terrestrial animal feeds We evaluated the inclusion of fumaric acid at 0 20 and 30 g/kg in the diets of Nile tilapia juveniles and showed that supplementation improved growth protein use and intestinal villi morphometry Our results support the addition of fumaric acid to diets as a reliable strategy to improve the production and intestinal microbiota health of Nile tilapia juveniles Dietary inclusion of 15 g/kg of fumaric acid improves growth performance and is effective in reducing intestinal Gram-negative bacteria in Nile tilapia juveniles after 35 days … please consider supporting GSA’s mission to advance responsible seafood practices through education The Advocate aims to document the evolution of responsible seafood practices and share the expansive knowledge of our vast network of contributors By becoming a Global Seafood Alliance member you’re ensuring that all of the pre-competitive work we do through member benefits Individual membership costs just $50 a year A study evaluated the effects of two organic acid blends on performance gut health and disease resistance in olive flounder The dietary organic acids were effective in lowering total gut bacterial counts gut Vibrio counts and in conferring resistance against Edwardsiella tarda.  Prophylactic use of antibiotics in animal production is being banned or restricted by many countries A potential substitute for antibiotic growth promoters in aquafeeds is organic acids which are the focus of much research and commercial interest.  Results of a trial in China show the use of fat microencapsulated organic acids and salts could improve disease resistance of L Study characterizes the microbial community and dynamics of a continuous-flow competitive exclusion culture derived from gut microbiomes in Nile tilapia.  The Responsible Seafood Advocate supports the Global Seafood Alliance’s (GSA) mission to advance responsible seafood practices through education which commemorates the Trans Day of Remembrance includes descriptions of violence and bigotry against transgender people The Wild Hunt believes it is important to our mission to acknowledge given the importance of transgender people to the Pagan movement  Ygor Arrudasouza called the police to his apartment in downtown Miami at 4:25 AM they found the body of a woman covered in blood with stab wounds from a fork and knife Arrudasouza faces one count of second-degree murder and one count of aggravated battery The victim was Yunieski “Yuni” Carey Herrera the first woman to change her Cuban passport to match her female identity AUGUSTA, Ga. –  Felycya Harris was an interior decorator.  “She enjoyed lending her eye to improve the surroundings of others, and made others feel comfortable in their own space,” notes a Human Rights Campaign press release. “She said she could do ‘just about anything with decorating,’ which she learned from her late grandmother.” Reports say that Harris is “the third transgender person to be killed in the area in the last year so she was not the only case of violence transgender women face in their own communities.” TALLAHASSEE, Fla.  –  Tony McDade – known to friends as “Tony the Tiger” – said in a video the night before his death that he had been attacked by five people. Rolling Stone reported that McDade vowed revenge on his attackers The details of what happened next are unclear but McDade was shot and killed by a Tallahassee Police Department (TPD) officer I’m an officer,’” claims one witness He was misgendered by the police and by subsequent reports [Tony McDade via the Human Rights Campaign] A Gofundme page was created for McDade’s funeral expenses to help his mother. The Gofundme organizer wrote: “While the grand jury declined to hand down indictments against the police officers it expressed concern… It also noted that the officer who shot and killed McDade violated police department policy by not activating his body camera Shortly after the release of the grand jury’s report on Friday Tallahassee Mayor John Dailey appealed for calm noting “the pain and trauma that these incidents have caused The mayor called for a review of the police department’s use of deadly force and said he would seek to include a mental health component to how police respond to incidents McDade’s death coincided with nationwide protests over the murder of George Floyd Tony’s Gofundme page has raised $251,411 There are hundreds of similar stories from just this year. The 2020 data from the Transrespect project continues to show the scope of the tragedy and the challenges faced by the transgender community Trans Day of Remembrance (TDoR) is an annual observance on November 20 that honors the memory of transgender people whose lives were lost in acts of anti-transgender violence Today we honor the memory of those who perished because they led authentic lives We say the names of those we lost in the last year for their peace “La Chachis” / “La Tocha” [Source: Transrepect.org] And the many others whose names were unreported and whose authentic lives were not acknowledged Please consider visiting Trans Respect vs. Transphobia Worldwide or GLAAD to learn more The Wild Hunt is not responsible for links to external content Visit our The Wild Hunt subreddit! 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