Predator lived 252 million years ago and had relatives in the region of present-day Eastern Europe
Paleontologists found the fossil of an amphibian that lived some 250 million years ago
was related to species already on record in Russia
This discovery confirms suspicions that animals in that age occupied Pangea
the earth mass that then united the current continents
“It was a predator that lived for most of its time in rivers and lakes,” says paleontologist Felipe Pinheiro
of the Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA)
in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul
His workplace at the São Gabriel campus is one hour from the excavation site: a farm in the town of Rosário do Sul
described in January in scientific journal The Anatomical Record
was identified based on fossilized snout bones
rosai was part of a group of amphibians known as temnospondiles
shallow-water predators with long snouts similar to those of crocodiles
adapted for capturing fish—for this reason they were confused with reptiles
“Among the anatomical features that suggest kinship with current amphibians
some temnospondiles present evidence of a larval stage
This group survived the planet’s biggest extinction event at the end of the Permian period (299 million to 252 million years ago)
when around 90% of marine species and 70% of land-based wildlife disappeared
In a devastated world where large animals were eliminated
this amphibian was one of the most sizeable
and little-diversified animals recolonized the planet,” observes Salvadoran paleontologist Juan Carlos Cisneros
Alice Dias Fossilized snout bones enabled description of the speciesAlice Dias
carrying the advantage of having a varied diet
and probably the ability to build mucus-lined dens where it protected itself during the dry season
Cisneros states that all the animals of the period dug tunnels to protect themselves
and burrows with the skeletons of other similar amphibians have been found in South Africa
Temnospondiles became dominant during the Triassic period (252 million to 201 million years ago)
which occupied the same environment but were larger
while the amphibians depended on water to reproduce
The name Kwatisuchus comes from the Indigenous language Tupi word kwati
The additional word rosai is a nod to paleontologist Átila Stock Da-Rosa
and study the formation housing the fossil site
This is the only location in Brazil with records of the period that followed the Permian-Triassic extinction
“The UNIPAMPA team is uncovering important and little-known wildlife in Brazil,” says palaeontologist Max Langer
of the University of São Paulo’s Ribeirão Preto campus
He states that many fossils from this period have been found in countries such as China
“The connection with wildlife in the current Russia is evident at sites across Brazil’s Paraná
Alexandre Affonso / Revista Pesquisa FAPESPThe great migration According to Pinheiro
rosai likely migrated from one river to another
in the same way as cayman species that colonized Brazil
The researcher emphasizes that fossil-recording issues make it difficult to say which route the amphibians took between the current Brazil and Russia
He and his team propose two possible journeys: by the first and shortest
the animals may have crossed the central region of Pangea
This route would contradict the prevailing idea that large mountain chains isolated the northern hemisphere of Pangea
“Perhaps these mountains were not impassable as we once thought
but had dips where the animals could pass,” suggests the UNIPAMPA researcher
The other route may have been via an archipelago: the Cathaysian bridge
This would have required crossing stretches of ocean
“They may have done this using natural rafts fashioned from plants
as the monkeys did to get to America,” proposes Cisneros
it is possible that these animals were more resistant to saltwater than current amphibians
rosai and other animals collected at Sanga do Cabral have no relatives in South Africa
at that time located in a region contiguous with what is now Brazil
“There is no evidence of any barrier between one region and the other,” says Pinheiro
the Permian-Triassic extinction was caused by the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere—the result of intense volcanic activity in the region now known as Siberia
as any climate variation in a degraded environment could cause new extinctions
and came to prevail in increasingly more complex ecosystems
Scientific article PINHEIRO, F. et al. Interrelationships among Early Triassic faunas of Western Gondwana and Laurasia as illuminated by a new South American benthosuchid temnospondyl. The Anatomical Record
© Revista Pesquisa FAPESP - All rights reserved
the Brazilian land forces took delivery of the first Centauro II 8×8 wheeled armored vehicle from CIO
a joint venture between Italian Iveco Defence Vehicles and Oto Melara
which represents an essential milestone in the Viatura Blindada de Combate de Cavalaria – Média Sobre Rodas [VBC Cav MSR 8×8] project
was transported to the port of Rio de Janeiro on the container ship Grande Francia sailing under the Italian flag
The press service of the Brazilian Army (Exército Brasileiro) announced that the first unit is designed for technical trials and will undergo evaluations at the Army Evaluation Centre (Rio de Janeiro – RJ)
the Armoured Training Centre (Santa Maria – RS)
and the Barão de São Borja Training Camp (Rosário do Sul – RS)
The agency also reported that the second unit
is on its way to the country and will go through the same process as the first vehicle when it arrives in Rio
Following the successful completion of the final technical and operational evaluation of the first two prototype armored vehicles
Brazil will formalize its decision to purchase 98 vehicles from the CIO (Consorzio Iveco Oto Melara) at an estimated cost of EUR 900 million in a master contract
Brazil will purchase a second batch of seven Centauro II vehicles from the CIO for doctrinal trials
These vehicles are expected to be ordered by the end of this year and arrive in Brazil by 2026
The remaining 89 series production vehicles will be built by Iveco and Leonardo’s Brazilian subsidiary in Sete Lagoas until 2037
The Viatura Blindada de Combate de Cavalaria – Média Sobre Rodas [VBC Cav MSR 8×8] project is only part of the Army’s Armoured Forces Strategic Programme (Prg EE F Bld)
Brazil is also modernizing the VBTP-MSR Guarani
and Leopard 1A5BR tanks to contribute to the operational readiness of the Land Forces and increase its deterrent capacity until 2040
In addition to all these modernization works
Tatra Force is strengthening its land forces by purchasing a 155 mm ATMOS wheeled howitzer on a T815-7 6×6 chassis.
Tags: Brazilian Army, Centauro II, CIO Centauro II, Iveco-Oto Melara, Wheeled Armored Vehicle
The Pampa grassland of South America covers just 2% of Brazil’s territory
dwarfed to the north by the immense rainforest
wetland and savanna landscapes of the Amazon
But while global attention focuses on these latter three
with much of the grassland vegetation cleared for agriculture and forestry
agricultural land use in the Brazilian Pampa increased by 2.1 million hectares (5.2 million acres)
while forestry plantations (pine and eucalyptus) expanded by more than 720,000 hectares (1.8 million acres) — growth of 1,667%
The research also looked at the Uruguayan and Argentine portions of the Pampa (across the three countries
the biome covers a total area of 110 million hectares
or 272 million acres — nearly twice the size of France)
It showed a total reduction of 20% of the grassland vegetation in the biome from 1985-2022
including 9.1 million hectares (22.5 million acres) of native grassland
Hectare for hectare, the Brazilian Pampa has the greatest biodiversity of plant species of any of the country’s biomes
an agronomist at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
But this has suffered drastically as the native vegetation is cleared
the biome is among the most degraded in the country
ahead of the Amazon and the Cerrado,” Tiecher says
The loss of the ecosystem is the main threat to native fauna and flora
“Around a quarter of rural birds are subject to some degree of extinction threat in at least one part of the biome
and around 30 species of mammals are at risk of disappearing forever,” he says
amphibians and plants are also threatened.”
says agricultural expansion in the Pampa is taking place so rapidly that researchers are unable to monitor the real state of conservation across the biome
“On every trip to the biome to monitor and research the annual fish
we come across a more critical situation in relation to the known areas of occurrence and others that are suitable for their survival,” he says
Santos cites the case of annual rivulids, or cloud fish
which inhabit small ponds that form in the grasslands during the rainy
they grow very quickly and already reproduce
because at the end of spring their aquatic environments dry up and they die,” Santos says
“But their eggs are buried in the mud and won’t hatch until next year
there is no indication that unique species of fish live there.”
The advance of agriculture and forestry plantations — and the consequent destruction of large areas of native grassland and fields — is also contributing to aggravating an old problem in the Brazilian Pampa
dotted throughout Brazil’s south and southwest
when most of south-central Brazil was an immense desert
Known geologically as the Botucatu Formation
caused by the gradual weathering of bedrock
arenization regions in Brazil are considered areas of special attention
driven by movements of water and wind over the course of millions of years
is associated with factors such as climate
may or may not be related to agricultural activities
Verdum says these sandy patches in the Pampa are related to the susceptibility of the region’s rocks and soils to the dynamics of torrential rains and periods of drought
the sandy areas are constantly being reworked by climatic agents
essentially water and wind,” he says
Agricultural activities in naturally fragile areas
coupled with a bedrock that’s highly susceptible to arenization
boost the factors that initiate and contribute to this process
“The impacts of poor soil use and management
using technologies that are unsuitable for the fragile soils of this region
could be one of the main factors contributing to the emergence of new outbreaks of arenization in the current context,” Verdum says
says what’s happening in the Pampa is the intensification
of erosive processes associated with arenization
“The soils are fragile and poorly consolidated
or the weight of agricultural machinery itself
can compact the soil and help to develop furrows through which water will flow in a concentrated manner until it develops ravines and
these processes move and expand sandy sediments through the action of water and wind
Verdum says there hasn’t been a net expansion in sandy areas since monitoring carried out in the 1980s
But they could still be aggravated by agricultural production
these barren spots cover 3,663 hectares (9,051 acres)
spread across the municipalities of Alegrete
This might be just a fraction of the total extent of the Pampa
but it’s significant for each landowner whose property is affected by the phenomenon
a rice grower and president of the Rural Union of Itaqui and Maçambará
of which 46 hectares (114 acres) were sand patches when he bought the property more than 15 years ago
as it amounted to more than a third of my property,” he says
That’s why he decided to restore the area
Borges achieved good results by covering the sand with rice husks or rice ash
around 25-30 hectares [62-74 acres] have been reclaimed,” he says
the natural vegetation has returned.”
Borges’s success contrasts favorably with the more common method of trying to recover sandy areas here
sometimes with the support of the state government of Rio Grande do Sul
have sought to green the areais by planting eucalyptus trees
“Many of the proposals for economic activities
which see the sands only as a problem to be tackled
are responsible for interventions that decharacterize the landscape and alter the dynamics of this ecosystem,” Silva says
This is the shortcoming of the forestry approach
he says: the idea that the solution should also be commercially viable
the sand area is not recovered; it is only hidden in aerial images and all the biodiversity adapted to the region is replaced by eucalyptus and leaves on the ground,” he says
“Some plant species are endemic to sandy fields
The erosion processes don’t stop and the natural dynamics are altered
not to mention the landscape transformation
which changes the herbaceous and shrub vegetation with sandy fields into a large ‘green wall.’”
This story was reported by Mongabay’s Brazil team and first published here on our Brazil site on Feb. 22, 2024.
The “fortress conservation” model is under pressure in East Africa, as protected areas become battlegrounds over history, human rights, and global efforts to halt biodiversity loss. Mongabay’s Special Issue goes beyond the region’s world-renowned safaris to examine how rural communities and governments are reckoning with conservation’s colonial origins, and trying to forge a path forward […]
report that heavy rain between 09 and 12 January
has caused widespread flooding in 49 municipalities of the state
The heavy rain has also caused several landslides in 5 municipalities
the floods have affected over 150,000 people
and forced over 2,000 to evacuate their homes
Five people have been injured and one is missing
Defesa Civil do Paraná say that 74 homes have been completely destroyed
A landslide in Campo Largo affected 405 people and displaced five
Landslides were also reported in Campina Grande do Sul
Over 90,000 of those affected are in Arapongas municipality near the city of Londrina in the north of the state of Paraná
Only 25 people have been displaced however
Over 9,000 homes have been damaged and 50 destroyed
36,240 people have been affected by the flooding in Rolândia
Over 1,700 have been affected by floods in Londrina
with 337 homes damaged and 50 people displaced
Londrina recorded 180 mm of rain in 24 hours between 11 and 12 January 2016 and 91 mm the day before
visited some of the affected areas on 14 January 2016 to see the damage for himself
including the destroyed broad bridge across the Rio Parapó between Iguaraçu and Maringá
Flooding affected wide areas of Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil in late December 2015 after a period of heavy rain
As many 2,000 families (around 9,000 people) were forced to evacuate in 12 municipalities including Uruguaiana
Civil defence authority in Rio Grande do Sul said earlier this week that 56 municipalities suffered damage
with the remainder under evaluation and proof of damage
Several rivers in the state have overflowed
in particular the Uruguay River in Uruguaiana municipality
According to the latest reports from Rio Grande do Sul civil defence
river levels were at 11.18 metres on 27 December
which is over 3 metres above alert levels and over 6 metres above normal levels
More photos of the flood damage in Paraná state
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Richard Davies is the founder of floodlist.com and reports on flooding news
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Agricultural reporter based in Porto Alegre
Laudelino Bernardi was a legend in South American ag aviation
He was responsible for training over 1,000 agricultural pilots and played an integral role in advancing agricultural aviation south of the Equator
came from the Treviso region of Italy around 1865
separated from her husband when Laudelino was still a child
Being the eldest of nine children and at just nine years old
Laudelino helped his mother raise and support his siblings from childhood through college
all brothers have completed higher education and are dentists
a professional musician (he helped to found the band “OS ATUAIS,” which still exists today)
Bernardi graduated in accounting and later became a professor
he joined Banco do Brasil as a bank clerk and lived in several cities in the northwest of Rio Grande do Sul
Bernardi joined the civil aviation world by taking Private
He then went through all the management positions to become the president of the Aeroclube de Santo Ângelo
Bernardi was responsible for the modernization and acquisition of many new aircraft
the construction of office buildings and accommodations for the aviation college
and establishing professional training for hundreds of aviators who today fly with the airlines
Commander Bernardi remained active on the board of the Aeroclube de Cachoeira do Sul
where he also graduated as a Glider Pilot in the early 1990s
Bernardi performed at Aeroclube de Santo Ângelo
and professional activities at Banco do Brasil
He graduated with a law degree from the Faculty of Right of Santo Ângelo
Bernardi started his career as an agricultural pilot
taking the CAVAG course (agricultural aviation course) in São Paulo state
the National Agricultural Engineering Center
he decided to start his own ag aviation business
He resigned from Banco do Brasil and founded Aero Agrícola Santos Dumont
Bernardi established his ag aviation career before the vast implementation of agricultural aviation in Brazil
This was when today’s modern aerial application techniques by plane were not available
at a time when farmers had no chance to save their crops from pests other than by using agricultural aviation
Bernardi has always been a pioneer in agricultural aviation by utilizing the most modern techniques and new equipment
was the first in RS to use GPS guidance in the 1990s
Bernardi built hangars and installed ag operations in Santo Ângelo
The company had around 12 Embraer Ipanemas
and Cessna C-188s serving from the center to the west of Rio Grande do Sul
and applying the necessary pesticides to save the Gaucho region’s crops
The company treated almost half a million acres per year
Bernardi's excellent relationship with the city
he decided to settle permanently in Cachoeira do Sul
he chose to build the largest hangar in the region
certified by MAPA (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock)
and environmentally licensed by FEPAM (State Foundation for the Environment)
The company is a pioneer in complying with legislation protecting the Brazilian environment
became the only authorized aircraft maintenance center in the region with ANAC (National Civil Aviation Agency) and remains the only approved facility in the area
The workshop is a division of the company and is dedicated to maintaining the company's fleet within the strict standards of ANAC's maintenance and control manuals
the company has also been engaged in aircraft
Commander Bernardi was certified as an Aircraft Maintenance Technician with CREA/RS – Regional Council of Engineers and Architects and ANAC (US A&P/IA equivalent)
Bernardi decided to implement the first private agricultural aviation school
it remains one of the most reputable schools in Brazil
Commander Bernardi was appointed an ANAC-accredited pilot examiner
becoming a regional aeronautical authority
With Brazilian and world agriculture growth
CAVAG has trained over 1,000 ag aviation pilots from Africa
Bernardi was the founder of the first agricultural aviation company in Paraguay at the request of local aeronautical authorities
He also helped with the advancement of agricultural aviation in Uruguay
A moment that sums up the importance of the man who became a legend in Brazilian ag aviation occurred in 2015 when Bernardi was awarded the Medal of Merit Santos Dumont
an honor reserved for a select group of professionals who have provided outstanding services to the Air Force
Here is a brief excerpt from his testimony at the time: “Everything I did in aviation and will continue to do has always been due to the magnitude of the art of flying
of being able to transmit to idealists what little I know
the desire to feel useful to my fellow man
I am convinced that I have always planted good seeds and will continue to do so
as long as Aviador Maior gives me strength and support.”
when she graduated with the LX class of CAVAG in July 2013
is also a businessman and owner of PBA Parts
which sells aircraft and aeronautical parts
is the administrative and financial supervisor of PBA's activities
young Pythagoras (16) and Penelope (13) are already training as aviators
Laudelino Bernardi’s example of dedication and love for aviation will forever remain in the memory of those he interacted with
Author's Note: I graduated as an agricultural pilot at Aero Agrícola Santos Dumont in class number 60 (LX) in 2013
I remember this period as one of the most intense and challenging of my career
Seu Bernardi (as we used to call him) gave me a firm handshake and said
and he had promised to provide me with the honor of telling his story for AgAir Update’s column
Bernardi sent me a video saying he would “pay his debt” to me for an autobiography
our dear Laudelino Bernardi left for the eternal flight of a unique legacy
and his teachings will undoubtedly keep his memory alive
Surely your good advice will be eternal flight companions of many aviators worldwide
a conservative known for his aggressive attacks on the left
was tried over a 2017 clip he shared on social media
A row over free speech has erupted in Brazil after a foul-mouthed conservative comedian was given a six-month jail sentence for abusing a leftwing politician.
Known for his aggressive attacks on the Brazilian left, Danilo Gentili, 39, was sentenced by a judge in São Paulo on Tuesday for his comments about Maria do Rosário, a congresswoman for the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul. He remains free pending appeal.
Gentili was tried over a 2017 video he shared on social media, in which he ripped up a notice he had been sent by the Brazilian congress asking him to remove offensive tweets about Do Rosário, stuffed it into his underpants and directed obscenities at her.
Read moreIn her ruling
Judge Maria do Prado wrote he could have removed the tweets or taken legal advice
he “decided to record a video with highly offensive and reproachable content
leaving very clear your intention to offend”
Do Rosário has often been a target for attacks from the Brazilian right. In February, Brazil’s supreme court upheld a ruling that Jair Bolsonaro pay her about £3,000 ($3,920) in damages for telling her she “did not deserve” to be raped in 2014
Do Rosário welcomed Tuesday’s verdict in a series of tweets. “Impunity can’t prevail in any way when you are dealing with people’s honour,” she said, while the Workers’ party president, Gleisi Hoffmann, tweeted clapping hands
But the leftist blog O Cafezinho (the Little Coffee) called the verdict “mistaken”
Tomorrow it could be anyone who said some tough words against the Bolsonaro family.”
Gentili – who once shared a positive tweet about fascism and linked the leftwing Socialism and Freedom party to paedophiles in a standup show – tried to laugh off the sentence
“I’m worried about who will bring me a cellphone in prison
who will bring cigarettes,” he told the Jovem Pan radio station
“I prefer to be jailed than kneel down,” he said. “I don’t think I did anything wrong.”
Levels of the Paraguay River in Asunción now stand at almost 5 metres above normal for this time of year
As many as 40 municipalities have been affected by flooding in Brazil’s Rio Grande do Sul state
The flooding has forced almost 2,000 families (around 9,000 people) to evacuate
Evacuations have been carried out in 12 municipalities including Uruguaiana
Flooding has been affecting some parts of the state for the last 7 days
Around 200 families were evacuated after heavy rainfall between 21 and 22 December had increased levels of the Uruguay River
River levels have continued to rise since then
as many as 1,479 families had evacuated their homes in 9 municipalities
That figure rose to 1,810 families by 27 December 2015
Paraguay and Paraná rivers in Argentina have forced around 25,000 from their homes
The Uruguay River has overflowed in province of Entre Ríos
The city of Concordia is the worst affected where at least 10,000 people have been evacuated
Almost 40 evacuation centres have been set up to house those displaced
visited affected areas on 27 December 2015
has also been affected by the overflowing Paraná River
At least 8,000 people have been evacuated as a result
Goya and Corrientes have all been affected
the city of Barranqueras has been worst affected
Around 5,000 have been evacuated after the Paraná River overflowed
River levels are thought to be stabilising in Entre Ríos
levels of the Paraguay River in Formosa Province are rising and are expected to rise further over the coming days
Around 800 families have been evacuated from Formosa city
Over 11,000 people have now been displaced by overflowing rivers in 5 departments of Uruguay
According to Uruguay’s national emergency department
Previously the department of Rivera had also been affected
SINAE say that 11,357 have been displaced: 6,005 in Artigas
the Cuareim River (also known as the Quaraí)
a tributary of the Uruguay River rose to 15.28 meters on Wednesday 23 December 2015
Levels had fallen 48 hours later to 13.65 meters
Safety levels are considered to be 10.20 metres
SINAE say there could be many more people who have been forced from their homes by the flooding that are yet to be registered by the authorities
Around 1,900 people are currently living in relief camps set up by emergency officials
Flooding from the Paraguay River in Asunción has been affecting residents living in the areas of Bañado Sur and Bañado Norte
Levels of the Paraguay River in Asunción continue to rise and
This is the second highest level ever recorded for the month of December
Danger levels are considered to be 8 metres by local emergency authorities
Paraguay’s Administración Nacional De Navegación Y Puertos reported on 24 December that levels have increased a further 7 cm between 23 and 24 December
Levels are expected to reach 8 metres in the coming days
Local authorities say that in total around 18,000 families are affected by the flooding in Asunción
According to a statement of 24 December 2015 from Asunción’s disaster management department – Dirección de Emergencias y Desastres Municipal (COMUEDA) – there are currently 11,455 families (Bañado Sur – 6,163 families
Bañado Norte – 5,302) evacuated and staying in one of the 112 shelters set up
Paraguay’s emergency management authority
At least 1,000 people have been affected in Concepción department
In Ñeembucú Department around 250 families have been affected by flooding after a series of severe storms on 23 December 2015
Media say that flooding has also affected the departments of Misiones and Presidente Hayes departments
The storms brought strong winds which left around 4 people dead and caused power outages for over 100,000 in Asunción and surrounding Central Department
Flooding of the river is common between May and August
SEN say that the recent flooding is “directly influenced by the presence of El Niño”
which has intensified the frequency and intensity of rainfall
overflowing water channels that discharge into the Paraguay River
ArgentinaBrazilBreaking NewsParaguayUruguay
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Estratégia do governo Lula é não se afundar na encrenca
desviando de temas polêmicos como a inclusão do Hamas na lista de terroristas - Ricardo Stuckert/ PR
“We must guarantee victims that their kids will not be abandoned by the State
If the State did not take care of these people and allowed these women to die
it must at least take responsibility for their kids,” argued the politician
making comments about the subject during a live stream on Tuesday morning
The new law establishes that if after the legal process becomes final and unappealable it concludes there was no femicide
beneficiaries are not obliged to reimburse the amounts
The norm also determines that the pension cannot be accumulated with other Social Security benefits
special pension schemes or the military’s social protection system
The expenses created by the law will be linked to the Executive's social aid area and
must be annually reviewed in the Annual Budget Law (LOA
the benefit must be paid by the State until the victim's child turns 18 years of age
Approved by the Chamber of Deputies in March and by the Senate in October this year
the policy resulted from a bill presented by Federal Deputy Maria do Rosário (Workers’ Party
“These kids have already faced the worst pain possible
And these mothers – maybe in the most difficult moment of their lives
while trying to get free from violence – were worried about their kids’ future in the face of their imminent death,” said the parliamentarian to Brasil de Fato
The annual increase in femicide cases in Brazil is under the spotlight
collected in partnership with the Brazilian Public Security Forum (FBSP)
the Center for Violence Studies at the University of São Paulo and the G1 website show that the number rose by 5% between 2021 and 2022
when there were 1,4 notifications of this kind
The data includes all 26 Brazilian states and the country’s Federal District and points out the highest number of femicide cases since the creation of Brazil’s Femicide Law (Law n° 13104/2015)
All research indicates that in 97.8% of cases
femicide is carried out by the victim's current or former partner
the father of these children or their stepfathers
so that these children whose mother was murdered in a femicide crime also lost their fathers,” says Maria do Rosário
for whom the law sanctioned by Lula is a way of welcoming orphans
"We are talking about children who are alone in the world
an aunt or an extended family wants to take on the responsibility of taking care of them
they do not have the necessary support,” states the law’s author
establishing this aid in an attempt to shed light on it to show that femicide victimizes women
but it continues to make victims every day in the lives of these children
especially when they are institutionalized
end up in shelters or are away from their families because they are unable to take care of them for various reasons
including economic ones,” concludes the Worker’s Party member
All original content produced and editorially authored by Brasil de Fato may be reproduced
provided it is not altered and proper credit is given
All original content produced and editorially authored by Brasil de Fato may be reproduced
provided it is not altered and proper credit is given.