Volume 5 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2024.1501710 This article is part of the Research TopicFoodborne Zoonotic Parasites and ParasitosesView all 5 articles Background: Nematodes of the genus Trichinella are foodborne zoonotic pathogens that are widespread globally These parasites have two epidemiological cycles with the latter having wild carnivores as the main reservoirs of the parasite have been increasingly detected in wild carnivores in Argentina and Chile Although the disease is absent in domestic animals in Brazil there is serological evidence that the agent is circulating in wild boars in some areas This study aimed to diagnose Trichinella spp infection through artificial tissue digestion and histopathology of selected tissues of wild carnivores from São Paulo state and tongue) from 53 wild carnivores (21 Canidae along with a retrospective study of the slide bank considering samples from the period 2010 to 2021 totaling 89 free-living carnivores (42 Canidae Results: Either artificial digestion or histopathological analyses did not reveal any larvae suggestive of Trichinella spp. indicating that the nematode was not circulating within the target population there is no direct evidence of nematode circulation in wild carnivores in the study area studies in other South American countries are scarce or absent hindering the proper comprehension of the epidemiology of human trichinellosis in this region Considering the importance of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of trichinellosis this study aimed to investigate Trichinella spp infection in free-living wild carnivores in the state of São Paulo 03 Procyonidae) were collected from animals hit by cars on highways in 17 municipalities of São Paulo state These carcasses were sent by the Environmental Police Fire Brigade and highway concessionaires to the Wild Animal Pathology Service (SEPAS) at FCAV/Unesp Jaboticabal/SP Santa Rita do Passa Quatro and Luis Antônio experimental stations of the São Paulo Forest Foundation the “Quinzinho de Barros” Municipal Zoological Park and the Center for Wild Animal Medicine and Research (CEMPAS) - UNESP/FMVZ and kept in freezers at -20°C until processing and tongue were taken for histopathological analysis and artificial digestion histological slides were selected from 89 free-living wild carnivores (42 Canidae 02 Procyonidae) deposited in the collection of the Wild Animal Pathology Service (SEPAS) at FCAV/UNESP Animals with histological sections of at least one of the abovementioned tissues were included in the study These animals selected came from 39 municipalities in São Paulo and were necropsied between November 2010 and December 2021 The municipalities of origin of the animals studied are in Figure 1 showing the road killed animals’ origins and Figure 2 showing the slide bank samples’ origins. Table 1 compiles all the animals used in the study Cities and species from São Paulo State where the road killed carcasses were obtained (Assis Tambaú) between April 2022 and July 2023 Cities and species from São Paulo State where the slide bank carcasses were obtained (Araraquara Uchôa and Vista Alegre do Alto) between November 2010 to December 2021 Species of carcasses and collection of slides of wild carnivorous mammals used in the study Fifty grams of forearm, tongue and diaphragm muscles were collected (17, 18) The samples were stored at -20°C in plastic bags labeled with the species date and collection place until processing a 1 cm3 fragment of these tissues was fixed in a 10% buffered formalin solution for histological processing The tissue samples were subjected to the Artificial Digestion Technique (AD) based on the magnetic stirrer method according to European regulation EC 2075/2005 which is used for the surveillance of Trichinella spp The samples (20 g) were crushed and digested using 400 ml of artificial digestive fluid (20 ml for each gram of muscle) consisting of 1% pepsin (1:10,000 US National Formulary) and 1% hydrochloric acid (HCl) The digested tissue was stirred for 60 min or more at 44-46°C in a 600 ml glass beaker using a heated magnetic stirrer plate the fluid was sieved through a 180 μm mesh sieve into the separatory funnel and left to stand for 30 minutes 40 ml of the sediment sample was quickly released from the funnel into a 50 ml beaker and sedimented again for 10 minutes 30 ml of supernatant was removed from the 50 ml beaker and the 10 ml of sediment was poured into a Petri dish the 50 ml beaker was rinsed with 10 ml of water and the liquid was added to the Petri dish The sample was analyzed under a stereomicroscope (Leica EZ4 HD Leica Microsystems© Limited) at 15 to 40x magnification The tissues collected after 24 to 48 hours in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin (pH 7.4) were processed according to routine cut at 3μm and mounted on histological slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin Readings were made using an Olympus BX-51® optical microscope equipped with a Q-color3® camera at 10x and 40x magnification Another factor that makes it difficult to carry out serologies on the carcasses of animals that have been road killed is the coagulation and autolysis of the blood Direct methods are more suitable for diagnosing Trichinella spp using the carcasses of road killed animals is a non-invasive way of performing epidemiological surveillance of several pathogens maximizing the use of biological samples and reducing the risk to both humans and animals Despite not being the gold standard for diagnosing this nematode histopathology is an alternative for confirming infection and diagnosis Access to samples of wild carnivores, especially endangered animals protected by law, can be hampered by various factors. Therefore, the necropsy of carcasses of animals that have already died, as well as not interfering with conservation or causing stress to the animals, provides us with a lot of information (40) It is possible to observe places of occurrence among other ways of using them for educational purposes It is also possible to monitor numerous diseases of human and animal importance due to the logistics of the distance between the laboratory and the institutions that collected the carcasses freezing is the best alternative of accessing a greater number and diversity of carnivore species The epidemiological surveillance of trichinellosis in wild boars is already being carried out in Brazil, as these animals are important hosts for the nematode (46). Wild animals, especially carnivores, are natural hosts of Trichinella spp. and the parasite develops better in these animals than in domestic animals (39) Given the way trichinellosis is transmitted and the fact that these animals are at the top of the food chain epidemiological surveillance of wild carnivores and wild boars is essential to understanding the epidemiology of the disease in Brazil there is no direct evidence of Trichinella spp nematodes circulating in wild carnivores in São Paulo state The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author The animal study was approved by FCAV/Unesp Ethics Committee for the Use of Animals The study was conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements All the procedures adopted in this study are in accordance with current international standards This work was authorized by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio/Sisbio #82767-4) by the Ethics Committee for the Use of Animals (CEUA) at UNESP/FCAV (proc #2729/22) and by the Environmental Research Institute of the Secretariat for the Environment Infrastructure and Logistics of the São Paulo State Government (#2180/2023) The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) - Funding code 001 partially funded this study EL is a researcher for CNPQ (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development); productivity grant no Forestry Foundation (Experimental Station of: São Simão Santa Rita do Passa Quatro and Luiz Antônio) “Quinzinho de Barros” Municipal Zoological Park Wild Animal Medicine and Research Center (CEMPAS) - UNESP/FMVZ The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest The author(s) declare that no Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher Systematics and epidemiology of trichinella PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar Hiding in plain sight: discovery and phylogeography of a cryptic species of Trichinella (Nematoda: Trichinellidae) in wolverine (Gulo gulo) High prevalence of Trichinella pseudospiralis in Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) Google Scholar Trichinellosis: the zoonosis that won’t go quietly PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar Survey of Trichinella in American minks (Neovison vison Schreber 1777) and wild rodents (Muridae and Cricetidae) in Chile Une vieille Anthropozoonose toujours actuelle: la Trichinose Google Scholar First record of Trichinella in Leopardus guigna (Carnivora A review on Trichinella infection in South America Seropositive wild boars suggesting the occurrence of a wild cycle of Trichinella spp Reprint of: A review on Trichinella infection in South America Antibodies against Trichinella spiralis in the rural population of the Province of Cordillera 14. 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Available at: https://wahis.woah.org//dashboards/country-or-disease-dashboard (Accessed December 10 Google Scholar International Commission on Trichinellosis: Recommendations on the use of serological tests for the detection of Trichinella infection in animals and man Detection of Trichinella murrelli in coyotes (Canis latrans) from Oklahoma and North Texas Análisis paleoparasitológico de la musculatura esquelética de la momia del cerro El Plomo Trichinella spiralis in a cougar (Puma concolor) hunted by poachers in Chile Common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus 1758): food and medicine for people in the Amazon practice and perception of human-marsupial interactions in health promotion Hunting strategies used in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil Hunting and use of terrestrial fauna used by Caiçaras from the Atlantic Forest coast (Brazil) Wildlife parasitology: sample collection and processing and methodological challenges in terrestrial carnivores Sensitivity of artificial digestion and enzyme immunoassay methods of inspection for triChinae in pigs Sensitivity and optimization of artificial digestion in the inspection of meat for trichinella spiralis Comparison of artificial digestion and baermann’s methods for detection of trichinella spiralis pre-encapsulated larvae in muscles with low-level infections Comparison of three artificial digestion methods for detection of non-encapsulated Trichinella pseudospiralis larvae in pork International Commission on Trichinellosis: Recommendations for quality assurance in digestion testing programs for Trichinella 46. 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Estevam Guilherme Lux Hoppe, bHV4LmhvcHBlQHVuZXNwLmJy Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Trump Shuts Down China Shipping Loophole, Sending Prices Soaring… and Corote Vodka will initially be exported to two U.S and a benchmark in the alcoholic beverage sector is taking a new step in its international expansion strategy by starting exports of its brands to the United States the first North American country to import its products market include Corote Sabores—one of the company’s most iconic products—Cachaça 61 Sixtyone The internationalization project kicks off this March with the first shipments heading to Florida and Texas two major alcohol consumption hubs in the country This initiative further strengthens Missiato’s already established presence in several countries Read also: How New U.S. Tariffs Are Reshaping Supply Chain Strategies  market represents a strategic move to diversify distribution channels and enhance competitiveness in the beverage sector explains that the products have undergone packaging and labeling adjustments with translations fully adapted to English in compliance with U.S “This adaptation reinforces Missiato’s commitment to delivering high-quality products and solidifying its presence in global markets.”   According to a report by Mordor Intelligence spirits market is valued at approximately $78.94 billion with projections to reach $100.85 billion by 2029 reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.02% over the period the alcoholic beverage market was valued at $417.84 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach $529.31 billion by 2031 Paulo Sérgio Rosolem highlights that this growth scenario in the U.S presents a significant opportunity for Missiato’s exports “We are confident and committed to gaining market share With a structured approach and strong partnerships our goal is to establish a consistent and expanding presence in the U.S captivating both Brazilian consumers familiar with our brand and new customers,” he explains Missiato is investing in increased production capacity through the acquisition of new equipment innovation—an integral part of our company’s DNA—will help us identify opportunities and develop products aligned with local consumer preferences,” adds Paulo Sérgio Rosolem has established itself as a leading producer and distributor of alcoholic beverages in Brazil and international markets the Brazilian market remains a fundamental pillar of Missiato’s business “The company continues to invest in strengthening its brand in Brazil and expanding its product line to cater to diverse consumer profiles,” concludes the Export Sales Manager Download the FREE Global Trade Magazine APP Mario Tomazello Filho 1 , Claudio S. Lisi 1 , Norbert Hansen 2 Wood samples of 41 tree species from seven different sites (Savanna and Atlantic forest) in the State of São Paulo were analysed macro- and microscopically for occurrence of increment zones Distinct increment zones were found in Bombax grandiflorum Cav. The anatomical features of increment zones of those nine species is described increment zones were marked by thick-walled and radially flattened latewood versus thin-walled earlywood fibres marginal parenchyma bands were found to mark the boundaries Tree species with a ring-porous or semi-ring-porous structure could not be found within the 41 trees species investigated Distinct increment zones could be found in all leaf-fall categories the occurrence of distinct increment zones seems to be more common in deciduous and semi-deciduous tree species Tree ring research on tropical species nowadays is a known field of research the knowledge about the existence of annual tree rings in tropical trees which was already found at the beginning of the last century was ignored by many scientists for a long time (Worbes 1989) During the last two to three decades different researchers doubtlessly demonstrated the existence of annual tree rings in many different tree species throughout the tropics (Vetter & Botosso 1989 it is also well known that tree ring analysis in the tropics is more difficult than in the temperated climate zones or in the boreal climate zone From different investigations it is known that species with distinct increment zones can be found directly beside species with scarcely distinct or indistinct increment zones (Worbes 1999) every tropical tree species has its own growth rhythm and reacts different to seasonal variations The high variability of sites concerning climatic edaphic and mechanic site factors and the complex anatomical structure of tropical woods are also reasons for the varying distinctness of increment zones The periodicity of increment zones in tropical trees which does not have to be annual (Alvim 1964 also makes tree ring analysis more difficult The occurrence of distinct increment zones in tropical trees is the first prerequisite for tree ring anylsis knowledge about the periodicity of the increment zones is absolutelly essentiell Different methods to proof the annual periodicity of increment zones are described in Worbes (1995) we investigated 41 tree species of different forests in the state of São Paulo Aim of the investigation was to examine the wood anatomy in order to find tree species with distinct increment zones The anatomy of the increment zones of those 9 tree species which showed distinct increment zones is described Forthy-one tree species belonging to 22 families were sampled in 7 differents forests reserves and forest plantations in the State of São Paulo The locations of the different areas under investigation are shown in Map 1 All species are native in the State of São Paulo and grow either in the forest formations Savanna (Cerrado) or Atlantic forest (Mata Atlântica) Climate diagrams in all regions samples were collected precipitation is well distributed throughout the year with an distinct dry season from June to August Monthly precipitation in that time is less than 60 mm in all regions mean annual precipitation for the 1975-2001 period was 1357 mm mean annual air-temperature was 21.8 °C June and July were the coldest months with an average air-temperature around 17.7°C The climate diagram of Piracicaba (1981-90 period) is shown in Fig Wood samples were taken at breast height by a specially developed motorized borer (Cury 2002) For each of the 41 tree species investigated three individuals were found and one sample collected out of each tree Blocks of approximatelly 2 x 1 x 1 cm were cut out of one sample per species and softened by boiling in distilled water and glycerine tangential and radial sections (15 µm thick) were cut of the blocks using a sliding microtome and stained with safranin Mikrofotographs of the transverse sections were made using a ZEISS Axioskop light microscope one or two samples were polished with sand paper (150 - 1200 grains per cm 2 ) and observed with the naked eye The leaf fall pattern of the species investigated were divided into deciduous based on the literature (Lorenzi 1992 & 1998 Morellato 1991) and phenological observations which were carried out monthly from January 1999 to Dezember 2001 9 of the 41 tree species investigated showed distinct increment zones 10 more species showed scarcly distinct increment zones 13 species showed indistinct increment zones while the remaining 9 species showed no increment zones Distinct increment zones were found in all leaf-fall categories whereas in each of the two categories deciduous and semi-deciduous 4 tree species with distinct increment zones could be found in the categorie evergreen only one species showed distinct increment zones 15 semi-deciduous and 11 evergreen species Species with scarcely distinct and indistinct increment zones were found in all leaf-fall categories The structure of the increment zones of those nine tree species which showed distinct increment zones is described below: Both species of the familie Bombacaceae studied in the scope of this investigation had distinct increment zones The increment zones in Bombax grandiflorum Cav 3) were marked by marginal parenchyma bands and thick-walled and radially flattened latewood versus thin-walled earlywood fibres in both species the increment zones showed distended rays The two Ocotea species investigated (Ocotea puberula (Reich.) Nees (Fig 4) and Ocotea porosa (Nus & Mart.) Barroso (Fig marked by thick-walled and radially flattened latewood versus thin-walled earlywood fibres From the six species of the family Leguminosae-Caesalpiniaceae investigated and Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake had distinct increment zones showed indistinct increment zones while Bauhinia forficata Link showed no increment zones The increment zones in Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake (Fig 6) were marked by thick-walled and radially flattened latewood versus thin-walled earlywood fibres 8) had increment zones marked by marginal parenchyma bands 9) showed the most distinct increment zones They were marked by thick-walled and radially flattened latewood versus thin-walled earlywood fibres We investigated four tree species of the family Euphorbiaceae 10) was the only one were the increment zones were found to be distinct showed scarcely distinct increment zones while Croton sp The increment zones in Alchornea sidifolia were marked by thick-walled and radially flattened latewood versus thin-walled earlywood fibres Nine out of the 41 tree species investigated showed distinct increment zones Four species belonged to the leaf-fall categorie deciduous four to the categorie semi-deciduous and one to the categorie evergreen It is known that evergreen tree species also can show distinct increment zones (Alvim 1964 The increment zones in the two Ocotea species (Lauraceae) were marked by thick-walled and radially flattened latewood versus thin-walled earlywood fibres that this type of increment zone is common in species of the family Lauraceae He also mentioned that terminal parenchyma bands are common in species of the family Leguminosae which can be confirmed with the results of this study Tree species with a ring-porous or semi-ring-porous structure as can be found for example in Cedrela fissilis (Boninsegna et al could not be found within the 41 trees species investigated that this type of increment zone does not occur in tree species from the Central Amazonian inundation forests it looks like that this type of increment zone is not very common (2000) investigated 491 tree species of the 22 most representative families of the Brazilian flora Hymenaea courbaril and Centrolobium tomentosum showed increment zones the formation of increment zones in woody plants in general can be induced by seasonally changing favourable and unfavourable growth conditions dry seasons and inundations were found to be triggering climate factors (Jacoby 1989 The relationship between precipitation and the formation of increment zones in tropical trees was found early At the beginning of the last century Coster (1927 & 1928) recognized that trees of the same species showed distinct increment zones when they were grown under seasonal monsun climate whereas individuals of the everwet climate only showed indistinct increment zones a dry season width a length of two to three months and monthly precipitation with less than 60 mm can induce the formation of increment zones in tropical trees In all areas under investigation in which trees were sampled in the scope of this study precipitation is well distributed throughout the year with an distinct dry season of 3 months and monthly precipitation with less than 60 mm Luchi (1998) investigated the growth periodicity of Hymenaea courbaril in the State of São Paulo using the method of cambial wounding (Wolter 1968 Marcati (2000) investigated the growth rhythm of Copaifera langsdorfii that the cambial activity during the rainy season was higher and that an terminal parenchyma band was formed during the dry season The results of those two investigations already indicate that tree ring analysis in the eastern parts of the State of São Paulo where precipitation is well distributed throughout the year even when it seems to be highly likely that the periodicity of the increment zones in other tree species which show distinct increment zones also will found to be annual it should be proofed in further investigations The results of this investigation indicate are species which should be further investigated in terms of their potential for tree ring analysis We thank the Estação Experimental de Santa Rita do Passa Quatro Estação Ecológica de Ibicatu Estação Experimental de Tupi Reserva Florestal Mata de Santa Genebra and the Sitio São Luiz for the samples The financially supported by a research fellowship from the DAAD and FAPESP Ecological trends in the wood anatomy of some Brazilian species Tree growth periodicity in tropical climates Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Zuwachszonen- und Jahresringbildung in den Tropen Descrição da estrutura anatômica do lenho e sua aplicação na identificação de espécies arbóreas do Cerrado e da Mata Atlântica do estado de São Paulo Manual de Identificação e Cultivo de Plantas Arbóreas do Brasil Manual de Identificação e Cultivo de Plantas Arbóreas do Brasil Vol Periodicidade de crescimento em Hymenaea courbaril L e anatomia ecológica do lenho de espécies de Mata Ciliar Sazonalidade cambial em espécies tropicais Growth Periodicity in Tropical Trees - Foreword fenologia e relação com a atividade cambial de espécies arbóreas tropicais de florestas estacionais semideciduais Earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions arbustos e lianas de uma floresta semidecidua no Sudeste do Brasil A method to measure radial increment in tropical trees Remarks on age and growth rate determination of Amazonian trees Vegetação e zonas climáticas: tratado de ecologia global increment and age of trees in inundation forests savannas and a mountain forest in the neotropics How to measure growth dynamics in tropical trees - a review rainfall-dependent growth and long-term growth patterns of tropical trees from the Caparo Forest Reserve in Venezuela Dating tropical trees by means of 14 C from bomb tests Location of the seven research areas in the State of São Paulo the map also gives an idea about where the ecosystems savanna and Atlantic forest occur - 3 : Chorisia speciosa (Bombacaceae) Figures named with the letter a are macrographs Figures named with the letter b are micrographs (magnification 100x) - 6: Schizolobium parahyba (Leguminosae-Caesalpiniaceae) - 7 : Hymenaea courbaril (Leguminosae-Caesalpiniaceae) - 8: Copaifera langsdorfii (Leguminosae-Caesalpiniaceae) © 2017 Agência Reguladora de Transportes do Estado de São Paulo Todos os direitos reservados Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker