Casamento da Princesa Isabel (Marriage of Princess Isabel)
a 27.1 x 51 cm oil on canvas dated 1864 by Pedro Américo (1843–1905)
Located in the Museu Imperial in Petrópolis
The incident of a failed asylum seeker identifying as transgender exposes the dangerous absurdity of Germany’s self-identification law and its broken asylum system
There is a macabre precedent in the bizarre accounts
of people dancing themselves to death: an analogue to the painful hedonism of post-modernity
The BBC have apologised to the former UKIP leader for inaccurate reporting
but Natwest has come under a lot of pressure for bringing politics into banking
Don Rafael of Orléans-Bragança has been the Prince Imperial of Brazil since 8 November 2024
Although this interview took place before that
it may be the first published with Rafael as the direct heir of the Brazilian throne
The European Conservative’s Rafael Pinto Borges met HIRH at Lisbon’s Grémio Literário to discuss the state of Western civilisation and Brazil’s enduring contribution to it
We are facing a genuine crisis of civilisation—not only in Brazil but also in Europe
Our polarisation is not a mere matter of party affiliations
The woke movement is increasingly fragmenting society
Rather than recognizing Brazil as a unified entity where ethnic diversity enhances its cohesion
many now work to divide it into victors and victims
This approach undermines the foundation of Brazil
children dreamed of visiting Disney World
inspired by the allure of the American dream
children today are given very different messages from America
The current influence of the woke movement in the U.S
is not only affecting American society but is also spreading globally
impacting nations like Brazil due to the widespread reach of American culture
the original identity of the Brazilian people is rooted in its Catholic-Portuguese heritage
This identity has faced challenges as a result of American influence
also developed with Christian values that remain significant
One issue is that media portrayals often focus solely on liberal America
which continues to cleave to traditional Christian values
emphasising only select narratives while obscuring the broader
This contributes to the perception that there is an identity crisis in Brazil
It might not be so much a crisis of identity as a case of the country losing touch with its past
There is a saying that resonates: ‘You have to know where you come from to know where you’re going.’ This concept is essential in understanding Brazil’s formation and identity
Brazil’s strength lies in its historical journey—shaped by significant figures and the confluence of cultures and peoples—which has built the nation’s unique character
The perceived identity crisis stems from a disconnect with Brazil’s origins as a Portuguese-founded nation
Brazil remains a united country with Portuguese as the common language spoken from north to south
Comparatively smaller nations like Switzerland manage multiple official languages
retains linguistic unity due to its heritage
It is also important to recognize Brazil’s profound connection to Portugal
Brazil is fundamentally the offspring of Portugal
which constitutes an immense and foundational part of its identity
While this may not be widely perceived today
acknowledging Portugal as the birthplace of Brazilian civilization is crucial to appreciating the country’s heritage
There is a growing awareness among Brazilians that this work of cultural self-rediscovery is crucial for Brazil’s future
The solution to this challenge lies in celebrating the past; the past forms the core of one’s identity
one’s presence today is a direct consequence of past events
What is now Brazil was inhabited by indigenous peoples before the Portuguese arrived
Comparing the Portuguese colonisation of Brazil with the Spanish colonisation of the rest of the Americas reveals a very different process
The independence process in Brazil differed from that of the rest of the Americas; it was peaceful and smooth
akin to a son emancipating from his father
Brazil served as the centre of the Portuguese kingdom for almost 15 years
with Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire for 13 years between 1808 and 1822
Brazil experienced rapid development after it acquired independence in the 19th century
During the First and Second Empires—in the reigns of Pedro I and his son
Pedro II of Brazil—the country saw a period of fast ascendancy
The argument is that the system of constitutional monarchy provides a country with continuity
and stability—three critical aspects for a nation’s growth and success
This continuity allows for a more consistent development trajectory
while there is still a democratic government with a prime minister who runs the country
the monarch serves as a stabilising presence
The monarch stands above political parties and individual interests
This continuity and stability could be why Brazil
faces difficulties realising its full potential
Brazil possesses significant strengths: a hardworking population; vast natural resources; and potential in agriculture
these attributes are not being leveraged to their maximum potential
Brazil indeed possesses a distinctive ethos
Brazil’s greatness is rooted in its Portuguese heritage
The way Portugal shaped Brazil is fundamental to its character
One of the most significant traits inherited from the Portuguese people is the capacity to be welcoming and understanding
This is perhaps the most valuable contribution that Brazil can offer the world: an openness and willingness to embrace people of all backgrounds
The Brazilian mindset has a unique ability to understand and accept others
fostering an inclusive and harmonious environment.
The role of a monarch should not necessarily be to stay away from politically divisive issues
The key is to avoid taking sides and to prioritise what is best for the long term
what is often missing is the pursuit of common ground
Instead of seeking ways to move forward together
people tend to become entrenched in their positions
leading to confrontations where each side insists on being heard without compromise
This dynamic creates divisions that make it increasingly difficult for communities to coexist peacefully
the emperor—has a vital role to play as a moderator and as a lasting symbol of national unity
The monarch can act as an impartial figure
ensuring that the long-term interests of the nation are safeguarded
and that society remains cohesive despite ideological differences.
This interview appears in the Winter 2024 issue of The European Conservative
The birthday will be marked officially on 11 and 15 April in Aarhus and Copenhagen
with celebrations that pay tribute to the communities of the young generation with culture
sustainability and volunteerism as the principal elements
The following official events will take place in connection with the 18th birthday of The Princess:
In connection with The Princess’s 18th birthday
new portraits of The Princess taken by photographer Steen Evald in Frederik VIII’s Palace at Amalienborg are published today
The portraits can be downloaded from The Royal House of Denmark’s media bank on kongehuset.dk
The guidelines for use of the portraits appear on The Royal House of Denmark’s website
News media information concerning Princess Isabella’s birthday will be announced at a later date
Brazil keeps a parchment with delicate calligraphy that reads: “Slavery is hereby declared extinct in Brazil.” The so-called Golden Law
Brazil ended with a stroke of a pen (literally) more than three centuries of slavery
It was the last country in the Americas to do so
the princess quickly became a national heroine
She gives her name to a multitude of squares and avenues
and in Rio de Janeiro she has a statue in front of Copacabana beach
Until not long ago she was a figure that generated unanimity
“the redeemer”; but in recent years the pressure of the black movement and of a new generation of historians is revising her figure
the government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva renamed an award created in the last days of the Bolsonaro administration (the Princess Isabel Order of Merit) as Luiz Gama
in homage to a self-taught lawyer who was enslaved for ten years and who
becoming one of the most prominent abolitionist leaders
the long shadow of the princess hid many struggles
in schools and in the collective imagination the image of the savior princess prevails
author of the book Racismo Brasileiro (Brazilian Racism)
She argues that abolitionism was the first great Brazilian social movement: “Unfortunately
what we know about Princess Isabel was told from a very white perspective of Brazilian history
It seems that one fine day she woke up and said ‘slavery is over’
leaving a series of struggles that marked Brazil from 1865-1868 until abolition in the background”
not far from the palace where the princess lived
It is true that the daughter of Emperor Pedro II had a progressive outlook and sympathy for the abolitionist cause
She did not hesitate to appear in public with camellias
as these flowers became a symbol of the anti-slavery cause
because they were grown in a quilombo (a freemen settlement) in Rio de Janeiro that sheltered fugitives
The princess was a close friend of André Rebouças - Brazil’s first black engineer and one of the main abolitionists - and even organized charity balls to raise funds for the cause
the historian recalls that she signed the Áurea law because “she had no other choice”
The newspapers of the time even spoke of civil war
mass escapes or farm invasions proliferated throughout the country
The provinces of Amazonas and Ceará had already abolished slavery years before
the only country where the black rebellion triumphed and led to an independent republic
it was a holiday with massive street celebrations
For the freedmen there was no financial compensation or reparations (nor for the owners)
but even so “the festivities had immense popular support,” explains Dos Santos
Everything began to decline as the black population perceived that the new Republic inaugurated in 1889 continued to stimulate racial inequality
perhaps not as explicitly as with racial segregation in the USA
but with policies that relegated blacks to a subordinate position
hindered their right to vote and sought to whiten the population by stimulating the arrival of European immigrants
in line with the eugenic theories of the time
the excessive prominence of Princess Isabel began to annoy
voices arise calling for the commemoration of November 20
who in the 17th century fought against the Portuguese at the helm of the biggest quilombo in the country
“Zumbi brought a perspective of a more radical break with slavery
as opposed to a white protagonist,” the historian points out
and May 13 passes unnoticed on the calendar
In this redefining of the figure of Princess Isabel
1988 was a year that marked a before and an after
the one of redemocratization after the military dictatorship
and the centenary of the end of slavery was also celebrated
the Unified Black Movement (MNU because of its initials in Portuguese) organized the March Against the False Abolition
One of its most iconic banners read “The princess forgot to sign our work card”
Rio’s samba schools dedicated all Carnival parades to the centennial of the historic milestone
with a parade that solemnly ignored the princess
Zumbi” and paid tribute to Angola’s heritage in Brazilian culture
The deconstruction of the idea of the princess as the great savior comes from afar
sang in 2019 that freedom “did not come from heaven or from the hands of Isabel” and had the audacity to present the heroic Princess Isabel on top of a float with her hands stained with blood
it vindicated the stories that were hidden behind the “framed heroes”
refused to disembark slaves to distribute them throughout Brazil
leader of a revolt in Rio’s main coffee-growing valley
is still little known to the general public
despite the fact that in recent years books
documentaries and exhibitions on their lives have been flourishing
With this rescue movement in the background
Princess Isabel ends up entering a field of dispute
“There is an anti-racist view that argues that the abolition cannot be explained from the centrality of the princess
because it is not enough and because it eliminates the actions of thousands of people
and on the other hand there is a more conservative wing that defends racism as a system of power and that strengthens Princess Elizabeth
because it presents her as if she were the great mother of the enslaved,” she explains
The figure of the regent who never inherited the throne has been vindicated by the right wing as social movements and the most progressive political sectors have been stripping her of the excesses of benevolence and gratitude
defended her against those who do not praise her “perhaps because she is white”
He said this before the also far-right deputy Luiz Philippe de Orleans e Bragança
dedicated one of his last days in office to create the Order of Merit of Princess Isabel
to reward people or entities that work for the protection of human rights
Among the first to receive the award were himself and his wife
which was interpreted as one of his last provocations
Lula’s new government renamed the award Luiz Gama
and the extreme right felt it as a grievance against the princess
Silvio Almeida (one of the few blacks in the cabinet)
asking to leave her out of political battles
“In the name of Princess Isabel and her importance to history
the best thing we did was to put an end to this award
which was the result of a misappropriation of purpose,” he said
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The controversial "policy from the heart" of Princess Isabel
Reproductions from the book Coleção princesa Isabel, Editora CapivaraIsabel watching Santos-Dumont’s experience with balloons Reproductions from the book Coleção princesa Isabel, Editora Capivara
Reproductions from the book Coleção princesa Isabel, Editora CapivaraThe Imperial family in exile in 1920 Reproductions from the book Coleção princesa Isabel, Editora Capivara
Reproductions from the book Coleção princesa Isabel, Editora Capivara Approval of the Lei Áurea, 1888 (Luiz Ferreira) Reproductions from the book Coleção princesa Isabel, Editora Capivara
Reproductions from the book Coleção princesa Isabel, Editora Capivara Te Deum, 1887 (Marc Ferrez) Reproductions from the book Coleção princesa Isabel, Editora Capivara
Reproductions from the book Coleção princesa Isabel, Editora Capivara Congada in Minas Gerais, 1876 (Ruy Santos) Reproductions from the book Coleção princesa Isabel, Editora Capivara
Reproductions from the book Coleção princesa Isabel, Editora Capivara Ouro Preto
1880 (Marc Ferrez) Reproductions from the book Coleção princesa Isabel
her father was gravely ill and for the third time she became the Regent of the Empire
There was already talk about a forthcoming Third Reign
had been an efficient “policy from the heart.” This action had attuned her to the population’s general expectations
uncoupled from those of a minority of landowners
This small yet powerful segment of society had become increasingly dissatisfied with a monarchy that went against the landowners’ interests
the Monarchy had to build a new foundation of legitimacy with emerging economic groups,” says the researcher
“The point was to modernize the country without joining forces with the radicals
Isabel”s anti-slavery stand and liberal philosophy
had elements in common which allowed for a strengthening of her proposals and for united action
based on a kind of political platform affinity.” The princess truly wished to avoid a violent solution for the slavery issue; she feared a “black wave” of vengeance against the whites
peaceful and moderate anti-slavery platform
aimed at ensuring the interests of the big landowners
“The abolition that she dreamed of was the result of a charitable action
a donation offered by a charitable government
with religious motives being highlighted as the foundation of her attitude
This is how Isabel attempted to register her actions for posterity.” Pope Leon XIII
understood the princess’s attitude better
and viewed it as an expression of her dedication to the guidelines of the Apostolic See
which led the Lei Áurea law that abolished slavery to proclaim the Third Reign’s obedience to Catholic prerogatives
This did not make her popular among the republicans
Isabel fantasized that she would be called back to Brazil at any time
She networked furiously with monarchists and enemies of the Republic
There is an interesting exchange of correspondence which provides a clue as to how Isabel dealt with these issues at that time
In a letter sent to the leaders of the monarchist movement in Rio de Janeiro
Isabel wrote: “The idea of a civil war as a way of returning to Brazil repels me,” illustrating her image as a model of virtue of impartial moderating power
more subtle and revealing: “I always regret the circumstances that pit brother against brother
I do not want to encourage this battle in any way
especially because I do not envision a strong foundation for it nor very likely success
know my feelings as a Catholic and a Brazilian
I have absolutely no doubt that once the nation pronounces itself by general conviction in favor of the monarchy
to understand Isabel’s religiousness and human and pious sentiment within the context of the times and her social class
as well as within the context of her future power plans
apparently restricted to the private world
gained political meaning as they became spaces for the management of identities
actions and reactions to the world around her.” Her charitable actions went hand in hand with an intransigent view
which rejected the modern world and its expressions of secularization
she believed that a return to old-fashioned values would ensure the stable support of her government,” says the researcher
© Revista Pesquisa FAPESP - All rights reserved
Metrics details
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of maternal cardiometabolic markers trajectories (glucose
systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)) with estimated fetal weight trajectories and birth weight in Mexican pregnant women without medical complications
Cardiometabolic marker trajectories were characterized using group-based trajectory models
Mixed-effect and linear regression models were estimated to assess the association of maternal trajectories with estimated fetal weight and birth weight
The final sample comprised 606 mother–child dyads
Two trajectory groups of maternal cardiometabolic risk indicators during pregnancy were identified (high and low)
Fetuses from women with higher values of TG had higher weight gain during pregnancy (\(\hat{\beta }\) = 24.00 g; 95%CI: 12.9
were heavier at the sixth month (\(\widehat{\beta }\)=48.24 g; 95%CI: 7.2
89.7) and had higher birth weight (\(\widehat{\beta }\)= 89.08 g; 95%CI: 20.8
157.4) than fetuses in the low values trajectory
Fetuses from mothers with high SBP and DBP had less weight in the sixth month of pregnancy (\(\widehat{\beta }\)= − 42.4 g; 95%CI: − 82.7
− 2.1 and \(\widehat{\beta }\)= − 50.35 g; 95%CI: − 94.2
and a higher DBP trajectory was associated with lower birth weight (\(\widehat{\beta }\)= − 101.48 g; 95%CI: − 176.5
a longitudinal exposition to high values of TG and BP was associated with potentially adverse effects on fetal growth
These findings support the potential modulation of children’s phenotype by maternal cardiometabolic conditions in pregnancies without medical complications
Our main objective was to evaluate the association of maternal glucose
DBP with fetal and birth weight in Mexican pregnant women
The models showed better adjustment when considering two trajectory groups, which we referred to as “low” and “high” for maternal TG, TC, glucose, and BP during pregnancy (Fig. 1a,b,c,d,e). Within the group classified as having low trajectories, there were 325 women for TC (53.3%), 323 for glucose (52.1%), 351 for SBP (44.1%), 170 for TG (29.5%), and 163 for DBP (27.5%).
Mean values of maternal cardiometabolic markers in the high and low trajectory groups throughout pregnancy
(a) TG group trajectories; (b) TC group trajectories; (c) Glucose group trajectories; (d) SBP group trajectories; (e) DBP group trajectories
The percentages correspond to the proportion of women in each trajectory group respect the total sample
Estimated fetal weight trajectories according to maternal cardiometabolic group trajectories
(a) Estimated fetal weight according to maternal TG group trajectories; (b) Estimated fetal weight according to maternal TC group trajectories; (c) Estimated fetal weight according to maternal glucose group trajectories; (d) Estimated fetal weight according to maternal SBP group trajectories; (e) Estimated fetal weight according to maternal DBP group trajectories
more evidence regarding this mechanism of damage is needed
We identified several associated effects on fetal growth that could represent adverse environmental factors for fetal development
Increased estimated fetal weight gain and higher birth weight were associated with a high maternal TG trajectory during pregnancy
and DBP trajectories showed reduced estimated fetal weight gain
newborns from mothers with high DBP trajectories had a lower birth weight
We centered the intercept in the mixed-effect model at the sixth month of pregnancy to ensure its interpretation made biological sense
The sixth month represents the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy
in which fetal growth is more accelerated than in the previous trimesters
the maternal trajectories of cardiometabolic risk indicators had had an effect before the third trimester
And the use of mixed-effect models allowed us modeling the fetal growth trajectories throughout pregnancy according to the maternal group trajectories
Regarding the positive association between TG trajectories and estimated fetal weight gain
no previous studies were identified that evaluated fetal weight as an indicator of fetal growth to assess its association with maternal TG levels
have increased availability to the intrauterine compartments
resulting in placental and/or fetal effects
This could be explained by the absence of hyperglycemia in any participant and the exclusion of women developing gestational diabetes during follow-up
our results suggest that maternal cardiometabolic biomarker trajectories have a direct influence on fetal growth
independently of maternal weight and height
Future research should aim to elucidate the biological pathways linking these effects
Our findings demonstrate that the levels and trajectories of cardiometabolic health markers present in normal pregnancies are associated with disruptions in fetal growth and
these proposed measurements are often inaccessible in many clinical settings where prenatal care is provided
One strength of this study is its longitudinal design
which enabled us to model monthly estimated fetal weight trajectories and maternal cardiometabolic biomarkers trajectories starting from the first trimester of pregnancy
our study used two indicators of fetal growth and most published studies have considered only birth weight
Limitations of the study include the lack of a probabilistic sample
the homogeneity of the participants in terms of ethnicity
and their low socioeconomic and educational status
These factors may limit the generalizability of our findings to other populations
our results can be extrapolated to populations with similar sociodemographic characteristics to those in Mexico
Two groups of pregnant women were identified according to their cardiometabolic markers trajectories (high and low values)
These maternal groups’ trajectories were associated with adverse effects on fetal growth
our findings support the potential modulation of children’s phenotype by maternal cardiometabolic conditions even in normal pregnancies
Maternal cardiometabolic trajectories reflect physiological dynamics during pregnancy; hence
their usefulness as clinical tools should be assessed as markers of morbidity risk for both women and fetuses
The above aim is to prevent adverse outcomes for the mother–child dyad
our results highlight the relevance of short- and medium-term clinical follow-up of women after pregnancy
even if they have not developed complications
especially in those with higher cardiometabolic biomarkers and other conditions such as obesity
PRINCESA cohort (Pregnancy Research on Inflammation
Nutrition and City Environments: Systematic Analyses) was conducted at the Hospital Materno Infantil Inguarán in Mexico City from 2010 to 2015
This hospital provides perinatal care to the low socioeconomic status population
The participants were recruited from week 10 of pregnancy and followed until delivery with monthly assessments
The inclusion criteria for the present study were women aged 18 to 45 years and to have attended at least three prenatal check-ups
and normal evolution of pregnancy were included
Women with complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (confirmed by oral glucose tolerance) and preeclampsia and those who had preterm delivery were excluded from this analysis
All participants signed an informed consent letter
and the study was approved by the IRBs from UNAM
the University of Michigan and the Ministry of Health of Mexico City (register 102-2009 and 101/010/08/09)
The research was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki
This formula takes into account measurements of biparietal diameter
a threshold of ± 3 standard deviations (SD) was applied
Birth weight was obtained from the clinical chart at the hospital
marital status (single/divorced; married; consensual union)
and parity (1 pregnancy; 2 pregnancies; 3 pregnancies; more than 3 pregnancies) of the mothers were obtained from the questionnaire that was applied in the first visit at the hospital
Fetal sex was obtained from the clinical records where the neonates where born
Descriptive analyzes were performed to characterize the sample
means and standard deviation (SD) were calculated
absolute and relative frequencies were estimated
To choose the model with the best fit we compared the BIC (Bayesian Information Criterion) value between models; in addition
we considered that the groups in each trajectory were the best balanced (i.e.
Descriptive analyzes were done to identify maternal characteristics according to the cardiometabolic group-based trajectory
The mean estimated fetal weight was calculated and plotted against the gestational month to determine whether the fetal weight trajectory exhibited a linear
we compared the log-likelihood of the different models
to assess the association of cardiometabolic trajectories with birth weight
we performed ordinary linear regression models
the gestational month was the time variable
with the objective that the interpretation of the intercept in the models had a biological sense
The identification code of women was considered as the random intercept
Interactions of cardiometabolic trajectories with month of pregnancy were tested to differentiate the cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of cardiometabolic trajectories on estimated fetal weight
All models were adjusted by the following covariates: maternal weight
Given the evidence suggesting fetal sex-specific responses to environmental stress47
we estimated male and female fetal weight trajectories based on each maternal cardiometabolic group trajectory
Differences between female and male trajectories were evaluated by two sample T tests
contrasting the predicted values for the models by fetal sex
No significant differences were found (data no shown in tables)
fetal sex was considered as covariable in the final models
We adjusted models by maternal weight and height instead of gestational weight gain (GWG) because the last variable (categorized or continuous) does not consider maternal height
an identical gain in weight for women of different heights may have different implications
To prevent overfitting and considering the factors mentioned above
we decided not to adjust the models for pBMI
we performed separate models to assess the effect of TAS group trajectory and TAD group trajectory over estimated fetal weight
as well as the specified covariables and confounders
and glucose group trajectories was derived from the model with the lower β coefficients for these variables
we decided not to adjust the models by these variables because their inclusion in the models did not affect the estimation of the coefficients and considerably reduced the sample size
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to participants did not explicitly consent to share their data on a public site but data is available from the corresponding author (Dr
Felipe Vadillo-Ortega) on reasonable request
Cohorts Consortium of Latin America and the Caribbean (CC-LAC)
Impact of common cardio-metabolic risk factors on fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease in Latin America and the Caribbean: An individual-level pooled analysis of 31 cohort studies
Maternal glucose concentration influences fetal growth
Maternal triglyceride levels during early pregnancy are associated with birth weight and postnatal growth
Blood pressure in different gestational trimesters
and the risk of adverse birth outcomes: The generation R study
HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group et al
Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes
Gestational diabetes mellitus and macrosomia: A literature review
Prediction of neonates’ macrosomia with maternal lipid profile of healthy mothers
Maternal triglyceride levels and newborn weight in pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance
Lipid metabolism during pregnancy and its implications for fetal growth
Associations of blood pressure change in pregnancy with fetal growth and gestational age at delivery: Findings from a prospective cohort
Association of pre-pregnancy body mass index and rate of weight gain during pregnancy with maternal indicators of cardiometabolic risk
major cardiovascular risk factors in Latin America: A comparison with the United States
The Latin American consortium of studies in obesity (LASO)
Vogel, B. et al. The Lancet women and cardiovascular disease Commission: Reducing the global burden by 2030. Lancet Lond. Engl. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00684-X (2021)
In vivo immune signatures of healthy human pregnancy: Inherently inflammatory or anti-inflammatory?
The dynamic inflammatory profile of pregnancy can be monitored using a novel lipid-based mass spectrometry technique
Changes in serum lipid levels during pregnancy and association with neonatal outcomes: A large cohort study
Associations between maternal lipid profile and pregnancy complications and perinatal outcomes: A population-based study from China
Maternal blood lipid profile during pregnancy and associations with child adiposity: Findings from the ROLO study
Is it time to revisit the Pedersen hypothesis in the face of the obesity epidemic ?
Maternal factors that determine neonatal size and body fat
Maternal mid-pregnancy lipids and birthweight
Association between maternal blood lipids levels during pregnancy and risk of small-for-gestational-age infants
The role of maternal-fetal cholesterol transport in early fetal life: Current insights
Fetal growth trajectories in pregnancies of European and South Asian mothers with and without gestational diabetes
Glycaemic status during pregnancy and longitudinal measures of fetal growth in a multi-racial US population: A prospective cohort study
High maternal early-pregnancy blood glucose levels are associated with altered fetal growth and increased risk of adverse birth outcomes
Gestational diabetes and ultrasound-assessed fetal growth in South Asian and White European women: Findings from a prospective pregnancy cohort
Fetal growth is associated with maternal fasting plasma glucose at first prenatal visit
Effect of maternal glycemia and weight status on offspring birth measures and BMI-z among Chinese population in the first year
Maternal clinic and home blood pressure measurements during pregnancy and infant birth weight: The BOSHI study
and perinatal mortality in first births: Prospective study
The impact of preconceptional obesity on trajectories of maternal lipids during gestation
The impact of maternal obesity and gestational weight gain on early and mid-pregnancy lipid profiles
Blood pressure changes during pregnancy: Impact of race
Does pre-pregnancy BMI determine blood pressure during pregnancy
Epigenetics and DOHaD: From basics to birth and beyond
Do miRNAs play a role in fetal growth restriction
Second trimester uterine arteries pulsatility index is a function of placental pathology and provides insights on stillbirth aetiology: A multicenter matched case-control study
Decreased endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and increased natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood as possible early markers of preeclampsia: A case-control analysis
Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: Blood pressure measurement in humans: A statement for professionals from the subcommittee of professional and public education of the american heart association council on high blood pressure research
Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head
and femur measurements—A prospective study
Changes during pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/infographics/changes-during-pregnancy
Bases de datos del valor nutritivo de los alimentos
Compilación del Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública
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Early sex-dependent differences in response to environmental stress
Download references
The authors acknowledge the support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
This work was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [grant numbers R01ES016932
R01ES017022]; CONACyT [grant number CB2011-168319-M]; and PAPIIT [grant number IA200712]
Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud
Unidad de Vinculación Científica de la Facultad de Medicina
Isabel Omaña-Guzmán & Felipe Vadillo-Ortega
Pediatric Obesity Clinic and Wellness Unit
Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes
Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences
I.O.G.: performed the statistical analysis and data interpretation; participated in the construction and curation of datasets; was a major contributor in writing the manuscript
L.O.H.: performed the statistical analysis and data interpretation and reviewed the manuscript
M.A.M.: participated in the construction of datasets and data curation
M.G.E.: participated in the clinical set up of the PRINCESA cohort
M.O.N.: supervised the operation of the PRINCESA cohort
F.V.O.: designed and supervised the operation of the PRINCESA cohort
participated in data interpretation and writing of the manuscript
The authors declare no competing interests
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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Tanya Bonakdar Gallery and Fortes D'Aloia & Gabriel are pleased to present Engraved into the Body
curated by Keyna Eleison and Victor Gorgulho
The group show expands on the exhibition of the same name at Carpintaria
Fortes D'Aloia & Gabriel's venue in Rio de Janeiro
Brazil in 2020.The exhibition presents the work of both emerging and established Brazilian artists in tandem with the photographic archive of the Teatro Experimental do Negro (Black Experimental Theater) (TEN)
founded and directed by Abdias Nascimento (1914-2011) – a key figure in the country’s advancement of Black intellectual thought. Engraved into the Body takes part of TEN’s photographic collection as a framework and point of departure to discuss issues related to race
As experiences of injustice and systemic racism have become increasingly urgent areas of cultural inquiry
this exhibition sheds a much needed light on the parallel histories of race and representation in the United States and Brazil
highlighting what both countries have in common as well as what makes their histories unique.Abdias Nascimento’s multidisciplinary legacy – which developed within the realms of art
academia and politics – is manifested in two of his paintings from the early 1970s, Composição n
both painted during his time in the United States.Self-exiled from Brazil in 1968 when a military dictatorship was underway in the country
the artist traveled to the United States – with support from the Fairfield Foundation – seeking to create an exchange between North American and Brazilian Black civil rights movements
He became a Professor at the University at Buffalo
New York and dedicated himself to painting
The visual representation of signs and deities associated with Afro-Brazilian religions proved to be a powerful theme in Nascimento’s work
enabling him to communicate with his earthly counterparts
as well as with metaphysical realities and spiritual worlds
He eventually returned to Brazil in 1978.Abdias Nascimento founded Teatro Experimental do Negro (Black Experimental Theater) (TEN) in Rio de Janeiro
with the aim of establishing a place for Black people in theatre
The company pioneered a variety of activities that sought to carve out a space and encourage support for Black culture within a deeply racist society through literacy courses
Although TEN’s endeavors were forced to come to a halt in 1961 its legacy resonates today more than ever.Engraved into the Body incorporates works from TEN’s photographic collection to highlight the narrative dimension of the body
which is present in many of the works displayed
particularly in the photo-performances of Antonio Tarsis
their works develop the idea of using the body as a medium in a performative act.Meanwhile
Melissa de Oliveira’s photography uses the opposite approach
Through portraits taken at Morro do Dendê
a neighborhood of slums in the outskirts of Rio de Janeiro
where the artist was born and currently lives
de Oliveira uses the medium of photography as a practice in alterity and subjectivity.Throughout the exhibition
In Rodrigo Cass’s Narciso no mijo (Narcisus in Piss)
the artist is on a quest for his own reflection
documentation of circular choreography is carried out around a public monument that pays homage to Princesa Isabel
which abolished slavery in the country – 23 years after the United States
Even though Isabel’s act was worthy of public recognition
her historical role has long been called into question and her gesture considered purely emblematic given that it did not actually change the country’s reigning slave-owning model
Davi Pontes & Wallace Ferreira’s film, Delirar o racial
reflects upon race and plays with concepts of quantum physics in a performance that is a hybrid of dance and self-defense.The re-assessment of colonial imagery is also explored in the work of Herbert de Paz
The artist fills in the negative space inside the silhouette of an indigenous figure taken from História do Brasil magazine
published for decades by Biblioteca Nacional
which perpetuated a historical narrative forged at the heart of colonialism
Paulo Nazareth’s sculptures challenge traditional colonial and imperial logic.The body as an incarnated narrative also appears in the paintings of Márcia Falcão
Falcão’s works simultaneously use the female body as a symbol of violence and freedom in both public and private spheres
Castro’s paintings portray close friends and family who agreed to sit for a portrait during the Covid-19 pandemic
The figures depicted in Patrício’s paintings embody the ancestry of Candomblé
one of the major religions of the Brazilian African Diaspora.The connection between the depiction of the body and religion also appears in the work of Efrain Almeida
whose wood and bronze sculptures embrace the popular imagery of Brazil’s Northeastern region
The interest in ordinary materials also defines the sculptural practice of Sonia Gomes
The twisted fabrics enclosed in the wire cage allude to the desired freedom expressed in Agrippina R
Manhattan’s LED work – “Before we fall we will become the sun”.With special thanks to Elisa Larkin Nascimento and IPEAFRO (Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Afro-brasileiros)
All installation images above: Photo by Pierre Le Hors
A walkthrough of 'Engraved into the Body' at Tanya Bonakdar Gallery in New York
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psychiatrist Flavio Falcone could not get homeless drug addicts to talk
But costumed as a jester with a bright red nose
he has become an icon in Brazil's "cracolandia," or crackland: a dangerous wasteland of about eight blocks in the historic center of Sao Paulo where addicts twitch and pushers roam
driven onto the street by the COVID-19 pandemic which has devastated the country's economy
"This character represents the exposure of mistakes
of the fragility of what exists in the shadow
"What makes you laugh is the clown that trips
The people who are on the street are really the failures of capitalist society."
Falcone is not your average carnival clown
he sports a gold chain and flat brimmed cap and struts the streets followed by a speaker blaring rap
Falcone uses the costumes and music to break the ice with the homeless as a first step to getting them the mental health and addiction treatment they need
During "radio" time organized by Falcone and Macera
homeless people in crackland can request songs and even rap along
addicts huddle together and openly light up slim crack pipes
Left: Jailson Antonio de Oliveira poses for a photograph in his room
Right: Oliveira shows his wrist which is tattooed with the word 'palhaco' - clown in Portuguese
His work in the neighborhood since 2012 has earned him a loyal following
One man who received addiction help from Falcone tattooed the word "clown" in Portuguese on his wrist
With government support receding from crackland
one month after the pandemic first hit Brazil
the government closed down a homeless shelter here as part of an effort to clean up the city center to make way for construction
The nearest shelter is about 3 kilometers (1.86 miles) away
Falcone and Macera helped find housing for about 20 of those displaced and to distribute 200 tents provided by a Brazilian non-government organization
Work and Treatment" to offer support to the homeless
with funding from the local labor prosecutors' office
The homeless population has surged after 600 reais ($106.16) per month government emergency aid payments to the poor were reduced and eventually ran out at the end of 2020
payments are set to resume this month at an even lower rate
Millions have sunk into poverty since the start of the year
For Jonatha de David Sousa Reis and Bruna Kelly Simoes
the emergency payment should have been maintained as it was," Reis
They are arriving on the streets just as COVID-19 hits the deadliest point on record in Brazil
Every week since late February has seen new daily records for deaths from coronavirus
according to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington
Reis said he hoped to get a job back at the shipping company where he used to work once the pandemic eases
although that seems unlikely to happen soon
Epidemiologists expect the outbreak to worsen in the months to come
Brazil is second to only the United States in deaths and cases
The clown's philanthropy effort pays for a room for himself and his girlfriend
even if he can no longer afford meat after the emergency payments ran out
"Today I have a better life because of Flavio Falcone
PHOTO EDITING MARIKA KOCHIASHVILI; WRITING JAKE SPRING; TEXT EDITING RICHARD CHANG; LAYOUT JULIA DALRYMPLE
Lighters are lit up as people smoke crack at the "flow"
People who are homeless sleep under the Duque de Caxias monument at Princesa Isabel square
Men who are homeless play dominoes at Princesa Isabel square
A man who is homeless sleeps at Princesa Isabel square
Reis and Simoes wait for their mobile phones to charge at a Psychosocial Care Center near Princesa Isabel square
Macera performs as the clown Mafalda Mafalda
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Queen Elizabeth has left a legacy in her nation and around the world
but her story goes beyond the royal role she held for more than 70 years
on a personal level she was the tender great-grandmother of 12 little grandkids who will carry in their hearts a different story from the one known over the world
From the marriage between Queen Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh three princes and one princess were born: Prince Charles
These children have become parents and even three of them are already grandparents
with which the queen and her husband became proud great-grandparents
Mike and Zara Tindall became parents for the third time on March 21
Mike revealed on his podcast that the baby arrived so quickly that they didn’t even have time to get to the hospital
The former rugby player explained that little Lucas Philip was born on the bathroom floor of his home in Gatcombe Park
Although the marriage is no longer officially representing the royal family
Archie Harrison would occupy seventh place in the line of succession
according to the official website of the British Royal Family
Meghan and Harry announced that they were expecting their second baby
Harry revealed that they were expecting a girl
Lilibet “Lili” Diana Mountbatten-Windsor was born on June 4
2021 at 11:40 am at Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital in Santa Barbara
Reproduction of this article and its photographs in whole or in part is prohibited
A federal plan supported by scientific evidence is being launched to reduce the homeless population
Léo Ramos Chaves / Revista Pesquisa FAPESP
has seen entire families — along with their pets and belongings — taking refuge in makeshift tents on city streets and public squares
Recent research at the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) has documented the growth of homelessness in Brazil
One study revealed a significant rise from 90,400 to 281,400 homeless people in the country between 2012 and 2022
Researchers exploring this issue unanimously agree that
despite some progress since the launch of Brazil’s National Policy for the Homeless (Decree no
the gap between policy and action remains a significant challenge
a sociologist at IPEA and the author of the study
notes that the 2019 policy did lead to a number of measures at the federal level
the homeless population was included in Brazil’s CadÚnico
a database with information about people living in poverty and extreme poverty
homeless people were given the right to access the National Healthcare System (SUS) even without proof of residence
and other health professionals to provide on-the-ground care
as of 2020 only 15 municipalities — including São Paulo
and the Federal District — had formally committed to implementation
“While the policy does comprehensively outline the measures needed to provide relief to the homeless
Brazil is failing in implementation,” says Natalino
Another survey by the institute found that the number of homeless people registered with CadÚnico increased by over 1000% from 2013 to 2023
The spread of the homeless population to more locations has become a global trend
Brazil’s Federal Supreme Court (STF) declared a social emergency
pointing to the lack of official statistical data as a major obstacle in addressing the crisis
state and municipal governments to implement the guidelines in the National Policy
This prompted the federal government to launch a comprehensive roadmap in 2023 to implement the 2009 policy across social assistance
the program coordinates initiatives across 11 ministries
research institutions such as the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ)
and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)
was seconded to the MDHC to serve as general coordinator at the executive secretary’s office
and co-led the creation of the observatory
“Despite an increasing number of cities experiencing homelessness
only 218 municipalities had Specialized Homeless Referral Centers
a number that is expected to expand in the coming years,” projects Pires
The study also shows that the top-ten cities with the highest number of homeless people account for 51.5% of the homeless population nationwide — São Paulo tops the list
with 53,800 people reported as homeless (see graph)
there were 653,000 people living on American streets in 2023
150 cities worldwide experienced the largest increase in property prices in 18 years
Léo Ramos Chaves / Revista Pesquisa FAPESPIn São Paulo’s Santa Cecília neighborhood
a makeshift home built four years ago includes a tiny kitchen
and bathroomLéo Ramos Chaves / Revista Pesquisa FAPESP
An evolving field of research The growth of homelessness has created a whole new field of research
Belgian researcher Marie-Ghislaine Stoffels’s doctoral thesis at the University of São Paulo (USP)
is regarded as one of the seminal sociology studies on homelessness in Brazil
Stoffels’s research examined the living conditions of homeless individuals in São Paulo during the 1970s
using now-dated terms like “beggars” and “begging,” and explored their relationships with religious charities that provided social services at the time
there has been a major shift in perceptions on homelessness since the enactment of the 1988 Constitution
which recognized social assistance policies as a public and state responsibility,” explains Renata Bichir
a political scientist at the Center for Metropolitan Studies (CEM) at USP
“Homeless people are no longer seen as mere recipients of charity but instead as rights-bearing citizens.” This political shift also influenced scientific research and terminology
“Studies began using terms like “homeless population,” “unhoused individuals,” and more recently
“people experiencing homelessness,” notes Frehse
an anthropologist at the University of Campinas (UNICAMP)
has also observed significant changes in academic research approaches since the 1990s
many studies on homelessness focused on migration flows from small to large cities
“These studies typically investigated the trajectories of people who moved to urban centers in search of employment and
research has broadened to include those who become homeless in their hometowns
“Many lives are disrupted by alcohol and drug use,” notes Rui
who is currently conducting a FAPESP-funded study on the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on at-risk Brazilian families
Los Angeles Daily News / SCNG via Getty ImagesIn Los Angeles
a woman responds to a homeless censusSarah Reingewirtz
Los Angeles Daily News / SCNG via Getty Images
much homeless research dealt with children and teenagers living without their families in downtown areas like Praça da Sé in São Paulo
“Street children using drugs was a commonplace sight in downtown São Paulo and attracted researchers’ interest
But this is less common in urban areas today,” Rui observes
which conditions benefits on children attending school
may have reduced the number of children living on the streets over the past two decades
“Another underlying factor is how the drug market has developed in inner cities
Young boys are now being recruited by drug traffickers
reducing their presence in city centers,” Rui suggests
social-science research has turned its focus to understanding the daily experience of living on the streets
and strategies for finding food and shelter
ensuring housing and income is essential for helping people transition off the streets,” says Rui
Luis Robayo / AFP via Getty ImagesA man in Cali
shows the car he moved into after losing his rental homeLuis Robayo / AFP via Getty Images
notes Marco Antônio Carvalho Natalino of IPEA
is currently working to better understand the diverse needs of Brazil’s homeless
IPEA carried out a survey to map the profile of the homeless population using data from CadÚnico
The survey found that the homeless population is predominantly male (88%)
and adult-aged (57% aged between 30 and 49 years)
The main reasons cited for homelessness were financial hardship (54%)
particularly related to alcohol and drug abuse
33.7% of the homeless population had been homeless for up to six months
“The reason for homelessness influences its duration,” explains Natalino
people who are homeless due to family problems or health issues
economic reasons like unemployment often result in shorter episodes of homelessness
Léo Ramos Chaves / Revista Pesquisa FAPESPTents lining the streets under the President João Goulart overpass
in downtown São Paulo: the Federal Government is looking to understand the diverse profiles of the homeless populationLéo Ramos Chaves / Revista Pesquisa FAPESP
and issues related to alcohol and drug abuse were exacerbated during the pandemic
the homeless population increased by 38% as a result of these factors,” he reports
Renata Bichir from CEM notes that the pandemic accentuated the issue of homelessness
“We believe the pandemic increased the presence of families and children living on the streets
We need in-depth studies to confirm if this is the case and to understand what the current ramifications of this are,” she explains
the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) began compiling data on homelessness by counting people living permanently in makeshift shelters — tents
caves (including recesses in bridge abutments)
a comprehensive national census of the homeless population
as mandated by the Supreme Federal Court (STF) last year
The IBGE is now developing a methodology to implement this requirement
Alexandre Affonso / Revista Pesquisa FAPESPGustavo Junger
explains that the homeless population has been on the institute’s radar for over two decades
conducting such a census presents unique methodological challenges
when individuals are unwilling or unable to participate
“This approach is challenging for IBGE because our surveys typically rely on self-reporting,” Junger says
Data collection procedures cannot be based on territorial divisions as in conventional censuses
because homeless people frequently move from place to place
some people sleep on the streets only part-time
IBGE’s 2018 Household Budget Survey (POF) revealed that commuting was the second-largest expense for Brazilian families
“We hypothesize that some people sleep on the streets near their work to save on commuting costs
or they are unable to make ends meet,” Junger suggests
These individuals cannot be included in the homeless census as they are already counted in the annual demographic census
A 2013 pilot project to measure Rio de Janeiro’s homeless population revealed further complications
such as the length and complexity of the questionnaire
which respondents found difficult to understand
The IBGE is developing a methodology for a national homeless census
“We are now exploring various methods of counting the homeless to create a methodology tailored to Brazil’s needs,” Junger says
The IBGE is examining annual homeless censuses in Colombia and surveys in Chile and Mexico
which include the homeless in their national demographic censuses
The methodologies used by cities like São Paulo
and Belo Horizonte are also being explored
involved around 200 census takers and required extensive fieldwork to interview and document all homeless individuals living on the streets and in shelters
According to the Municipal Department of Social Assistance and Development (SMADS)
São Paulo’s legislation now mandates a census of the homeless population every four years
with the most recent edition initially scheduled for 2023
due to the exacerbated social vulnerability following the COVID-19 pandemic
the city decided to complete the census ahead of schedule
With two homeless censuses carried out since 2020
there were an estimated 31,800 individuals living on the streets of São Paulo in 2021
Léo Ramos Chaves / Revista Pesquisa FAPESP | Rovena Rosa / Agência BrasilHomeless people in São Paulo (above) and Rio de JaneiroLéo Ramos Chaves / Revista Pesquisa FAPESP | Rovena Rosa / Agência Brasil
in late 2023 the IBGE conducted a new pilot survey in Niterói (RJ)
in collaboration with Rio de Janeiro’s Pereira Passos Municipal Urbanism Institute and the Niterói city government
The survey results will be discussed in the coming months
approximately 2,000 Brazilian cities conduct their own censuses of the homeless population
a professor of social work at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF)
notes that data collection and analysis methodologies differ from one city to another
Juiz de Fora’s city government included not only the homeless but also those who earn a living on the streets
UFJF researchers conducted a follow-up census in 2023
focusing solely on individuals who permanently live on the streets
Working with staff from the street clinic program
UFJF trained census takers on how to approach respondents
and performed a preliminary territorial survey using georeferenced data provided by the city government
Data collection was completed within four days to avoid people moving out of the survey area before responding
“We identified 384 people living on the streets in the city government census
a 110% increase from 2016 to 2023,” reports Viviane Pereira
along with Arbia and psychologist Telmo Mota Ronzani
observed a 30% increase in the homeless population during the pandemic
Pereira highlights the successful policies implemented in Porto
The city developed targeted support strategies based on the duration of homelessness
Each case is individually monitored by a case manager who seeks to establish bonds with and understand the specific needs of each individual
“The shorter the time spent on the streets
the higher the likelihood of escaping homelessness
the longer someone remains in this condition
the more difficult it becomes to find employment and housing
such as the permanent severance of emotional ties and mental health issues,” says Arbia from UFJF
© Revista Pesquisa FAPESP - All rights reserved.
better known as Cracolandia for the easy availability of crack cocaine and what the federal government had concluded was
He opened the door, and officers stormed inside, shoving Silva onto the sidewalk with other neighbors in their pajamas. The search turned up nothing, but the police told him to leave the door open because they might return.
The operation last month was part of an effort by the new mayor of Sao Paulo to clean up the downtown neighborhood of Nova Luz, better known as Cracolandia for the easy availability of crack cocaine and what the federal government had concluded was the highest concentration of addicts in the world.
But the sweep, which was aimed at arresting traffickers and seizing drugs and guns, won Mayor Joao Doria little support in the neighborhood from either the displaced addicts or the ordinary working-class residents living in the boarding houses.
“There are hard-working people and families living here, not just traffickers,” said Silva, who works two jobs as a doorman. “They didn’t tell anyone ahead of time what was going to happen.”
The neighborhood felt like a combat zone as police descended on it with tear gas, pepper spray and dogs. The wall of a building being demolished by the municipal government crashed into the adjacent boarding house, injuring three people who were sleeping there.
Investigators from the National Council on Human Rights visited the neighborhood a week later and concluded that residents had been treated inhumanely.
The neighborhood had long been plagued by drugs, but the problem had been getting worse. In the year leading up to the raid, the number of crack users living there grew from 709 to 1,861, according to a government study. Dino Bueno Avenue had become an open-air drug market, with dealers setting up stalls to sell rocks of crack for about $1.50 each.
Doria, who took office in January and launched a program called Beautiful City, has portrayed the sweep a success.
The downtown Sao Paulo neighborhood of Nova Luz, better known as Cracolandia, after an operation last month to clean up the area. (Victor Moriyama / For The Times) But the human rights investigators said that it was still very much in existence.
Many drug users resettled two blocks away in Princesa Isabel Square, where the municipal government estimates some 900 people are now living. Residents call it the new Cracolandia.
Most of the rest are dispersed and afraid to return to the neighborhood because the streets remain full of police.
Cracolandia “is a cancer without a cure,” said an addict named Bel, who was forced to move his tent. “When the cancer was just starting, nobody wanted to cure it. Now it’s pitiful. There is no cure. There is no chance. It will never end.
“For an addict, there is no right place,” he said. “He’ll use anywhere.”
The scattering of the addicts means that many no longer have access to drug treatment and other social services that were concentrated around the original Cracolandia.
1/15 People crowd onto Princess Isabel Square after a police operation removed them from a nearby area of the Nova Luz neighborhood of Sao Paulo, Brazil. It’s known as “Cracolandia,” the land of crack, for the many drug users living on its streets.
2/15 A crowd gathers in Princess Isabel Square after a police operation removed people from an area in the Nova Luz neighborhood, known as “Cracolandia,” in Sao Paulo, Brazil.
3/15 Rafael Matos da Silva works as a doorman at a boarding house in Nova Luz. “There are hard-working people and families living here, not just traffickers,” he says of the neighborhood.
4/15 The downtown Sao Paulo neighborhood of Nova Luz, known as “Cracolandia,” has a large concentration of crack users living on its streets.
5/15 An addict lights up in Nova Luz’s Princess Isabel Square in São Paulo, Brazil.
6/15 Authorities stand guard near Nova Luz’s Princess Isabel Square after a police operation removed people from Helvetia and Dino Bueno streets.
7/15 Milton Custodia de Souza owns a boarding house in the Nova Luz neighborhood near “Cracolandia.”
8/15 Princess Isabel Square has come to be known as the new “Cracolandia” after a police operation removed drug users from Helvetia and Dino Bueno streets in the Sao Paulo neighborhood Nova Luz.
9/15 A man bathes in the crowded Princess Isabel Square.
10/15 An aerial view of Helvetia and Dino Bueno streets in Sao Paulo, Brazil, where authorities expelled a large concentration of drug users.
11/15 Many drug users who had scattered from one part of the Nova Luz neighborhood after a police crackdown have regrouped at Princess Isabel Square.
12/15 Brazilian police sweep through the Sao Paulo area known as “Cracolandia” in May. More than 500 police officers were involved in an operation to crack down on drug use and trafficking to help revitalize the downtown.
13/15 Brazilian police conduct sweeps of homes in the Nova Luz neighborhood of Sao Paulo.
14/15 Brazilian police sweep through an area known as “Cracolandia” in Sao Paulo, Brazil.
15/15 The operation in Nova Luz by Brazilian police drew criticism from some residents.
“The situation is very bad,” said Leonardo Pinho, who led the human rights mission to Cracolandia. “They’ve lost the ability to get to public services that they have the right to and that they need.”
In 2014, then-Mayor Fernando Haddad had implemented a program called Open Arms, which provided drug users in Cracolândia with jobs, access to treatment and vocational training, three meals a day and hotel rooms.
Data released last August by the municipal government showed that 88% of those who participated in the program said they were using crack with less frequency, 83% said they had entered treatment, 64% had returned to the workforce and 53% had regained contact with their families.
When Doria took office, he said that he would dismantle the program in favor of a state program called Restart that emphasized in-patient treatment, sometimes against the will of the addicts. Then he changed course and announced his own program, called Redemption.
It too sought to force crack users into rehabilitation facilities, but then Sao Paulo courts banned compulsory treatment.
Pinho said that while the program has produced statistics suggesting a decline in traffickers and addicts, the effort is haphazard.
Doria’s press team said he would no longer comment on the situation in the Nova Luz neighborhood. Other city officials did not respond to requests for comment.
Recently, his government opened a temporary shelter made of metal shipping containers to house the addicts who had been living in hotels as part of the Open Arms program. It sits next to the new Cracolandia on Princesa Isabel Square.
Three week after the first sweep, police moved to shut down drug use in the square.
They didn’t use the same physical force, but addicts were forced to take down their tents and hand over their blankets on what was the coldest night of the year.
World & Nation
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2) Getty Images.Save this storySaveSave this storySaveEveryone watches The Crown
but it feels like it—it's said that over 29 million people watched season four
73 million people in total tuned in to seasons one through three
it swept all seven drama categories at the Emmy's—rumor has it that The Crown is the most expensive show ever made for the streaming service
But part of it is also delicate balance of dramatizing the British royal family's private lives while
refusing to stray far from real-life events
we're insatiably interested by literal palace intrigue
photos of Elizabeth Debicki playing Princess Diana has sent the internet into a tizzy over their uncanny resemblance
It's par for the course: Throughout its multiple seasons
the creators of The Crown have taken great care in casting talent that captures the complicated essence of their royal personas
poised portrayal of a coming-of-age Queen Elizabeth
Meanwhile Josh O’Connor mastered the aristocratic manner of Prince Charles in seasons three and four
we've chronicled a master list of the cast compared to their real-life counterparts
When she became queen at just 25 years old
Queen Elizabeth II was seen by many as the new modern face of the monarchy
And while we now picture her as a sweet old monarch with a regal white coif and a fabulous collection of hats
Claire Foy played the queen in the first two seasons of the show
more self-assured queen struggling to lead her nation
Photo: Courtesy of Netflix (right) and Getty Images (left)Best known for her role as Harry Potter's Dolores Umbridge
Staunton will play Queen Elizabeth in the final two seasons of the show
Netflix released an official portrait of the actor playing the current monarch
was known as the more fun-loving and free-spirited royal
she scandalously fell in love with her father’s aide
Their romance was frowned upon within the royal family
Vanessa Kirby played the role before Helena Bonham Carter assumed it in season 3
Princess Margaret was known for initiating one of the most infamous divorces in royal history
Helena Bonham Carter brought new life to the character in season 3
making Margaret's frustration with her marriage and family role clear
Left: Netflix Right: Getty ImagesTaking over for Bonham-Carter will be Lesley Manville
who received an Oscar nomination for her role in 2018's Phantom Thread
It's sure to be a poignant performance for Manville
as Margaret was in poor health for much of her later life: in 1993
and in 1998 suffered a mild stroke that affected her mobility
Prince Charles emerges as a major character in season 3 and season 4
He's played by English actor Josh O'Connor
Photo: Courtesy of Netflix (right) and Getty Images (left)In August
Netflix released their first photograph of a brooding Dominic West as Prince Charles
a role that surely will help him play the married Prince of Wales as he continues his relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles in the next season of The Crown
Were we the only ones Googling “Young Prince Philip” after falling for Matt Smith’s charming version of Queen Elizabeth’s dashing husband? That hair! That style! No wonder Elizabeth never loved anyone else.
Photo: Courtesy of Netflix (left) and Getty Images (right)Tobias Menzies took over the role of Prince Philip from Matt Smith for the show's third and fourth season
The Two Popes actor will play the man Queen Elizabeth has called her "strength and stay" in seasons 5 and 6
That strength will be needed: 1992 was the year the queen dubbed her "annus horribilis" due to the many scandals that plagued the royal family
Emma Corrin originated the role of Princess Diana for The Crown
She played a teenage Lady Di—she married Charles when she was only 19—throughout her twenties
Photo: Courtesy of Netflix (right) and Getty Images (left)The Great Gatsby actor will take over the role from Corrin in season 5 and season 6
which will likely cover Diana and Charles's tumultuous divorce
A first still from Netflix shows the princess lying on a couch
Camilla Shand (later Parker-Bowles), the woman who would eventually come between Charles and Diana, was introduced in season 3. She's played by English actress Emerald Fennell, who was also the showrunner for the second season of Killing Eve and directed Promising Young Woman
Left: Netflix Right: Getty ImagesOlivia Williams takes the role of Camilla Parker-Bowles in Season 5 and 6
Camilla Parker-Bowles and Prince Charles's affair became public knowledge due to television interviews by the royals themselves
takes on the role of Conservative Prime Minister John Major in Season 5
during several royal scandals and some of the most turbulent years of Queen Elizabeth's reign
A dapper photographer who married Princess Margaret in 1960
Armstrong-Jones was a bohemian who suddenly entered a life of privileges
and infidelities that ended in divorce 18 years later
he shook up the monarchy as outsiders like Wallis Simpson had in the past
Matthew Goode took on the mantle of this divisive character in The Crown's second season
King George VI wasn’t supposed to be king at all
until he abdicated the crown in order to marry American socialite Wallis Simpson
George famously had a stammer and was terrified of public speaking
but eventually overcame it with the help of his speech therapist and friend Lionel Logue
It was an interesting choice to cast an American actor to play Britain’s most memorable statesman
But Lithgow delivers a captivating performance of the British bulldog during his last years in office
Queen Elizabeth II’s mother was one of the most popular royals in British history
she was so beloved by the people that Adolf Hitler once described her as “the most dangerous woman in Europe.” She lived to be 101 years old before peacefully dying in her sleep
Townsend became a scandalous figure in Britain after falling in love with Princess Margaret
King Edward VIII is best known for almost destroying the monarchy after proposing to the twice-divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson
His decision to marry a woman with two living ex-husbands would have created a constitutional crisis in Britain
so Edward renounced the throne in order to wed Simpson
The couple later went into exile in France
where they spent much of the rest of their lives
The young star of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole Aged 13¾ is set to play the royal at 15
as he struggles to cope with the death of his mother
McVey will then depict Prince William as a young adult
when he courted the future Duchess of Cambridge after meeting her at St Andrews in 2001
1899 and Shadow and Bone’s Fflyn Edwards takes the part of a young Prince Harry
also attempting to process the loss of his mother
The newcomer joins the ensemble as a young Kate Middleton
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[En Español: La BBC no cambió el logotipo a negro por problemas de salud de la princesa Kate]
A March 18 Facebook post (direct link, archive link) shows a photo of Princess Kate next to an image of the BBC Instagram account with a black logo
the BBC turns its logo black,” the post reads in Spanish
“The last time they did it was for the death of Queen Elizabeth II.”
A similar claim garnered more than 7,000 likes on Instagram before it was deleted
More from the Fact-Check Team: How we pick and research claims | Email newsletter | Facebook page
The BBC logo color was not changed in connection with Princess Kate
The British Broadcasting Corporation logo has been black as standard branding for years
Logo color unrelated to British royalsThis claim was made before the Princess of Wales' cancer announcement when the lack of information spawned an array of speculation and conspiracy theories online about her health
which is the color of the news organization's branding account
“There’s BBC News UK – with standard red branding and the general BBC account – with standard black branding,” Olga Robinson, a BBC assistant editor
An archived version of the general BBC account shows the logo was black throughout 2023 as well
On March 22, days after the claim, Princess Kate announced she was diagnosed with cancer in a video
Fact check: No, BBC didn't remove editor Jeremy Bowen from Gaza over human shield comment
The post also claims the BBC changed its colors for the death of Queen Elizabeth II in September 2022, but this is also false. Reuters debunked this claim in 2022. Archives confirm the logo was black well before this date as well
USA TODAY reached out to the user who shared the post for comment but did not immediately receive a response
Reuters also debunked a similar claim this year
Thank you for supporting our journalism. You can subscribe to our print edition, ad-free app or e-newspaper here
USA TODAY is a verified signatory of the International Fact-Checking Network, which requires a demonstrated commitment to nonpartisanship, fairness and transparency. Our fact-check work is supported in part by a grant from Meta
Princess Anne and Mark Phillips as well as Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson all met the same fate
Terry Fincher/Princess Diana Archive/Getty
O endereço abaixo não existe na globo.com
the traditional ranking presents a selection of the best bars in the world
On Tuesday 22nd, the results of ‘The World’s 50 Best Bars’ for 2024 were announced
which came 31st in the ranking and was the only Brazilian bar on this year’s list
which recognizes the best bars in the world
So take your chance and get to know the São Paulo star and its good drinks
Opened in December 2015, Tan Tan has become a benchmark in São Paulo’s São Paulo cocktail scene
what could have been just a ramen bar has evolved into a space that combines Japanese cuisine with innovative cocktails
Thus introducing a touch of Japanese bar culture to Brazil
According to ‘The World’s 50 Best Bars’, the bar has:
A half-and-half concept in which you feel like you’re in a sophisticated restaurant and a cool bar at the same time.”
The award highlights the modern atmosphere with industrial elements, where bartenders serve creative cocktails on one side, while chefs offer dishes such as noodles, dumplings and katsu sandwiches on the other.
In addition, the drinks menu, signed by Caio Carvalhaes, is praised for mixing Japanese and Brazilian themes, while maintaining the classic structure of the cocktails. In other words, as the publication points out:
The house creations include the Ilha Do Medo, with Cachaça Princesa Isabel, cocoa honey, lemon and spices, which illustrates well: this is a Japanese restaurant-bar seen through Brazilian lenses.”
View this post on Instagram A post shared by TAN • TAN (@tantannb)
This isn’t the first time Tan Tan has been recognized internationally. It first appeared on this list in 2019. Last year, the bar was in 56th place in the same award. Now, with the achievement of 25 positions, the team celebrated the feat in a post on their Instagram profile:
View this post on Instagram A post shared by TAN • TAN (@tantannb)
The interior design combines angular surfaces with materials such as wood
This aesthetic creates a modern and welcoming atmosphere
as well as reflecting the blend of tradition and contemporaneity
But, of course, the great recognition comes from their inventive and flavorful cocktails. For example, some of the most popular creations include:
📍 Rua Fradique Coutinho, 153 – Pinheiros
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While the main birthday focus is on Her Majesty The Queen today, there is another royal also celebrating. Princess Isabella of Denmark is celebrating her 13th birthday today.
To mark the occasion, the Danish Royal House released a new photo of the Princess, taken by her mother, Crown Princess Mary.
Her parents, Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary, also shared a selection of private images of Isabella to celebrate their daughter becoming a teenager. All of the photos were taken by the Crown Princess.
In one image, taken in 2013, Princess Isabella is seen with her grandmother, Queen Margrethe during Easter. In another, she’s seen in a dance costume from 2009.
All of the photographs can be viewed on the Royal Family’s Instagram account.
View this post on Instagram
A post shared by DET DANSKE KONGEHUS ?? (@detdanskekongehus)
Princess Isabella is the second child of Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary
The first granddaughter for Queen Margrethe and the late Prince Henrik
she is third in the line of succession to the Danish throne behind her father and elder brother
twins Prince Vincent and Princess Josephine
The young royal attends school at Tranegårdsskolen in Gentofte with her three siblings
She had been studying abroad in Switzerland this semester with her brothers and sister
the Crown Prince Family returned to Denmark
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opulent and completely extraordinary life of The Queen’s beloved sister – Princess Margaret
relished in glamour and loved to party – her life though
Princess Margaret and Princess Elizabeth lived a wonderful life as little girls
but it changed forever when her father George VI
with whom she shared a close relationship with
reluctantly and unexpectedly became King in 1936 after his brother
abdicated from the throne so he could marry twice divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson
Life in Buckingham Palace was strict and as the younger sister of the heir-apparent
and that’s why she became this outgoing
extravagant person because she felt she had to make her mark in some way,” close friend Lady Jane Rayne revealed in the documentary Princess Margaret – A Love Story
as the Princess blossomed in to a truly beautiful woman
she became a prominent socialite and the topic of conversation across the globe
It became vastly clear that Princess Margaret was here for a good time
who would often stay up until the sun rose
she caused quite a stir for her sister who became Queen at just 25 – especially when it came to matters of the heart
Famously the young Princess fell madly in love with a divorcee named Peter Townsend but was forced to end their engagement when her sister revealed that she had to choose between love and a royal title – including the salary that came along with it
“I would like it to be known that I have decided not to marry Group Capt
Mindful of the church’s teaching that Christian marriage is indissoluble
and conscious of my duty to the Commonwealth
I have resolved to put these considerations before any others,” she revealed to Parliament at the time
She later married photographer Anthony Armstrong-Jones
but after two children together they divorced in 1978 – causing more controversy for the Queen
romantic-trysts with celebrities and designer gowns
but first and foremost was her loyalty to The Queen
and expensive life came to an end in 2002 at 71 due to a stroke
The Queen announced her “beloved” sister’s death via statement with “great sadness.”
“I never in all my life heard Princess Margaret say a harsh or critical word about the Queen
She was totally devoted to her and the Queen will miss her very much,” good friend and Conservative former Cabinet minister Lord St John of Fawsley said after her death
Although it’s been over a decade since her death
her legacy is still burning bright in her children and grandchildren
including 16-year-old grandson Arthur Chatto
Margaret did away with passing on any royal titles to her family
they just happen to have the Queen for their aunt.”
Click through to see Princess Margaret’s stunning
The Queen’s younger sister Princess Margaret (L)
was well-known for her irreverent approach to life
the young princesses pose in matching outfits at Buckingham Palace in 1942
pictured in 1966 attending the Balmain fashion show at Paris Fashion Week
But it was the trials and tribulations of her personal life that truly captured the world’s imagination
Princess Margaret became one of the first royal celebrities
As documented on The Crown, In 1952
Margaret fell head over heels in love with Group Captain Peter Woolridge Townsend and he proposed
she rejected his offer of marriage as he was a divorcee and therefore an unsuitable match in the eyes of the Church of England
“I would like it to be known that I have decided not to marry Group Captain Peter Townsend
But mindful of the Church’s teachings that Christian marriage is indissoluble
I have resolved to put these considerations before others
I have reached this decision entirely alone,” she explained at the time
Princess Margaret married photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones in a lavish ceremony at London’s Westminster Abbey in 1960
She went on to marry photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones in a lavish ceremony at London’s Westminster Abbey in 1960
It was the first ever a royal wedding was to be broadcast on television
they divorced in 1978 after wide-spread rumours of Margaret’s infidelity surfaced
Princess Margaret lived a wonderful life as little girls
reluctantly and unexpectedly became King after his brother abdicated from the throne
King George and Queen Elizabeth spend time with their daughters at the Royal Lodge in Windsor in 1946
With her older sister taking the crown and royal responsibility, Princess Margaret was much like cheeky Prince Harry. The younger siblings to the heirs both rub shoulders with glamorous celebrities and are well-known for hitting the social scene
while these days Harry is constantly hanging out with A-listers
It’s long been rumoured the Queen’s younger sister had an affair with Rolling Stones frontman
the way she’d put her hand on his knee and giggle at his stories like a schoolgirl
you’d have thought there was something going on,” a courtier explained in The Wild Life And Mad Genius Of Mick Jagger by Christopher Andersen
We can only imagine the parties Princess Margaret must have hosted
Decked out in her finest jewels Princess Margaret puffs back on a cigarette at the Gala For Aids Crisis Trust in 1991
the royal was a heavy smoker and in 1985 she had part of her left lung removed
Margaret’s children David Armstrong-Jones
Viscount Linley and Lady Sarah Chatto attend the Queen Mother’s 87th birthday celebrations in 1987
Seven weeks after her daughter’s tragic passing
Prince Charles and Princess Margaret wave to well-wishers outside Clarence House in London on The Queen Mother’s 90th birthday in 1990
”When my sister and I were growing up
she was made out to be the goody-goody one,” she claimed to Andrew Duncan
While Princess Margaret sadly passed away in 2002 from a stroke
her memory is still alive and well in her teenage grandson Arthur Chatto
Arthur enjoys a more low-key life away from royal duties
However in 2006 he acted as a page (L) when William was installed as a knight of the Thistle
And in 2008 (R) he joined his famous family for their traditional church service in Sandringham
Arthur’s Instagram account shows an ambitious teenager
who attends the prestigious Eton College in Berkshire where his family members Prince William and Prince Harry also studied
ever decided to abdicate from the throne and thus Margaret had to step up
Arthur and his big brother Samuel could have been the equivalent of Prince William and Harry
the statue of Christ the Redeemer on top of the Corcovado Mountain in Rio de Janeiro is the city's most recognizable icon
The barbecue or churrasco is representative of Brazilian cuisine
Brazilian obsessions: Football and Copacabana Beach
Amalienborg Palace has experienced hectic weeks following Princess Isabella's coming of age
What began as a dazzling celebration has turned into a wake-up call for King Frederik and Queen Mary of Denmark
the monarchs have been forced to act in light of the new role their daughter assumes
the second in line to the throne finds herself at the center of an institutional transformation that will shape her future and that of the Danish monarchy
The Monarchs Have Made an Important Decision | Instagram
@detdanskekongehusThe Firm Decision of Frederik and Mary of DenmarkWith the focus still on the echoes of the royal birthday
the sovereigns have had to make urgent decisions
supported by sources like former royal bodyguard Jesper Lundorf
a "turning point" has occurred in Isabella's life
"Now the daughter of King Frederik and Queen Mary of Denmark is receiving more attention
This circumstance also makes it necessary to strengthen security measures
As part of the royal family and a key representative of democracy
This new scenario entails a readjustment both institutionally and personally
until now in the background compared to her older brother
will begin to represent the crown in public events with greater visibility
Isabella will enjoy more freedom than her brother in some aspects
everything will depend on a constant risk assessment
This control will also extend to her more private sphere
It is most likely that she will be assigned a security coordinator to support the princess in her daily life," Lundorf added
Criticism of the Danish Royal Family | Instagram
@detdanskekongehusThe decisions made by Frederik and Mary of Denmark have not been without controversy
Criticisms from Danish media accuse the royal family of inconsistency
asking for privacy for their children while starring in lavish celebrations
Isabella of Denmark's coming of age has marked a turning point in the Danish Royal House
It has not only initiated a new stage for the young princess but also a readjustment in how the institution approaches the future of its members
➡️ News
Sandy Rashty,
1 min readPrepare yourself for the most disappointing news of the week — the royal baby will not be Jewish.
Hopes for a kosher birth were raised when The Times published a letter from no less an authority than the former BBC court correspondent Michael Cole, claiming that the Duchess of Cambridge had identifiable Jewish roots.
Mr Cole had looked at the family tree of the duchess’s mother and was pretty confident in his assertion. “Carole Middleton is the daughter of Ronald Goldsmith and Dorothy Harrison, both Jews. The parents of Dorothy were Robert Harrison and Elizabeth Temple, both Jews. Elizabeth was descended from the Myers, a distinguished 19th-century Jewish family.”
He concluded: “The Duchess of Cambridge is a Jew on her matriarchal side, and therefore her baby will be a Jew.”
But now a leading genealogist has poured cold water on suggestions that a Jewish king or queen will ascend to the throne in the not too distant future.
“It’s nonsense,” said Doreen Berger, the chairman of the Jewish Genealogy Society (JGS). “I have been researching Kate Middleton’s ancestry since it looked like she was getting engaged to Prince William.
“I’ve looked back as far as it’s possible to look back and she doesn’t have a Jewish link at all — it’s just not true. I’m 100 per cent sure.”
She added that Mr Cole was “confused. The names — Myers and Goldsmiths — are shared by non-Jews as well as Jews. Carole Middleton’s ancestors were a coal miner and a carpenter and they were not from Jewish areas.”
Ms Berger said her research was definitive but she acknowledged that it would not prevent people clinging to the idea that Prince William had married an authentically Jewish princess.
“I don’t know where it came from but it keeps coming up. It’s a hard rumour to stop.”
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erected in the 1970s one of the most paradigmatic buildings of brutalism in Madrid: the San Bernardo military housing
It all started with a phone call that Higueras did not want to answer: “I get a call from a guy named Medrano
He is in his second year of architecture and wants to work in the studio
And I tell him I don’t feel like it.”
with no answer: Higueras ordered his secretary
to tell him each and every one of them that he was not there
And one of those times was the definitive one: “The caller was General Medrano de Miguel
Higueras that it is to commission a very large military housing Bloc,” the General requested
The response was also definitive: “Well
look at what you say to tell you that it is a lie
that it is there but that you didn’t want to put it on
Medrano was the manager of the Patronato de Casas Militares de España and was looking for an architect he could not find: “I’m sick of military or famous architects or professors from the [Madrid School of Architecture
I wanted a good architect who didn’t have any position
I asked him to look up and choose him by vote
You have been elected by the second-year students,” Higueras recalls in that audio
There was one condition: “This kid [her son] has brilliant grades and I don’t understand it because he doesn’t hit
And we did the military work that is in San Bernardo
That work is due to the chivalry and generosity of a person who did not try to extract any favors in return for that wonderful deception.”
“They also told Medrano that since we were going down five basements below grade and close by was the brick subway vault the thrust was going to throw a series of cars from a certain height
Higueras turned to Medrano: “My General
do I see you very calm or does fear dominate?”
but you telling me the truth will be definitive,” he replied
with the same forcefulness that can be seen in his works
was clear: “We call a notary right now and I take responsibility for all evils that may happen.” The outcome is well known: there was no evil and the birth of one of the most iconic works of brutalism in Madrid
“The name Edificio Princesa is due to the fact that it was built on the site of the former Hospital de La Princesa,” explains José Antonio Sánchez Vaquero
Although a sign at the ticket confirms this nomenclature
The same happens with the traffic circle where it is located – of Ruiz Jiménez according to the street map of Madrid
of San Bernardo in the collective imagination -: consequently and popularly it is known as the houses of the military of San Bernardo
and everything is entrusted to those huge horizontal lines of the terraces from which vegetation should always hang: creepers
Higueras and Miró conceived it as a garden building,” he explains in a telephone conversation
The Higueras Foundation adds that it is precisely the monumentality of the concrete that “gives it its forceful and definitive appearance
the superfluous disappears”: that is what makes the Princesa Building
Higueras’ concern for vegetation is complemented by his concern for light
and perhaps one of the best examples of this is in the parking lot
which receives natural lighting and ventilation through three skylights
“It’s nice that they have light
that’s what Higueras was after,” says Sánchez Vaquero
We spent a morning touring the building by his hand and one morning didn’t seem like enough
The Princesa Building is an infinite building
plays with the edges of the terraces and constantly transforms the space
Asked what it is like to live or work in such a building – the first floor is commercial space – José Antonio replies: “Man
living in a building like this you don’t realize it until someone comes and tells you what’s in here
Although it was the raison d’être of this building
the military has long since been the only tenants in the building: “The building when it is conceived is a Patronage of Military Houses and all the people here are military
Then they start selling out and private people start coming in.”
who was exiled outside Spain during the Franco regime and never wanted to return
warned him that he would have a “very illustrious” neighbor: “I was on the sixth floor
which were smaller floors but had a very spacious terrace
According to what my grandfather Tejero explained to me
but I was never very clear about it and I don’t know if he was from the same staircase
It would have been curious if in his case it was extreme right
of course,” he says in a video call from Mexico City
with the same sarcasm he recognized in his grandfather’s warning
Saldaña is remembered coinciding with your neighbor the coup leader while waiting for the elevator or in one of the building’s courtyards
just as he remembers one of the nights he thought his grandfather would kick him out of the apartment
He had organized a party and at some point some friends -already drunk-
found out that Tejero was a neighbor of the Bloc: “They had the firm intention of going after him to tell him a thing or two or make bombastic statements.”
“I was actually terrified of the idea
Firstly because I didn’t think it would do any good at all
and secondly because they were going to run me out of the place,” she recalls
he managed to convince his friends to send him messages with paper airplanes instead: “We tried to get him some little paper airplanes with I guess Republican messages
I don’t know if they must have gotten to Tejero or some other unsuspecting neighbor who had no idea what to do with them or where they had come from.”
memories of the teams of reporters waiting to get images or statements from Tejero every 23-F are mixed with personal episodes “quite turbulent because they were my student years
with a lot of emotional drama and girlfriends who left me and fights with friends”
He also remembers not having much contact with the rest of the neighbors
although with one of the doormen -who had been a guitarist in Raphael’s tours- he became a curious friend
The doorman was also in charge of calling the police if any suspicious looking van parked in Santa Cruz de Marcenado: it was still the ETA years and every now and then there were threats and some tension around the fact that it was a retired military building and that Tejero lived there
they were all old fascists and I was a little shy about being young and Mexican
I didn’t want to say a word because I was a little shy about living there,” he recalls
“The tenants and apartment owners looked at me with a lot of distrust
because although I didn’t look very Mexican
I have a feeling they never quite knew what to think of me.”
It was a long time before Saldaña returned to Madrid after that
her grandfather had already sold the apartment
in a tourist-like exercise through her own past
The Balcony of what was his terrace is seen from a corner of San Bernardo: “I walked by several times
took pictures of it and remembered that’s where the nefarious orgy party had happened.”
2021): “I wanted to share Mexican traditions with my girlfriend at the time and taught her how to make piñatas
but she who was a bit punky decided to fill hers with viscera
It was a disaster: a lot of people came to the party that I didn’t know where they had come from and everything ended up full of blood and people fucking in the corridors,” he says from the other side of the screen
and with that kind of affection that only distance allows
he adds: “I keep good memories despite everything.”
blames this “boom” precisely on the Internet: “In the last few years it’s become fashionable
I don’t know whether to call it fandom
but a vindication on the Internet of this concrete aesthetic and buildings like the one you’re studying and the plants
or like the Crown of Thorns that I talk about in my report.”
Visually it is very photogenic and is a very juicy object for the networks,” he explains
“Not to be confused with mazacote architecture,” he points out
“Theoretically brutalism should be anything that was made with exposed concrete
The Princesa Building is both: it is an imposing architecture
On how this project is projected into the future residential building -which we could categorize as one of the most spectacular in Madrid
its president points out the following: “With the passage of time and due to the declining purchasing power of many neighbors the building has been losing vegetation
Let’s see if we can get help and do everything possible to return to what Higueras thought in his time
which was a building integrated into the city with a vertical garden and vegetation
The Princesa Building -as stated in the Official College of Architects of Madrid (COAM) – has no protection
a situation that is in the process of being reversed
says Sánchez Vaquero: “It is right now within a plan of the Madrid City Council where there are 700 buildings and it is in the process of being cataloged and protected.”
“Heritage protection is something that depends on many factors such as age (although it shouldn’t) and
it ends up needing a lot of filters and people behind it to give their approval,” Torrijos points out
and any other of those spindly words you feel like throwing around that in the relatively near future won’t end up receiving heritage protection
It contributes too much to the image of the city of Madrid“
Su muerte el jueves se produjo después de varios problemas de salud recientes, incluido un ataque de COVID-19, problemas para caminar y una noche en el hospital. Los miembros de la familia, incluido el príncipe Carlos, su hijo mayor y heredero al trono, corrieron a su lado en el castillo de Balmoral en Escocia el jueves después de que los médicos “preocupados por la salud de Su Majestad” ordenaron que permaneciera bajo su supervisión.
La muerte de la reina puso fin a un notable gobierno de 70 años que vio 14 primeros ministros que iban y venían, desde Winston Churchill hasta Boris Johnson, y fueron testigos de la transformación de la Gran Bretaña de la posguerra de una potencia imperial descomunal a una modesta nación europea. Su reinado fue tan largo que la mayoría de los 68 millones de habitantes de Gran Bretaña no han conocido a ningún otro soberano.
En medio de todo estaba la mujer cuya figura diminuta era reconocible al instante en sus trajes sencillos pero impecablemente confeccionados, zapatos cómodos y sombreros ligeramente pasados de moda.
Photos of Queen Elizabeth II’s life and reign as British monarch
Infatigable en el cumplimiento de sus deberes oficiales
para encontrarse con los súbditos de su reino y comunidad
y ofreció cenas de estado repletas de pompa y circunstancia y el brillo de joyas fabulosas
incluso modificó gobernar el nuevo mundo de los servicios de transmisión como tema de la serie de Netflix “The Crown”
Una de las series de televisión más caras de la historia
ha ganado 21 premios Emmy y se ha ganado el corazón de los espectadores estadounidenses
muchos de los cuales desconocían previamente la notable carrera de Elizabeth
Su dedicación a sus deberes reales decayó levemente hacia el final de su vida
a medida que delegaba más asignaciones y viajes a sus herederos
pocos británicos consideraron la mortalidad de su monarca de larga data antes de que se conociera la noticia a fines de 2021 de una estadía en el hospital durante la noche para exámenes y luego un descanso de dos semanas ordenado por un médico
Para entonces, acababa de enviudar después 73 años de matrimonio con el Príncipe Felipe
las cámaras de televisión transmitieron imágenes de todo el mundo de una pequeña nonagenaria vestida de negro sentada sola en su dolor
menos una figura exaltada que una despojada y solitaria
Las fotos posteriores de ella luciendo más encorvada y usando un bastón subrayaron la creciente fragilidad de una monarca cuyo porte erguido parecía parte de su trabajo
era una mujer inglesa del “condado” de clase alta por excelencia
que se sentía más cómoda deambulando por sus propiedades en el campo con sus caballos en los establos y sus perros pisándole los talones
y otros “miembros de la realeza menores” han visto los detalles de mal gusto de sus vidas privadas salpicados en los tabloides
su sentido de majestuosa frialdad era fácilmente el miembro más popular de la familia real
El príncipe Felipe y la reina Isabel II de Gran Bretaña llegan a la carrera Royal Ascot en 1962
(AP) Hubo pasos en falso ocasionales
como la lenta respuesta del palacio al arrebato nacional de dolor por la muerte de la princesa Diana en un accidente automovilístico en 1997
las voces se quejaron de los millones de libras en dinero de los contribuyentes gastados en apoyar el estilos de vida glamorosos de príncipes
princesas y una variedad de parásitos de una institución hereditaria antidemocrática
la admiración y el afecto del público por ella crecieron en calidez e intensidad a medida que pasaban los años
durante las lujosas celebraciones que marcaban los aniversarios notables de su reinado: un jubileo de plata en 1977 (por 25 años)
diamante en 2012 (por 60) y un jubileo de platino en junio de 2022 para conmemorar los 70 años en el trono
“Ahora que todo lo demás en nuestra sociedad parece temblar y disolverse a nuestro alrededor
este elemento de continuidad segura en nuestros asuntos debe parecer aún más preciado”
escribió el incondicionalmente monárquico Daily Telegraph en un editorial para el jubileo de plata
Los efusivos tributos durante su vida y la efusión emocional de su muerte fueron especialmente conmovedores a la luz del hecho de que
pocos pensaron que alguna vez se convertiría en reina
Nació el 21 de abril de 1926 en una casa adosada en el tony Berkeley Square de Londres
Es posible que los ruiseñores no hayan cantado en su nacimiento
pero un ministro del gobierno estuvo presente en el evento para autenticar que el bebé realmente pertenecía a la casa real
en lugar de ser un impostor introducido de contrabando desde el exterior
ocupaba el tercer lugar en la línea de sucesión
Pero todos asumieron que David eventualmente se casaría y tendría hijos cuyas pretensiones al trono superarían las de ella
envuelta en una bata que usaban los bebés de Victoria
fue bautizada como Elizabeth Alexandra Mary en honor a su madre
su bisabuela (consorte de Eduardo VII) y su abuela (consorte de George V)
por la forma en que la niña pronunciaba su propio nombre
Fue un cariño que se quedó con ella hasta la edad adulta y fue elegido como el nombre de una de sus bisnietas por el príncipe Harry y su esposa
Las fotos muestran a Elizabeth como una niña feliz con ojos azules
El rey adoraba a su nieta; a los dos años y medio
también logró impresionar a otro augusto británico como algo así como “un personaje”
con rasgos que más tarde resultarían útiles
“Tiene un aire de autoridad y reflexión asombroso en un bebé”
escribió Winston Churchill en una carta a su esposa
World & Nation
became Britain’s longest-reigning monarch on Sept
surpassing her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria
Una semana después de su tercer cumpleaños
la princesa apareció en la portada de la revista Time
en una pose pensativa con la cabeza apoyada en su puño izquierdo
Fue la primera de las portadas de 10 Time en las que apareció
La vida de la princesa en su casa en 145 Piccadilly
y animada por una colección de animales que incluía ponis
lo que auguraba un amor por los animales para toda la vida
Su vida y el curso de la historia británica cambiaron irrevocablemente después de una tumultuosa serie de eventos en 1936
murió el enfermo Jorge V; su hijo David fue inmediatamente proclamado rey Eduardo VIII
el nuevo rey sorprendió a la nación y precipitó una crisis constitucional al declarar su amor por una estadounidense divorciada
la institutriz de Isabel le dijo a la niña que se preparara para mudarse al Palacio de Buckingham
recibieron instrucciones de hacer una reverencia ante su padre
Elizabeth era ahora la heredera “presunta” (no “aparente”
en caso de que sus padres tuvieran un hijo
automáticamente la pasaría a codazos en la línea de sucesión)
la princesa Margarita recordó que su hermana
siempre la más seria y responsable de las dos
absorbió la nueva situación con ecuanimidad: “Cuando nuestro padre se convirtió en rey
le dije: ‘¿Eso significa que vas a ser reina
La preparación para una vida de deber comenzó en serio
La reina en formación tomó lecciones sobre la constitución no escrita de Gran Bretaña con un tutor contratado de Eton
la escuela de niños más exclusiva del país
Para permitirle socializar con niñas de su edad
los funcionarios aprobaron la formación de una compañía de Guías
el equivalente a una tropa de Exploradoras
Con el estallido de la guerra en 1939, las dos princesas fueron enviadas desde Londres al campo. Su madre mother rechazó las sugerencias de que las niñas fueran trasladadas temporalmente a América del Norte
las hermanas se quedaron en el Castillo de Windsor
a veces bajando a las mazmorras cuando la Luftwaffe volaba sobre ellas
Elizabeth se unió al Servicio Territorial Auxiliar para hacer su parte en el esfuerzo de guerra
aprendiendo a conducir y mantener camiones
el rey autorizó a sus hijas a unirse a la multitud de juerguistas en las calles de Londres
una rara oportunidad para que probaran la vida más allá de la cuerda de terciopelo
“Recuerdo que estábamos aterrorizados de que nos reconocieran
así que me bajé la gorra del uniforme hasta los ojos”
recordó Elizabeth más tarde en una rara entrevista
“Recuerdo filas de personas desconocidas uniéndose de los brazos y caminando por Whitehall
todos nosotros simplemente arrastrados por una marea de felicidad y alivio”
algo más le había llamado la atención: un apuesto teniente de la marina que era hijo del difunto príncipe Andrés de Grecia y
Había conocido al príncipe Felipe cuando ambos eran niños; de adolescentes
Intentaron mantener en secreto su incipiente romance
Elizabeth puso una foto de Philip con barba en su escritorio
pensando que el vello facial evitaría que la gente lo reconociera
el rey y la reina anunciaron los “esponsales de su amada hija” con Felipe
quien había renunciado a su derecho al trono griego y se había convertido en súbdito británico
Aunque algunos murmuraron sombríamente acerca de que su princesa se casaría con un “extranjero”
la mayor parte del país celebró el compromiso
La princesa y el recién nombrado duque de Edimburgo intercambiaron votos en la Abadía de Westminster el 20 de noviembre de 1947
pero también económica: el vestido de Isabel se hizo con tela comprada con los mismos cupones de racionamiento que otras novias británicas tuvieron que usar después de la guerra
y el oro que le dieron desde Gales para su anillo de bodas fue suficiente para crear dos
Obituaries
was the undisputed master of the British royal household for more than seven decades
Pero nunca hubo un indicio de discordia marital en público
a diferencia de los problemas de relación que sus hijos ventilaron alegremente en los medios
y Philip estuvo constantemente al lado de su esposa en las funciones oficiales
la reina describió a su esposo como “mi fuerza y apoyo todos estos años”
Llevaban casados menos de un año cuando nació su primer hijo
la salud de Jorge VI estaba empeorando y cada vez más sus deberes reales recaían sobre los hombros de su hija mayor
De camino a Australia y Nueva Zelanda en nombre del rey a fines de enero de 1952
donde se hospedaron en un albergue en la copa de un árbol y se maravillaron con el gran juego
Jorge VI murió mientras dormía en Inglaterra
Philip tardó varias horas en recibir la noticia
quien luego le dio la noticia a su esposa con delicadeza
Elizabeth llegó a Londres al día siguiente
vestida de negro y recibida en el aeropuerto por un sombrío semicírculo de políticos de alto rango
a quien le dijo: “Este es un regreso a casa muy trágico
su adhesión se hizo oficial en una ceremonia solemne pero colorida en el Palacio de St
“Rezo para que Dios me ayude a cumplir dignamente esta pesada tarea que se me ha encomendado tan temprano en mi vida”
Colocó una corona de flores en el ataúd de su padre y la firmó como “tu amada y devota hija..
Más de 7000 personas asistieron a su coronación en la Abadía de Westminster; cientos de miles más llenaron de éxtasis las calles del Palacio de Buckingham y Trafalgar Square para echar un vistazo a su reina en su adornado carruaje tirado por caballos; y millones lo vieron en vivo por televisión
la primera transmisión de una coronación británica
a la que Isabel se había opuesto originalmente pero luego accedió después de una tormenta de protestas de la BBC y otros medios de comunicación
trató de mantenerse al día con los tiempos
aboliendo las fiestas de presentación de debutantes en el Palacio de Buckingham
Dio el paso sin precedentes de enviar a su hijo y heredero
el primer príncipe de la sangre en asistir a clases fuera del Palacio de Buckingham
Pero cuando se trataba de defender muchas de las tradiciones y protocolos que se han construido alrededor de la monarquía a lo largo de los siglos
convencida como estaba de su papel como guardiana de una antigua llama
La insistencia de Isabel en la conducta apropiada y su devoción por la tradición reflejaron la actitud de su padre
quien se refería a la familia real como “la firma”
Cumplió escrupulosamente sus deberes como gobernante titular de Gran Bretaña
hojeando los periódicos todas las mañanas y “haciendo las cajas”
los documentos de política y las cartas que le entregaban diariamente en maletines rojos
Las actas del Parlamento se confirmaron con la declaración “La reyne le veult”
en francés normando para “La reina lo desea”
se reunía con el primer ministro para una conversación confidencial sobre temas de actualidad
ella me hizo pasar por esto si no hubiera hecho mi tarea”
dijo el ex primer ministro del Partido Laborista
quien llamó a Elizabeth “la jefa de estado más profesional del mundo”
se mantuvo por encima de la política de partidos
siempre asistiendo a la apertura estatal del Parlamento pero pronunciando el “Discurso de la Reina” que describía la agenda del gobierno con los acentos apagados que se esperan de un soberano políticamente neutral
sus relaciones con los diversos primeros ministros al frente del “gobierno de Su Majestad” iban desde casi afectuosas
cuyas políticas se decía que consideraba divisivas
Aunque los británicos generalmente admiraban la naturaleza trabajadora de su reina
una vez se burló de la voz de la joven reina Isabel como “la de una colegiala mojigata” y descartó a algunos de su séquito como “un grupo de segunda categoría”
y el escritor Malcolm Muggeridge se burló de la monarquía
como una “religión sucedánea” y una “novela real”
Más allá de las críticas estaban las amenazas a la seguridad de la reina y sus familiares. Su hija, Anne, fue atacada por un posible secuestrador no lejos de las puertas del Palacio de Buckingham; se envió una carta bomba al príncipe Carlos; una bomba del RA mató al primo de la reina
un adolescente en busca de atención disparó seis balas de fogueo directamente a Elizabeth mientras montaba a caballo por el centro comercial para la ceremonia anual Trooping the Colour
un intruso escaló una madrugada los muros del Palacio de Buckingham y consiguió deambular hasta el dormitorio de la reina
donde charló con él tranquilamente durante 10 minutos hasta que
con el pretexto de conseguirle un cigarrillo
“El peligro es parte del trabajo”, dijo la reina en 1961, cuando el Primer Ministro Harold Macmillan le aconsejó que cambiara su itinerario en un viaje a África debido a posibles amenazas
Uno de sus mayores desafíos en casa fue negociar en el cada vez más complicado mundo de los medios y descubrir cómo hacer que la monarquía fuera más accesible sin abaratarla.
Desde que era una mujer joven, en general, Elizabeth parecía ver los medios de comunicación británicos, especialmente los tabloides hambrientos de escándalos, como un hecho de la vida que se debe tolerar pero no admirar.
“Supongo que lo leeremos en los periódicos antes de que nos demos cuenta”, dijo secamente la ex princesa después de su matrimonio, sobre la posibilidad de quedar embarazada.
La relación del palacio con la prensa se convirtió cada vez más en una fuente de dolores de cabeza para una mujer destetada del valor de la moderación británica clásica.
Su prole adulta no sintió la necesidad de rehuir la atención. Sus pecadillos fueron tema habitual de los tabloides, especialmente el matrimonio rocoso del príncipe Carlos y Diana y las formas de playboy del príncipe Andrés. Los jóvenes miembros de la realeza, a su vez, trataron de utilizar los medios de comunicación a su favor, concediendo entrevistas desgarradoras de un tipo que la propia reina nunca daría.
Incluso mientras lo disfrutaban, el público encontró desagradables muchas de las payasadas de la familia real. En 1992, el palacio se vio sacudido por la noticia de la separación de Carlos y Diana, el divorcio de Ana, la separación de Andrés de Sarah Ferguson y un incendio en el Castillo de Windsor.
Cuando el gobierno anunció que pagaría la factura de las reparaciones en el castillo, los británicos pellizcados por la recesión se indignaron. A finales de año, la reina, una de las mujeres más ricas del mundo, se vio obligada a aceptar pagar impuestos sobre la renta por primera vez y calificó a 1992 como un “annus horribilis” en un discurso tenso.
Peor aún fue la muerte de Diana en un accidente automovilístico en París, mientras era perseguida por paparazzi, en agosto de 1997.
Para entonces, Gran Bretaña había cambiado más allá del reconocimiento del país en el que había crecido la reina. Los británicos miraban más al exterior y eran más emotivos, y acababa de ser elegido un nuevo primer ministro quisquilloso, Tony Blair.
Prefiriendo tratar la muerte como un asunto familiar privado, el palacio fue tomado por sorpresa por la erupción del dolor. La reina permaneció en secreto en su castillo escocés, Balmoral, y no hizo ninguna expresión pública de duelo ni declaración de consuelo a su pueblo.
“Muéstranos que te importa”, decía un titular, mientras más y más británicos comenzaban a criticar a la familia real como un clan disfuncional fuera de contacto con la realidad y las masas.
Eventualmente, después de la presión de la oficina del primer ministro, Isabel apareció en la televisión en vivo para “rendir homenaje a Diana” y hablarle a la nación “como su reina y abuela”.
La lectura errónea del estado de ánimo del público por parte del palacio desencadenó otra ronda de debate sobre si la familia real había sobrevivido a su utilidad. Ocasionalmente también surgieron discusiones, ya en los años 80, sobre si la reina abdicaría para permitir que Charles, que ahora tiene 73 años, se convirtiera en rey mientras aún estaba en su mejor momento, o si incluso lo pasaría por alto a favor de su hijo mayor. , William.
Pero los verdaderos vigilantes reales sabían que tal idea nunca se le ocurriría a una mujer que no solo sentía su deber de servir hasta el final, de acuerdo con la tradición, sino que también había presenciado, de niña, la crisis constitucional y familiar. que una abdicación pudiera causar.
Los tabloides persiguieron sin aliento la historia, y la respuesta de Elizabeth fue vista como demasiado mansa.
“Toda la familia se entristece al enterarse de lo desafiantes que han sido los últimos años para Harry y Meghan”, dijo el palacio después de la transmisión de la entrevista. “Los temas planteados, particularmente el de la raza, son preocupantes. Si bien algunos recuerdos pueden variar, se toman muy en serio y la familia los abordará en privado”.
Más vergüenza se produjo a partir de una demanda presentada por una mujer que dijo que tuvo relaciones sexuales cuando era adolescente con el príncipe Andrew en 2001 después de haber sido acusada de abuso por parte del financiero Jeffrey Epstein. A principios de 2022, la reina despojó a su segundo hijo de sus patrocinios reales y títulos militares honorarios mientras se desarrollaba la demanda.
Pero el escándalo no empañó la reputación de la propia Isabel, que siguió siendo una persona reservada, en parte para perpetuar la mística de la monarquía y en parte por su educación como inglesa que prefería un día paseando a los perros (principalmente corgis) a cortar cintas y hacer discursos Disfrutó de sus nietos y, a los 80 años, se convirtió en bisabuela por primera vez.
Era fanática de las carreras de caballos y, según un relato, le gustaba pasar las tardes como lo hacen “millones de otras amas de casa”: viendo televisión o leyendo un libro, tal vez una novela policíaca de Agatha Christie, una biografía de uno de sus antepasados. o un thriller de Dick Francis.
Criada durante una época de guerra y privaciones, la reina supuestamente también recorría el Palacio de Buckingham por la noche y apagaba las luces para ahorrar electricidad.
Pero nunca olvidó que su papel era ser una luz para su nación, y reinar y servir como se había comprometido cuando tenía solo 21 años: “Declaro ante todos ustedes que toda mi vida, ya sea larga o corta, se dedicará a su servicio y al servicio de nuestra gran familia imperial a la que todos pertenecemos”.
Los redactores Steve Marble y Mary McNamara contribuyeron a este informe.
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Felipe se casó con la princesa Isabel en una ceremonia en la Abadía de Westminster el 20 de noviembre de 1947
El duque de Edimburgo ha muerto a los 99 años de edad el viernes 9 de abril, en el Castillo de Windsor
En un comunicado, un portavoz dijo: “Es con profundo pesar que Su Majestad la Reina ha anunciado la muerte de su amado esposo, Su Alteza Real el Príncipe Felipe
"Su Alteza Real falleció pacíficamente esta mañana en el Castillo de Windsor"
El príncipe Felipe y la reina Isabel II estuvieron casados durante 74 años y tuvieron cuatro hijos juntos, el príncipe Carlos, la princesa Ana
cuatro meses después de que se anunciara el compromiso de la pareja
El duque había conocido a la futura reina 13 años antes en la boda de la prima de Felipe
Los dos eran primos terceros a través de la reina Victoria y primos segundos a través del rey Christian IX de Dinamarca
Leer más: La tribu que trataba al príncipe Felipe como un dios ahora adorará a Carlos
Para el aniversario de bodas de oro de la pareja
Philip pronunció un discurso poco común sobre su matrimonio con la reina
El duque habló sobre la importancia de la tolerancia en una relación
especialmente cuando los tiempos son "difíciles"
Dijo: “Creo que la principal lección que hemos aprendido es que la tolerancia es el ingrediente esencial de cualquier matrimonio feliz
“Puede que no sea tan importante cuando las cosas van bien
pero es absolutamente vital cuando las cosas se ponen difíciles
Puedes deducir de mí que la Reina tiene la calidad de la tolerancia en abundancia"
Antes de casarse con un miembro de la familia real, Felipe nació en la isla griega de Corfú, antes de mudarse a Francia. De adulto se unió a la Royal Navy y sirvió en la Segunda Guerra Mundial
El duque alcanzó el rango de comandante antes de dejar el servicio militar activo en 1952
El Príncipe Felipe fue el presidente del Premio Duque de Edimburgo
en el que los adultos jóvenes participan en actividades de superación personal como el voluntariado y la realización de expediciones
Se retiró de la vida pública en 2017 después de décadas de servicio
Príncipe Carlos se convierte en Duque de Edimburgo tras la muerte de su padre, el Príncipe Felipe
¿Cómo la pandemia por COVID-19 podría afectar el funeral del príncipe Felipe?
Príncipe Felipe: ¿Cómo era la relación del Duque de Edimburgo con el Príncipe Harry?
pintada por encargo de su sobrino Alessandro)
o la famosa “Sala dei Fasti Farnesiani” del palacio Farnesio de Caprarola con frescos de Taddeo Zuccari entre 1561 y 1563
Una política tan continuada de celebración de fortunas dinásticas encuentra pocos ejemplos en Italia
y los Fasti encargados para conmemorar bodas reales no escaparon a esta lógica: la familia Farnesio había concertado matrimonios con muchos de los señores italianos de los siglos XVI y XVII (de los Este a los Gonzaga
pero Elisabetta fue la primera mujer de la casa en casarse con un poderoso rey extranjero
explica el director de los Museos Cívicos del Palacio Farnesio
así como historiador del arte y experto en arte Farnesio Antonio Iommelli
deben entenderse todas aquellas pinturas que “describen y celebran acontecimientos personales y hechos político militares”
así como “aquellos encargos que
como una batalla o una procesión nupcial
revelan fuertes contenidos encomiales”
Y el encargado de los Fasti de Isabel fue el padre adoptivo de la futura reina
segundo hijo de Ranuccio II y María de Este
que ascendió al trono de Parma y Piacenza en 1694
cuando sólo tenía dieciséis años: Tras la muerte de su hermano mayor Odoardo II
esposo de Dorotea Sofía de Neuburg y padre de Elisabetta
Francesco se había convertido en heredero de la línea familiar y había tomado como esposa a su cuñada
Francisco había encargado a Ilario Spolverini que tomara notas y bocetos del natural durante la boda (que tuvo lugar por poderes
el novio estaba ausente y fue sustituido por su “representante”
en este caso el cardenal Francesco Spolverini)
en este caso el cardenal Francesco Acquaviva d’Aragona
nuncio apostólico en España) y plasmarlos después en una docena de lienzos (doce
los reunidos para la exposición de Piacenza) que debían narrar el acontecimiento en todos sus detalles
De los lienzos se extraeríangrabados que contribuirían a difundir el contenido del ciclo encomiástico
el Ragguaglio delle nozze delle maestà de Filippo Quinto y Elisabetta Farnese
un relato extremadamente detallado e ilustrado con cinco planchas calcográficas (fue el propio Spolverini quien proporcionó los dibujos para las planchas
que fueron grabadas por el romano Giovanni Battista Sintes
el holandés Theodor Verkruys y el boloñés Francesco Domenico Maria Francia)
escrito por el abad Giuseppe Maggiali e impreso en 1717
Ilario Spolverini ya había sido empleado de la familia Farnesio: probablemente empezó a trabajar para la familia hacia 1687-1688
y a partir de entonces trabajó repetidamente para la corte de Parma y Piacenza
representaban una primicia para el pintor parmesano
Spolverini coordinó su trabajo con el de Maggiali para que surgiera una narrativa coherente
testimonio del prestigio y el poder de la corte de Parma y Piacenza: los grabados harían eco del nombre de los Farnesio por toda Europa
mientras que las pinturas de Spolverini estaban pensadas para las sedes del poder farnesio
Francesco encargó a Spolverini una doble serie de Fasti de Isabel
una para el palacio de Piacenza y otra para el de Colorno (esta última
según la estudiosa Marinella Pigozzi
probablemente estaba destinada al apartamento de la duquesa Dorotea Sofía)
El pintor necesitó cinco años de trabajo
mientras que otros dos años fueron necesarios para terminar la segunda serie
y hoy en día observar el ciclo de lienzos es como seguir una especie de ante litteram directo de la lujosa boda real de principios del siglo XVIII: Leyendo la secuencia a partir del orden cronológico de los acontecimientos
comienza con elEncuentro entre el duque Francesco
los cardenales Gozzadini y Acquaviva y el príncipe Antonio
Al encuentro asisten el padre adoptivo de la novia y su hermano menor
Continúa con la Visita a la Corte: Isabel
el duque Francisco y el tío de la joven
reciben a un invitado (tal vez el conde Francesco Albergotti
La siguiente escena es la más amplia de las que quedan en el ciclo: laEntrada en Parma por la Puerta de San Michele del cardenal Giuseppe Ulisse Gozzadini flanqueado por el cardenal Acquaviva y el duque Francesco Farnese
a través de una procesión triunfal
Se trata de una de las obras más impresionantes de todo el grupo
frente al Palazzo del Giudice Criminale: "la disposición expositiva
articulada en torno a la descripción detallada del Ragguaglio“
denuncia un intento realista de mantener la fe en la narración precisa del acontecimiento histórico
a la que el pintor une un notable conocimiento de la perspectiva
una interesante verdad de la variedad arquitectónica de la ciudad
en las fisonomías identificadas de los protagonistas
algunos de los cuales están cargados”
La única diferencia con el Ragguaglio del abad Maggiali es la hora en la que tiene lugar la procesión: según el libro
mientras que en el cuadro de Spolverini la escena se desarrolla durante el día
Siguen los cuadros de la Visita del cardenal Gozzadini a Elisabetta Farnesio y elHomenaje del obispo y el clero de Parma a Elisabetta en la Puerta de la Cúpula
con el Cortejo nupcial de Elisabetta Farnesio y el Cortejo nupcial conservado en las colecciones del Ayuntamiento de Parma
Continúa con los festejos que siguen a la ceremonia: es el episodio del Banquete nupcial en honor de Elisabetta Farnesio en el Palacio Ducal de Parma
está representado por un gran retrato suyo colgado en una pared
que se eleva por encima de todos los participantes en el banquete
Isabel Farnesio está sentada a un lado de la mesa
A su lado podemos distinguir a su madre Dorotea
mientras que a su alrededor se encuentran las damas y los nobles de la corte
y en primer plano están los ayuda de cámara
todos caracterizados individualmente (por lo que probablemente estemos ante los verdaderos ayuda de cámara de la corte de Parma)
sorprendidos llevando la comida a las mesas
En el siguiente lienzo vemos a Elisabetta Farnese y a su madre Dorotea Sofia reunidas con los cardenales Gozzadini y Acquaviva acompañadas de algunos caballeros: se trata de uno de los varios encuentros que tuvieron lugar tras la boda
Momentos posteriores son también el Baciamano della regina Elisabetta(Beso de la reina Isabel) por parte de las damas y caballeros de la Corte y el Baciamano della regina Elisabetta (Beso de la reina Isabel) por parte de los representantes de las comunidades de Parma y Piacenza: la corte y las ciudades gobernadas por la familia de Isabel rinden homenaje a la nueva reina consorte de España
Los Fastos terminan con el viaje de Isabel a España: la primera escena representa la llegada del cortejo de Isabel de Farnesio a Borgotaro y capta el momento en que
la reina y su cortejo llegan a la localidad apenínica de Borgotaro
donde pasarán la noche a la espera de reanudar su viaje a Liguria
desde donde proseguirán hacia Madrid
“serpenteando por las curvas cerradas con una luz que no es nocturna
en un espacio que se dilata perspectivamente a medida que avanza la sinuosa procesión
y al fondo las casas gris-azules del pueblo de Borgotaro dominado por la fortaleza
Una corte ahora reducida al mínimo es la que acompaña a la reina al monte Cento Croci
frontera entre el Ducado de Parma y Piacenza y la República de Génova
Isabel se despide del duque Francisco (su madre ya había sido saludada en Borgotaro)
desde donde embarcaría hacia España: en realidad
como las condiciones del mar hacían incómoda la navegación
acompañaban a la reina el marqués Annibale Scotti (embajador de Parma en España)
la princesa Ippolita Ludovisi Boncompagni (princesa de Piombino y doncella mayor de Isabel)
sesenta alabarderos y una compañía de corsarios
Se dice que Isabel llegó a Guadalajara el 25 de diciembre de 1714
donde se reunió por primera vez con Felipe V
ejecutado algún tiempo después del matrimonio: se trata del lienzo que representa a Felipe V y a la reina Isabel mirando al niño Carlos en brazos de Fe
El hijo de la pareja nació el 20 de enero de 1716
por lo que la concepción de la obra se produjo al menos un año y medio después del encargo del ciclo
Quizá sean dos las características más evidentes de los Fastos de Elisabetta Farnese
La primera es lainmediatez de la narración: con sus lienzos
Ilario Spolverini ha creado una especie de crónica del acontecimiento minuto a minuto
incluso en las más “institucionales”
que repite un esquema típico de los lienzos más pequeños del ciclo: un fondo oscuro para resaltar a los protagonistas en primer plano
pintados con pinceladas gruesas y toques de color y luz para resaltar ciertos elementos (telas
Y es posible darse cuenta de esta atención al detalle observando sobre todo las escenas de mayor tamaño
empezando por la que representa la entrada de las autoridades en Parma
Los palacios de la Parma de la época están pintados con una exactitud sorprendente
cada uno de los participantes en el desfile está representado con un cuidado particular por laindumentaria (esto es un reflejo de las descripciones detalladas de trajes y accesorios que elabad Maggiali había proporcionado en su Ragguaglio)
la escena está representada con una profundidad de perspectiva sagazmente estudiada
con el doble objetivo de crear un telón de fondo para la procesión y hacer que el observador se sienta como un participante
dado también el tamaño del lienzo
Spolverini también intenta implicar al observador con ciertas minucias como las alfombras que cuelgan de los balcones o la presencia de animales
como el perro en la escena de la procesión o la vaca que pasta indiferente en el episodio de la llegada de la reina a Borgotaro
La segunda característica es el tono triunfalista del conjunto
se trata de una obra que celebra el poder de la familia Farnesio y
está impregnada de valor político: las ciudades
incluso las montañas se convierten en un enorme escenario continuo en el que la corte escenifica el teatro de su poder
refinado y dinámico: mérito de la inteligencia de un artista que la familia Farnesio captó en plena madurez
un pintor capaz de animar una serie sustancialmente ilustrativa con descripciones detalladas
personajes colocados en poses creíbles a pesar del pequeño tamaño de las figuras y a pesar de la aglomeración de ciertas escenas
y luego también vistas en perspectiva convincentes
efectos de luz y sombra hábiles y envolventes
Una gran máquina orquestada por Spolverini en función de la propaganda farnesiana
la corte no pidió a su artista que celebrara acontecimientos del pasado: eran acontecimientos actuales los que el pintor
fino observador pero también “hábil cortesano”
representando “con guiños de conciencia la pompa y la ceremoniay sin embargo ”combinando ingeniosamente la etiqueta con la cortesía
la elegancia con la gracia“ e invitando al espectador ”a participar en el realismo de la percepción
los últimos coletazos de una dinastía que pronto sería barrida por la historia
El ducado de Parma y Piacenza sólo permanecería en la familia Farnesio otros diecisiete años después del matrimonio de Isabel: Francesco Farnesio murió en 1727 sin descendencia
y el ducado pasó a su hermano menor Antonio
que murió sólo cuatro años después
El ducado pasó así a los Borbones
precisamente en virtud del matrimonio de Elisabetta: el heredero más próximo
era precisamente aquel Carlos de Borbón
seguiría trabajando para el nuevo soberano) había pintado con las armas de la Fe en el último cuadro de los Fasti di Elisabetta Farnese
Casi una premonición irónica
vivía un periodo de crisis irreversible para casi todos los estados italianos de la época
obligados a someterse al imperialismo de los Habsburgo que
no habían cesado de intentar establecer su influencia sobre la vida política de los estados del norte de Italia
“la posición del Ducado de Parma fue de inmovilidad forzada y
de resignación más o menos tácita a someterse a la ley del más fuerte (como se puso de manifiesto en las diversas ocasiones en que las tropas imperiales recalaron en el Ducado a costa de las exangües arcas de los Farnesio)”
Y la suntuosa política cultural de los Farnesio parece “más una admisión tácita de crisis que una expresión distinta de gloria”: los Farnesio de Francesco
pero también los de su padre Ranuccio II
ya no eran la familia que había dominado las fortunas de Roma a mediados del siglo XVI
Una vez acabada la posibilidad de ejercer un papel político internacional
la atención de los Farnesio se centró en el territorio del ducado
así como en la historia de la familia
Parma y Piacenza se convertirían en Borbones
¿Qué fue del ciclo de Ilario Spolverini tras el fin de la familia Farnesio
Pocos años después de que Carlos de Borbón ascendiera al trono de Parma y Piacenza
ordenó el traslado de la mayor parte de las colecciones Farnesio de las ciudades emilianenses al Palacio Real de Nápoles
Esto ocurrió entre 1734 y 1736: el jovencísimo soberano se había convertido en rey de Nápoles
Y una de las primeras medidas fue trasladar antigüedades
muebles y tapices de la Vía Emilia a la bahía de Nápoles
Cargamentos de obras de arte abandonaron la Pilotta de Parma
el palacio Farnesio y el palacio de la señora Margarita de Médicis de Piacenza para llegar a su nuevo destino (algunas obras se trasladarían posteriormente a la Reggia di Capodimonte en 1758)
Los Fasti di Elisabetta Farnese siguieron en parte este destino
Algunas obras de la serie fueron a Nápoles
y en 1859 fueron trasladadas a la Reggia di Caserta
Y hoy los lienzos se reparten entre el Palacio Real de Caserta
las colecciones municipales de Parma y el Palacio Farnesio de Piacenza
testigos de uno de los momentos más gloriosos de la historia de la familia Farnesio