Friedman is a senior staff writer with Healio's hematology/oncology team
Friedman received his bachelor’s degree in newspaper and political science from Syracuse University
Friedman spent 16 years covering high school and professional sports for Gannett newspapers in Southern New Jersey
He won multiple New Jersey Press Association awards during his tenure
Friedman is a passionate New England Patriots fan
enjoys golfing and spending time with his family
Cisplatin chemotherapy may not reach its potential efficacy in individuals with head and neck cancer if they are exposed to secondhand smoke
according to results published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences
The cell-line study showed secondhand smoke drastically reduced the ability of cisplatin to kill head and neck cancer cells and increased their ability to reproduce
“The decrease in cell death is so dramatic that to attain the same viability as the cells not in the presence of secondhand smoke
we need to double the amount of cisplatin,” Lurdes Queimado
PhD, professor at University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
“That will not be feasible on a patient with cancer because cisplatin is already so toxic.”
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common type of cancer in the world
according to background information provided by researchers
Cisplatin is part of standard therapy for HNSCC along with other chemotherapy drugs
Tobacco smoking causes more than 7 million deaths worldwide every year
and more than 20% of nonsmoking adults in the U.S
“We know that 16% of the nonsmoking cancer population are exposed to secondhand smoke,” Balaji Sadhasivam
assistant professor at University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
“We really want to know what happens to the secondhand smoke exposure during the cancer treatment.”
Researchers subjected human HNSCC cell lines treated with cisplatin to 48 hours of sidestream smoke
which makes up 85% of secondhand smoke and contains “higher levels of nicotine and carcinogens” than mainstream smoke
They compared those with control cells only treated with cisplatin
The cells observed in secondhand smoke got exposed to “the amount of nicotine that has been reported to exist in individuals that live with smokers,” Queimado said
cells exposed to secondhand smoke had a “significant decrease in cisplatin-induced cell death” (P < .0001) at every time tested between hours 27 and 45
secondhand smoke increased clonogenic survival
“It increases the cancer cells prolonged or indefinite survival capacity,” Sadhasivam said
“They will be available to cause metastases because they don’t die,” Queimado added
Researchers examined the reason this occurred and discovered a decrease in the protein that takes cisplatin into the cell and an increase in the protein that removes it
“These are like doors into the cell,” Queimado said
so you don’t get as much cisplatin to the cell
but also your exit doors are completely open.”
Queimado and colleagues have already started planning future research
which includes a prospective study on the impact secondhand smoke has on patients
including gathering details on exposure levels and duration of exposure
“I’m validating these results with animal models,” Sadhasivam said
I can see the mechanism in which it has been modified
so if I target any particular biomarkers [or]any particular gene
if that is the one that has been altered by these effects
then targeting that gene can reverse the cancer cells to the cisplatin.”
Researchers also believe smoking cessation and information on secondhand smoke needs to be better integrated into cancer care.
Queimado highlighted her group’s previous research on the importance of education, noting response to chemotherapy improves fourfold in patients who quit smoking between the time of diagnosis and start of treatment compared with those who do not.
“Most [centers] have an automatic identifying of patients who smoke and a referral for every single patient to get smoking cessation,” Queimado said. “However, although the referral works really well, the patients do not follow up on the referral. They don’t get there because the patient is overwhelmed. We don’t need to give patients with cancer anything else to do. We need to bring the service to them.”
Her center is actively working to integrate smoking cessation into its overall cancer treatment plan, including a dedicated smoking cessation specialist and treatments available before cancer therapy begins.
“And we want to include the families of those patients because we now know that is also the exposure to secondhand smoke, and not just the fact that the patient is smoking,” Queimado added.
Lurdes Queimado, MD, PhD, can be reached at lurdes-queimado@ouhsc.edu.
Balaji Sadhasivam, PhD, can be reached at balaji-sadhasivam@ouhsc.edu.
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Reporting by Lefteris Papadimas; Writing by Karolina Tagaris; Editing by Alison Williams
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Transport Consultant for the Infrastructure and Transport Unit
Lorena is a transport consultant for the World Bank's Latin America and Caribbean Infrastructure and Transport Unit
During the last year she has collaborated in urban transport projects (BRT and cable car) in Peru and Brazil
She has also participated in the review of TOD projects for Quito and Queimados
and has collaborated in the design of strategies for the inclusion of the gender perspective in transport projects for Latin America
For two years (2014-2016) Lorena participated in the management
design and construction process of line 3 of the Riyadh metro in Saudi Arabia with the Spanish engineering company IDOM
Lorena is an Architect from the Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM)
she completed the ICEX-CECO MBA at the Menéndez Pelayo International University
she has started her part-time PhD with the Sustainability
Transport and Urban Regeneration Unit of the UPM
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147.45.197.102 : 277642bd-2d98-448f-b117-a077fb17
wins and continued to improve her game while taking in a different culture with some of the USA’s finest DII players
GFW’s all-time leading scorer with 3,174 points
wrapped up her sophomore year of basketball at Wayne State College in Wayne
Nebraska this past winter and was glad to get the opportunity to travel to another country to play the game she loves this summer with some other top NCAA DII players
After former college teammate Maggie Schulte informed Busse that Ron Smith
Director of USA Sports Tours & Events
was asking for Busse’s information about joining the USA basketball tour of Brazil
She was then asked in an email by Smith if she was interested in taking the trip to Brazil with the women’s team
After initially worrying about the financial side of taking the big trip
Busse decided that the chance to play in another country with a group of talented individuals was too good to pass on and accepted the offer
After first meeting her teammates in Orlando
Busse and the team left for Brazil on July 22
it’s a different city in Brazil and we were there for three days
“So the first day we kind of just hung out because we were all pretty tired from travelling
and then the next two days we played games
and continued to tour many different recognizable landmarks during the trip
“We went to [the Lapa Steps] and then we went to some markets,” Busse said
We saw the Christ the Redeemer Statue and Sugar Loaf Mountain we went on
so they made sure that we saw everything while we were there
Although Busse didn’t have anyone on her team that she knew well
she did have four players that she played against in college in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference
she said it was a very good experience and she got to know them better during her stay in Brazil
head coached by Missouri Southern State University women’s head basketball coach Ronnie Ressel
played against multiple different Brazilian clubs
“Our first game we played was actually against
1 club team in Brazil [Bradesco],” she said
“They said that these girls were trying to play in America eventually
and our last two games we played were against pro teams
so I think they just get together and play
It was a different culture because they don’t have teams like we do
is what I’ve learned from other Brazilian people
is that they don’t have a lot of money put into it for the females
It takes a lot to get a girls’ team going.”
they defeated Bradesco 77-61 before breezing by Jundiai 123-47
Busse added 2 points in USA’s first game before scoring a trip-high 18 points in the blowout win over Jundiai
USA then topped Queimados 76-48 before winning its final game of the trip against Fluminense FC 87-56
Busse scored 13 against Queimados and 8 against Fluminense FC
there were certain things Busse and Team USA had to get used to and get around against the Brazilian teams
“The first team we played was kind of like a little shock to us because they were quick and they full-court pressed,” she said
“And they don’t really call hand-checks
get you’re hands off.’ So we’re kind of like
‘Isn’t that a foul?’ But you can’t talk to the refs about it
so then we just had to adjust and throughout the other games
we learned that that’s okay to do [in Brazil]
so it was getting comfortable playing with each other
But I also think the very last team we played [Fluminense] was a very talented team
We really had to try to pull away from them
Averaging 5.8 points and 2.2 assists per game in 18.5 minutes per contest as a freshman
Busse’s minutes increased and her averages improved as a result in her sophomore year at Wayne State
a common occurrence for many college players
The point guard started all 30 games as a sophomore and scored 11.7 ppg
had 3.6 apg and pulled in 3.5 rebounds per game
Busse said that those improvements came from becoming more of a leader and worrying less about being the best and trying to do too much
“[As a sophomore] it’s more about how you’re going to lead on the floor as a point guard
how you’re going to facilitate and make sure everyone is in the right place and is organized versus thinking so much about yourself and how you’re performing,” she said
you’re really concerned about yourself
Being a sophomore was nice to just have that [first year] out of the way and it’s just focusing on being the best teammate and getting other people to be good teammates and working on that
So that was a good mindset and it was a really fun year.”
She now turns her attention to her junior year this winter for the Wildcats
where she has two years of experience under her belt
“I’m really excited for what’s to come,” Busse said
“We have a lot of people back that played a good amount of minutes last year and we have six freshman coming in
so that will be a good addition to our team
having more of that diversity and a variety of players
but I know that we’re only going to get better.”
Popular books have a way of finding their way into homes across the globe
Copyright © 2025 Ogden Newspapers of Minnesota
who is currently the alternate Alexander Hamilton in the London production of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Hamilton
will take on the role full-time beginning November 18 at the Victoria Palace Theatre
Queensborough has also been seen in White Teeth
That day the production will also welcome Emilie Louise Israel as Peggy Schuyler/Maria Reynolds
Emile Ruddock as Hercules Mulligan/James Madison
and Carl Spencer as John Laurens/Philip Hamilton
Gavin Spokes will play King George beginning November 4
Allyson Ava-Brown and Jason Pennycooke will continue in the roles of Angelica Schuyler and Marquis de Lafayette/Thomas Jefferson
Nuno Queimado will play the role of Alexander Hamilton at certain performances
See What Else Is Scheduled to Perform in London
The musical also features scenic design by David Korins
and Theresa McCarthy in the original Off-Broadway production of Floyd Collins
Gail Kriegel's new play follows a family affected by mental illness
The Tony-winning Best Musical continues at the Walter Kerr Theatre
Noah Himmelstein will direct Matthew Puckett's original musical
Neumann is the Tony nominated choreographer behind Hadestown and Swept Away
one Tony winner is playing the trumpet while the other is channeling Madame Rose
Due to the expansive nature of Off-Broadway
Thank You!You have now been added to the list
Blocking belongson the stage,not on websites
Our website is made possible bydisplaying online advertisements to our visitors
Please consider supporting us bywhitelisting playbill.com with your ad blocker.Thank you
York Theatre RoyalA long-gestating app romance fails to sync offline in this innovative musical with songs that outshine the dialogue
Catherine LoveWed 3 May 2023 11.08 CESTLast modified on Wed 3 May 2023 11.47 CESTShareMayflies famously live for just a day
But before that they can spend months or years as nymphs
gestating underwater until they’re ready to fly
This lopsided lifespan is the inspiration for Gus Gowland’s new musical
which imagines a relationship that’s long in the making but quick to burn out
Protagonists May and Fly meet through a dating app
A fumbled start turns into real connection
leaving it almost two years before their first date
Gowland’s show moves back and forth between the couple’s tender online interactions and their final
as reality struggles to live up to expectations
The comparison that immediately comes to mind is with Jason Robert Brown’s The Last Five Years
which simultaneously tells the story of a relationship forwards and backwards
as moments of hopeful affection are juxtaposed with crushing awkwardness
The contrast is amplified by Tania Azevedo’s direction
May and Fly are placed on opposite sides of TK Hay’s elegant set
The question of where we are our true selves
and the stark disparity between the couple’s virtual and in-person dynamic strains plausibility
it’s the solo numbers that convey the most genuine
raw emotion – as though these two characters can never quite get in sync
while there’s something devastating about Running on Empty
Mayflies’ other innovation is its use of three actors (Nuno Queimado
Rumi Sutton and Emma Thornett) alternating in the two roles on different nights
with the characters written to be played by performers of any gender
but feels like a case of concept over content
At York Theatre Royal until 13 May
147.45.197.102 : 8cabde19-5d3d-4100-b882-f06bcf33
A league games in Brazil was played on what simply looked like a large puddle
Serra Macaense beat Queimados 4-2 in a Brazilian lower-league match at the Estádio Joaquim de Almeida Flores
the match perhaps shouldn't have been played considering the ball was floating more than it was rolling
But referee Pedro Goulart Martins was having none of it.
Queimados sit bottom of the Carioca 2 league on just one point after 10 games played
so the battered and bruised outfit may have felt they held an unusual advantage on their poor pitch
they succumbed to a heavy defeat to continue a losing streak which stretches back into the previous season
Queimados's last victory came on June 12 last year
In Other News... on FourFourTwo.com
The best features, fun and footballing quizzes, straight to your inbox every week.
FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2024 PlayLoading... Thai Feed Mill Association members agree not to buy corn from producers who burn fields but say govt must help with supply chainsOperators in the animal feed and livestock industry have agreed to cooperate with the government's measures to tackle PM2.5 air pollution by not buying corn from plantations that burn stubble after the harvest.
“We will not buy crops that are cultivated by burning, either in Thailand or neighbouring countries, and are willing to meet with the PM to discuss suitable solutions,” Pornsilp Patcharintanakul, chairman of the Thai Feed Mill Association, said on Thursday.
He said the association and operators in livestock industries are willing to cooperate with the government, as long as measures are provided to ensure adequate supply of corn for animal feed.
Pornsilp pointed out that Thailand already faces a shortage of feed corn of around 4 million tonnes annually. He called upon the government to remove prohibitions under the WTO framework to allow imports from countries that are far away and therefore pose no environmental burden to Thailand.
“By not buying corn cultivated by burning, we will be short by up to 2 million tonnes. Of this figure, 0.5 million tonnes come from domestic growers, and 1.5 million from growers in neighbouring countries,” he said. “Measures need to be implemented to prevent the impact on the livestock industries, which bring more than 200 billion baht of revenue to the country.”
On Tuesday, Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra said that she had ordered relevant bodies to come up with measures to cope with the problem of air pollution, which tends to rise in the cold season due to air stagnation.
The PM stressed problems related to the agricultural sector, saying she would discuss a ban on purchases of crops that are cultivated by burning with the Agriculture Ministry to control PM2.5 at the source
PM2.5 refers to dust particles 2.5 micrometres or less in diameter, long-term exposure to which is linked with chronic diseases including lung and heart problems.
Three main sources of PM2.5 are industrial factories, traffic emissions, and outdoor burning. The latter occurs naturally like forest fires, or by human activity like burning harvest leftovers, seen as a cheap way to prepare fields for the next round of planting.
Armed suspect captured after violent rampage in Tak province
Heavy rains cause flooding in Bangkok and surrounding areas
Southern insurgency escalates, govt to crackdown on militant leaders
U-Tapao Airport and Eastern Aviation City project to sign on June 18
US puts sanctions on Myanmar warlord and militia linked to cyber scams
Police investigate possible arson attacks as officials and experts reject rumours that 5G causes Covid-19
Three recent mobile phone mast fires around the UK are being investigated as possible arson, amid concerns that people are attacking telecoms infrastructure because of a conspiracy theory linking 5G technology to the spread of coronavirus
The mayor of Liverpool
also revealed he had received threats relating to the “bizarre” theory
emergency services were called to reports that a 5G mast was on fire in Liverpool shortly before 11pm
Police confirmed they were investigating the blaze at Spencer’s Lane
Fire crews managed to get the fire under control quickly and were photographed parked outside the field shortly after it was extinguished
said on Thursday it was monitoring broadcasters who spread the discredited conspiracy theory
although coverage has spread more widely on social networks
Speaking at Saturday’s Downing Street press conference
cabinet secretary Michael Gove said the theories were “dangerous nonsense”
condemned them as “the worst kind of fake news”
that people would be taking action against the very infrastructure that we need to respond to this health emergency,” he said
Just hours before the reported incident in Liverpool
Anderson dismissed the theories as “bizarre”
He said he was amazed by the amount of traction the conspiracy was getting on social media
and that all scientific and government advice showed the technology posed no harm to people
the mayor revealed he had received threats relating to the theory and had reported them to Merseyside police
“The suggestion that Covid-19 is somehow linked to 5G is patently beyond the realms of credibility – utterly bizarre,” he said
“In Liverpool these masts are being upgraded and ironically the very people that are using this technology are the ones who are believing these theories
I was mildly threatened yesterday by someone telling me to take them down
“The reality is there is huge pressure on the network at the moment with so many people at home and that’s why engineers are upgrading it
The idea that I have entered into some kind of machiavellian plot with the government is ridiculous.”
shared a link to an online petition promoting the false rumour that the symptoms of coronavirus are caused by residing near a 5G mast
The petition was removed following inquiries from the Guardian
Cheers actor Woody Harrelson and former Dancing on Ice judge Jason Gardiner are also among stars who have shared theories
The government is increasingly concerned about the impact of the spread of such false theories
A spokesperson for the Department for Digital
which has responsibility for telecoms policy
warned people to stop damaging key infrastructure during a national emergency: “These are baseless theories
there is absolutely no credible evidence of a link between 5G and coronavirus
Threats or violence towards any key worker or damage to mobile phone masts will not be tolerated.”
On Thursday, police in Belfast appealed for information after a mobile phone mast was damaged in an arson attack
with online footage suggesting the motive was opposition to 5G networks
The video clip shows an incident on the Antrim Road in north Belfast on Thursday night
in which flames can be seen at the base of a mobile telephone mast
According to a report in the Irish News
voices can be heard stating “Fuck the 5G” and “Viva la revolution” as the fire burns
Facebook removed one anti-5G group in which members were being encouraged to supply footage of them destroying mobile phone equipment. Video footage of a 70ft (20m) telephone mast on fire in Birmingham this week has also circulated widely alongside claims it was targeted by anti-5G protesters
The problem has become so bad that engineers working for Openreach
have posted pleas on anti-5G Facebook groups
asking to be spared from on-street abuse as they are not involved in maintaining mobile networks
The industry lobby group Mobile UK said the incidents were affecting efforts to maintain networks that were supporting home working and providing critical connectivity to the emergency services, vulnerable consumers and hospitals. Telecoms engineers are considered key workers under the government’s guidelines.
International radiation experts have repeatedly made clear that the new high-speed telephone system does not pose a risk to humans, while pointing out that the coronavirus has spread widely in many countries without any 5G coverage, such as Iran.
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… Don’t be afraid to go to the library and read every book so long as that document does not offend our own ideas of decency—that should be the only censorship.”
“I haven’t burned any books.” The President
must be referring to his own Department of State whose directives
libraries abroad to remove all books “by Communists
President Eisenhower was asked about these directives—he hadn’t heard of them
he added in his press conference of June 17
he wasn’t talking about books by Communists when he advocated “free access to knowledge.” If the State Department is burning books which appeal to people to be Communists
then that is all right with the President of the United States
should be laid out for all to study; books by Communists are something else
libraries overseas can proceed with their work of education and enlightenment
libraries and information centers overseas
Close to two million books stand on their shelves
They are visited by 27 million people each year
according to the Educational Exchange Manual
to provide “significant and useful books and pamphlets” that offer “a balanced view of the U.S.” and “a balance of the opinion and thinking of the U.S.”
That definition in itself was a retreat from the original purpose set 10 years ago
our first government-sponsored libraries were established in Latin America
in his study published in the current Library Quarterly
“they were founded primarily to function as model public libraries abroad and operated on the principle of free access to printed materials for everyone”—they served as demonstrations of our basic conviction that truth flourishes in the free marketplace of ideas
the special demands for information about the U.S
led to the establishment of new “information centers.” Their role was to provide “information with a purpose.” The purpose was to provide a “full and fair” picture of the United States
Non-conformity was still emphasized to citizens overseas who aspired to build their nations in our image
When the American Military Government opened its libraries in Germany
its directive laid special emphasis on providing books by writers banned under the dictatorships we had fought a great war to defeat.
the Smith-Mundt Act granted permanent legislative status to the Overseas Library program
Its purpose was to offset widespread misinformation concerning the United States
and it held out the “full and fair” picture as the objective of our counter-effort to inform peoples abroad
But as the Soviet-directed Hate America Campaign was intensified
our effort became more closely associated with counter-propaganda
In this spirit President Truman launched in 1951 the self-contradictory Campaign of Truth
Robert Delaney concluded: “Culture for culture’s sake has no place in the U.S
informational and educational exchange programs … cultural activities are an indispensable tool of propaganda.”
Leading educators combined in 1947 to urge Congress to distinguish between propaganda and cultural exchange
and discounted libraries as a propaganda weapon
By 1951 two experts of the Bureau of the Budget
preparing the overseas library appropriations for Congress
concluded that the libraries should be made focal points of “all overt propaganda activities” and that all other functions were a waste of funds
three experts acting as special consultants
Let the libraries become known as mere propaganda agencies for the dissemination of anti-Communist literature and their effectiveness will be quickly crippled.
People are deeply moved by what they experience
and I suspect the actuality of free open-handed American libraries overseas means as much to their users as the books they read in them
They may have read about freedom of opinion in the U.S
They actually see evidence of it in our American library that contains books different from or even hostile to the views of the Administration in power in the U.S
The presence of an uncensored book critical of some aspect of American life in the open collections of a U.S
library can do more than a thousand propaganda tracts to convince the doubting reader of the integrity of American goals and the candor with which American shortcomings are admitted
Secretary of State Acheson distributed in U.S
libraries throughout the world magazines such as Life
which damned him as little short of a traitor
Secretary Dulles shared Acheson’s principles but lacked his guts
Dulles’ International Information Administration began by advocating the use of pro-U.S
material by Soviet-endorsed writers such as Howard Fast where it might “be given special credibility among selected key audiences.” But when McCarthy attacked this directive the State Department cancelled it and in its place ordered all broadcasters and libraries to stop using material by “Communists
et cetera.” A further directive to employees preparing scripts and articles for overseas audiences banned discussion by or about “Communists
and so forth.” And a third directive ordered publishers to certify that no material sent abroad under a State Department program would be by: “Communists
or persons who might be controversial” (this was cancelled on demand of the publishers concerned.)
So the match bearing the brand name of Eisenhower and Dulles was struck and set to the bonfire
A score of books were removed from all Amerika Haus libraries in Berlin
They included a study by Vera Micheles Dean
and Howard Fast’s edition of the works of Tom Paine
In Bombay and Calcutta the banned books included Clarence Streit’s Union Now
Alan Barth’s The Loyalty of Free Men and Washington Witch Hunt by the New York Herald-Tribune’s correspondent
The full lists of books burned and banned have been kept secret; but “et cetera” “and so forth” and “controversial” have generally been interpreted by subordinate officials as referring to any author about whom derogatory information has been offered before a Congressional committee
Any official who did not follow the House Un-American Activities Committee as a guide and further purge the shelves of all works critical of McCarran and McCarthy acted at his own peril
This was made explicit by a memorandum from the State Department Press Officer declining to define “et cetera,” “and so forth,” and “controversial” and declaring that doubtful cases “must be determined by those responsible for the program.” Only reckless men
could choose to take steps offensive to McCarthy
since the President and the Secretary have rarely backed up their subordinates whom McCarthy has singled out for attack
responsible officials overseas attempted to delay the application of the directives
But then the lists of proscribed authors arrived
to be followed by the inspection of library shelves by McCarthy’s staff men Cohn and Schine
to peoples trained to despise propaganda and barely freed from political enslavement was tremendous; American correspondents reporting the reaction
filed accounts so violent that many were not printed in newspapers here at home
Nor are Europeans made happier by the opinion voiced by Eisenhower
and approved by McCarthy that they are too immature to be exposed to the dangerous books that may be found in libraries in this country
Eisenhower may hold that it is “The acme of silliness” for the U.S
overseas libraries to harbor Communist books even though these books might be allowed at Dartmouth
Rather than be permitted access to approved books only
many Europeans would hold that our library program should be abolished altogether as a mirror of a frightened nation which can only demoralize the embattled democrats of Europe who are really threatened by mass Communist parties
McCarthy was right; although they acted on his instigation
The truth is that the book burning in Bombay and Berlin followed a pattern well established in communities in our 48 states.
Some of this book burning begins with an understandable resentment aroused by the worst of the comic books and pocket books
what is praised or criticized by McCarthyism is in fact the old intolerance of veterans groups and patriotic organizations which made itself felt long before McCarthy made his way to Washington
The idea of censorship is in fact accepted without question among wide sections of American society
And yet other Americans remember and will fight to keep this nation’s dedication to free speech
After five years of fear and intimidation the fact remains
and the conscience and common sense of the majority
If some church spokesman advocate censorship
McCarthy may submit a report advocating the suppression of offensive ideas
submits a report on the libraries overseas governed by intelligence and restraint
It concludes with a backhanded but definite recommendation that
“An adequate cross-section of American literature should be provided for a better understanding of American life and culture but writings of Communists or Communist sympathizers should not be tolerated in any manner which would indicate their acceptance by the American people.”
Libraries overseas remain as examples of the attitude of Americans toward access to knowledge
the belief remains among most Americans that libraries are sanctuaries
organized in the Committee for Intellectual Freedom of the American Library Association
have quietly and courageously held their conferences
kept themselves informed through their own newsletter and stood their ground.