Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article Get directions and explore our neighborhood Metrics details Zoonotic infections (swine-human) caused by influenza A viruses (IAVs) have been reported and linked to close contact between these species we describe eight human IAV variant infections (6 mild and 2 severe cases Genomes recovered were closely related to Brazilian swIAVs of three major lineages (1 A.3.3.2/pdm09 Five H1v were closely related to pdm09 lineage one H1v (H1N2v) grouped within 1B.2.3 clade and the two H3v grouped within a clade composed exclusively of Brazilian H3 swIAV (clade H3.1990.5.1) Internal gene segments were closely related to H1N1pdm09 isolated from pigs IAV variant rarely result in sustained transmission between people however the potential to develop such ability is of concern and must not be underestimated This study brings into focus the need for continuous influenza surveillance and timely risk assessment we describe in detail eight cases of zoonotic infections of swIAV in humans that occurred in Brazil from 2020 to 2023 Concentric circles depict the proportion of cases identified in each location b Genetic composition of viruses identified in the swine-to-human transmissions The vertical bars correspond to the colors of the locations in (a) Horizontal bars identify the eight genomic segments of IAVs: (i) PB2 The figure key shows the subtype of each segment Swine sequences isolated in Brazil contains the state of isolation within its names (Brazil_PR = Paraná Branches are colored by host and cases are color-coded according to the figure key Branch lengths are drawn to scale representing nucleotide substitutions per site Black-circles at the internal nodes identify clades supported by SH-aLRT > 80% and/or UFB > 95% A Phylogenetic tree indicating the swine-to-human introductions occurred in Brazil by gray-shaded forms B Topology details for N2 #4 Brazilian clade C Topology details for N2 #2 Brazilian clade Case 1 patient sought medical assistance and was fully recovered after treatment. Notably, one co-worker presented similar symptoms at the same week, and 218 employees of the slaughterhouse presented ILI symptoms within a window of one month before and two months after Case 1 diagnostic (Supplementary material) the possibility that other individuals have been infected by this H1N2v or the occurrence of human-to-human transmission Black-circles at the internal nodes identify clades supported by SH-aLRT > 80% A Phylogenetic tree indicating swine-to-human introductions occurred in Brazil by gray-shaded forms B Topology details for Clades H1 pdm #1 and #2 Swine sequences isolated in Brazil contains the state of isolation within its names (Brazil_MG = Minas Gerais The accordant clustering and by assuming that these are not related human infections indicate that this lineage is circulating among pigs without any reassortment The recognition that this lineage is being maintained in the swine population and managed to be transmitted from swine to humans is alarming and suggests that this combination of genes may facilitate the jump of the virus between the two species and all branch lengths are drawn to scale representing nucleotide substitutions per site A Phylogenetic tree showing the major clade of H3 viruses that circulate in swine in Brazil (H3 1990.5) The swine-to-human introduction is highlighted by a gray-shaded form B Topology details of the H3 Brazilian clade and subclades (1990.5.1 No available vaccine strain or CVV is in the genetic group correspondent to the clades of variants found in Paraná due to the inability to isolate the IAV variants for functional testing we could not investigate potential new genetic markers and the real effect of the reported genetic markers found in IAV variant detected in Brazil This criterion excludes many rural areas where variant influenza likely circulates initially Strategically placing units in rural regions of swine and poultry production or advising the population and workers in these areas to seek care at existing sentinel units can help enhance the capacity to detect influenza variants Influenza A viruses can be regularly transmitted from humans to swine15 and might then be reintroduced to humans as novel reassortant viruses The eight influenza variant viruses described here were first detected by LACEN and sent for sequencing at the NIC that is responsible for characterizing strains for which regional laboratories detect either influenza A or B viruses but are not able to identify the viruses to the subtype or lineage level the gene segments of all variant viruses grouped within swine clades some gene segments were closely related to human viruses (for instance the intensive surveillance of human influenza along with the long branch observed in the phylogenetic tree suggest the absence of swine sequences rather than unsampled human viruses has ‘genetic potential’ to be transmitted from pigs back to humans The same clustering pattern across different phylogenetic trees for some of the cases (especially Cases 6 7 and 8) also brings into the discussion the possibility of a sustained transmission of this lineage within the human population instead of separate swine-to-human transmissions the genomic pattern observed in the H3N2v in Case 4 and Case 5 suggest the occurrence of limited transmission among individuals sharing the same residence These findings highlight the remarkable ability of swIAVs in crossing inter-species barriers and to quickly be transmitted between close contacts The phylogenetic clades defined for the influenza A virus variants described in this study also revealed differences in the genome constellations This demonstrates the high diversity of strains that can cross the animal-human barrier reinforcing the need to improve surveillance both throughout the country and in the region A constellation of genes in a particular influenza strain within a specific host determine the pathogenicity or virulence of an influenza virus Few described genetic markers associated with pathogenicity or virulence were observed in the analyzed genomes and no phenotypic studies have been conducted on them we cannot exclude the possibility that these viruses possess as-yet unidentified markers that may confer an advantage in adapting to the human species We emphasize the need to preserve the collected samples to ensure viral integrity and allow the virus isolation for functional and phenotypic testing The genetic data observed may indicate antigenic mismatch and a potential lack of immune protection against the IAV variants The worker’s swine industry should be included in the preferential group for influenza vaccination of the Brazilian MoH once the transmission of human seasonal influenza viruses to swine has heavily influenced the extensive genetic diversity observed in swIAVs (15) These new Brazilian IAV variant cases were considered as sporadic cases and had good clinical outcomes that did not spread throughout the local human population and actionable surveillance systems remains the key to early detection of the threat posed by new influenza variants This study was conducted under the terms established by the Ethical Certificate presented for appreciation (CAAE) to the Brazilian Platform (http://plataformabrasil.saude.gov.br/) and approved by the number 68118417.6.0000.5248 The SISGEN (National System for Management of Genetic Heritage and Associated Traditional Knowledge) number is A15FAF3 The samples were collected within the National Surveillance System for Influenza viruses individual identities have been safeguarded by ensuring that personal data is presented in aggregate or averaged for relevant identifier categories Information on sex and/or gender has been maintained in compliance with the study’s sex and gender reporting policies Each clinical sample was inoculated in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell culture in the Biosafety Level 3 (BSL3) laboratory MDCK cells were seeded at a density of 2.0E + 5 per well in a 24-well culture plate and incubated for 24 h in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s - Medium (DME-M) supplemented with pen-strep and 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) The viral inoculum was prepared by mixing 200 µL of the original clinical sample with 100 µL of an inoculation medium constituted of DMEM supplemented with 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0,1% TPCK (N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone) trypsin MDCK monolayers were washed once with Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and once with inoculation medium Inoculum was then added to cells and incubated for one hour at 37 °C and cells were cultured in the inoculation medium described above for up to 72 h or until cultures displayed evidence of cytopathic effect which uses the IAV universal primers for the amplification of the eight gene segments of all influenza subtypes in a multiplex reaction the library was constructed using the Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation Kit (Illumina) and submitted to sequencing by the Illumina MiSeq System using MiSeq Reagent Kit v2 Micro (300 cycles Illumina) to achieve an estimative of at least 3000x depth of genome coverage Conventional Sanger sequencing was also used in some cases due to the low coverage observed in some genes The first round of PCR was performed using the universal primers and a second round of PCR using HA gene specific primers was performed according to the CDC protocol (available by CDC under request) the DNA fragments were purified using the ExoSAP-IT™ PCR Product Cleanup Reagent (Invitrogen) and quantified by Qubit™ dsDNA HS Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) The products were then sequenced using the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and the DNA products were read by a 96-capillary 3730xl DNA Analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) The bioinformatics pipeline for assembling the reads and obtaining the consensus was carried out by the CLC Genomics platform (Qiagen) reads were mapped against a database containing all IAV available references (a panel including around 120 influenza genomes from different subtypes) the genes with the best score of reads were selected to be mapped at this point just genes with the highest number of reads were mapped and then the consensus was retrieved for further phylogenetic analysis and sequences were removed when: (i) presented a mixed serotype (ii) data with “lab” or “laboratory” in the host record (iii) sequences with more than 5 ambiguous bases and (iv) sequences with less than 75% of the total alignment size This process resulted in 11 discrete datasets: H1pdm (1 A.3.3.2 lineage; 2851 viruses) H1hu (pre-2009 human seasonal virus-like or 1B lineage; 374 viruses) and the 6 internal gene segments: PB2 (2378 viruses) Each data set included swine and human IAV sequences isolated within the period from 1969 to 2023 The objectives of the epidemiological investigation were to describe the events in terms of person and place; to identify potential causal factors contributing to the case and to provide evidence-based recommendations for prevention and control measures The strategies used for the investigation included videoconferencing with local surveillance to discuss the case and establish the necessary following steps which involved interviewing the infected individual and/or their family members A search for the contacts of the index case and healthcare professionals who remained in the same ward and attended to the case was conducted all records of ILI treated during the investigation period (1 month before and 1 month after the onset of symptoms) were surveyed to identify potential cases that meet the case definition whether or not they have undergone sample collection for detailed investigation SARI positive cases for IAV were used to survey the circulating respiratory viruses among the residents of the municipality or region where the case occurred Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article All other data supporting the findings of this study are included within the manuscript and its supplementary information files Triple-Reassortant Swine Influenza A (H1) in Humans in the United States and Origins of the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Virus The origin of the recent swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infecting humans Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses New World Bats Harbor Diverse Influenza A Viruses A distinct lineage of influenza A virus from bats Ecology and economics for pandemic prevention The nucleoprotein as a possible major factor in determining host specificity of influenza H3N2 viruses Molecular Basis for the Generation in Pigs of Influenza A Viruses with Pandemic Potential Influenza A(H3N2) Virus in Swine at Agricultural Fairs and Transmission to Humans Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Update: Influenza A (H3N2)v transmission and guidelines - five states Influenza A (H3N2) variant virus-related hospitalizations: Ohio History and Epidemiology of Swine Influenza in Europe Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human–animal interface Swine Influenza A Viruses and the Tangled Relationship with Humans A Phylogeny-Based Global Nomenclature System and Automated Annotation Tool for H1 Hemagglutinin Genes from Swine Influenza A Viruses Diversity of influenza viruses in swine and the emergence of a novel human pandemic influenza A (H1N1) Antigenic and Genetic Characteristics of Swine-Origin 2009 A(H1N1) Influenza Viruses Circulating in Humans Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic Human Case of Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Triple Reassortant Virus Infection Genetic analysis and antigenic characterization of swine origin influenza viruses isolated from humans in the United States Guia para a Rede Laboratorial de Vigilância de Influenza no Brasil Manual for the laboratory diagnosis and virological surveillance of influenza Isolation and characterization of a pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in pigs in Brazil Genetic characterization of influenza virus circulating in Brazilian pigs during 2009 and 2010 reveals a high prevalence of the pandemic H1N1 subtype Human-to-swine introductions and onward transmission of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza viruses in Brazil Introductions of Human-Origin Seasonal H3N2 H1N2 and Pre-2009 H1N1 Influenza Viruses to Swine in Brazil Influenza A Viruses of Human Origin in Swine Whole-Genome Characterization of a Novel Human Influenza A(H1N2) Virus Variant Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2024 southern hemisphere influenza season Summary of polymerase acidic (PA) protein amino acid substitutions analysed for their effects on baloxavir susceptibility Summary of neuraminidase (NA) amino acid substitutions associated with reduced inhibition by neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) Surveillance for neuraminidase inhibitor resistance among human influenza A and B viruses circulating worldwide from 2004 to 2008 Global update on the susceptibility of human influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors Genetic mutations in influenza H3N2 viruses from a 2012 epidemic in Southern China Virulence determinants of pandemic influenza viruses Virulence-associated substitution D222G in the hemagglutinin of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus affects receptor binding Altered receptor specificity and cell tropism of D222G hemagglutinin mutants isolated from fatal cases of pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza virus Influenza A virus NS1 gene mutations F103L and M106I increase replication and virulence Residues F103 and M106 within the influenza A virus NS1 CPSF4-binding region regulate interferon-stimulated gene translation initiation Brazilian Association of Animal Protein (ABPA) Nota Técnica no 31/2022 - CGPNI/DEIDT/SVS/MS Informações técnicas e recomendações sobre a vigilância epidemiológica da influenza no Brasil Nota Técnica No 13/2023-CGVDI/DIMU/SVSA/MS Orientações sobre a estratégia e operacionalização da coleta de amostras de aspirado de nasofaringe (ANF) ou swab combinado (nasal/oral) para diagnóstico laboratorial dos vírus respiratórios no contexto da vigilância sentinela de Síndrome Gripal (SG) e da vigilância de Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) Lopes, S. et al. Antigenic and Genetic Diversity of H1 and H3 Influenza A Viruses in Swine in Brazil. http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2023.12.01.569635 (2023) Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories Human Coronavirus Infections in Rural Thailand: A Comprehensive Study Using Real‐Time Reverse‐Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays Application of TaqMan Low-Density Arrays for Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Respiratory Pathogens Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Comprehensive Detection of Human Rhinoviruses Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection of Bocavirus in Human Specimens Comparison of Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Swabs for the Diagnosis of Eight Respiratory Viruses by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assays Design and Performance of the CDC Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Swine Flu Panel for Detection of 2009 A (H1N1) Pandemic Influenza Virus Differentiation of influenza B Virus Lineages Yamagata and Victoria by Real-Time PCR Single-reaction genomic amplification accelerates sequencing and vaccine production for classical and swine origin human influenza A Viruses octoFLU: automated classification for the evolutionary origin of influenza A virus gene sequences detected in U.S MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0 UFBoot2: improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation Download references We acknowledge the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) which provides the mechanism for detection and monitoring of emerging zoonotic influenza viruses The EMBRAPA team for sharing some current genomic influenza the team SESA-PR to perform the local surveillance with the support of the Ministry of Health surveillance team We are thankful for the viability to use some equipments (3130XL and Bioanalyzer) at Sequencing Platform and perform some experiments at the Biosafety Level 3 facility both located at Oswaldo Cruz Institute We also acknowledge the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) for the EpiFlu database and other sequence databases which were used to share gene sequences and associated information (Supplementary Data 4) We would like to thank the financial support of the Laboratories General Coordination of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (CGLab/MoH) and Coordination of Health Surveillance and Reference laboratories from Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CVSLR/FIOCRUZ) Caroline Tochetto is a postdoc student (FUNARBE/ARS/USDA) number 13856 Elisa Pereira is a postdoc supported by Global Immunology and Immune Sequencing for Epidemic Response (GIISER) funding project and Leticia Lima is supported by INOVA project Financial support from the State of Rio Grande do Sul PCR); CNPq productivity research fellowship (311759/2022-0 CNPq productivity research fellowship (313403/2018-0 These authors contributed equally: Paola Cristina Resende These authors jointly supervised this work: Rejane Schaefer Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica Laboratório de Bioinformática e Evolução Viral Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) Laboratório Central do Estado do Paraná (LACEN-PR) Guilherme Nardi Becker & Aline Andrade Rosana Aparecida Piler & Ana Carolina Dalla Vecchia Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente (SVSA) wrote the manuscript and performed the molecular and phylogenetic analyses carried out the assembly of Influenza A variant genomes carried out the assembly of genomes and phylogenetic analysis performed molecular detection at LACEN-PR and NIC-Fiocruz conducted epidemiological investigation of cases All authors contributed to the manuscript review The authors declare no competing interests Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53815-z Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science João Resende-Santos an associate professor of international studies has been honored with a 2024-2025 Fulbright U.S a highly competitive and prestigious academic fellowship offered through the U.S Resende-Santos will spend part of the upcoming academic year at the LusoGlobe Research Center at the University of Lusófona in Lisbon examining newly declassified archives for his forthcoming book on U.S foreign policy in response to the decolonization of Portugal’s African colonies from 1950 to 1975 “The Fulbright fellowship is one of America’s oldest programs for international cultural and educational exchanges and I’m honored to join its global network of scholars,” he says. Crediting colleague Juliet Gainsborough, a professor of political science and chair of Bentley’s Global Studies department for her steadfast support throughout the application and selection process Resende-Santos observes that participating in the Fulbright Program is particularly meaningful given his academic discipline which were established in 1976 to foster peaceful relations between America and other nations constitute an “overlooked but important dimension of U.S foreign policy and its so-called ‘soft power’ influence in the world,” he explains I’m honored to now become a part of it.”    response to the liberation movements of Portugal’s African colonies — today the independent nations of Angola Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe — his Fulbright project “examines a neglected but significant chapter in U.S policy during the Cold War,” Resende-Santos explains Noting that decolonization “sparked one of the longest proxy wars in history” between America and the Soviet Union he says the political realities of Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) Africa “compelled the U.S to choose between commitments to military allies like Portugal versus the aspirations of Black liberation and independence .. [and] represented the broader collision between U.S policy and revolutionary nationalism in Africa and the Global South.” Resende-Santos is grateful that his Fulbright Award will enable him to access newly declassified documents reflecting Portugal’s perspective on decolonization impact and outcomes — by viewing it from the outside in,” he says “As declassified materials and archives become available in foreign countries directly involved in major Cold War events we have a unique opportunity to contribute to a fuller understanding of U.S an honor society for first-generation college students and was recently recognized by students in Bentley’s Honors Program with the 2024 Arts & Sciences Honors Faculty of the Year Award Resende-Santos is active as a policy practitioner and international consultant in economic development trade policy and entrepreneurship and has worked with the United Nations African Development Bank and the World Trade Organization Believing that the African Diaspora has a role to play in promoting development back on the continent he continues to be actively involved in educational and policy activities in Cape Verde.  I'm from Portugal and was looking for jobs in scientific writing the US seemed more promising for my career I missed the laid-back pace and work-life balance back home but enjoyed the energetic vibes of Memphis and the hustle culture where I felt like I was growing in my career There was one unfortunate experience I'll never forget that changed how I see the US medical system and the way I seek medical care I was feeling intense and worsening abdominal pain for about two weeks so I went to my US doctor who advised me to go to the ER I'd never been to an ER in the US before and didn't know what to expect After my biopsy results came back showing the mass wasn't cancerous I decided to go to Portugal for a second opinion I spoke with three separate oncologists and two general surgeons the oncologists confirmed that the mass in my abdomen was benign I was treated at a private hospital in Portugal All my exams plus treatment cost me about $380 — less than a quarter of what I was charged at the US ER just for exams The experience caused me extreme stress for months I received my biopsy results six days after leaving the hospital indicating the mass was not cancerous but I was already so afraid of the possibility of it being cancer that I wasn't able to calm down until months later after I'd consulted multiple doctors in Portugal who confirmed the diagnosis This is why I've decided to fly back to Portugal once a year to complete all of my medical needs including regular and specialized check-ups I continue routine check-ups with my family doctor in Portugal Specialized check-ups are also free as long as my family doctor recommends them Despite my unfortunate healthcare experience I believe the overall quality of life in the US is superior to Portugal's and I intend to continue living here and there are endless opportunities for career advancement that simply aren't available in Portugal with higher salaries and the freedom to explore different cities without major language or cultural barriers Sign up for our daily Newsletter and stay up to date with all the latest news You are receiving this pop-up because this is the first time you are visiting our site You are using software which is blocking our advertisements (adblocker) we are relying on revenues from our banners So please disable your adblocker and reload the page to continue using this site.Thanks a UF/IFAS horticultural sciences associate professor has been appointed as an Eminent Scholar Chair Dickman Eminent Scholar Chair in Plant Improvement in the Department of Horticultural Sciences a prestigious position reserved for distinguished faculty members who provide the university with exemplary expertise in their fields "I am honored and humbled to have been chosen as the Lyle C Dickman Eminent Scholar Chair," Resende said "I am grateful to the Dickman family and the Dickman Educational Foundation for the support of plant breeding and I look forward to continuing our efforts in variety development plant breeding research and student training." The eminent scholar chair position is granted for five years provides research funding for specific goals and is renewable upon evaluation This specific chair award is granted to support the pursuit of plant improvement in vegetable crops a well-known Florida vegetable-farming family Resende's innovative research in plant breeding and genetics have focused on improving crop resilience enhancing nutritional quality and increasing yield potential which are critical for addressing global food security challenges "These eminent scholar chair positions elevate the academic profile of the University of Florida and sustain excellence in research assist in retaining outstanding faculty and provide resources for outstanding faculty," said Rob Gilbert UF/IFAS dean for research and executive director for academic affairs For more informationUniversity of FloridaEmail: [email protected]https://ifas.ufl.edu/ FreshPublishers © 2005-2025 HortiDaily.com Results for {phrase} ({results_count} of {results_count_total}) Displaying {results_count} results of {results_count_total} Lawyers love legal theories. President Trump’s unprecedented executive actions have reignited interest in theories about the U.S Is he working with an extreme conception of the unified executive theory a strong version of “originalist” or even “post-originalist” legal reasoning or will the “political question doctrine” dominate Because Trump’s supporters are not deploying them in good faith these theories are being used as rhetorical maneuvers to dress up a power grab in theoretical garb I am sure of that for a simple reason: Trump’s backers invoke these theories only to defend Trump’s actions When Biden used the powers of the Presidency – and perhaps overstretched them – Republicans regularly brought him to Court and celebrated each and every decision against his administration Not once did they argue that the Supreme Court erred because Biden should operate under the unified executive theory or any other legal construction that would grant the President massive powers Trump’s supporters use the theory only when it serves them operated under extensive assumptions of presidential power – and were often stopped by the Supreme Court presents the most extreme case of such overreach When a party advances a theory only when it is useful to them it is not a theory: it is a thinly veiled attempt to legitimize actions A theory about the American Constitution (or any other) should apply regardless of who is in power That is a fundamental premise of the rule of law that underlies the democratic state The fascination with such theories is not limited to lawyers Many political scientists insist that “populists” are against checks and balances and favour raw forms of majoritarian rule They take the momentary justifications of authoritarian actors at face value rather than examining their overall record Take the authoritarian Polish Law and Justice Party it made much about the will of the majority invoking it to destroy Poland’s rule of law to appoint its own people to courts it stopped talking about the majority will and invoked the rule of law and the judgements by courts it had captured to slow down the new government the party seemingly transformed overnight into a “liberal” party in love with checks and balances happy to use any constitutional argument that serves its interests in a given context My plea is this: constitutional theories are interesting and important You may not agree with the unified executive theory but they are not inherently absurd propositions They are worth discussing – just as other approaches –  if they are genuinely intended to apply to any presidency it makes no sense to present any of them as the theory of the Republican Party – or of Donald Trump – because neither has ever thought it was a general theory for the American presidency There is no good-faith theory underpinning the administration’s actions It simply grabs power because it can – until someone stops it Which brings us to the role of the Supreme Court When adjudicating cases involving overreach by the Trump administration the Court should question the parties to the case about their good faith in advancing constitutional theories but the credibility of the parties lends weight (or not) to their arguments Many decisions by the Trump administration and its agencies will raise the same question: How much regulatory authority do they have in the absence of clear congressional legislation And Trump will face the reverse question as well: Can the president act unilaterally even if doing so violates rules clearly established by Congress Are executive orders invalid if they violate such rules And what about actions like the de facto dismantling of a congressionally mandated agency like USAID Will the highly polarized Supreme Court apply its theories and precedents to the cases before it without fear or favour And if the Supreme Court reins in Trump’s power grab Analysts say that failure to comply would result in a full-blown “constitutional crisis” (The Economist) is overly generous to the Trump administration it should be described as a coup – and the end of the US Constitution We welcome your comments but you do so as our guest Please note that we will exercise our property rights to make sure that Verfassungsblog remains a safe and attractive place for everyone Your comment will not appear immediately but will be moderated by us That means not all submitted comments will be published Comments under pseudonym are allowed but a valid email address is obligatory The use of more than one pseudonym is not allowed Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" Verfassungsblog is a global forum of scholarly debate at the interface of academy and society We open up debates in public law – internationally International trade impacts all businesses From the supply chain to many goods and services every business is part of the global economy in some way America’s economy depends on international trade The Chamber shares that more than 40 million American jobs depend on trade companies that export are small and medium-sized businesses Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) contributes to productivity growth creates high-paying jobs for American workers and generates U.S Top FDI industry sectors in Maryland include biotechnology according to the World Trade Center Institute’s (WTCI) recently released Global Economic Report produced in partnership with SAGE policy group 118,000 jobs are directly supported by foreign-owned affiliates For those businesses located in the greater Baltimore region access to resources and knowledge regarding international trade is readily available through WTCI Founded 35 years ago by Harold Adams and former Governor William Donald Schaefer the nonprofit organization helps existing and emerging leaders develop the skills knowledge and connections to create a healthy economy environment and society in the mid-Atlantic and globally WTCI is part of the World Trade Center Association which has more than 300 locations across 100 countries They also serve as the private sector liaison officer for the World Bank helping member companies navigate the complexities of bidding for World Bank projects WTCI has developed a robust network of more than 3,500 companies and hundreds of nonprofit organizations academic institutions and government agencies making it the largest global business network in the mid-Atlantic Members include some of the most recognizable businesses in the state Stanley Black & Decker and Johns Hopkins Medicine WTCI offers a wide range of opportunities for business leaders to connect with other leaders locally and around the globe the organization has evolved to offer innovative new programs to meet the needs of today’s global economy Resende and his family immigrated to the U.S 30 years ago with their luggage and a few hundred dollars He and his two brothers did odd jobs to help their parents who earned an income cleaning houses “It’s a humbling experience coming from a different country and today leading an organization like WTCI I never would have imagined back then that my journey would take me where I am today,” shares Resende He is multilingual and developed at an early age a passion for international affairs which led to him wanting to pursue a degree and career that would fuel those passions and allow him to travel He holds a degree in International Business from Towson University and an Executive MBA from Georgetown University he attended the Community College of Baltimore County where he was named an All-American soccer player Resende is Board Chair of Global Refuge’s new social enterprise New American Careers “It is important to me to support populations that are on a similar path as mine Economic development and human rights are core focus areas for me,” he shares Resende helped launch and grow new initiatives for the organization including several international business and diplomacy fellowships and conferences and the Maryland Innovation Lab – a first-in-the-nation initiative that connects corporations with startups from around the world “From our team to our board to our members it’s a privilege to come to work every day and work with a diverse group of people who share a common vision for bringing the world to Maryland and Maryland to the world The organization has grown immensely in the last couple of years welcoming a record number of new members under our VP of Membership Jeremy Rosendale,” shares Resende Resende leads a team passionate about international business and the impact it has on Maryland To help drive forward new initiatives and to reimagine legacy programs he has recently added three senior advisors with deep experience in talent development technology and entrepreneurship – Jason Michael Perry “We have built a dynamic team of connectors And our new advisors are seasoned executives that will help us accelerate growth in strategic areas to benefit our members and positively impact our local economy,” says Resende so we’re always on the lookout for new ways to develop our team and programs to remain on the cutting edge.” Liz Robinson serves as the senior advisor of Women Spanning the Globe one of WTCI’s signature events that will return for the 19th year in June She brings more than 25 years of experience in the consumer products industry The annual conference is attended by more than 600 people for a day of learning Robinson is working with the WTCI team and members to infuse new energy sessions and speakers that are relevant and inspiring to today’s female leaders “After being involved in this event for over a decade our challenge each year is to leverage our success and bring fresh new thinking to keep our content relevant,” says Robinson “I enjoy taking on that challenge and am honored to carry on the legacy that began nearly 20 years ago with Leslie Mancuso [CEO of JHPIEGO] and Deb Kielty [WTCI President Emeritus].” is charged with growing the organization’s fellowship programs to help member companies meet their workforce and talent development goals A global marketing executive with 30 years experience working for international brands including T Toense brings a passion for leading and developing diverse and high-performing teams with an inclusive and brand-centric culture WTCI offers three fellowship programs to help emerging leaders perfect their leadership skills discuss pressing issues related to working globally and network with like-minded professionals The Albrecht Fellowship for High School students is open to any sophomore or recent graduate considering a career that spans the globe such as being a diplomat working for a multinational company or joining a nonprofit organization with a global mission The Albrecht Fellowship for College Students offers undergraduate or recent college graduates an inside look at different organizations and the opportunity to make professional connections to stand out in the competitive job market They tour global businesses across Maryland including McCormick The Bowe Fellowship helps mid-career global executives with at least 10 years of business experience develop the business acumen and skills needed to join the C-Suite Participants learn skills related to negotiating and deepening emotional intelligence while hearing from business leaders about challenges and opportunities related to global supply chains the global economy and working with different cultures “It’s been incredible to witness the evolution of the Bowe Fellowship program and how far it’s come over the last decade, creating a robust community of over 250 global leaders,” says Nina Bankova vice president of global engagement & fellowships for WTCI “Eighty-five percent of them have remained in Maryland and have grown through the ranks of their institutions forming the future executive leadership of the international businesses in the region.” Jason Michael Perry joined as the senior advisor for corporate technology and innovation and is spearheading the growth of two signature programs at WTCI – the AGILE Global Innovation Series and the Maryland Innovation Lab He has extensive experience in designing and engineering digital solutions for businesses with a focus on AI and emerging technologies in partnership with the Maryland Department of Commerce a program that pairs global startups with Maryland-based companies to identify innovative solutions to challenges It is part of the state’s $2 million Global Gateway Program which helps attract more international businesses and eases the transition into the U.S market by connecting them with local incubators and accelerators The Maryland Innovation Lab is based on a model developed by the United Kingdom’s L Marks where corporations are matched with global startups in a 10-week accelerator The lab's goal is to help corporations bring in new talent and ideas to scale innovation without the in-house expertise needed to run an accelerator program “We had 600 startups apply for our first cohort,” says Resende nine were invited to pitch their product before three were selected This is an opportunity for Maryland to expand inbound foreign investment and attract startups to establish a location here.” The first cohort focused on sustainable food systems with corporate partners Sodexo US the startups deployed several disruptive solutions including a seaweed-based alternative to fossil-fuel plastic packaging the first sensorless behavioral AI software for retailers and fast-moving consumer goods and a blockchain-based traceability solution for sustainable food supply chains The program is preparing to launch a second cohort focused on revolutionizing logistics and strengthening supply chains population living within an overnight drive Maryland offers unmatched access to major markets and the Port of Baltimore is a leader in cutting-edge infrastructure and technology While the Maryland Innovation Lab is a new program for WTCI the AGILE Global Innovation Series began 10 years ago when it explored the innovative approach of a featured company the program is evolving to focus on a specific topic and foster dialogue among several leading companies in the state to share powerful personal stories and experiences that inspire executives to face challenges head-on the program recently relaunched to provide members with access to experts who will address topics of concern related to tech innovation took place in November and featured three panelists: Seema Alexander of Virgent AI; Alex Goranin of Duane Morris; and Steve Shapiro of Prometric “Jason is our partner for all things tech who is helping us elevate and grow our tech and innovation expertise and expand our programming,” Resende said at the November AGILE event Empowering Global Disaster Response with Technology will take place February 18 at Johns Hopkins Carey Business School The yet-to-be-announced panel of experts will explore how technology is transforming disaster relief worldwide from drones delivering aid to satellite communications supporting remote areas WTCI continues to be the leader in connecting and informing businesses and leaders interested in learning more about the global marketplace It has created a library of content for members and has launched a podcast that explores international news and features conversations with member companies State Department’s International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP) which brings people from all over the world to the United States Under the leadership of VP of Global Engagement and Fellowships Nina Bankova WTCI hosts hundreds of international visitors each year in Maryland curating professional development and cultural experiences tailored to their specific interests “Ours is a unique network and we are always looking for new ways to get more connected in the local business community so that we can share best practices knowledge and resources that create value for our members and stakeholders and helps attract more business in the state of Maryland,” Resende says. I95 Stone House Media Group.  All rights reserved BRAINTREE — A spa that reminds you of an underground oasis has founds its way into Braintree and wants to unearth your natural beauty Stone Lux Med Spa The owner, a Brockton resident, wanted to create a one-of-a-kind experience, from the décor to the vibes and services offered at Stone Lux Society may have differing opinions when it comes to elevating your appearance with procedures but Francelina Resende says otherwise If people want to enhance their beauty to feel better about their selves We only have one life to live,” Resende said What services does Stone Lux offer?At the med spa there are several services clients can choose from including What makes them so special? Here's who won best Cape Verdean restaurant in Brockton How the business startedResende began her career after becoming a registered nurse during COVID-19 which completely burnt her out and she was itching to start something new she was working in California as a travel nurse living with her fiancé and business partner and their children The idea of switching to the beauty aspect of nursing seemed like a dream come true Nursing is a strenuous job especially when it comes to your physical 'Drip Queen' Hungover? Brockton nurse makes IV injection house calls A quick turn of events“Once I started taking my courses I fell in love and became obsessed with the aesthetic industry I knew working in the ICU was the first step that got me through the door I always dreamed of becoming an entrepreneur,” Resende said The young nurse grinded her way to the top and followed her new aspirations and with the support of family and friends Resende suffered several tragedies in life but it made her want to invest time and effort into something that will flourish As a first-generation Cape Verdean American Resende is living “the American dream” but in her own way “The American dream right now is so hard even as a working nurse Being with my fiancé for almost twenty years and meeting at BHS and having kids young we were expected to fail statistically speaking but we always had such big dreams and never stopped dreaming,” Resende said One of the best lessons the spa owner learned on her journey is that “you’re responsible for your failures and successes There’s no one looking over your shoulder to make sure you’re hustling.” the business has been open for a few months and hopes to expand and be a staple in the beauty world on the South Shore To book an appointment, visit www.stoneluxmedspa.com Digitas has announced the elevation of Nat Resende to Executive Creative Director and the hiring of McKay Hathaway as Senior Vice President Nat and McKay will further advance the agency’s creative capabilities and leadership Following the recent introduction of Digitas AI an AI-powered operating system and tool suite the new creative leadership combined with the investment in technology underscores Digitas’ commitment to strengthening its networked creativity approach The offering leverages the skills of creatives and data-fueled intelligence to drive creative output Resende previously held the position of SVP/Group Creative Director. Nat has been instrumental in fostering creativity for a large international CPG account, thus elevating a portfolio of brands to new levels of cultural resonance. Notably, she recently developed an augmented reality platform for a snack brand that highlighted underrepresented BIPOC artists at the High Museum in Atlanta Throughout her career, Nat has won the Cannes Young Lions Competition, led award-winning work such as Spike Lee’s commercial for Coin Cloud, and was recognized in Adweek’s Creative 100 she will continue to deliver diverse creative outputs including culture-shaping networked campaigns She will continue to report to Chief Creative Officer (CCO) Atit Shah A former Executive Creative Director at VML, McKay Hathaway led the integrated Wendy’s AOR account, and his innovative and audience-focused portfolio has won him a Grand Prix and Gold Cannes Lions, Effie Awards, Ad Age A-List and global-minded sensibility to our work and our collective vision to her deft ability to unlock the power of emerging talent and teams she has her eyes set on the future of our industry we have gained a true maverick in the shaping of brands for new worlds; his rule-bending work on Wendy’s is just such an inspiration The fact that they are both such empathetic and generous leaders — those who like to pull in outside experts and platforms — only furthers our vision for Networked Experiences,” said Chief Creative Officer Atit Shah JLL marketing remaining space at former Xerox campus properties Your browser doesn't support speech synthesis NEW YORK, July 17, 2024 – JLL announced today it has completed a 151,169-square-foot industrial lease for Ranger Design at 700 Resende Rd. a two-building property that was part of the former Xerox campus in Webster which acquired the property as part of its portfolio acquisition from Xerox Holdings in 2022 Ranger Design signed a long-term lease to occupy space across the first floor of Building 200 at 700 Resende Rd as the company continues to experience rapid growth in its fleet and distributor network services Building 200 is a modern single-story industrial facility spanning 768,475 square feet including approximately 50,000 square feet of office space It features an outstanding utility infrastructure including weather protected interior bay doors has ceiling heights ranging from 16-24 feet and can offer a variety of flexible floor plans for tenants Building 210 is a 194,653 square-foot single story industrial property with 14 interior bay and dock high doors Together the properties have parking for 2,368 vehicles and are enclosed within a perimeter fence secured with active monitoring and gated entrances The third property on the site is fully occupied by ownership Virginia and China that include clean room manufacturing The company has grown from a single upstate factory to a global leader in contract manufacturing through strategic expansion that has included real estate acquisitions Tessy retained JLL Northeast Industrial’s leasing team led by James Panczykowski to market Buildings 200 and 210 for lease “Ownership has a track record of astute investment in well located assets The Webster campus provides an ideal location for manufacturing and distribution companies looking to access robust in- place infrastructure outstanding parking ratios and ultra-flexible demising capabilities.” 104 and 15-minutes from Downtown Rochester regional and Canadian cross-border customer base for nearly all industrial occupier types JLL is marketing a remaining total of 811,959 square feet of modern industrial space across both buildings on the Webster campus and can offer flexible floor plans and demises For more news, videos and research resources, please visit JLL’s newsroom insights and opportunities from global commercial real estate markets straight to your inbox Syria is facing massive political upheaval after the fall of dictator Bashar al-Assad How do questions of transitional justice relate to building a functioning state And what role will international actors play in the political transition process in the months ahead Executive Director of “Democracy Reporting International” (DRI) an international NGO headquartered in Berlin that has extensively supported constitutional reform processes in the Middle East and North Africa global attention is now focused on the country’s political future international legal advisors have often been quick to propose grand concepts such as federalism or presidential/parliamentary democracy following major state upheavals I hope that such questions will come into play and that the country does not descend into another civil war has somewhat stabilized in recent years despite many expectations to the contrary Anyone who wants to support a peaceful process must understand that negotiating political solutions is an extremely sensitive process Syrians must deliberate and make decisions themselves International organizations and NGOs can help ensure that they receive good comparative information This often includes Syrians who work on these issues within international organizations and NGOs foreign observers are often quick to propose simplistic solutions Syria is a relatively large and highly heterogeneous country that fears concentrated power Then federalism must be the ideal solution Labels like federalism often evoke different associations than we might imagine often has the reputation of being a precursor to state collapse raising fears of the secession of federal states A term like federalism can immediately harden negotiations Syrians must negotiate what kind of state they want to have What powers should be vested at what level and in which institution It is not important how solutions they find might be labelled What matters is that all relevant groups are involved and that there are viable functioning compromises that have broad support Syria has had a new constitution since 2012 but its content and drafting process were sharply criticized by opposition groups Does this constitution play a role in the country’s political future or will the priority now be to quickly initiate a new constitutional drafting process Assad drafted a new constitution in the context of the rebellion It was meant to appear as a concession to the people but it further expanded his power The referendum on the constitution was widely boycotted The Syrian opposition demands the drafting of a new constitution the new Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) government currently gives the impression of a managed transition rather than a revolution It recently announced that it would “suspend” the constitution and parliament for three months with a committee tasked with reviewing how the constitution can be adapted I believe we are at a crossroads: either the new government will adjust the constitution executively (and possibly attempt to quickly legitimize it through a referendum) or it will use the three months to outline a more nuanced reform process that involves all relevant groups and includes the drafting of a new constitution Léonie de Jonge am Institut für Rechtsextremismusforschung (IRex)/Universität Tübingen sucht Mitarbeiter*innen zur Erforschung rechtsextremer Parteien Es geht um die Verankerung der extremen Rechten in der Alltagskultur die Veralltäglichung rechtsextremer Weltanschauungen und die Resilienz demokratischer Systeme Zu besetzen ist eine 75%-Promotionsstelle und eine Postdocstelle Weitere Informationen finden Sie hier. You mentioned that we are observing more of a managed transition than a revolution personnel continuity play in transitions like the one in Syria The Bush administration’s decision to dissolve state institutions triggered the collapse of the state HTS secured support largely by ensuring that the zone functioned administratively and economically to a reasonable degree It achieved a kind of “output legitimacy” there It is possible that HTS views the issue of continuity pragmatically leaning toward the mentioned “executive solution.” On the other hand it has also announced that “all those who have committed crimes against the Syrian people will be prosecuted under the law.” many soldiers and officials from the Assad regime could be prosecuted only high-ranking individuals might be targeted isn’t there a tension with issues of transitional justice—that is addressing the injustices and atrocities committed during the dictatorship this tension is very strong and always exists when dictatorships fall there is a need to maintain the functionality of the state; prosecuting many soldiers and officials could weaken that functionality The destruction in Syria is immense—half the population has been displaced If ever a functioning and pragmatic state was needed the Assad regime was among the most brutal governments in existence There is now extensive reporting on the Saidnaya prison which has long been a nightmare for Syrians This slaughterhouse is just the tip of the iceberg of a heinous regime Who are we to tell Syrians whose families and friends were tortured and murdered that they should forgo justice Only Syrians can negotiate this among themselves How far do they want to go with prosecutions Should they address the issue through non-criminal institutions like truth commissions morality is not solely on the side of justice The functionality of the state and its ability to solve problems also carries a moral dimension Let’s briefly touch on international law and geopolitical interests in the region Some states have proposed basing the political transition process on UN Security Council Resolution 2254 which outlined initial elements for a political process after the civil war and could it play a role in the power transition in Syria Since the Assad regime violently suppressed protests and the situation escalated into a civil war the United Nations and many states have made intensive peace efforts including numerous studies and proposals on what a new Syrian state could look like many of which were developed by Syrian experts This could now be an advantage if the HTS government opens up to them there was hope for an agreement between the regime and the opposition UN Resolution 2254 provided a legal framework for those talks as it no longer aligns with current circumstances It was intended to broker peace between the regime and the opposition The regime no longer exists as an organized force rendering that part of the resolution irrelevant as it establishes key pillars for a potential process This is reflected in yesterday’s G7 declaration which pledged full support for an “inclusive Syrian-led and Syrian-owned political transition process” in the spirit of UN Resolution 2254 Foreign actors must act with sensitivity but should also articulate their positions and interests Take Germany as an example: Germany has provided immense support to Syrians in need (and also benefited considering issues like brain drain and addressing labor shortages) The German judiciary decided the first-ever case related to state torture in Syria (the “Koblenz case”) Over a million people in Germany are either Syrian or of Syrian descent The situation in Syria directly affects us Germany has the right to demand something from the new government—primarily an inclusive process The German government should insist on this and make its support for reconstruction conditional upon it It is positive if the new government wants to solve problems quickly but it must also dedicate time and energy to involving all major Syrian groups in the reform process This type of “input legitimacy” is crucial for long-term stability especially regarding sensitive issues like state structure and individual rights What is needed now is not megaphone diplomacy but rather dialogue with the government and all other groups The Wind Knows My Name by Isabel Allende weaves together the stories of two children—one in 1938 Europe and the other in present-day America—whose lives are shaped by the trauma of family separation is put on the Kindertransport to England by his mother in a desperate attempt to save him from the Nazis is forcibly separated from her mother after they seek refuge in the United States.  Allende artfully connects these two historical episodes to capture the cruelty and emotional trauma that experiences of flight and loss inflict resistance and compassion that persist in the face of state-sanctioned violence.   the Romanian Constitutional Court annulled the first round of the presidential elections The decision has sent shock waves through Romania and Europe and it does not only have domestic implications but potentially also geopolitical dimensions​​ The court’s intervention was prompted by evidence of Russian interference in the electoral process and campaign There are therefore many reasons to make the events in Romania a focal point here as well – and that is precisely what we have done:  and face value are such that it risks shooting Romanian democracy in the foot The gravity of the interference in Romania’s elections implied a need to intervene quickly the decision could prove counterproductive While the German Supply Chain Act faces criticism for its potential economic impact, compliance offers companies significant advantages. SARAH MASOUD (ENG) argues that amending or repealing the German Supply Chain Act risks diminishing these advantages for German businesses Almost immediately after the fall of the Assad dictatorship, German politics began discussing forced returns to Syria. However, legally and practically, the situation is more complex than some suggest. DANIEL THYM (GER) outlines the legal framework of the current discussion AGNE LIMANTÉ and YULIIA MOSKVYTYN (ENG) examine Ukraine’s recent steps toward AI integration in the courts highlighting initiatives and plans for the future While these efforts reflect a growing recognition of AI’s potential are just as significant in judicial contexts as they are in other areas In Croatia, a conflict between the European Public Prosecutor’s Office and the Croatian Anti-Corruption Bureau is escalating. The European Public Prosecutor’s Office is now accusing Croatia of systematic rule of law deficiencies. TIM HUYENG and SINAN KURT (GER) highlight that the Croatian population increasingly views the EU as a guarantor of the Croatian rule of law it could establish a completely new type of agreement as the accord pioneers and demonstrates mechanisms that could transition trade law into a new era of sustainability law The AfD is also increasingly represented in local councils. The party tries to present itself as a caretaker party while simultaneously playing a significant role in damaging public discourse. This poses a serious threat to democracy and a diverse society, observe ANNA-SOPHIE HEINZE and BENJAMIN HÖHNE (GER) the minority coalition was able to reach an agreement with the Left Party at the last minute Neues Blog Debate: The EU AI Act’s Impact on Security Law if you would like to give us happy a small pre-christmas gift: Press this button Donate now! If you would like to receive the weekly editorial as an email, you can subscribe here. 1. 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O endereço abaixo não existe na globo.com Volume 11 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2024.1458148 The sudden enhancement in the mesospheric neutral metal layers (Ns) has been studied in different latitudes for decades Sodium Ns layers have been analyzed since their first observation at the end of the seventies Several studies have reported Sodium Ns during events of energetic particle precipitation (EPP) and the formation of auroral-type sporadic E (Esa) layers at high-latitude stations The Esa layers are also observed in the Brazilian low-latitude sector during the EPP events due to the South American Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) despite extensive studies on the SAMA region no reports exist about the co-occurrence of the Ns layer and the Esa layer we observed on 26 April 2023 a peculiar Ns layer event synchronously occurring with the development of the Esa layer in the SAMA region They showed that Ns layers were observed in more than 88% of nights reaching an average peak density of 300 and 6,000 atoms cm−3 the authors showed that the strongest layers have peak density higher than 500 (10,000) atoms cm−3 K (Na) the averaged peak height around 92 km (94 km) for K (Na) and often have a downward movement in the peak density height it is stablished that a metal ion first form an ion-cluster Na+ + N2 + M → Na.N2+ + M (M = third body) then this ion-molecule undergoes a dissociative recombination with an electron and finally releasing the metal atom According to their laboratory experiments and modelling descending Es layers which are major formed by metallic ions can produce Ns layer bellow 100 km by ion-molecular neutralization mechanism The authors suggested that the pitch angle scattering driven by hiss waves triggers the dynamic mechanism responsible for the low-energy electron precipitation over the SAMA region that generates and maintains the Esa layer in this low latitude during the recovery phase geomagnetic storm the authors suggest that the signature of this atypical Esa layer in the Brazilian sites could be used as an indicator of the occurrences of the low-energy electron precipitation over the SAMA region it seems this event refers to a peculiar Ns layer Ns layer observed in the height-time-intensity plot of (A) K and (B) Na layers on 26 April 2023 over São José dos Campos The local time at this site is given by LT = UT−3 h The suggested theories for explaining the Ns layers formation can be grouped into three categories: (i) injection of fresh atomic metals by meteoric ablation; (ii) vertical redistribution of atomic Na from the background layer; and (iii) in situ production of atomic metals from a reservoir species there are compelling arguments that lead us to reject the (i) and (ii) Direct meteoric ablation to produce the observed Ns layer characteristics would requires large meteoroids and/or a strong meteor shower no fireball nor significant meteor shower was observed on the night in question the present observation of the increases in the total column abundance clearly indicates that Na and K are formed from a fresh source of Na Sequence of ionograms from the Digisondes located at (A) Cachoeira Paulista and (B) Campo Grande on 26 April 2023 from upper left corner to lower right corner The ionograms highlighted in blue denote the interval in which the metal layers were observed simultaneously with the Es layers (indicated by the horizontal black arrows) The red arrows indicate the presence of the nighttime E region Vertical black arrows indicate the virtual altitude of Es layer scaled to be the altitude of the highest cutoff frequency of Es layers Zonal (Upper panel) and Meridional (bottom panel) winds measured at Cachoeira Paulista in the night of April 25-26 2023 Cold colors represent negative (Westward and Southward) values and hot colors represent positive values of wind (Eastward and Northward) highlighting the remarkable recovery phase and the dynamic processes of Earth’s space weather environment Map of geographic coordinates of the Digisonde (green triangles) São José dos Campos (yellow triangle) The white isolines indicate the SAMA region (23,000 nT) The red isolines indicate the Quasi-Dipole latitudes from −40° to 30° Following Da Silva et al. (2022), we used their empirical model to verify the agreement between the extra ionization measured by Digisonde and those produced by low-energy electron precipitation. These simulations are based on the work of Fang et al. (2010) and all parameterizations used in the calculations are well detailed in Da Silva et al. (2022) Figure 5. Estimated parameters for Cachoeira Paulista station at 07:00 UT according to the empirical model proposed by Fang et al. (2010) (A) Estimated total incident energy of electrons between 100 eV–tens of keV (C) ionization rate altitude integrated and (D) frequency range altitude ΦM: Differential number flux (cm−2 s−1 keV−1) Q0: Total energy flux (keV cm−2 s−1) The normalized energy dissipation (f) is expressed as follows (Fang et al., 2010): The next step is obtaining the ionization rate profile [P(z)] by summing up qtotz at each altitude Thus, we obtain the rate of ion (and electron) production (P). The difference between this term and the rate of loss (L) provides the time variation of electron density (Ne), as indicated by the well-known continuity equation. The Ne (electrons cm−³) is associated with foEs (MHz) as given in Equation 3 by Ratcliffe (1959): The critical ionospheric frequency is the highest cutoff frequency at which the ionosphere layers reflect electromagnetic waves (Kumluca et al., 1999) Figure 6. Ionograms from the ionosonde located at Cachoeira Paulista. (A) Beginning of extra ionization at 06:40 UT. (B) Esa layer at 07:00 UT overplotted the estimated critical frequency. (C) Esa at 07:20 UT overplotted the estimated critical frequency. The blue line refers to the critical frequency (MHz) estimated by empirical model (Fang et al., 2010) Combining the scenario in the inner radiation belt, shown in the ARISE satellite data and the observations of the nighttime Esa layer over CXP and E layer over CG and CXP, both sites within the SAMA region, additionally with the good agreement between the ionization measured and those calculated (Figure 6) supported that EPP event occurred during the observations of the Ns metal layers as shown in Figure 1 This simplest comparison agrees with concomitance Es formation mechanism caused by tides and extra ionization due to EPP this last mechanism can be used to explain the present high density of Ns layer in this hypothetical situation the ions moved down to lower altitude (∼92 km) as the ion-molecule neutralization is dramatically fast in these altitudes the time resolution of Digisonde (10 min) is not sensitive enough to detect Es explaining the differences between altitudes of Ns and Es layer seen in the ionograms a detailed investigation of the possibility of an extra vertical electric field over the SAMA region during EPP can be addressed in future work EPP event in the SAMA region can trigger some metal atoms to be released from such or other complex chemical reactions never thought to be possible in lower latitude region it is well known that the EPP increases the NOx and OHx in the mesosphere which has an important role in the reduction of [O3] concentration and the O3 is one important constituent to the Na and K sink reactions in the MLT region This would imply in an increase the lifetime of these metal atoms in the MLT region during EPP events could be explained by the dynamic consequence caused by the advection This effect can occur because the LIDAR’s beams are narrow and pointed vertically; thus a descending layer can produce a virtual effect of ascending development when it crosses the LIDAR’s Field Of View (FOV) imagine a pre-existing Ns layer with a downward structure and horizontal movement that passes through the sky over the LIDAR station The LIDAR will first record the atoms at the bottom of this layer and then the higher ones The effect produced in the Lidargram will be an ascending structure event from a pre-existing downward Ns layer advected horizontally through the LIDAR’s FOV this is unlikely when considering the good correspondence between the starting time of atypical E layer and the substantial enhancement in the neutral metal layers Since the plasma density in the Esa layer increases with altitude the metal ions are expected to follow the same behavior in the vertical profiles their neutralization will also obey this vertical distribution increasing the concentration of neutralized atoms with altitude the EPP can also contribute to release metals in different altitudes that can influence the pattern of Ns layer Combining these effects can help us to understand the ascending behavior of the Ns layer Although our results have provided substantial evidence supporting the existence of EPP the Eulerian effect due to advection is also a possible explanation for this behavior The occurrence of the Esa layer and the nocturnal E-region within the SAMA region is strong evidence of the EPP event Even though more efforts are needed to elucidate the coupling mechanisms between magnetosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere systems the present work shows evidence of a neutral atmosphere response to EPP outside the auroral region although the Ns over the SAMA region have been studied for more than 50 years there are not any prior reports regarding metal enhancement during the occurrence of the Esa layer yet the present work opens new discussions about the mechanism responsible for generating Ns layer and the connection between the increase in neutral metals in the MLT with EPP events in the SAMA region since this is the first observation of such a phenomenon • All the data used are available at: • The Na and K LIDAR data are available online at Andrioli, V. F. (2023) • The Digisonde data from Cachoeira Paulista and Campo Grande can be downloaded upon registration at the Embrace webpage from INPE Space Weather Program in the following link: http://www2.inpe.br/climaespacial/portal/en/ • The IGRF-13 code is available at https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/IAGA/vmod/igrf.html • The Quasi-Dipole coordinates were obtained using ApexPy code, available at available at van der Meeren et al. (2023) The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/supplementary material The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research This work was supported by the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences Grant Nos 183311KYSB20200003 and 183311KYSB20200017 We are grateful to Dilmar Santos who helped with the data acquisition and JM would like to thank the China-Brazil Joint Laboratory for Space Weather (CBJLSW) Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) for supporting their postdoctoral fellowships The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Vania F. Andrioli, dmFuaWEuYW5kcmlvbGlAaW5wZS5icg== Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish. Volume 15 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1420226 This article is part of the Research TopicRecent advances in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of Chagas DiseaseView all 7 articles The disease has a major social and economical effect negatively impacting the life of the infected individuals An early and accurate diagnosis is essential for administration of early treatment prognostic tests may aid disease management the serological diagnostic scenario for CD still faces several challenges making the development of new diagnostic kits a pressing matter several researchers have expanded efforts in developing and testing new antigens such as recombinant proteins and recombinant multiepitope proteins These recombinant antigens offer several advantages such as improved sensitivity and specificity it has been possible to observe a rising number of studies using ELISA and point-of-care platforms employing these antigens in the past few years recombinant proteins were the most applied antigens demonstrating great capacity to discriminate between positive and negative samples recombinant multiepitope proteins also demonstrated an improved diagnostic performance a great number of studies employing these antigens showed sensitivity and specificity values above 90% it is still possible to observe some bottlenecks in the development of new antigens such as the scarcity of tests with sera from the acute phase and the variability of results in different geographic areas aiming to contribute to control and health programs the continuous search for a more accurate serological diagnosis is essential both for the acute and chronic phases of the disease Due to the promising application of recombinant antigens in CD diagnosis the aim of this review is to discuss studies that used recombinant antigens for CD diagnosis The use of diagnostic technologies with recombinant antigens is a promising strategy for CD diagnosis, given that these antigens improve sensitivity and specificity of a serological diagnosis. Moreover, this technology presents low-cost production and improved reproducibility, storage, and stability (Gomes et al., 2001; García-Bermejo et al., 2022) The use of these antigens has been gaining ground in CD diagnosis For this narrative review, the search for scientific articles was carried out using the PubMed database, including all papers published up to April/2024. The descriptors used are described in Table 1 The selected articles were screened using inclusion and exclusion criteria molecular and serological diagnoses of other diseases and articles related to other subjects were excluded Only those articles employing ELISA or point of care assays using recombinant proteins or multiepitope recombinant proteins for human CD diagnosis were included regardless of whether there was a comparison with commercial tests or whether there was more than one test Almeida et al. (1990) worked with two recombinant antigens which were expressed using Escherichia coli cruzi-positive serum samples were employed to evaluate protein’s reactivity serum samples from individuals affected with other diseases and a 100% of sensitivity and specificity was observed Gruber and Zingales (1993) examined the diagnostic efficacy of an RP named B13 Results demonstrated that B13-based ELISA agreed with other serological tests as it was able to detect all positive serum samples Pastini et al. (1994) developed the Dia Kit Bio-Chagas assay (Gador S.A.) which consists of a mixture of recombinant antigens and were obtained through heterologous expression in E a serological panel of 52 and 122 serum samples from acute and chronic CD carriers was used to assess the reactivity of each recombinant antigen separately Results showed that all positive serum samples recognized at least one of the recombinant proteins The kit’s performance was evaluated using 300 and 350 T where it was observed a 99.6% sensitivity and 99.1% specificity Godsel et al. (1995) developed an RP based on a flagellar calcium-binding protein serum samples from individuals with leishmaniasis were used to assess possible cross-reactions The FCaBP-based ELISA results showed 100% sensitivity and specificity values Subsequently, Umezawa et al. (1996) worked with the B13 RP The B13’s diagnostic performance was analyzed using 40 T Results showed that IgM and IgG reactivity was 55 and 65% when using serum samples from acute CD carriers when using serum samples from chronic CD carriers B13 reactivity was 9% for IgM and 100% for IgG B13 was less recognized by serum samples from acute and chronic CD carriers as compared to the parasite’s lipopeptido-phosphoglycan and epimastigote alkaline extract Umezawa et al. (1999) developed six RPs their diagnostic performance was analyzed using 541 serum samples cruzi-positive serum samples and 237 were T including serum samples from healthy individuals and individuals with other diseases Sensitivity values were calculated as 97.7 RPs showed reduced sensitivity compared to epimastigote-based ELISA Specificity values were determined as 97.5 the specificity values of the RPs were higher compared to the epimastigote-based ELISA Thomas et al. (2001) worked with an RP Its diagnostic efficacy was evaluated through a serological panel consisting of 20 T serum samples from individuals with tuberculosis and malaria were used for cross-reaction testing it was also recognized by positive leishmaniasis serum samples Sensitivity and specificity values were not provided Meira et al. (2002) then developed an RP A serological panel of 184 samples was used to evaluate its reactivity serum samples from individuals with leishmaniasis were used to check for cross-reactivity the ELISA assay showed 100% sensitivity and specificity Telles et al. (2003) described the use of recombinant ubiquitin antigens for CD diagnosis After obtaining recombinant ubiquitin using E cruzi-negative serum samples were used to evaluate its diagnostic performance cross-reactions were checked using serum samples from individuals positive for leishmaniasis Results showed 89.4% sensitivity and 93.8% specificity They showed that ubiquitin has improved specificity compared to whole T the sensitivity value was lower compared to the whole T Pereira-Chioccola et al. (2003) developed an RP Its diagnostic performance was evaluated using a serological panel containing 151 T Serum samples from individuals with visceral leishmaniasis and other diseases were also used to access cross-reactions The ELISA test with the TS recombinant protein showed 98% sensitivity and specificity between 94 and 100% Umezawa et al. (2003) conducted a study using three RPs using a serological panel comprising 617 T cruzi-negative serum samples to evaluate their diagnostic potential 133 serum samples from individuals infected with other diseases B13-based ELISA showed sensitivity and specificity values of 95 and 99.2% and specificity values were determined as 98.5 and 99.6% 96.6% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity were observed a combination of the three recombinant proteins was evaluated with Mix-based ELISA showing sensitivity and specificity values of 99.7 and 98.6% Umezawa et al. (2004) conducted a study using three RPs cruzi-positive serum samples was used to evaluate recombinant recognition by positive serum samples comprising serum samples from acute and chronic CD carriers cruzi-negative serum samples and 62 serum samples from individuals with other diseases were also used with ELISA showing sensitivity rates of 100% for JL8 they were put together to form what was called JM For serum samples from chronic CD carriers all mixture recombinant antigens showed 100% sensitivity Sensitivity values for serum samples from acute CD carriers were determined as 84.2 Marcipar et al. (2005) conducted a study using three RPs cruzi-negative serum samples was used to evaluate the diagnostic potential of these recombinant proteins serum samples from individuals infected with other diseases were used to assess the possibility of cross-reactions The rC29FL-based ELISA exhibited 98.5% sensitivity and 94% specificity In terms of the diagnostic performance of rC29c sensitivity and specificity values were 70 and 100% rC29n showed sensitivity and specificity values of 98.5 and 98% De Marchi et al. (2011) developed an RP cruzi-negative serum samples was used to assess RP’s reactivity 180 serum samples from individuals with unrelated diseases were also used Results showed that GST-TSSA VI presented 86.9% sensitivity and 97.4% specificity Valiente-Gabioud et al. (2011) evaluated the performance of three RPs with the results showing that these serum samples were capable of recognizing all recombinant proteins the avidity of the antibodies was analyzed using 10 positive serum samples in which antibodies showed higher avidity for the FRA4 recombinant antigen Vasconcelos et al. (2011) employed CRA and FRA cruzi-positive serum samples was used to evaluate the diagnostic potential of these recombinant proteins When evaluating IgM reactivity using the CRA and FRA antigens it was observed a 10.42% of positivity when using CRA and 11.46% when employing FRA Longhi et al. (2012) evaluated the diagnostic performance of an RP serum samples from individuals affected with other diseases were used to analyze cross-reactions JL7-based ELISA showed a sensitivity value of 95.2% demonstrating a similar diagnostic performance to the epimastigote-based ELISA The specificity value was calculated as 100% which was higher than those of the epimastigote-based ELISA and 179 inconclusive serum samples were used The rCRP-ELISA demonstrated a positivity of 93.1% among T showing reduced effectiveness as compared to commercial kits rCRP was also recognized by 26.7% of negative serum samples Ruiz-Márvez et al. (2020) produced an RP named Tc964 using E They analyzed Tc964’s diagnostic ability using a serological panel of 63 T 23 serum samples from individuals with other diseases were used to assess cross-reactions The study demonstrated that Tc964 was recognized by most of the T without a cross-reaction with any sample tested Luquetti et al. (2003) assessed the diagnostic accuracy of Chembio’s Chagas STAT-PAK test (Chembio Diagnostic Systems NY) which comprises a combination of RPs named B13 Its performance was evaluated using a serological panel of 393 serum samples Samples from other diseases were also used to assess cross-reactions Chagas Stat Pak demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 98.5 and 94.8% the test was evaluated using 352 serum samples from four Latin American countries cruzi-positive serum samples by conventional serology 100% sensitivity and 98.6% specificity was observed Ponce et al. (2005) continued studies using the Chagas STAT-PAK rapid test for CD diagnosis The test’s diagnostic performance was evaluated using a serological panel of 5,998 serum samples and serum samples received from international diagnostic laboratories The Chagas STAT-PAK was shown to have 99.6% sensitivity and 99.9% specificity displaying an elevated agreement with results from the commercial ELISA Ferreira et al. (2001) reported the development and evaluation of a recombinant fusion protein and 39 serum samples positive for leishmaniasis was used to assess protein reactivity The TcF-based ELISA showed 100% sensitivity and 98.94% specificity Later, Camussone et al. (2009) developed two RPs antigenicity was assessed by means of a serological panel containing 141 T serum samples from individuals with leishmaniasis were used to evaluate cross-reactions Results showed that CP1 and CP2 presented a greater antigenicity as compared to the mix of peptides that comprise each one demonstrating 98.6% sensitivity and 99.4% specificity Hernández et al. (2010) developed an RMP Its diagnostic effectiveness was evaluated using a serological panel containing 165 T TcBDE-based ELISA showed 99.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity Cimino et al. (2011) developed an RMP The RMP’s antigenicity was evaluated using 41 T cruzi-positive serum samples co-infected with leishmaniasis were also used Positive serum samples from individuals with only leishmaniasis were used to assess cross-reactions The results showed that rTSSA II was recognized by 92.24% of T rTSSA II’s sensitivity was inferior compared to a commercial test Pierimarchi et al. (2013) continued the studies with the TcF antigen, using a serological panel of 55 T. cruzi-positive serum samples and 77 T. cruzi-negative serum samples to further evaluate TcF reactivity. Results showed 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Later, Duthie et al. (2016) developed two RMPs To evaluate the protein’s reactivity cruzi-positive serum samples and 96 serum samples from healthy individuals were used Results showed that TcF43 and TcF26 proteins increased serum recognition as compared to antigens used in commercial kits sensitivity and specificity values were not provided Santos et al. (2016) developed four new RMPs the RMP’s performance was evaluated using serum samples from 20 T IBMP-8.1-based ELISA showed 98.9% sensitivity and 100% specificity The sensitivity and specificity values of IBMP-8.2 were determined as 98.2 and 90% whereas the IBMP-8.3 results showed 95.4% sensitivity and 95% specificity sensitivity and specificity values were calculated as 99.6 and 100% Continuing the studies with the IBMP RMPs, Santos et al. (2017) conducted a phase II study to evaluate the accuracy of these antigens the antigens’ performance was evaluated using 825 and 630 T.cruzi-positive and T serum samples from individuals with other diseases Results showed that IBMP-8.4 had the greatest sensitivity and specificity values and IBMP-8.3 sensitivity values were determined as 97.4 specificity values were calculated as 99.4 Next, Daltro et al. (2019) carried out a detailed analysis of the IBMP’s cross-reactivity 600 serum samples from American cutaneous leishmaniasis and 229 serum samples from visceral leishmaniasis were analyzed All the samples were collected in leishmaniasis-endemic regions in the northeastern states of Brazil When considering all positive leishmaniasis serum this study reported that the IBMP chimeric antigens exhibited minimal cross-reactivity with its incidence calculated as 2.4% for IBMP-8.1 IBMP-based ELISA showed reduced cross-reactions as compared to the commercial immunoassays Continuing these studies, Dopico et al. (2019) used a serological panel containing 347 T cross-reactions were assessed using serum samples from individuals infected with Toxoplasma gondii and the Zika virus The sensitivity and specificity values of IBMP-8.1 were determined to be 99.4 and 100% 99.1% sensitivity and 99.7% specificity were observed A study conducted by Freitas et al. (2022) continued evaluating the diagnostic capacity of IBMP-8.1 and syphilis serum samples were used to assess possible cross-reactions Sensitivity values were determined as 74.4 and IBMP-8.4 showed a 100% specificity value while IBMP-8.3 demonstrated 96.6% specificity dos Santos et al. (2022) evaluated the diagnostic capabilities of IBMP-8.1 A total of 5,014 serum samples from blood donors were used of which 21 and 4.993 serum samples were classified as T IBMP-8.4 showed the highest sensitivity value IBMP-8.1 and IBMP-8.2 antigens demonstrated the highest specificity values while IBMP-8.3 and IBMP-8.4 had values of 99.98% Machado et al. (2023) developed an RMP cruzi-negative serum samples were used as negative control and serum samples from diseases that could present cross-reactions such as visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis Results showed that rTC had sensitivity and specificity value of 98.28 and 96.67% Lastly, Santos et al. (2023) evaluated the cross-reactivity of the IBMP-8.1 LVH-60A- positive serum samples and three Leishmania infantum-positive serum samples were employed Regarding cross-reactivity with Crithidia sp none of the antigens demonstrated reactivity with these samples with 20% of samples falling in the gray zone for IBMP-8.2 and IBMP-8.4 antigens while 40% of samples fell within the gray zone for IBMP-8.3 IBMP-8.1 antigen demonstrated a 33.3% cross-reactivity 33.3% of samples fell within the gray zone when analyzing IBMP-8.4 antigen The IBMP-8.1 and IBMP-8.4, widely tested in ELISA, were also employed in lateral flow assay for CD diagnosis. The study was conducted by Silva et al. (2020) were used to evaluate the antigens’ performance in the lateral flow assay Results showed that both antigens showed a 100% accuracy aside from not presenting false-positive results when analyzing T the need to confirm the disease through at least two serological tests generates more costs to the public health system there is an urgent need to develop new diagnostic tests to detect the disease in the chronic and acute phases primarily associated with statistical programs to calculate the sample number and obtain more reliable results most of the studies mentioned above used a small sample size requiring new studies with broader testing the development of new specific diagnostic kits for both the acute and chronic phases is seen as essential The vast majority of above-referenced studies used sera from the chronic phase in their tests It could be hypothesized that the low-level testing of acute phase sera is linked to the lack of access to sera from individuals at this stage considering that endemic areas are usually developing countries that have limited access to information and health and medical services the symptomatology in this phase is not specific which may contribute to delays in seeking medical care at the onset of the disease making an early and specific diagnosis difficult Some measures must be taken into consideration when developing new CD serological tests it is essential that one use low-cost reagents designed for better accessibility and more widespread testing the development and implementation of rapid tests are essential to providing a rapid and reliable diagnosis even in remote areas where access is difficult and nearby specialized laboratories are scarce could simplify testing as they are less invasive The need to improve ELISA techniques should also be highlighted aimed at providing more accurate and reproducible diagnoses the development of new biomarkers that could allow monitoring the disease progression would greatly assist in clinical decision-making it is also necessary to strengthen bonds between public and private research with the public health system It is known that better control or even eradication of several diseases will probably only be possible with collaborations whether between researchers or between research and the public health system aiming to establish a more practical and accurate diagnosis for the disease more incentives from government agencies are needed to encourage as well as facilitate research strengthening bonds and creating a bridge between innovation and the implementation of these innovations this review affirms that the use of recombinant antigens has shown encouraging results when it comes to the need for a better CD diagnosis there is need to conduct ongoing studies in search of new antigens to develop faster The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research The authors would like to thank CAPES (Finance Code 001) WOD and ASG would like to thank 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disease in Brazil (Catolé do Rocha Valiente-Gabioud Effect of repetitiveness on the immunogenicity and antigenicity of Trypanosoma cruzi FRA protein Google Scholar Vasconcelos Immunoglobulin M antibodies against CRA and FRA recombinant antigens of Trypanosoma cruzi in chronic chagasic patients Vilca-Alosilla A systematic review and Meta-analysis comparing the diagnostic accuracy tests of COVID-19 Gonçalves AAM and Galdino AS (2024) Recombinant proteins as promising antigens applied to the immunodiagnosis of Chagas disease: a scoping review Received: 19 April 2024; Accepted: 16 July 2024; Published: 30 July 2024 Copyright © 2024 Resende, Ribeiro, Gandra, Silva, Lopes, Barcelos, Couto, de Faria, Pereira, Xavier, Machado, da Paz, Chaves, Coelho, Giunchetti, Chávez-Fumagalli, Dutra, Gonçalves and Galdino. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino, YXNnYWxkaW5vQHVmc2ouZWR1LmJy Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Volume 6 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00403 This article is part of the Research TopicEmerging Swine VirusesView all 14 articles Next generation sequencing (NGS) can be applied to identify and characterize the entire set of microbes within a sample this platform does not provide a morphological context or specific association between the viral or bacterial sequences detected and the histological lesions This limitation has generated uncertainty whether the sequences identified by NGS are actually contributing or not for the clinical outcome Although in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) can be used to detect pathogens in tissue samples only ISH has the advantage of being rapidly developed in a context of an emerging disease especially because it does not require development of specific primary antibodies against the target pathogen Based on the sequence information provided by NGS ISH is able to check the presence of a certain pathogen within histological lesions helping to build the relationship between the pathogen and the clinical outcome In this mini review we have compiled results of the application of NGS-ISH to the investigation of challenging diagnostic cases or emerging pathogens in pigs that resulted in the detection of porcine circovirus type 3 in situ hybridization assay allows the detection of nucleotide sequences in histological sections without requiring the development of such antibodies Tissue-based diagnosis is undeniably one of the most important approaches for the identification of a potential role of the pathogen as the etiologic agent of that disease. The histological lesions recognized by the pathologist can be associated with the presence of a given pathogen detected by immunohistochemistry within the lesions (4) production of a sensible and specific antibody and the optimization of the immunohistochemistry protocol can take several months delaying effective actions to control a particular emerging disease This mini-review focuses on the development and application of a new platform of diagnostics that combine next-generation sequencing and in situ hybridization for investigating unsolved diagnostic cases in swine Sequence technologies have risen in the past few years as a meaningful ancillary tool for diagnostic investigation of infectious diseases. Next generation sequencing (NGS) is one of the most recent sequencing approaches included in the range of diagnostic methods for veterinary diagnostic investigations (6–8) The NGS advantage in relation to simple sequencing relies on a de novo or mapping assembly of sequenced regions dismissing the use of specific targets to build a complete genome genome fragments of virtually all the microorganisms present in the clinical samples are sequenced and then re-assembled based on genome data bases publicly available These characteristics of NGS make it very convenient for investigation of infectious disease outbreaks in which the etiologic agent is unknown NGS lacks the association of the presence of a microorganism and the type of histological lesion Since the development of specific antibodies for immunohistochemistry requires a long period of time there was a demand for a diagnostic method that would allow the association of the genomes detected by NGS with a tissue lesion Workflow for diagnostic investigation of unsolved cases using next-generation sequencing and in situ hybridization The years of 2014 and 2015 were marked in the swine industry of the USA, Canada, China, and Brazil by outbreaks of diseases characterized by vesicular lesions on the coronary band and snouts of sows and growing pigs and acute neonatal pig deaths (22–25) In addition to the impact of the disease in pig herds itself the vesicular lesions are clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and other vesicular diseases and a commercial kit for SVA qRT-PCR was developed It was in 2016 when the new porcine circovirus was found in pigs exhibiting clinical signs similar to the PCV2-associated diseases it was noted that lymphoid depletion is not a characteristic of PCV3 infection These results highlight the challenges for interpreting PCR results when animals are positive for PCV2 and PCV3 and reinforce the need of qualified pathologists to interpret the histological lesions and the possible association with the agent identified by NGS These results represent an important advancement for understanding the potential role of PPV2 in emerging systemic syndromes in nursery and finishing pigs and reemerging diseases have increased in the past few years Traditional ancillary tests are routinely used to investigate the involvement of known pathogens when samples from outbreaks are sent for diagnostic investigation one of the characteristics of traditional ancillary tests is that they are designed to detect known pathogens The association of NGS-ISH has been instrumental on the investigation of etiologic causes of cases in which the traditional ancillary tests did not identified involvement of known pathogens one of the most important diagnostic laboratories for swine infectious diseases in the US is a pioneer in using NGS-ISH as a tool investigate possible emerging diseases as happens to new technologies are being implemented and optimized faster and more assessible to non-research purposes it is still a technology that requires structured laboratories qualified professionals to interpret the relevance of the several microorganisms' sequences identified by the sequencing in the swine samples ISH helps to determine whether the virus is metabolically active within lesions the approach relies on targeting a mRNA that corresponds to the DNA sequence identified by the NGS If the chosen DNA sequence is not been translated in mRNA the absence of positive signals can mean a false negative ISH method used in combination with NGS it is still relatively expensive due to dependency on a single manufacturer that detains the intellectual property of the ISH technique we anticipate that the in the next few years both the demand for best diagnostic approaches for emerging diseases will stimulate both methodologies to evolve in regards of their feasibility and costs making the NGS-ISH an important tool for identifying pathogens in swine emerging diseases the NGS-ISH diagnostic platform presented here combines the comprehensive unbiased detection of nucleic acid sequences with the morphological context shown in the histological lesions This characteristic has been specifically important to diagnose infectious diseases in which the clinical and laboratory findings are not able to specific determine the primary pathogen involved in the clinical outcome the ability to detect sequences from previously unknown agents through NGS allows the design and subsequent identification of emerging pathogens within tissue sections This rapid diagnostic response is critical to implement control measurements and mitigate economic losses in the swine industry TR conducted the literature review and wrote the manuscript and refining the interpretation of the results FV conceived of the idea of the review and helped revising the manuscript to add important scientific content and refine the interpretation of the results All the authors reviewed the final version of the manuscript and agreed to its submission The authors thank all employees at histology and immunohistochemistry laboratories in MNVDL for the help during the ISH activities and Dr Maria Pieters for the support during the investigation of M The emergence and evolution of swine viral diseases: to what extent have husbandry systems and global trade contributed to their distribution and diversity International livestock markets and the impact of animal disease PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar Beyond H&E: integration of nucleic acid-based analyses into diagnostic pathology Nonculture molecular techniques for diagnosis of bacterial disease in animals: a diagnostic laboratory perspective Practical issues in implementing whole-genome-sequencing in routine diagnostic microbiology Application of next generation sequencing in clinical microbiology and infection prevention How next-generation sequencing and multiscale data analysis will transform infectious disease management In-situ 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Available online at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=1868221 (accessed June 10 First detection of porcine circovirus type 3 in Japan First detection and full genome sequence of porcine circovirus type 3 in Russia Detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 in central China Full-genome sequencing of porcine circovirus 3 field strains from Denmark Italy and Spain demonstrates a high within-Europe genetic heterogeneity Development of a duplex assay for simultaneous detection of PCV2 and PCV3 in association with histological lesions In: 49th American Association of Swine Veterinarians Annual Meeting 2018 (San Diego Original article first detection of porcine circovirus type 3 in Colombia and the complete genome sequence demonstrates the circulation of PCV3a1 and PCV3a2 Frequency of PCV3 infection and PCV-3 associated disease Leman Swine Conference Proceedings (Saint Paul Current knowledge on porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3): a novel virus with a yet unknown impact on the swine industry Sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens: a reconsideration of Koch's postulates Swine conjunctivitis outbreaks associated with Mycoplasma hyorhinis A serologic variant of Mycoplasma hyorhinis recovered from the conjunctiva of swine PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar Conjunctivitis associated with a Mycoplasma-like organism in swine PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar Identification of new parvovirus DNA sequence in swine sera from Myanmar Google Scholar Characterization of porcine parvovirus type 2 (PPV2) which is highly prevalent in the USA Coexistence of multiple strains of porcine parvovirus 2 in pig farms prevalence and analysis of emerging porcine parvovirus infections Investigating porcine parvoviruses genogroup 2 infection using in situ polymerase chain reaction Porcine parvovirus type 2 associated with lymphocytic perivascular lesions in nursery and finishing pigs In: 49th American Association of Swine Veterinarians Annual Meeting Detection of a novel sapelovirus in central nervous tissue of pigs with polioencephalomyelitis in the USA Rossow S and Vannucci FA (2019) Next-Generation Sequencing Coupled With in situ Hybridization: A Novel Diagnostic Platform to Investigate Swine Emerging Pathogens and New Variants of Endemic Viruses Received: 08 November 2018; Accepted: 28 October 2019; Published: 15 November 2019 Copyright © 2019 Resende, Marshall Lund, Rossow and Vannucci. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Talita P. Resende, cmVzZW4wMjNAdW1uLmVkdQ== EXCLUSIVE: The agency has brought in McKay Hathaway from VML as SVP creative and has elevated Nat Resende to ECD in Chicago Digitas is shoring up its creative talent bench bringing on McKay Hathaway from VML as SVP creative and elevating Nat Resende to executive creative director of the Chicago office Hathaway had been an executive creative director at VML since 2017; prior to that he was an associate creative director at MullenLowe most recently as SVP and group creative director.  Resende has worked on an international CPG client bringing increased cultural relevance to its portfolio of brands modern and global-minded sensibility to our work and our collective vision,” said Shah adding that her willingness to consult other teams at the agency and as well as clients is “increasingly important” as the industry feels the “compounding pressures of doing more with less.” Resende has also been a key driver in incorporating AI into the creative process and briefs which is where we’re wanting to go as an agency,” she added Hathaway steps into Resende’s previous role where he was the executive creative director leading the integrated Wendy’s account.  Shah described Hathaway as a “true maverick in the shaping of brands for new worlds,” calling his work for Wendy’s “rule-bending” and “such an inspiration.” Shah noted his ability to innovate how Wendy’s appears in emerging online spaces such as gaming pointing to Hathaway’s role in campaigns like Keeping Fortnite Fresh and the Wendyverse on Horizon Worlds as examples of his “natural cross-platform fluency.” Digitas is purposefully bolstering its creative leadership team with talent that understands the power of tech as it further invests in the space; it introduced its own generative AI operating system and tool suite Lanzi said the creative team’s use of AI tools is “focused on creative intelligence and how that makes our brands and our creatives inform our clients how they should be investing intelligently.” Duolingo CEO raves about marketing team on Q1 earnings call Chipotle cooks up TV campaign with mukbang influencers The social skinny: TikTok takes the stand at Meta trial and more How this short film educates viewers about early signs of Alzheimer’s Brazil – September 2024 – On 28 September the St Joseph festive oratory was held at the Esperança do Futuro Educational Centre in the Beira Rio district of Resende young people from the Salesian Youth Movement Salesian Cooperators and members of the Association of Mary Help of Christians (ADMA) This oratory marked the beginning of a project that aims to provide a welcoming space where education The St Jospeh Oratory came into being through the commitment to also be a place of encounter and formation for families uniting generations around the same purpose: to build a more just and supportive future ANS - “Agenzia iNfo Salesiana” is a on-line almost daily publication the communication agency of the Salesian Congregation enrolled in the Press Register of the Tibunal of Rome as n 153/2007 This site also uses third-party cookies to improve user experience and for statistical purposes By scrolling through this page or by clicking on any of its elements The Appeals Court rejected Resende's argument that he had ineffective counsel when a jury found him not guilty of killing Brockton's Nelson Pina two previous convictions for robbery during the same incident remain on the books.  "To the extent his current argument varies from his arguments on appeal we discern no miscarriage of justice," the Appeals Court justices wrote in a May 13 ruling Plymouth County District Attorney Tim Cruz applauded the decision in a Thursday statement "This is a just conviction and we only hope that Mr Pina’s family find peace and will no longer be further victimized by these meritless claims," said Cruz "Jaime continues to be as upbeat as he always is and says to remind everyone that this is just another step." Resende's defense team asked the Appeals Court to reconsider its decision In a motion filed Friday, May 27 LaCivita argues that the lawyer representing Resende when he was found not guilty of murder should have pushed to have that acquittal apply to the underlying charges of attempted armed robbery and unarmed robbery "It was a gross and material failure for Attorney (Jonathan) Shapiro to stay silent following the NOT GUILTY verdict on February 13 "Due directly to Shapiro’s failure to advocate for his client in that moment Resende remains unlawfully imprisoned." Crackdown: Here's how Brockton is cracking down on illegal fireworks ahead of start of summer Appeals Court justices swiftly denied the motion to reconsider LaCivita said she is working with Resende to apply to the state's Supreme Judicial Court for further appeal during an attempted robbery of cash and drugs Police said they found $48,000 cash in Pina's basement which was illegal at that time.  There was also a ledger of what prosecutors believed were drug deals convicted Resende and Kenston Scott of first-degree murder winning a second trial in which jurors cleared him on the murder charge Scott was sentenced to life without parole Brockton ablaze: About the fires that displaced more than 15 last week Resende's setbacks at court since his second trial include a 2017 decision by the state's highest court It rejected Resende's argument that he had been placed in double jeopardy Cruz said he and his office are keeping Pina and his surviving family members foremost in their thoughts "Our job as prosecutors is to present the facts," Cruz said in the Thursday statement "A conviction rests solely in the purview of the jury And we all have a duty to respect the jury’s presence at trial and deliberations which resulted in a unanimous verdict of guilt of the crimes of Armed Home Invasion and Armed Assault with Intent to Rob Mr Resende is serving 20 to 22 years on the armed home invasion count and 18 to 20 on the armed assault with intent to rob count meaning he's serving time for both of them at once He is currently at the state prison in Shirley Resende's cause has attracted support from social justice groups including the D.A.R.R.C. Coalition, which devotes a section of its website to Resende's case Cruz detailed all the ways courts have denied Resende's appeals Resende’s challenge to his convictions were reviewed and rejected on appeal by the Supreme Judicial Court the highest appellate court in the Commonwealth by Judge Angel Kelly here in the Brockton Superior Court and I commend them on their thoughtful decision," said Cruz Brazil – Nissan's Resende Industrial Complex in Brazil is celebrating its fourth anniversary with major production and export milestones the Brazilian plant welcomed 600 new employees and introduced a new shift Employees tweaked processes and ramped up production to meet rising demand of Nissan Kicks the brand's most awarded crossover in the region major achievements have followed to streamline production for the domestic and overseas markets the plant celebrates its fourth anniversary which coincides with the milestone of 200,000 cars made – thus affirming its position as Nissan's key production hub for the Brazilian and Latin American markets The crossover has been exported to Argentina since January 2018 and was ranked the segment's top selling model in the domestic market last March With its three locally produced models – the Kicks crossover as well as the Nissan March hatchback and the Nissan Versa sedan – the Resende Industrial Complex recently surpassed the mark of 30,000 units shipped to overseas markets Resende also assembles flex fuel engines: a 1.0-liter 3-cylinder 12-valve unit Both engines contributed to yet another milestone: 200,000 powertrains since the start of operations More than R$ 3.3 billion (1,692 billion USD) were invested since the launch of the industrial design phase The comprehensive production process starts at the stamping shop and ends at the testing track To meet a rise in demand both in the domestic and overseas markets 600 new jobs were created in the last 12 months and now the Resende Industrial Complex has 2,400 direct employees affirms that one of the secrets of Resende's success is its one team spirit we have the mindset that we are all part of one single team," said Silva "In addition to being endowed with high-end technology Resende invests in its human capital and the outcome is premium quality products We are continuously working to innovate and our production processes have received positive reviews placing Resende's Industrial Complex as one of Nissan's top sites globally." made for the worldProducing vehicles with world-renowned Nissan Japanese quality is one of the commitments of the Resende Industrial Complex in Brazil Sales success during these four years of operations show that the objective has been met Further proof of success is the fact that Nissan vehicles produced in Brazil have quickly conquered neighboring markets through the Nissan Brasil exports program With more than 30,000 vehicles produced for external markets the exports project initiated in March 2016 has already reached eight countries in Latin America including Argentina Silvia AndinoSenior Manager Corporate CommunicationsNissan Latin Americasilvia.andinocasares@nissan.com.mx  Tel Michael Figueredo Comunicación Corporativa Nissan Brasil+55 21 2134-9210 michael.figueredo@nissan.com.br Ana Genaro Comunicación Corporativa Nissan Brasil+55 21 2134-9194ana.genaro@nissan.com.br Get more information about Nissan in Brazil here. Volume 10 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1193268 This article is part of the Research TopicVertical Coupling in the Atmosphere-Ionosphere-Magnetosphere SystemView all 21 articles We present a study about the atypical and spreading Sporadic E-layers (Es) observed in Digisonde data We analyzed a set of days around space weather events from 2016 to 2018 over Cachoeira Paulista (CXP The inhomogeneous Es layer is associated with the auroral-type Es layer (Esa) occurrence in this region due to the presence of South American Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) we also observe that the spreading Es layers occurred days before the magnetic storms or quiet times this specific type of Es layer has some different characteristics concerning the Esa layer and meteor radar to understand the dynamic processes acting in this Es layer formation Our results lead us to believe that other mechanisms affect the Es layer development We show evidence that the instabilities added to the wind shear mechanism can cause the atypical Es layers such as Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) an important discovery of this work is that the spreading Es layer is not necessarily due to the particle precipitation due to the SAMA We found that the wind shear can be turbulent our analysis better understood the Es layer behavior during quiet and disturbed times • Digisonde data is used to study the spreading of Sporadic E-layers (Es) over Cachoeira Paulista • The inhomogeneous Es layer also occurred days before the magnetic storms or quiet times not associated with the particle precipitation due to the SAMA • The results show evidence that the instabilities added to the wind shear mechanism can cause the atypical Es layers Atypical spreading and multiple Es layers can occur in low and middle latitudes ionograms. This Es layer behavior can be associated with other physical mechanism formations, such as disturbed electric fields. Resende et al., (2020) and Resende et al., (2021) detected anomalous Es layers over the Brazilian sector dip ∼18º) and São Luís (2.3°S in which the disturbed electric fields during magnetic storms modified the Es layer structure in these regions the electric field due to the disturbance dynamo effect (DDEF) caused the Es layer intensification over Boa Vista a transition station from equatorial to low latitude causing instabilities during the magnetic storms Their work used the Hainan COherent Scatter Phased Array Radar (HCOPAR) and frequency parameters of the Es layer driven by Digisonde Their results suggested that these irregularities occurred due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) during the daytime gradient drift instability in the low photoionization background creates unstable Es layers during the nighttime this work analyses the physical mechanism of these atypical Es layer formations on quiet and disturbed days providing novel insights about their open questions on this subject we analyzed a set of days around 5 magnetic storms at a low latitude station We performed an in-depth analysis of Es layer types and frequency parameters using Digisonde data we investigated the hiss waves inside the plasmasphere to discard the particle precipitation mechanism in the Es layer development we include a study about the turbulence in the winds and the gravity wave occurrences this analysis allowed us to discuss the physical phenomena which is not much addressed in the literature We used the data obtained from the Digisonde over CXP to analyze the Es layer behavior. Digisonde is a high-frequency radar that transmits waves from 1 to 30 MHz with a frequency step on 0.05 MHz for CXP and 10 or 15 min of time resolution (Reinisch et al., 2004) which refers to the frequency point in the upper ionospheric layer where the Es layer blocks the transmitted electromagnetic signal We also used the ftEs (top frequency) characterized by the maximum frequency that the Es layer reached We concentrate only on the Van Allen Probes’ data when the satellites are at the perigee We chose 5 events where the atypical and spreading Es layer were identified over CXP between 2016 and 2018. These events occurred around the geomagnetic storm periods but not necessarily on disturbed days. Figure 1 shows the Disturbance storm time (Dst) variation for the following periods analyzed in this work: (a) March 05–10 Except for the event on May 2018 (panel e) caused by high-solar wind speed stream (HSS) the other events were caused by coronal mass ejection (CME) The Dst index for the events (A) March 05–10 It is well-known that during magnetic storms, disturbed electric fields can influence the ionosphere through the Prompt Penetration Electric Field (PPEF) (Forbes et al., 1995) or by the Disturbance Dynamo Electric Field (DDEF) (Blanc and Richmond, 1980). However, as shown by Resende et al., (2021) these disturbed electric fields are not capable of causing some influence in the Es layer over CXP we only want to show that the days of the atypical Es layer presence are around the magnetic storm occurring on both quiet and disturbed days we do not present other interplanetary medium parameters Table 1 shows the day of geomagnetic storm onset the level of the magnetic storm represented by the minimum value reached by the Dst index the day of the atypical Es layer occurrence and the condition of the period (quiet or disturbed) The Dst threshold used to classify whether the period is quiet or disturbed is −30 nT the days with Dst lower than −30 nT are assumed to be disturbed in this study it is possible to clearly see that the Es layer spreading also occurred in quiet periods the atypical Es layer appears during the recovery magnetic storm phase which is intriguing since the other Es layer physical formation mechanics also acted in this period List of the characteristics of selected events from 2016 to 2018 used in this analysis over CXP the hour of their occurrence and the condition of the period The significant modifications in the Es layer electron density distribution occurred in the periods shown in Table 1. Figure 2 shows some ionograms for (a) March 05 The fbEs and the ftEs are shown in vertical black lines We observe a spread Es layer (red and blue arrows) in all ionograms The main characteristic here is the low values of the fbEs which means that the Es layer did not block the F region significantly Ionograms at CXP (A) from 2030 UT to 2050 UT on 05 March Another important point is that these events occurred in periods considered quiet times, although March 08 and 09, 2016, are in the recovery magnetic storm phase. In fact, this spread Es layer can be attributed to the Esa (auroral) layer during the recovery magnetic storm phase. As discussed by Da Silva et al., (2022) and Moro et al., (2022) the particle precipitation mechanism can develop the Esa layer over the Brazilian sector due to the SAMA presence The Esa layer signatures are expected during the recovery magnetic storm phase over Santa Maria and Cachoeira Paulista which is discussed in the following section The same spreading Es layer behavior occurred in the other events. Figure 3 presents some selected ionograms on (a) 15 October 2016 the fbEs also have low values (fbEs ≤ 3 MHz) The Ess presence is also observed over CXP (red arrow) Some selected ionograms at CXP for (A) 1940 UT The other case in which the Es layer over CXP suffered a significant modification was on 30 October 2016. Figure 4 shows the ionogram sequences of these Es layers over CXP between 0330 UT and 0610 UT intervals We notice that the Ess is present between 0430 UT and 0450 UT the ftEs reached values around 7 MHz at 0410 UT it is plausible that competition is occurring between the Es layer formation mechanisms The following section shows the particle precipitation’s role in these events Ionograms at CXP from 0330 UT to 06100 UT for each 20 min on 30 October 2016 The reason that intrigues us about these events is that the spread Es layer has two different characteristics to the auroral trace such as: (1) the spread occurrence during quiet periods (Dst larger than −30 nT) and (2) the inclination of the trace in some cases one important step of this work is to discard the particle precipitation mechanism we examined the AE index and particle dynamics in the inner radiation belt the AE is following the same pattern with low values between 2100 UT and 2300 UT upper-(A) and between 0300 UT and 0500 UT bottom-(B) on 09 March 2016 the low PSD of the hiss waves during these quiet periods (<10−7 nT2/Hz) may not be efficient in causing the low-energy electron precipitation (from 0.5 keV to tens of keV) over the SAMA region The other cases also presented low values in PSD of the hiss waves (≤10−7 nT2/Hz) (not shown here) Power spectral density of the magnetic field from EMFISIS instrument onboard Van Allen Probes on March 05 The exception occurred on 30 October 2016, in which it is possible to observe that the hiss wave PSD (∼10−4 nT2/Hz) (Figure 7) is similar to the results discussed by Da Silva et al., (2022) This value is enough to allow low-energy electron precipitation (from 0.5 keV to tens of keV) caused by hiss waves over the SAMA region the AE reached values higher than 500 nT we intend to show that the plasmaspheric hiss waves inside the inner radiation belt reached significant values and the particle precipitation in the SAMA region can occur in this event Power spectral density of the magnetic field from EMFISIS instrument onboard Van Allen Probe (A) and (B) on 30 October 2016 we proposed here that the spreading Es layer can occur due to other physical mechanisms than particle precipitation due to the SAMA in most cases Evidence of low values of the power spectral density of the hiss waves and AE index confirms this statement we notice the gravity wave presence (Ess occurrence) we believe that there are competing physics mechanisms in the Es layer formation in this event the authors mentioned that this instability depends on the strong electric field the GDI is responsible for the equatorial Es layer (Esq) in stations near the magnetic equator we believe that the most probable mechanism that acted in the atypical Es layer is the KHI The first evidence of the instabilities in the ionospheric plasma is the low values of the fbEs, meaning that the upper region above the Es layer has not been blocked. Table 2 shows the difference between the ftEs and fbEs (ftEs-fbEs) during the spreading Es layer occurrence We present the maximum and minimum differences within the period studied TABLE 2. Maximum and minimum differences of the ftEs and fbEs parameters of the period shown in Table 1 the differences between the frequency parameters show that the winds have a secondary role in the Es layer development in most cases The low values of the ftEs-fbEs mean that the upper region is blocked the high values of these differences mean that the Es layers have not blocked the upper layer the wind shear that is the main mechanism to form denser layers could be stronger in such hours The Es layer can be also formed by other mechanisms such as instabilities the Es layers formed by these other mechanisms do not absorb the digosonde signal as those denser layers formed by wind shear This is an indication that irregularities can be present The minimum values of the ftEs-fbEs observed in our events analyzed here were higher than 1 our results showed an indication that the unstable Es layer in the ionograms profile over CXP can be due to the instabilities since the particle precipitation seems to have influenced only the event on 30 October 2018 Figure 8 shows the previous analysis results using the SKiYMET data for the zonal (right) and meridional (left) wind components on March 05–06 which is the typical altitude of the Es layer occurrence We also compared the results to the −5/3 Kolmogorov spectrum The wind speed sampling step is 1 h due to the limitations of the technique and equipment used to obtain the data We interpolated the values using a cubic spline to 1 min to Slightly smooth the output due to the signal characteristics The Fourier power spectral densities of the SKiYMET data for the meridional (upper) and zonal (below) components on March 05–06 The −5/3 Kolmogorov spectrum given in the orange line in these graphs Although this procedure can change the spectrum in higher frequencies we analyzed only the frequencies up to 10(−3.5) Hz This region corresponds to periods of roughly 1 h the interpolation used in this work does not significantly modify the spectrum in the region we are interested in The wind components spectra demonstrate an unstable behavior for the frequencies between 10−5 and 10−4 on March 05–06, 2016, as seen in Figure 8 Notice that this result was found close to the −5/3 Kolmogorov value This fact means that the wind is turbulent at this height during this period in the specific case of October 29–30 the components of the winds are not oscillating and the power spectral density is not so close to the −5/3 Kolmogorov value This analysis provides clear evidence that the spreading Es layer over a low latitude station can occur due to the instabilities. The most probable is the KHI, which is driven by shear flow and is common in the atmosphere (Ecklund et al., 1981; Chen et al., 2020). Using simulations, Wu et al., (2022) analyzed the KHI in the middle and low Es layers The simulations presented multiple striation structures in the Es layer The authors found that the polarization electric field is induced in the horizontal structure of the sporadic E (Es) layer and it is an initial condition to grow up the KHI or GDI Liu et al., (2022) analyze the Es layer behavior using the Digisonde data applying a technique called frequency domain interferometry (FDI) over Wuhan The FDI allowed them to observe the inhomogeneous Es layer occurrence in such station The complex structure of the Es layer found by the authors can be associated with instability or gravity wave modulation One plausible explanation is the KHI presence in the Es layer formation that is caused by the strong shear of the neutral background wind The OH images showing the gravity waves presence at 2315 UT on 06 May 2018 (A) and the Ess layer in ionograms (B) in the nighttime period on 06 May 2018 The Ess is associated with the gravity wave mechanism, and it is characterized by a trace that grows continuously in frequency and emerges from another type of Es trace, as shown in red arrows. This specific Es layer type is not common in the Brazilian sector, as shown in Conceição-Santos et al., (2019) and Moro et al., (2022). We notice that the Ess layer was observed in some hours for all events mentioned in Table 1 there is a possibility that the gravity waves may have a precursor to the growth of instability is not necessarily due to the particle precipitation due to the SAMA presence further research is necessary to affirm what is the exact instability that acts on the Es layer formation We study the atypical and spreading Es layer over CXP in days before and after the magnetic storms from 2016 to 2018 and meteor radar to understand the dynamic formation processes of these inhomogeneous Es layers The significant modifications in the Es layer electron density distribution were observed in ionograms on days before and after the magnetic storm The main characteristic is the low values of the fbEs which means that the Es layer does not block the F region significantly the high difference between the ftEs and fbEs (ftEs-fbEs) during the spreading Es layer occurrence indicated that the irregularities could be present The inhomogeneous Es layer is associated with the Esa layer over CXP due to SAMA we also observe that the spreading Es layers occurred in days before the magnetic storms or quiet times We examined the AE index and particle dynamics in the inner radiation belt to discard the particle precipitation mechanism Our results showed a low power spectral density of the hiss waves in these events (<10−7 nT2/Hz) inefficiently causing electron precipitation over the SAMA region the spreading Es layer occurred in hours when AE was higher than 500 nT the power spectral density of the hiss waves was ∼10−4 nT2/Hz similar to the previous studies about the Esa layer formation this value is enough to cause low-energy electron precipitation (from 0.5 keV to tens of keV) by hiss waves over the SAMA region One of the possibilities of these spreading Es layer occurrences is the instability formation that can affect the wind shear the Es layer may be formed initially by wind shear and the environment becomes unstable due to the electric field or gravity waves creating inhomogeneous layers in ionograms We used the SKiYMET data for zonal and meridional winds to analyze if the winds were unstable The temporal resolution of these wind data is 1 h a linear interpolation was performed every minute to visualize whether the wind could have turbulence The analysis is not so impaired as we only use measurements between 80 and 100 km we compute energy spectrum E(k) to verify the turbulence in the winds we analyzed whether the power spectral densities are close to the −5/3 Kolmogorov spectrum the wind components spectra were close to the −5/3 Kolmogorov value This fact means that the wind is turbulent the wind energy spectrum components were not oscillating The spreading Es layer observed in our data has an inclined trace in some hours This Es layer type is associated with the gravity wave mechanism Several authors mentioned that gravity waves could trigger the instabilities besides the winds The OH emission in airglow images shows a gravity wave propagation on May 06 and 07 we observe the Ess layer presence in ionograms the presence of gravity waves may have been a trigger for the instability occurrence is not necessarily formed by the particle precipitation due to the SAMA influencing the Es layer development and contributing significantly to our understanding of the different mechanism actions in the atypical Es layer further research is necessary to conclude precisely what instability caused these inhomogeneous Es layers over CXP The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: http://www2.inpe.br/climaespacial/portal/en/ and LD contributed to the conception and design of the study JM and SC analyzed the interplanetary medium conditions and magnetospheric conditions and JM analyzed the Atmospheric ionization over SAMA LR wrote the first draft of the manuscript All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version This research was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42074201 and 41674145) by the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (grants 183311KYSB20200003 and 183311KYSB20200017) The modulation of sporadic-E layers by Kelvin–Helmholtz billows in the neutral atmosphere CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar “−5/3 Kolmogorov turbulent behavior and intermittent sustainable energies,” in Sustainable energy - technological issues CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A case study of the daytime intense radar backscatter and strong ionospheric scintillation related to the low-latitude E-region irregularities CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar On the nature of equatorial slant sporadicE CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Conceição-Santos Occurrence and modeling examination of sporadic-E layers in the region of the south America (atlantic) magnetic anomaly CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar High-energy electron flux enhancement pattern in the outer radiation belt in response to the alfvénic fluctuations within high-speed solar wind stream: A statistical analysis CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The relative effects of the electric fields and neutral winds on the formation of the equatorial sporadic layers Google Scholar Gradient drift irregularities in mid-latitude sporadicE CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Equatorial penetration of magnetic disturbance effects in the thermosphere and ionosphere CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Real-time determination of meteorrelated parameters utilizing modern digital technology CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Simultaneous and colocated observation of winds and tides by MF and meteor radars over London CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The electric and magnetic field instrument suite and integrated science (EMFISIS) on RBSP CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar On the abundance of metal ions in the lower ionosphere CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Low latitude E-region irregularities studied using Gadanki radar ionosonde and in situ measured electron density CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Improved ionosonde monitoring of the sporadic E layer using the frequency domain interferometry technique CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Sporadic E: Current views and recent progress CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A study of blanketing sporadic E at middle latitudes CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Science objectives and rationale for the radiation belt storm probes mission CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Comparison of gravity wave activity observed by airglow imaging at two different latitudes in Brazil CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Different sporadic-E (Es) layer types development during the august 2018 geomagnetic storm: Evidence of auroral type (Esa) over the SAMA region CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Equatorial sporadic E and plasma instabilities CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Automated collection and dissemination of ionospheric data from the Digisonde network CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Competition between winds and electric fields in the formation of blanketing sporadic E layers at equatorial regions CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Abnormal fbEs enhancements in equatorial Es layers during magnetic storms of solar cycle 23 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The impact of the disturbed electric field in the sporadic E (Es) layer development over Brazilian region CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The influence of disturbance dynamo electric field in the formation of strong sporadic E-layers over Boa Vista CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Rosado-Román Plasma instabilities observed in the E region over Arecibo and a proposed nonlocal theory CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Simulation of Es layer modulated by nonlinear Kelvin–Helmholtz instability CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Statistical characteristics of the low-latitude E-region irregularities observed by the HCOPAR in south China CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Wang C and Liu Z (2023) Analysis of the different physical mechanisms in the atypical sporadic E (Es) layer occurrence over a low latitude region in the Brazilian sector Received: 24 March 2023; Accepted: 15 May 2023;Published: 25 May 2023 Copyright © 2023 Resende, Zhu, Denardini, Chagas, Da Silva, Andrioli, Figueiredo, Marchezi, Chen, Moro, Silva, Li, Wang and Liu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use *Correspondence: L. C. A. Resende, bGF5c2EucmVzZW5kZUBpbnBlLmJybGF5c2EucmVzZW5kZUBnbWFpbC5jb20= College for Community Health News and Announcements Posted in: College News and Events, Teacher Education Spotlights CCHL Montclair State University Policies Return to Top INB President Carlos Freire Moreira said the development was very important for the country adding: "This undertaking should be a source of pride since the isotopic enrichment of uranium is a state-of-the-art technology and 100% national developed by the Brazilian Navy in partnership with the Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research." Amazul CEO Newton Costa said the company had been preparing for two years to start working on the project which he said would guarantee "the country's energy security with clean energy with positive impacts in tackling climate change" The two men signed the contract during a ceremony to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the creation of INB's Isotopic Enrichment Technical Board INB's fuel fabrication plant (Fábrica de Combustível Nuclear has a capacity of 160 tonnes per year pellet production and 280 tonnes per year fuel assembly production which generate about 3% of its electricity Amazul describes itself as incorporated in 2013 with "the objective of absorbing transferring and maintaining activities sensitive to the activities of the Navy Nuclear Program the Submarine Development Program and the Brazilian Nuclear Program" and says its commitment is to "use nuclear technology to save lives guarantee energy security with clearn energy and defend the country's sovereignty" ASHLAND — Police say a Framingham man who was among four arrested Wednesday in connection with a pickup stolen from Worcester faces additional charges involving an armed home invasion earlier that day in Ashland.  21, and a teenage boy were armed with shotguns when they forced their way into a Buckley Avenue home early Wednesday morning and violently robbed a couple in their 70s “This was a good multi-jurisdictional investigation,” said Alfano “We all worked together to make this happen.” The home invasion occurred about 2 a.m. Wednesday the teen and an undetermined number of others who have not been identified forced their way into the home The husband tried to fight the invaders off but one of those armed with a shotgun hit the man in the head with the butt of the gun Police do not know if the victims were targeted The only item taken was a single electronic device Police have not found the item and declined to specify what it is we though this wasn’t a random incident,” said Alfano “We’ve developed some information that indicates this may have been by chance that they may have been driving around and just chose this house.” tracked a scent through some neighboring properties to a location where police found shotgun shells on the ground A neighbor who had a security camera caught the group of people jumping into a light-colored minivan and driving off Framingham police conducting a stolen car investigation found the minivan parked on Staples Drive A Framingham police officer who was following the minivan as it was being towed saw a Ford F150 parked in the Motel 6 parking lot on Rte and knew it matched the vehicle Framingham police were looking for ammunition and a handgun that turned out to be a pellet gun He admitted to his role in the home invasion The investigation led police to a similar incident in Wellesley that may be connected The investigation led them to the Framingham teen linked to the Ashland crime Massachusetts State Police and Wellesley police all went to a Gordon Street residence in Framingham to arrest the teen jumping from a window into the awaiting arms of an Ashland police detective Police charged the teen with assault and battery with a dangerous  weapon assault and battery on a person older than 60 The teen also had four warrants for his arrest — three from Framingham and one from Wellesley “There are still some people we’re looking for but the ones who possessed the guns and committed the assaults are in custody,” said Alfano “This is still an active investigation.” Resende was arraigned Thursday in Framingham District Court and ordered held on $25,000 bail The teen is being held at a juvenile detention facility until he is arraigned next week in Framingham Juvenile Court Federal Ice and Custom Enforcement authorities have filed detainers against both Resende and the teen because they are undocumented immigrants Alfano went to Buckley Avenue and went door-to-door to speak to residents to assure them they were safe Norman Miller can be reached at 508-626-3823 or nmiller@wickedlocal.com follow Norman Miller on Twitter @Norman_MillerMW or on Facebook at facebook.com/NormanMillerCrime a revolutionary new Volkswagen factory opens in Resende The million-square-meter Resende factory did not have an ordinary assembly line staffed by Volkswagen workers: In fact the only people on Volkswagen’s payroll were the quality-control supervisors Independent subcontractors were responsible for putting together every part of the trucks and buses that the factory produced which Volkswagen called the “modular consortium,” reduced the company’s labor costs considerably by making them someone else’s problem: The company simply purchased its labor from the lowest bidder Volkswagen hoped to export this new system to all of its factories in developing countries eight different subcontractors operated their own mini-assembly shops along the main line—MWM/Cummins built and installed the transmissions and engines while Ford Motor Company supplied the cabs—and each of those companies was responsible for installing and inspecting its own components Any quality problems in the finished product were blamed on—and charged to—the subcontractor responsible The system was an enormously profitable one for Volkswagen The company was able to negotiate very low rates from its subcontractors for parts and labor so it saved money on every truck and bus that passed through the Resende plant and could pass those savings along to its customers competitors who did not use a subcontractor system had difficulty matching Volkswagen’s low prices The Resende facility may have been Volkswagen’s “Dream Factory,” as some reporters called it The mastermind behind the modular consortium idea was VW’s head of purchasing who had defected from GM three years before plans and blueprints for a factory that GM called “Plant X”: a plant that was remarkably similar to the one VW ended up building at Resende Lopez and VW faced industrial-espionage charge in Germany and the U.S. which they settled for millions of dollars the next year which refused to extradite him for trial.) Today some 4,500 people work at the Resende plant it has produced more than 300,000 trucks and buses who has been accused of shooting his significant other and fatally shooting his stepson Justelino Resende, 38, pleaded not guilty to charges of murder, possession of a firearm, and two counts of assault with attempt to murder, according to a release from the office of Plymouth County District Attorney Timothy J Brockton police responded to a report of a shooting at 93 Tribou St and found two victims suffering from apparent gunshot wounds was transported to Good Samaritan Hospital where he was pronounced dead identified as 39-year-old Felicia Cepeda Williams was taken to Boston Medical Center where she remained in treatment An subsequent investigation by local and state police led authorities to arrest Resende The district attorney’s office identified Cepeda Williams as Resende’s “female companion” and Nehemiah Prosecutors in court said Resende and Cepeda Williams had an on-and-off relationship for 13 years, and Resende had helped raise Nehemiah since he was 2, The Boston Globe reported A girl who identified Resende as her stepfather made the 911 call to police early Tuesday morning and told them that he had killed her brother Resende and Cepeda Williams reportedly had a fight Monday night which resulted in him packing his things and leaving the girl and other children at the home told authorities Cepeda Williams was sleeping in her bedroom Resende allegedly fired several shots before reaching the room — where he fired another shot in the closet to scare Cepeda Williams unaware that the 14-year-old was in there — and then shot her twice reportedly told Judge Brian Palmucci that his client is “still suffering and he is still absolutely tormented by everything that has happened The attorney added that Resende did not intend to kill the boy and showed remorse as soon as he realized what had happened a turning point in his life,” the Globe reported Resende’s next scheduled court appearance is April 27 joined Boston.com in 2022 after working for more than five years as a general assignment reporter at newspapers in Massachusetts Stay up to date on all the latest news from Boston.com has officially launched the second work shift at Nissan's Resende Industrial Complex Silva welcomed the 600 newly hired employees part of a new work shift added to absorb an increase in the local demand for the Nissan Kicks Nissan has assembled Kicks since April at its wholly owned plant in the Southern Rio de Janeiro State "This is a major milestone for Nissan," said Silva "Local production of the Kicks demonstrates the company's healthy growth We are strengthening our commitment to the country with investments and the creation of hundreds of jobs." Production of the Nissan Kicks at the Resende Industrial Complex in Brazil follows an investment of R$ 750 million ($192 million) The new employees were added to the production process gradually after being trained and prepared following Nissan's global quality standards "Nissan has world class manufacturing standards in Brazil with a focus on product quality sustainability and efficiency," said Silva a comprehensive training program is pivotal so that employees may perform their activities with autonomy the new employees underwent a four-stage training course a program specifically developed in collaboration between Nissan and SENAI a National Service for Industrial Training Those who passed the skills assessment tests after the program continued to Nissan's recruiting process Nissan's Resende Industrial Complex has now a workforce of 2,400 employees divided in two shifts as well as the modern 1-liter 3-cylinder 12V and 1.6-liter 4-cylinder 16V powertrains Mila PoliManager, Corporate CommunicationsNissan of Brazil+55 21 2134-9009mila.poli@nissan.com.br Michael FigueredoCorporate CommunicationsNissan Brazil+55 21 2134-9210michael.figueredo@nissan.com.br Ana GenaroCorporate CommunicationsNissan Brazil+55 21 2134-9194ana.genaro@nissan.com.br Reading"A lesson in experimental and..." 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POV Forward Thinking Review of the Year Jenny Brewer Olivia Hingley Ellis Tree Elizabeth Goodspeed Liz Gorny Extra Search and how a complex process can lead to a simple object It goes without saying that one of the many reasons book design is so popular amongst designers is due to its versatility It’s a specialty that the Porto-based graphic designer Ana Resende knows well having executed a myriad of book design projects ranging from books on film “making books sounded like a synthesis of what I enjoy the most.” First off Ana can be working with an artist on a compendium of their work she’s studying the details of cartography mapping a city she only knew by name previously film and architecture; two mediums she knew much about long before her interest in graphic design “it’s all about creating certain visual narratives by using not only words and images but alternative means such as rhythm book design bares a similarity to architecture in its crafting of a physical experience “You have to ‘build’ an object that has shape Ana first graduated with a degree in architecture which led her to work on a research project on the subject combined with film her first introduction to the creation of printed matter She liked it so much she decided to undertake further studies this time in graphic design and editorial projects – an outlet which largely resembles Ana’s practice to this day but with an emphasis on sophisticated spatial awareness; a product of her previous training in architecture She describes her gravitation toward graphic design as “not an obvious and premeditated choice but rather the result of a journey led by experimentation Possible Anatomies: Ana Resende in collaboration with Filipe Paixão and Corpo Atelier (Copyright © Corpo Atelier Enjoying each and every project for the new challenges it brings Ana attacks her briefs with a consistent methodology or way of thinking shaped also by her architecture education The physical output tends to vary depending on the process “I believe I don’t have a strong sense of authorship (at least not premeditatedly)” she says her work is a result of multiple inputs which enriches both the creative journey and the final piece in turn you raise the bar and always learn something along the way.” which exemplify Ana’s evolving creative philosophy Possible Anatomies – a collaboration with fellow Portuguese designer Filipe Paixão and architecture studio Corpo Atelier – details a catalogue of the latter’s practice Ana explains the challenges with this brief: “For a long time they wanted to catalogue their practice which is profoundly based in the production not only of buildings but also of physical objects such as drawings and models they knew by doing so (making a mere catalogue) the very essence of its work would not be properly conveyed in print.” In order to showcase the physicality of Corpo Atelier’s practice “a performative and mental process of discovery” Despite working intimately on this makeshift catalogue Ana and Filipe only met once due to the pandemic as Ana finds it integral in getting to know one’s ideas expectations and feelings with this kind of highly conceptual yet technical work the designers landed on a way to communicate Corpo Atelier’s message while respecting their respective perspectives at the same time The end result is a book inside a plaster model a book presented which also acts as question mark Corpo Atelier adds: “By making it unavailable with no correspondence to the physical reality of the future reader the sculpture – here representing both container and content – must be destroyed Its irreparable loss is required for the book to be discovered An unavoidable consequence as both objects cannot coexist as integral realities.” Ana touches on the limited run of books designed by Unbabel a Portuguese startup developing an AI-powered human translation platform combining Neural Machine Translation with machine learning an crowdsourced model and acts as a starting point to reflect on language Ana only has one single copy as the limited distribution halted with the pandemic the designer values the project for its content printing techniques and the fact that its purpose was compromised straight after it was completed The project saw Ana and collaborator João Novais design the first issue of a magazine dedicated to literature visual art and social commentary; offering up an idea of how language evolves alongside society Compiles of three texts including a non-fiction essay and two short stories the publication explores the dialogue between humans and nature how emails can be seen as emotional connections in the digital age and the evolution of the first extraterrestrial language the designers considered how to reproduce the experience of an endless space within the limitation of a book allowing the text to flow from one page to another in a legible way they also wanted the illustrations to appear continuous “It had to express complex ideas with simple forms and limited means,” asserts Ana the collaborators opted to use offset LedUV printing on black paper as an opportunity to test the limits of the printing method; using only four tools – black pink and brightness (varnish) – to add to the puzzle “A complex process to build a simple object,” the beautiful outcome is aesthetically considered to match its rigorous conceptual process And as long as there are new avenues of intrigue for Ana to interrogate the future of her creative practice remains intact “The day I know what I will be doing,” she finally goes on to say Ana Resende in collaboration with João Novais: Future Perfect written by The Royal Studio (Copyright © Ana Resende Further Infowww.ana-resende.com Jynann Ong Jynann joined It’s Nice That as an editorial assistant in August 2018 after graduating from The Glasgow School of Art’s Communication Design degree In March 2019 she became a staff writer and in June 2021 Fancy a bit of It's Nice That in your inbox Sign up to our newsletters and we'll keep you in the loop with everything good going on in the creative world Instagram TikTok LinkedIn Facebook Twitter Pinterest About Careers at It’s Nice That Privacy Policy Insights Residence Creative Lives in Progress If You Could Jobs © It’s Nice That 2024 · Nice Face Logo © It’s Nice That sweat and solidarity of musical subculture In the newest instalment of his illustrated series Brian Blomerth explores the life of John C Lilly – the scientist that used ketamine to speak to dolphins Our Amsterdam correspondent analyses why the city is so known for its publishing prowess and shares a comprehensive list of places for designers Claire’s approach to graphic design questions (and subverts) traditional graphic design methodologies curiosity and an open heart steer Margherita Sabbioneda and Barbara Nassisi’s creative practice Contemporary Haggadot are upending tradition and asking what freedom – and Jewishness – look like now The result of a bizarre obsession with this red member of the chicory family the publication is a photographic and material study of the striking plant the screenplay book – art directed by Actual Source – echoes the emotional honesty of Celine Song’s poignant film Collecting 200 fabric samples of clothing across several thousand miles of coastline the artist has created a typology that traces the tangible effects of the world’s most environmentally damaging industry Out of the Void curates the entire back catalogue of the record label’s releases The limited edition book is a time capsule of a fascinating era for independent artists Co-founder of The White Pube Zarina Muhammad took to the Nicer Tuesdays stage to outline the narrative behind the duo’s debut book Poor Artists – a story about making art under capitalism The writer and art critic gave us an insight into the early days of the The White Pube and how this led to the making of a Penguin-published book www.ana-resende.com The Porto-based graphic designer explains her unexpected route into graphic design About Contact Advertising Opportunities Newsletters Insights + Opinion Creatives + Projects Advice + Resources Culture + Lifestyle Nicer Tuesdays The View From... POV Forward Thinking Review of the Year Jenny Brewer Olivia Hingley Ellis Tree Elizabeth Goodspeed Liz Gorny Instagram TikTok LinkedIn Facebook Twitter Pinterest Careers at It’s Nice That Privacy Policy Insights Residence Creative Lives in Progress If You Could Jobs Faulkner University Bruno Resende has kept his passion for soccer and futsal alive even after gradation and shares his love for the sport with the youth of Montgomery and the River Region Bruno’s goal is to help athletes reach their next level technically and tactically through the most advanced youth development methodology worldwide: Brazilian Futsal The holistic player development off-the-field is also within Bruno’s coaching style As director of coaching for FC Montgomery Soccer Futsal Coach Bruno oversees all aspects of both outdoor travel soccer and indoor local futsal programs and is involved in the coaching of all his teams He recently was honored as Faulkner’s Department of Kinesiology and Exercise Science as this year’s Marketplace Faith Friday Forums’ Young Alumni high school and club level in Montgomery for the past 14 years Portuguese and Spanish has also allowed him to work with many international and domestic athletes on recruiting Resende developed a love for the River Region and the South Georgia during his soccer career and conducted many Brazilian Soccer camps in Southern California and Colorado Bruno has bachelor’s degrees in sports management and sports leadership together with along with a master’s degree in PE Auburn University Montgomery and Faulkner University He is a certified K-12 teacher with multiple coaching certificates and licenses from UFMG Coach Bruno’s wife Brooke is also known by the FCM kids as coach Peaches and the Resende’s kids are Susan Joy and Michael Bosco Tweets by @FaulknerEdu Try a different filter or a new search keyword who has made a habit out of bringing attention to old Brazilian music After spending two years working with Far Out to restore the tapes Resende tragically passed away last November at the age of 73 Now that it’s finally seeing the light of day this release stands as a vital piece of not just Resende’s own history Marcos Resende & Index features six funky freewheeling compositions recorded by a band consisting of Resende on keyboards Resende’s keys frequently come to the fore of the arrangements through both his melodic playing and the soft chords that wander in and out of the mix mimicking strings that give the whole project a dreamy quality (Jack McDuff leaned on a similar vibe on Sophisticated Funk The track sends Marcos Resende & Index off with its most visceral moment pinning the button on a singular set that has BROCKTON — A 38-year-old Brockton man was arraigned in Brockton District Court Tuesday afternoon on charges he murdered his 14-year-old stepson and seriously injured the boy's mother early Tuesday morning Justelino Resende was charged with one count of murder two counts of assault and attempt to murder and one count of possession of an unlicensed firearm and FID card according to Plymouth County Assistant District Attorney Sharon Thibeault Resende is the longtime "on and off boyfriend" of the injured victim Felicia Cepeda Williams Resende and Williams had been together for 13 years and they cared for Williams' three kids from a previous relationship as well as three other children whom the pair had together Resende had helped raise the teenager he allegedly killed since he was 2 years old covering most of his face for the entire hearing His family members sat in the courtroom and were also emotional 'Book wars' in East Bridgewater?A parent complained about a library book. E. Bridgewater is going to keep it on the shelf. Throughout Monday night and early Tuesday morning and Williams told her older daughters not to intervene in the argument," Thibeault said Resende left the home the pair shared on Tribou Street When he later returned to the home around 1:50 a.m. as were a few other children of the couple — who were sleeping — and Valencia was the 9-1-1 caller who called police She reported Resende shot at least two rounds in her direction one of which investigators located in the wall near where she was standing and then the defendant went to seek out Williams Williams was not originally in the bedroom the pair shared so the defendant then sought out Williams in the bedroom she sometimes slept in with her children Williams was in bed with one of her children and the 14-year-old was sleeping in the closet which he was frequently known to do," Thibeault said How violent is Brockton? We compared it to 8 other cities to get the real answer. "Williams' older daughter then told police he was shouting throughout the house but she could not understand what he was saying," she said One at the closet area in an attempt to scare Williams "Her daughter said she found her mother gasping for air." The shot at the closet killed the 14-year-old boy He was transported to Good Samaritan Medical Center where he was pronounced dead where she is continuing to be treated for her injuries Before departing to be treated for her injuries Resende took off in his white Honda Civic to his mother's house on Grafton Street The defendant's half brother was also home when he arrived He overheard that Resende told his mother he "killed his woman," Thibeault said I killed Felicia," Resende allegedly told his mother she asked him where he put the gun and he said he didn't know Police located Resende at his mother's house after putting a call out for his vehicle Officers placed Resende in the back of a police cruiser and read him his rights "I hope Felicia lives to see what she did" and then rescinded that statement and said Police also have the gun Resende allegedly used in their possession after Thibeault presented the facts of the case requested the judge "consider a cash bail" for Resende the (defendant) is visibly tormented," Pond said "He is someone who is going through a mental crisis right now." was working two jobs to support the six kids he was helping raise with Williams Resende is due back in court April 27 for a probable cause hearing According to District Attorney Timothy Cruz who was also present at the arraignment the couple had previously complained about each other but had never gone through with filing restraining orders and Resende had also served 18 months in prison for a previous gun charge in 2017 and it is good Resende is being held accountable for his actions," Cruz said "There is a 14 year old who is dead who should've been in school today We are left with 'why?,' why did the defendant do this," he continued "We hope to get justice for him and for this family who has suffered a tragedy today." Cruz was not aware of Williams' medical status but added that she had undergone a few surgeries and was still in the hospital This is the second homicide in Brockton this year, following the Dollar Tree shooting on Jan Superintendent of Brockton Public Schools Mike Thomas said in a written statement Tuesday morning that the 14-year-old victim was a student at the Brockton Therapeutic Day School who "tragically died at his home last night." The Office of Student Support Services is working with the school's principal and counselors to provide social emotional support to the student's classmates "Our hearts go out to the student's family and loved ones as they process this unthinkable loss," Thomas said Staff writer Namu Sampath can be reached at nsampath@enterprisenews.com or you can follow her on Twitter @namusampath please consider supporting quality local journalism by purchasing a d Brazil – A major milestone was achieved this week by Nissan's Resende Industrial Complex Less than four years since start of operations Nissan's plant in Brazil has produced its 200,000th engine – a 1.6-liter This extremely energy efficient engine powers three Nissans made in Resende: March 12V engine that equips the Nissan March and Nissan Versa "Every new milestone achieved further demonstrates the strategic position held by the Resende Industrial Complex in Nissan's corporate strategy both in Brazil and Latin America," said Hitoshi Mano "Production of our 200,000 engine is a landmark that confirms our capacity to meet a growing demand in Brazil and elsewhere in the region." Related:Nissan's Resende plant in Brazil celebrates exporting 20,000 cars 150,000 reasons to be proud: Nissan plant in Brazil celebrates key milestone Michael FigueredoCorporate CommunicationsNissan Brazil+55 21 2134-9210 michael.figueredo@nissan.com.br Ana GenaroCorporate CommunicationsNissan Brazil+55 21 2134-9194ana.genaro@nissan.com.br At Digitas, Nat Resende and David Mackereth focus on initiatives for top clients reputation-building projects and new business growth Both joined the agency’s Detroit ops last year after tenures at crosstown shop Campbell-Ewald We spent two minutes with Nat and David to learn more about their backgrounds creative inspirations and recent work they’ve admired 2 Minutes With is our regular interview series where we chat with creatives about their backgrounds, creative inspirations, work they admire and more. For more about 2 Minutes With, or to be considered for the series, please get in touch. Jessica MacAulay is a contributor for Muse by Clio She's also a recent graduate of the University of Colorado Boulder's College of Media BROCKTON — A city man on the state police's Most Wanted List was arrested at a home in Miami by troopers assigned to the Violent Fugitive Apprehension Section working with Brockton police detectives and the United States Marshals Service recently developed information that Resende fled to Florida "An address was developed on this date and Resende was taken into custody by deputy U.S marshals and local task force officers assigned to the Fort Lauderdale United States Marshals Service Regional Task Force," Procopio said Resende was charged as a fugitive from justice in Florida and awaits rendition on the local charges Resende is facing numerous charges related to a shooting on Aug The shooting occurred outside 24-26 Wilmington St. a street on the city’s north side that was also the location of shots fired last June the city’s electronic gunfire detection system Officers found at least five shell casings in the driveway of the home They didn’t locate any victims at the scene but they did find a blood trail on the ground leading into one of the homes showed up at Good Samaritan Medical Center with gunshot wounds to her ankles from the incident on Wilmington Street The injuries were described by police as as not life-threatening police filed several charges against Resende including assault and battery with a dangerous weapon two counts of illegal possession of ammunition discharging a firearm within 500 feet of a building illegal possession of a large-capacity feeding device possession with intent to distribute a Class D substance and domestic violence assault and battery He was then added to the state police Most Wanted List on Sept police said the firearm from the shooting had not been located and Resende was to be considered "armed and dangerous." "Further investigation led to the recovery of a sizable quantity of illegal narcotics resulting in additional charges of trafficking in more than 10 grams of fentanyl," police said Resende is known to police and has a lengthy criminal history He was arrested in April 2015 and charged with drunken driving after police said he drove through a stop sign and struck two cars He was also charged in April 2014 with possession with intent to distribute cocaine and conspiracy to violate drug laws He has faced other charges dating back to when he was 17 years old It wasn't immediately clear when Resende would return to Massachusetts to face arraignment thinking of architecture as a choreography through space the architects have developed the whole project as an investigation on sensory spatial perception with a sequence of closed and open areas towards the sky, allowing visitors to experience an ever-changing environment photo by ruy teixeira the plot featured a pre-existing building, whose structure was preserved and became a guideline for the new opaque facade designed by entre terras and pablo resende what looks as rigid and geometric from the outside becomes fluid and flexible when entering the building the interior is organized as a series of rooms of different shapes with nothing but the sky forming the ceiling in some areas the space in between these rooms forms a maze-like structure with an intimate circulation that leads to the dressing rooms the surfaces of the project are just the result of adding or unveiling layers of materials the rough texture of the walls appears as a reinterpretation of ordinary landscapes and cityscapes while the sandstone used is a reminder of the beaches that ‘haight clothing’ originates from the whole stone formation is characterized by a spontaneous accumulation of sand layers deposited through time the project is essentially a handmade process of sculpting making all the natural features evident within the space image by pedro kok the spatial sequence image courtesy of entre terras voids and skylights image courtesy of entre terras plan image courtesy of entre terras name: haigh clothing architecture office: entre terras designboom has received this project from our ‘DIY submissions‘ feature, where we welcome our readers to submit their own work for publication. see more project submissions from our readers here. edited by: myrto katsikopoulou | designboom AXOR presents three bathroom concepts that are not merely places of function but destinations in themselves — sanctuaries of style This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page.