Metrics details A Publisher Correction to this article was published on 19 August 2021 This article has been updated and the type of soil used for breeding are also factors that may contribute further to population isolation in consequence favor genetic differentiation and studying the microevolutionary processes that act at the level of sandflies vector populations is key for the identification of these patterns which are baselines for the epidemiological studies surveillance and vector control strategies umbratilis populations could be highly susceptible to evolve into differentiated populations evolutionary lineages and distinct species the presence of cryptic or sibling species complexes in a given region can produce heterogeneous patterns of parasite transmission because they may differ in vector competence (the intrinsic ability of a vector to transmit a pathogen) feeding behavior and breeding sites as well as they may either occur sympatrically or have distinct geographical distributions isozymes are not appropriated markers to separate species that have recently diverged two distinct groups were observed: one group clustered individuals from Rio Preto da Eva (north Amazon River and east Negro River) plus Recife and clustered only individuals of Manacapuru (interfluve located of the north Amazon River and west of Negro River) This finding indicates that the Recife population may have been derived from populations from the north Amazon River most of these studies are based on samples from a small number of locations additional investigations are needed to fully elucidate the number of species in this complex and the role of each one in the transmission of Le Such information provides an essential baseline for epidemiology as well as for surveillance and vector control measures the current study investigated the molecular variation and phylogeographic structure of L umbratilis populations collected from nine geographic areas in the Brazilian Amazon region inferred by sequencing of two mitochondrial fragments (COI and Cytb genes) to test the hypotheses: (1) Are the largest rivers in the Brazilian Amazon acting as barriers on the L (2) Are the populations located on the opposite banks of the Amazon and Negro Rivers and in the interfluves genetically different (interfluves = beard or the elevated area between two watercourses or two valleys); (3) How many lineages or species exist within L specimens were preserved in 95% ethanol and stored at – 20 °C until genomic DNA was extracted Sample collections were made under the System of Information on the Biodiversity (SISBIO) using permanent license number 38440-1 awarded to VMS Total genomic DNA was extracted individually from whole sandflies using the Phenol–Chloroform protocol43 with the DNA pellet resuspended in 30 μL of 1xTE buffer (10 mM Tris-Cl pH 8.0; 1 mM EDTA pH 8.0) or in sterile water A small aliquot of this DNA was stored at − 20 °C and used in the amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the two analyzed markers All DNA remaining from the specimens was kept frozen at − 81 °C as voucher DNA in the vector insect collection at the Laboratory of Population Genetics and Evolution of Vector Mosquitoes at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia DNA extracted from all individuals was amplified with specific oligonucleotide primers for the two genes The PCR reactions was included Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase of High Fidelity (LIFE TECHNOLOGY) and negative control was included for all reactions The PCR products were electrophoresed in 1% agarose gel stained with Gel Red Nucleic Acid Gel Stain (BIOTIUM INC. USA) and visualized under UV light to check the size and quality of expected products The amplified products were purified using PEG precipitation (20% polyethylene glycol 8000 and 2.5 M NaCl) Both DNA strands were sequenced using the Big Dye Terminator Kit The reactions were electro-injected in an automated ABI 3130 xl Genetic Analyzer (APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS and a negative control was used in all reactions and visualized under UV light to verify the size and quality of expected products Amplified products purification and sequencing reactions were carried out as described above the possibility that all samples analyzed formed a single network or two or more disconnected networks was investigated for each marker two simultaneous independent runs of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) were performed for 100 million generations while sampling every 1000 generations with a burn-in of 25% Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) were used to assess nodal support the distance between the clusters is approximately proportional to the genetic distances between species Tajima’s D was run to test strict neutrality was estimated to test population size stability The latter test is more powerful for detecting population expansion and genetic hitchhiking all sequences from both datasets were used and 1–9 clusters were employed (the upper corresponding to the total number of sampled localities) The most probable genetic cluster configuration was prepared by comparing the log-likelihood values of the best models and the standard errors were estimated by bootstrapping with 1000 replicates Straight-line geographic distances among the localities were estimated using Google Earth The molecular variation and phylogeographic structure of nine natural populations of L. umbratilis from the Brazilian Amazon were estimated. A total of 176 specimens were analyzed for COI and 187 for Cytb, totaling 363 individuals sequenced (Table 1) Fragment sizes were 1181 bp and 512 bp for COI and Cytb All alignments were unambiguous and no insertions or deletions were detected in either dataset Transitions (89.68%; 83.33%) were more common than transversions (10.32%; 16.67%) with most occurring at the third codon position (all synonymous) for both markers COI and Cytb had 110 (9.31%) and 41 (8.01%) variable sites of which 56 (4.74%) and 14 (2.73%) were parsimoniously informative The average nucleotide composition for the COI was 39.9% T Parsimony haplotypes network of the 89 haplotypes obtained for COI in the nine Lutzomyia umbratilis populations from the Brazilian Amazon. H1 to H89 = haplotypes. I to VI = Haplogroups. The haplotype circle sizes are proportional to number of individuals observed in each haplotype (see Table S1) Full smaller circles (in black) represent mutational events Parsimony haplotypes network of the 36 haplotypes obtained for Cytb in the nine Lutzomyia umbratilis populations from the Brazilian Amazon. H1 to H36 = haplotypes. I and II = Haplogroups. The haplotype circle sizes are proportional to number of individuals observed in each haplotype (see Table S1) In haplogroup II, H22 was the most common haplotype (Fig. 3) It was shared by 66 individuals situated on both sides of the Negro River (27 from Manacapuru 22 from Novo Airão [both north of the Amazon River and west of Negro River and 17 from Pitinga [north of the Amazon River and east of Negro River]) and H23 from Pitinga were derived haplotypes and were connected to H22 by only one mutation H11 (BR-174 Highway) and H15 (RP and MN) connected the two haplogroups by two mutations H8 haplotype (derived) was shared by individuals of the Pitinga and Cachoeira Porteira (same bank) and could suggest contemporaneous gene flow whereas in haplogroup II the sharing of H22 haplotype (likely the ancestral form) by individuals from the opposite banks could indicate historical genetic connectivity Lutzomyia anduzei and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata were used as outgroups The three GMYC, bGMYC and ABGD delimiters employed identified seven, six and four lineages for L. umbratilis, respectively (Fig. 5) the populations from north group (except Porto Grande/ Serra do Navio and lineage 5 from Pitinga) and Manacapuru and Novo Airão were included in the same lineage the bGMYC model identified a lineages number (six) compatible with others analyses French Guiana (square shape in black color) PCA analysis clearly separated six genetic groups for the COI (Fig. 7), with the sample from Autazes (Lineage 6) being the most distant one. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCA) generated based on the 89 haplotypes of COI. The colors of the lineages followed the same pattern of the Fig. 5 Table S2 shows the intra-population genetic diversity measures and neutrality tests for COI and Cytb genetic variation was higher in COI than Cytb for all samples especially in the samples from Manacapuru and Novo Airão most pairwise comparisons had high and significant FST values regardless whether the compared populations were situated on the same or opposite sides of the rivers and between interfluves This result is due to the genetic subdivision of the Pitinga sample and the highly divergent haplotypes of Porto Grande/Serra do Navio the highest and most significant FST values were observed in the comparisons involving the Autazes sample that ranged from 0.7171 (Pitinga versus Autazes) to 0.9333 (Rio Preto da Eva versus Autazes) where low genetic distances were observed between localities situated on the same side of the rivers and within interfluves whereas high and significant genetic distance values were detected between localities from opposite sides and between interfluves Autazes and Porto Grande/Serra do Navio samples were included in the comparisons the genetic distance values varied depending on the sample Higher FST values were observed (0.4870) between Manaus versus Pitinga (same side) than between Manacapuru versus Pitinga samples (0.1559) and Novo Airão versus Pitinga (0.1395) Table S3 also provides the average number of nucleotide substitutions per site between samples (Dxy) the number of net nucleotide substitutions per site between samples (Da) the number of shared polymorphisms between pairs of samples (Ss) and the number of fixed differences between pairs of samples (Sf) for the two genes Da and Sf values were found in the comparisons between Autazes versus Cachoeira Porteira and between Autazes versus Manacapuru (both with Sf = 15) and between Autazes versus Manaus and between Autazes versus Porto Grande/Serra do Navio (both with Sf = 18) the highest values were between Autazes versus Manacapuru and between Autazes versus Novo Airão (both with Sf = 8) These ranged from 0.05% (between lineages I and II) to 1.7% (between lineages II and III) anduzei genetic distances varied from 4.4% to 4.5% A Mantel test was used to analyze the correlation between genetic and geographic distances among samples for each marker These analyses showed that there was no correlation between genetic and geographic distances for either marker (COI: r = 0.128849 Population genetics through access to population structure analyses demographic history and evolutionary relationships has become an indispensable discipline in evolutionary biology allowing the discovery of evolutionary lineages and hidden species The differences in levels of diversity and genetic structure between COI and Cytb genes observed here indicate that they evolve at different rates consequently it shows an older evolutionary history for these populations compared with the highly variable COI gene the exceptions were observed between Pitinga and the remaining locations from northern Amazon and east of Negro Rivers and between Pitinga and Manacapuru/Novo Airão along with the amenable environmental conditions for adaptation and also drift may have contributed to the emergence and marked differentiation of the three main genetic lineages observed in this study which we presumed to have similar dispersion patterns did not support this fluvial system acting as physical barriers between populations of these species Such differences may suggest either lack of a common evolutionary history affecting these species or distinct dispersion rates for these species Further studies will be required to support or refute these hypotheses the dispersal of the individuals would have occurred step by step across of these islands especially in the dry season when the land span of the islands may be greater this region from Negro River would be acting (or acted) as a porous barrier to gene flow between populations of the opposite sides in this stretch of River focusing on a broader sampling and the use of genomic approaches such as RADseq that provide higher resolution to detect genetic structure and heterozygous individuals will be needed to clarify these findings recorded at Pitinga On the other hand, the Lineage 6 (Autazes) was the most isolated from remaining lineages (Fig. 7); a result congruent with haplotype network genetic structure and phylogenetic analyses The population of Autazes is situated to south Amazon River and did not share haplotypes with any other population analyzed Amazon River is considered the widest in the world and in the rainy season it may reach up ~ 50 km wide the genetic isolation observed for Autazes population indicates that the Amazon River acts as effective barrier to the dispersal between individuals from opposites banks as consequence the Autazes population was the most divergent Genomics approach using loci involved in the different biologic aspects of L some of these efforts may be focused on the mechanisms that determine the efficiency as vector as well as to identify specific loci (outliers) that are acting in the most variable adaptability processes of these lineages we also recorded a new independently evolving lineage in Autazes our findings provide convincing arguments in favor of the hypothesis that what is currently termed L so that the other two taxa therefore represent unrecognized species umbratilis three lineages in the Brazilian Amazon The origin of these lineages is most likely to be associated with the formation of the Amazon drainage system and its tributaries The first and second lineages are on the north of the Amazon/east of the Negro Rivers and north of the Amazon/west of the Negro Rivers respectively; 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Complete mtDNA genome of Anopheles darlingi and an approach to anopheline divergence time. Malaria J. 9, 127. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 Download references This study was funded by National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) grants Toby Vincent Barrett and 575482/2008-7 to V by the Foundation of Research Support of the State of Amazonas (FAPEAM) William Ernest Magnusson and by the PROEQUIPAMENT-CAPES Raimundo Nonato Picanço Souto (Universidade Federal do Amapá) by logistic support during the collections in Porto Grande/Serra do Navio João Rafael Oliveira (Entomology at INPA) who kindly prepared the figures of this article decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript Laboratório de Genética de Populações e Evolução de Mosquitos Vetores Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Estado do Amazonas R.B.A.: Collected and identified the specimens A.S.C.M.: Contributed with phylogenetic analyses All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript The authors declare no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations The original online version of this Article was revised: The original version of this Article contained errors Modifications have been made to the Abstract and Figure 5 Full information regarding the corrections made can be found in the correction for this Article Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93072-4 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science 40: Força Nacional de Segurança Pública Deployed to Manaus in Aftermath of Comando Vermelho Violence on the Streets An outbreak of criminal attacks on police stations and banks erupted in the aftermath of the killing of a Comando Vermelho (CV or Red Command) leader in a confrontation with the Polícia Militar (PM) do Amazonas in Manaus Brazil and surrounding cities on Saturday 5 June 2021 The violence started the following day on Sunday 6 June 2021 targeting police public spaces and banks in a series of shootings and arson attacks Attacks continued through Tuesday 8 June 2021 Força Nacional de Segurança Pública (National Public Security Force) Vehicle Source: Wikimedia Commons,  Creative Commons CC BY 2.0 Key Information: Rodrigo Pedroso, “Arson and vandalism sweep Brazilian city of Manaus after death of criminal leader.” CNN News. 6 June 2021, https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/06/americas/manaus-crime-wave-gang-leader-intl-latam/index.html: Police have been ordered into the streets of the Brazilian city of Manaus, amid a wave of attacks on buses cars and banks that began on Saturday night and forced the city to halt public transportation and left some residents afraid to leave home State officials said criminal gangs in Manaus organized the arson attacks from prison in retribution for the reported death of one of their leaders during a police raid on Saturday Images of the weekend’s damage show burned-out buses and bank offices filled with rubble… …Manaus is a strategic outpost on the international trafficking route of drugs produced in Colombia and Peru Fighting between rival criminal factions led to massacres of inmates in city jails in both 2017 and 2019 Key Information: Fabiano Maisonnave, “Manaus vive madrugada de ataques e incêndios após PM matar liderança do tráfico.” Folha de S.Paulo. 6 June 2021, https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2021/06/manaus-vive-madrugada-de-ataques-e-incendios-apos-pm-matar-lideranca-do-trafico.shtml: Manaus e três cidades do interior do Amazonas registraram diversos ataques incendiários neste domingo (6) em reação ao assassinato de um líder do tráfico pela Polícia Militar (PM) .  Integrantes da facção criminosa CV (Comando Vermelho) depredaram 15 ônibus do transporte público municipal de Manaus 2 viaturas policiais e 1 ambulância do Samu (Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência).[1] Key Information: “Onda de ataques em Manaus: o que se sabe e o que ainda falta esclarecer.” G1 (Globo). 7 June 2021, https://g1.globo.com/am/amazonas/noticia/2021/06/07/onda-de-ataques-em-manaus-o-que-se-sabe-e-o-que-ainda-falta-esclarecer.ghtml: …Os ataques ocorreram em Manaus e nove cidades do interior: Carauari os homens atearam fogo em pelo menos 21 veículos sendo 14 ônibus do transporte coletivo e duas viaturas policiais eles usaram coquetel molotov: uma recipiente cheio de combustível com pavio no gargalo…  …O explosivo também foi jogado em prédios públicos, como agências bancárias, estações de ônibus e um distrito de obras da prefeitura de Manaus com ataques registrados em todas as suas regiões.[2] Key Information: João Bosco Cyrino, “Caos no Amazonas: guerra entre facção criminosa e polícia se soma à tragédia da covid.” Brasil de Fato. 8 June 2021, https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2021/06/08/caos-no-amazonas-guerra-entre-faccao-criminosa-e-policia-se-soma-a-tragedia-da-covid: Esta é a maior demonstração de força da facção no Amazonas desde 2019 quando assumiu o controle do crime organizado no estado, após uma guerra de dois anos com a facção Família do Norte escolas e serviços públicos — incluindo a vacinação contra a Covid-19 — foram suspensas por falta de capacidade dos governos estadual e municipais de coibir atos de violência A população vive o desespero de não saber como terminará esse embate entre polícia e CV deixamos de ter o bandido conhecido da comunidade e vivemos com traficantes que vieram de fora” conta um arquiteto de 63 residente em um dos bairros controlados pelo CV em Manaus Ele afirma que “a Família do Norte” tinha parentes e amigos na região por isso a situação não chegava ao ponto de violência atual convivemos com o crime numa zona de guerra sem valor sentimental ou senso de comunidade com bandidos que só recebem ordens vindas do Rio de Janeiro”.[3] Key Information: Chris Dalby, “Could Militia-Red Command Feud Explain Manaus Violence in Brazil?” InSight Crime. 9 June 2021, https://insightcrime.org/news/could-militia-red-command-feud-explain-manaus-violence-in-brazil/: The ire of the Red Command came after one of its leaders in the Amazon region, Erick Batista, alias “Dadinho,” was killed by police near Manaus on June 5 The violence was “motivated by the death of a trafficker known as Dadinho and intelligence showed that the order [for the violence] came from within prisons,” said the secretary of public security for Amazonas state However, [an uncorroborated] letter reportedly sent by the CV to the press provided a different version of events the gang alleged that Batista and Bonates knew each other and that a pact between police and the CV had been reached The letter accused Bonates of being a part of a militia-like organization within Amazonas’ military police The group alleged that Bonates met with Batista 40 days before his death demanding the gang member pay him a bribe of 600,000 reais ($120,000) in cash It also listed a number of alleged criminal acts involving Bonates Key Information: “Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública autoriza uso da Força Nacional no Amazonas.” Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública (MJSP), Governo Federal do Brasil. 8 June 2021, https://www.gov.br/mj/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/ministerio-da-justica-e-seguranca-publica-autoriza-uso-da-forca-nacional-no-amazonas: O ministro da Justiça e Segurança Pública, Anderson Torres, autorizou o emprego da Força Nacional de Segurança Pública (FNSP) em apoio ao governo do Amazonas, após o estado sofrer uma onda de violência. A Portaria MJSP nº 254/2021 foi publicada nesta terça-feira (8) o emprego da Força Nacional será de 30 dias a medida visa preservar a ordem pública e da segurança das pessoas e do patrimônio “A Força Nacional de Segurança Pública vai reforçar o policiamento no enfrentamento da crise provocada pela onda de violência e incêndios na região O Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública está atento para combater a criminalidade Essas medidas exigem uma atuação integrada e coordenada das forças de segurança” A atuação do efetivo da Força Nacional poderá ser prorrogada A operação tem apoio logístico do estado demandante que deverá dispor da infraestrutura necessária aos agentes de segurança pública.[4][5] Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública autoriza uso da Força Nacional no Amazonas (MJSP – Ministry of Justice and Public Security authorizes use of the Força Nacional in Amazonas.) Source: MJSP the Comando Vermelho (CV – Red Command) initiated a series of attacks thoughout the Manaus region in Amazonas.  The attacks were part of a broader conflict with the Polícia Militar do Amazonas (Amazonas Military Police or PM) in retaliation for the death of Erick Batista da Costa known as ‘Dadinho.’  Dadinho was a CV leader killed in a confrontation with the PM’s special ROCAM unit (Rondas Ostensivas Cândido Mariano) a tactical response and saturation patrol enforcement capability.[6]    “Dadinho” and Items Seized During a 2017 Warrant Arrest Source: Polícia Civil do Estado do Amazonas (Amazonas State Civil Police) http://www.policiacivil.am.gov.br/noticia/id/6953/ano/2017/ Attacks—both shootings and arsons—were directed against police and public infrastructure and banks in Manaus and nine additional cities through out the Manaus metro region.  These additional cities included: Carauari and vaccinations were suspended during the days of armed confrontations The Força Nacional de Segurança Pública (FNSP or National Public Safety Force) a specially trained response force for civil strife was deployed for 30 days to stabilize the situation.[7] Força Nacional de Segurança Pública Deployed to Amazonas [8] Source:  Presidency of the Republic of Brasil. Twitter. 8 June 2021, https://twitter.com/secomvc/status/1402370003467477001?s=20 The CV—a gang from Rio de Janeiro—is an example of the prison-street gang complexes found in Brazil’s prisons and on the streets where gangues (gangs) and milicias (militias) compete with each other and the state for territorial control and profit.[9]  The criminal contest for power extends from the prisons to the streets and vice versa.  In this recent contest the specter of corrupt police links with milicias has been raised but is not yet substantiated.[10]  The competition for power between gangues and milicias João Bosco Cyrino, “Caos no Amazonas: guerra entre facção criminosa e polícia se soma à tragédia da covid.” Brasil de Fato. 8 June 2021, https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2021/06/08/caos-no-amazonas-guerra-entre-faccao-criminosa-e-policia-se-soma-a-tragedia-da-covid Chris Dalby, “Could Militia-Red Command Feud Explain Manaus Violence in Brazil?” InSight Crime. 9 June 2021, https://insightcrime.org/news/could-militia-red-command-feud-explain-manaus-violence-in-brazil/ Fabiano Maisonnave, “Manaus vive madrugada de ataques e incêndios após PM matar liderança do tráfico.” Folha de S.Paulo. 6 June 2021, https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2021/06/manaus-vive-madrugada-de-ataques-e-incendios-apos-pm-matar-lideranca-do-trafico.shtml “Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública autoriza uso da Força Nacional no Amazonas.” Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública (MJSP), Governo Federal do Brasil. 8 June 2021, https://www.gov.br/mj/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/ministerio-da-justica-e-seguranca-publica-autoriza-uso-da-forca-nacional-no-amazonas Rodrigo Pedroso, “Arson and vandalism sweep Brazilian city of Manaus after death of criminal leader.” CNN News. 6 June 2021, https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/06/americas/manaus-crime-wave-gang-leader-intl-latam/index.html the title reads: “Manaus lives in the middle of the night of attacks and fires after the PM kills the trafficking leader.” The text reads: “Manaus and three cities in the interior of Amazonas registered several arson attacks this Sunday (6) in reaction to the murder of a drug lord by the Military Police (PM) Members of the criminal faction CV (Comando Vermelho) [Red Command] depredated 2 police vehicles and 1 SAMU (Mobile Emergency Care Service) ambulance.” the title reads: “Wave of attacks in Manaus: what is known and what remains to be clarified.” The text reads: “Amazonas suffered a wave of violent attacks between the 6th and 8th of June by criminal groups Several vehicles were set on fire and public buildings There were also attacks in at least nine cities in the interior”…“The attacks took place in Manaus and nine cities in the interior: Carauari including 14 public transport buses and two police vehicles they used Molotov cocktail: a container full of fuel with a wick in the neck.”…“The explosive [incendiary device] was also dropped on public buildings bus stations and a construction district of the Manaus city hall with attacks registered in all its regions.” the title reads: “Chaos in Amazonas: war between criminal faction and police adds to the tragedy of Covid.” The text reads: “The state of Amazonas has been experiencing a new wave of violence since last Saturday (5) after the death of an important member of the Rio de Janeiro criminal gang Comando Vermelho (CV) in a confrontation with the Amazonas Military Police Both the capital and the interior suffered attacks and fires at police stations retaliation for the death of Erick Batista da Costa Criminal violence comes as one more factor to form the “perfect storm” that descends on the population.”…“This is the biggest show of strength by the faction in Amazonas since 2019 when it took control of organized crime in the state after a two-year war with the Família do Norte faction.”…“In the last 48 hours schools and public services—including vaccination against Covid-19—were suspended due to the lack of capacity of state and municipal governments to curb acts of violence The population lives the despair of not knowing how this clash between police and CV will end.”…“With the arrival of the Comando Vermelho we no longer have the bandit known to the community and we live with drug dealers who came from outside” says a 63-year-old architect who lives in one of the neighborhoods controlled by CV in Manaus who requested anonymity for fear of reprisals He says that ‘the Northern Family’ had relatives and friends in the region so the situation did not reach the point of current violence we live with crime in a war zone with no sentimental value or sense of community with bandits who they only receive orders from Rio de Janeiro.’” the title reads: “Ministry of Justice and Public Security authorizes use of the Força Nacional [National Force] in Amazonas.”  The text reads: “The Minister of Justice and Public Security authorized the use of the Força Nacional de Segurança Pública (FNSP) [National Public Security Force] in support of the government of Amazonas after the state suffered a wave of violence the use of the National Force will last 30 days starting today.”…“According to the minister the measure aims to preserve public order and the security of people and property ‘The National Public Security Force is going to reinforce policing to face the crisis caused by the wave of violence and fires in the region The Ministry of Justice and Public Security is keen to fight crime These measures require an integrated and coordinated action by the security forces,’ highlighted Minister Anderson Torres.”…“The performance of the Força Nacional [National Force] may be extended The operation has logistical support from the requesting state which must have the necessary infrastructure for public security agents.” [5] See “PORTARIA MJSP Nº 254, DE 7 DE JUNHO DE 2021.” Diário Oficial da União. 7 June 2021, https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/portaria-mjsp-n-254-de-7-de-junho-de-2021-324124535 [6] A state-level PM special enforcement response force. See “ROCAM” at Polícia Miltar do Amazonas, https://pm.am.gov.br/portal/pagina/rocam [8] “A Força Nacional de Segurança Pública vai apoiar o governo do Amazonas após a onda de violência e incêndios no estado O efetivo vai reforçar o policiamento durante 30 dias the text reads: “The National Public Security Force will support the government of Amazonas after the wave of violence and fires in the state The effective will reinforce the policing for 30 days The performance can be extended if necessary.” [10] Chris Dalby, “Could Militia-Red Command Feud Explain Manaus Violence in Brazil?” InSight Crime. 9 June 2021, https://insightcrime.org/news/could-militia-red-command-feud-explain-manaus-violence-in-brazil/ John P. Sullivan, José de Arimatéia da Cruz, and Robert J. Bunker, “Third Generation Gangs Strategic Note No. 32: Militias (Milícias) Surpass Gangs (Gangues) in Territorial Control in Rio de Janeiro.” Small Wars Journal John P. Sullivan, “The Challenges of Territorial Gangs: Civil Strife, Criminal Insurgencies and Crime Wars.” Revista do Ministério Público Militar (Brazil) John P. Sullivan, Robert J. Bunker, and José de Arimatéia da Cruz, “Third Generation Gangs Strategic Note No. 12: Brazilian Prison Gangs Attack Civil Infrastructure in Fortaleza and Other Cities in Ceará State.” Small Wars Journal Paul Rexton Kan, “Busted: The Micropower of Prisons in Narco States.” Small Wars Journal Unlock exclusive members-only ad-free content SIGN ME UP ￫ Tests in the laboratory corroborate the biological action of plants from the forest used by the native populations ARI HIDALGO/UFAMCaapeba: roots against malariaARI HIDALGO/UFAM There were over 350 days of expeditions over seven municipalities of the state of Amazonas in search of popular knowledge about treatments for malaria from the School of Agronomic Sciences of the São Paulo State Universities (Unesp) from the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of the Federal University of Amazonas (Ufam) proposed to survey the repertoire of leaves and the bark of plants used to prevent or alleviate the symptoms of malaria amongst the region of Manaus and the channel of the Solimões River while 32 had had it at least three times – two men claimed to have had malaria over 20 times used to looking in the forest for substances to fight its symptoms Ming and Hidalgo gathered information on the use of the 126 species described as effective such as problems with the liver and kidneys or anemia 82 referred specifically to malaria or to fever the organ most affected.In a preliminary test the researchers assessed the action of the plant extracts on larvae of Artemia franciscana a microcrustacean used to detect the bioactive potential of substances due to its capacity for surviving metabolic paralysis Only 22 of the 126 plants showed no effect on the larvae of the Artemia as in that of the extracts of sacaca (Croton cajucara) camapu or mullaca (Physalis angulata) and of caapeba (Potomorphe peltata) which does not go so far as to disqualify the popular knowledge On example is the saracura-mirá creeper (Ampelozizyphus amazonicus) the raw material of a foaming medicinal drink known as Indian beer the mortality of the crustacean ranged between 61% and 70% But there are indications that this plant may even have a role in the prevention of malaria Researchers from the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) and from the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) showed that the extract of saracura-mirá blocks the cycle of malaria in the organism preventing the protozoon that causes the disease from reaching the bloodstream and sparking off the attacks of fever Other researchers had described plants used against malaria but had limited themselves to drawing up lists of them went a little further: she did surveys in two states But this is the first time that the efficiency of extracts of plants used in Amazonas is assessed – and 22 of the 127 species had not been mentioned before in any other research the extracts will be submitted to more accurate tests with standardized strains of Plasmodium falciparum cultivated at the Amazonas Tropical Medicine Institute The intention is to use popular knowledge as a short cut to new medicines Tools like these belong to the sphere of ethnobotany which is the study of the use of plants by human groups “Malaria was introduced in the Amazon over 200 years ago and both the Indians and the caboclos (persons of mixed Brazilian Indian and European or African ancestry) had to develop their own means for treatment” “This apprenticeship is the starting point for researching for new drugs.” The strategies available for combating the disease have reached a limit have been creating resistance to insecticides is no longer effective against some strains of Plasmodium falciparum The Indians and the riverside populations have been suffering from malaria since the 18th century when the disease was brought from Africa with the colonizers Taking this experience into account may lead to new strategies for fighting it and makes the organism susceptible to other illnesses calls for the victims to travel to places that have the conditions for making a diagnosis “In the case of malaria in pregnancy” “malformation of the fetus may occur besides permanent sequelas in the child.” 99% of the cases of malaria occur in the northern region where the illness keeps up a challenging resistance: from 11,000 cases in Amazonas in 1985 there was the greatest outbreak in Amazonas with 167,722 cases registered and certainly many thousands not included in the statistics” “This was the moment that I decided to work with more perseverance in the quest for alternatives for minimizing the suffering caused by malaria.” in five journeys thatlasted on average two and a half months each visited three municipalities from the Manaus region (Careiro Presidente Figueiredo and Rio Preto da Eva) and four in the area of influence of the Solimões River (Atalaia do Norte the interviewees were selected with the support of agents from the National Health Foundation (Funasa) and volunteers from the Children’s Ministry Although Funasa sponsors periodical campaigns on the importance of combating mosquitoes, a good number of the interviewees still think that malaria is really propagated by water (please see Medicines From the Earth) “Many associate malaria with the beans that fall from a tree called baú-baú and contaminate the water” there is a coincidence between the tree’s reproductive cycle and the high waters which flood the land and favor the proliferation of the mosquitoes and Hidalgo and Ming intend to repeat their research in the channel of the Negro River where Indians show a stronger presence than caboclos technicians from Funasa have been roaming the Amazoa doing talks and campaigns to prevent and to eradicate the transmitting mosquito particularly as a way of avoiding the side effects of the pills sometimes mistaken for the symptoms of the disease itself or bark of plants like the mountain cabbage palm (Euterpe precatoria) the copal tree (Copaifera sp.) and caapeba (Pothomorphe peltata) malaria is treated But trees used medicinally like the carapanaúba (Aspidosperma sp.) are sometimes uprooted to give way to small plantations It gave me such a fit of trembling that I thought I was going to die but the second time I thought I was going to die.” Maria José Rodrigues You are rolled up in cloth but the cold doesn’t go away The researchers concluded that the strategy for combating malaria might not be bringing about the effects desired for the conviction of the population that the disease may have more than one cause: at least half of those interviewed do not regard the information given by the technicians about the forms of transmission of the protozoon that causes the disease as entirely true “It’s the following: they say it is introduced by the mosquito Careiro.”There were some nurses who went through here saying that you get it from the carapanã but I don’t known if anyone here in the community has got it that way.” Aldair Ramirez For the majority of those interviewed (84.5%) if you have malaria or have just had a bout you should follow a specific diet and avoid some kinds of meat particularly the fatty ones – known in Amazonia as rheumy – to prevent the disease from reappearing immediately.”You got malaria There are things that affect the liver a lot When you’re sick you have to eat light food.” Irondina Machado 15 or 20 days may have gone by without you feeling a thing any more but eat tapir meat to so how it comes back I’d be more scared of tapir meat than anything else.” Manoel Pinto It just has to hit your stomach and the thing comes back has more strength to ill treat a person’s organs Avoid this stuff and it will start to leave you” The Project Ethnobotany of Antimalarial Plants from the Channel of the Solimões River and the Manaus Region (nº 01/01091-2); Modality Regular Line of Research Grants; Coordinator Lin Chau Ming – Unesp; Investment R$ 31,025.11 © Revista Pesquisa FAPESP - All rights reserved. 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