A tradition that has been repeated for centuries
of the body of the Patron Saint of Viterbo who died at just 18 years old
It's the day of Santa Rosa and in Viterbo everything is ready for the event that has been awaited for a year
it has changed its habits: from waste collection to public transport routes
covered with beaten earth to make the passage of the bearers of the "Macchina" easier
Thirty meters high and weighing 51,8 quintals
the Macchina di Santa Rosa is carried on the shoulders of a hundred porters to whom the city of Viterbo has also dedicated a bronze monument
suffered a heart attack and underwent surgery that will not allow him to lead the teams of porters
Luigi Aspromonte will therefore order the first “raise and stop” at around nine o’clock this evening
The porters' activities began at around 12:30 with the official meeting at the Teatro dell'Unione; then their traditional tour of the "Seven Churches" began
A tradition that is modernizing and acquiring new characteristics such as "The flight of Santa Rosa" over Viterbo
flew over the city for a general blessing from above
The initiative was born in 2021 in the post-Covid period from a collaboration between the Episcopal Curia and the Army Aviation Command
the faithful and tourists who have flocked to the city
have been guarding the best spots to observe the passage of Dies Natalis
with their noses in the air because rain is forecast for the afternoon
water is a fearsome opponent because it makes the road slippery and therefore the procession unsafe
But the “old people” continue to repeat that at 9
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Olympic champion makes cameo in finale of stage 2 of ‘free’ race
If there was a straw poll of the overall contenders at the finish
they might also have voted for the EF Education-EasyPost rider
They certainly had reason to be grateful for his intervention given that a break of dangermen
including eventual stage winner Harold Tejada (Astana-Qazaqstan)
had entered the final 20km of Tuesday’s stage clutching a lead of more than two minutes over the peloton
For much of the day, Nairo Quintana’s Movistar squad had performed the bulk of the pace-making in the bunch, as the only one of the favourites without representation out in front. EF Education-EasyPost’s leaders Carapaz
Rigoberto Urán and Esteban Chaves had teammate Andrea Piccolo in the move
while Egan Bernal had two companions from the Colombian national squad up the road
it became increasingly clear that Quintana’s squad alone would not suffice to keep the break under control
On the run-in to the late climb of the Alto Malterias
Carapaz moved to the front of the chasing peloton
and his efforts helped to reduce the break’s spiralling advantage
“We wanted Piccolo to get to the line and fight for the win
but we also didn’t want to give up too much time,” Carapaz explained after he descended from the podium
We knew that Rigo and Chaves were in a good moment too
so we just wanted to cut the gap a bit to stay in contention for the general classification
“We were happy with the situation for most of the day
because we had Piccolo out in front and that meant we could stay a bit more calm
but it was still important to maintain our options for the days ahead.”
Thanks to the stage winner’s time bonus
Tejada now has a buffer of 34 seconds over Carapaz
and the Astana-Qazaqstan rider was upbeat about his prospects of fending off the favourites on the pivotal ascent of the Alto del Vino on the penultimate day
“It’s a significant gap and Harold Tejada is an important rider,” Carapaz admitted
though he pointed out that there might be further frissons among the overall contenders on stage 3 around Tunja
which features rolling terrain throughout the day and a slight incline to the finish
“The Alto del Vino will be decisive but there’s a lot of altitude gain across the day tomorrow
so I think it will be pretty demanding too.”
raises questions about his precise role in EF Education-EasyPost's strategy this week
who has made the Ardennes Classics and Tour de France his main objectives for 2024
suggested that EF Education-EasyPost’s general classification hopes were pinned primarily on the two home riders
“I don’t have any pressure for this race,” Carapaz said
it’s sort of a ‘free’ race for me in a way
I’m here for my teammates and I was glad to keep them in front for the days ahead.”
And yet, coming off the back of such an ill-starred debut campaign with EF Education-EasyPost, Carapaz will surely be looking for some reassurance of his own in Colombia this week as he builds towards loftier goals down the line
“The truth is I’m going quite well,” he said
“This is an important race and I’ve prepared well for it
I think the Alto del Vino will be a nice test.”
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The procession of the Macchina di Santa Rosa returns to the Italian city of Viterbo for the fourth time
It's a unique event shows brings together an ornately decorated
well-lit tower that's topped with the patron saint of the city and is then carried all over town by a hundred men called "facchini," along a difficult path of more than one kilometre
the porters receive a blessing from the bishop because they are demonstrating a moment of great danger
It's a test of strength and faith towards the patron saint of the city
passed away peacefully at his home in Beaumont
Gustavo graduated from Colombia’s National University Medical School in 1954
He came to the United States in 1956 with his wife
He did his Internships at Ohio State University
NYU Jewish Kings Hospital & Johns Hopkins University
Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology. In 1961 he returned to Bogota
and then 3 children to practice Pediatrics
and now 5 children permanently to the United States to Birmingham
He had a teaching position and clinical research fellowship at the University of Alabama
Oklahoma where he became one of the first Neonatologists in the city and the first Neonatologist out of Colombia
He was Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Oklahoma
From 1976-1978 Gustavo was an Associate Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Virginia Medical School in Roanoke
where he established the Neonatal Care Unit
where he was Neonatal Director at Baptist until the Neonatal Program moved to St
was a pioneer in Neonatal Medicine and one of the founders of Santa Fe Foundation of Bogota
one of the top four Hospitals in Latin America
Gustavo was a Physician first and foremost
He dedicated his life to the pursuit of knowledge and helping others during his medical career
caring for the most vulnerable of premature babies
comforting the often scared “mamas”
Even after his retirement at 80 years of age
he continued to do pro-bono work at the free clinic
Gustavo made an indelible mark on all who knew or met him
He was adored and respected by his children
grandchildren and his loving extended family
and Maria Pfeifer (Patrick) his grandchildren
Brandon and Alexandra Sweeney and Isabella and Nick Pfeifer
In lieu of flowers memorial contributions can be made to St
Tennessee 38105 as he made his life’s work helping children
The family would like to give special thanks to Kindred Hospice
Gustavo Adolfo Lugo will be held at a later date under the direction of Broussard’s
and website in this browser for the next time I comment
Lugo in the NICU at Women's and Children's Hospital in the early 1980's
and he taught me many things during our time there
I wish you peace and comfort in your sorrow
you have my prayers and deepest condolences
Elizabeth whom I was fortunate to work with for a number of years
He made daily rounds on a patient I had the privilege of caring for in PICU and I can still hear his voice as he would enter the room
I also remember a time I was pulled to work Neonatal and I noticed a baby acting a little differently and when he came for rounds he immediately knew what it the problem was
Dr Lugo took care of both of my children at st elizabeth nicu unit
A wonderful doctor who worked diligently to save our preemie
so selfless and humble he made the world a better place
He was a wonderful mentor and was the physician at my first professional nursing assignment when I was 22
God bless him and his surviving family members
We are forever grateful to him for caring for our son in the NICU at St
We would see him often at Jason’s Deli and he always had time to speak to us as he marveled at how big and strong our son had grown
Lugo Rest In Peace and his family be comforted by their many happy memories
My condolences to Alberto and his family on the loss of his father
He did great things and you should be very proud
I had the opportunity to work with him at Alabama and came to know him well as a superlative
generous family man with a sparkling sense of humour
I treasure the days and weeks spent with him caring for critically ill newborns
is when he adopted a puppy from an unexpected litter my dog 'Sandy' delivered
The joy on the faces of my sons when they realized that the pup would go to Gus
and their wonderful children is a memory embeded forever in my mind
Beaumont - McFaddin Ave.
Beaumont - Major Dr.
Nederland
©Broussard's Mortuary 2017-2025 Built By Americom Marketing
Colombia’s Civil Defence reported 1,300 homes were damaged by floods or landslides
Many residents have lost material possessions and the departmental government have distributed relief supplies including mattresses
Several roads outside the city were washed out
Secretary of the Environment and Risk Management of Ibagué
said flood levels exceeded two metres in some areas
with flood water reaching the first floor of buildings
In total around 5,200 residents of the city have been affected
State Governor, Ricardo Orozco, along with the Mayor of Ibagué and government relief agencies visited the affected areas on 20 October. Some of the victims have been provided with psychological care and support
Colombia Civil Defence also reported heavy rain and floods on 20 October in Nobsa municipality in Boyacá department
where over 150 people have been affected so far
Gobernador @Ricardo_Orozv, acompañado por su equipo de trabajo, recorrió barrios Jardín, La Gaviota, Las Delicias y Las Ferias y entregó ayudas humanitarias a familias afectadas por lluvias en Ibagué, además de brindarles una voz de aliento y decirles que no están solos. pic.twitter.com/fmmCDcaAAf
— Gobernación del Tolima (@gobertolima) October 20, 2022
#Boyacá/ Voluntarios de las Juntas de @DefensaCivilCo de los municipios de Duitama y Santa Rosa de Viterbo
apoyan emergencia por fuertes lluvias en la vereda La Laguna
Activamos nuestra capacidad operativa en atención a la emergencia presentada. pic.twitter.com/pL2DkNNm5w
— DefensaCivilColombia (@DefensaCivilCo) October 20, 2022
¡La lluvia no cesa en #Ibagué! Así se encuentra la glorieta de la calle 80, fuertes lluvias han causado inundaciones en varios sectores de la ciudad. pic.twitter.com/FMfbgjSNH4
— La Última Palabra (@ultimapalabraco) October 20, 2022
#Emergencia en el barrio Jardín Ciudad Blanca de #Ibagué, por fuertes lluvias en la noche del miércoles. Así quedaron las viviendas de la zona. pic.twitter.com/vYKrsFGYRf
— El Nuevo Día – Colombia (@nuevodiaibague) October 20, 2022
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from Piazza San Sisto with the first “Sollevate e fermi”
The first “transport” of Santa Rosa with the new Macchina
the same that will be repeated in the transport of the Saint next year on the occasion of the Jubilee
ended at midnight sharp in front of the sanctuary of the Patron Saint of Viterbo
from Piazza San Sisto with the first “Lift and stop”
the order given by the coordinator of the 51,8 porters
who had the 30 quintals of the artifact lifted
which carried the Saint over XNUMX meters high
rose above the buildings in the center of Viterbo
resting on the shoulders of the transporters and pushed by the enthusiasm of a crowd of faithful and tourists
the porters had been blessed in the church of San Sisto and there the mayor of Viterbo Chiara Frontoni he had encouraged them by telling them “Facchini di Santa Rosa
it is the moment of a machine that tells us who Rosa is and what kind of city Viterbo is today; it is innovation
it is the desire to break with the past but at the same time it is strongly rooted in the purest traditions and the most authentic identity
All this is the machine that for the first time is on your shoulders
And a people that manages to conceive and preserve all this for centuries
the coordinator of the porters Luigi Aspromonte
who this year replaced the head porter Sandro Rossi sick
with which he asked the transporters to come out from under the “Macchina” now secured on supports
Metrics details
To investigate the dispersion and contamination of aerosols generated during coronal access performed by high-speed handpiece and ultrasonic device
a red dye or an Enterococcus faecalis culture broth inside the bottle of the water system of the dental and ultrasonic unit were used
Bovine extracted teeth were allocated in six groups according to the coronal access: G1: diamond bur in high-speed handpiece (HS) with aspiration (A); G2: ultrasonic (US) inserts with aspiration; G3: combined coronal access with HS and US with aspiration; and G4
and G6 were performed without aspiration (WA)
The distance reached by the aerosol with the dye was measured in centimeters
agar-plates were arranged at standardized distances for counting colony-forming units (CFU/mL)
The ANOVA followed by the Tukey tests were applied (α = 0.05)
The coronal access with HS generated higher aerosol dispersion and contamination
while US generated less aerosol even WA (P < 0.05)
The aspiration did not reduce the aerosol statistically
HS is a great source of aerosols in dental clinic during the coronal access and the use of US device should be encouraged
It is necessary to pay attention and make professionals aware of the need to adopt disinfection measures in the office environment and the use of personal protective equipment
Alternative strategies aiming to reduce the aerosol dispersion as well as the reduction of dental clinic environment contamination need to be investigated
also considering the possibility of reducing the chances of the SARS-CoV-2 dissemination and also others pathogenic microorganisms
this in vitro study aimed to compare the aerosol dispersion and the dental clinic environment contamination produced by the high-speed system and the E6D and E7D ultrasonic inserts
with or without simultaneous high aspiration suction
The null hypothesis was that coronal access performed with the different strategies promotes aerosol dispersion and dental clinic environment contamination in a similar way
All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations
The sample size was calculated using the G*Power v 3.1 software for Mac (Heinrich Heine
selecting the test comparing more than 2 means for independent groups (ANOVA)
beta power of 0.85 and N2/N1 ratio of 1 were also stipulated
The test showed a total of 20 samples for each group as an ideal size to observe significant differences
an inoculum of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) was placed in the water bottle of the devices to supply contamination
The strain was reactivated in BHI broth (Difco
the bacterial culture was transferred to another flask and incubated for another 24 h in order to reach its exponential growth
Culture purity was confirmed by colonial morphology and Gram stain (Oxoid
UK) in an optical microscope at 1000× magnification (Olympus Europe CoGmbH
A 12-h growth was standardized for medium contamination
Positioning the BHI agar plates at distances of 60
and 180 cm from the coronal access point and three additional plates
one on the left side at 1 m and other behind the operator at a distance of 1 m
The specimens (teeth) were allocated into six experimental groups (N = 20)
Ten teeth of each group were opened with the dye and the other 10 were opened with the E
faecalis culture in the water bottle of the devices
The groups allocated according to the device for coronal access were:
G1: High speed (HS) without aspiration (WA)
A calibrated auxiliary operator positioned the aspirator device immediately in front of coronal opening access point
Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation
After the Shapiro–Wilk test to verify the normality
data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess differences between groups
followed by Tukey's t test for multiple comparisons using a 5% significance level
In all groups tested, there was aerosol dispersion, from 22.56 to 72.30 cm of distance, on average. The longest point was 87 cm from the source, produced by the HS group, without aspiration. The use of high speed even associated with simultaneous aspiration promoted a greater dispersion of the aerosol generated at a distance greater than or equal to 60 cm (Table 1)
HS, US and HS + US were statistically different among each other (P < 0.05). However, no differences were detected when using or not the aspiration (Fig. 3A).
(A) Measurement of the distance in centimeters reached by the aerosol produced by introducing red dye to the AR and US water system; (B) Bacterial growth (CFU/mL) produced by the aerosol by introducing the inoculum into the AR and US water bottles
Dye stains were seen on the operator's head
The operator was fully clothed with protective material and was not at risk of being exposed to contamination
Although all systems have produced aerosol
when using ultrasound to perform coronal openings
the aerosol dispersion was smaller even without the use of aspiration
the use of aspiration could contribute for a less contamination when using only the ultrasonic device
bovine incisors present different crown dimensions than human teeth crowns
maybe few bacteria would likely have been present
complicating comparison of the two access techniques
in the present study a single specie was used aiming to perform a true standardization of the infection source
two methods were performed for aerosol evaluation: the contamination (CFU/mL) and the mapping of aerosol dispersion area (cm)
Since there is a lack of investigations regarding aerosol particles and preventive measures or techniques to reduce aerosolized microorganisms generated during endodontic coronal access
comparisons are required as much as possible to provide consistent scientific evidence
These differences in the results may be correlated with the lack of standardization in the power of the ultrasonic device and in the design of the water outlets between inserts from different manufacturers
alone or in conjunction with other systems
is one of the main factors for generating aerosols in the dental office
is the coronal opening and due to the lower potential for contamination
the use of ultrasound should be encouraged
especially accompanied by high power aspiration
considering known and emerging pathogens such as SARS-COV-2
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article
Interventions to reduce contaminated aerosols produced during dental procedures for preventing infectious diseases
Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for clinical dental care
Aerosols generated during endodontic treatment: A special concern during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
Bacterial aerosols in dental practice—A potential hospital infection problem?
Microbial splatter discharged from the oral cavity of dental patients
Bacterial aerosols in the dental clinic: A review
Topographic aspects of airborne contamination caused by the use of dental handpieces in the operative environment
Dissemination of aerosol and splatter during ultrasonic scaling: A pilot study
To drill or not to drill: Management of endodontic emergencies and in-process patients during the COVID-19 pandemic
Atmospheric contamination during ultrasonic scaling
Evaluating spatter and aerosol contamination during dental procedures
Evaluation of aerosol and splatter contamination during minor oral surgical procedures
Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1
Extensive viable Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus contamination in air and surrounding environment in MERS isolation wards
Factors involved in the aerosol transmission of infection and control of ventilation in healthcare Premises
Knowledge and attitude of dental practitioners related to disinfection during the COVID-19 pandemic
Rubber dam application in endodontic practice: An update on critical educational and ethical dilemmas
Dental aerosols: Microbial composition and spatial distribution
The benefit of the operating microscope for access cavity preparation by undergraduate students
Recommendations for managing endodontic emergencies during coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak
Access cavity preparations: classification and literature review of traditional and minimally invasive endodontic access cavity designs
Air quality assessment during dental practice: Aerosols bacterial counts in an universitary clinic
Enterococcus faecalis—A mechanism for its role in endodontic failure
Risk of contamination of different areas of dentist’s face during dental practices
Aerosols and splatter in dentistry: A brief review of the literature and infection control implications
Human coronaviruses: Insights into environmental resistance and its influence on the development of new antiseptic strategies
Challenges for dental professionals during COVID-19 pandemic: Are we prepared?
and attitude regarding COVID-19 and infection control: Cross-sectional study among Jordanian dentists
A multipurpose portable negative air flow isolation chamber for aerosol generating medical procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic
Preventing Transmission of Pandemic Influenza and Other Viral Respiratory Diseases: Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Personnel: Chapter: 2 Understanding the Risk to Healthcare Personnel (2010)
The relationship of fabric properties and bacterial filtration efficiency for selected surgical face masks
Aerosol transmission of infectious disease
Microbial aerosols in general dental practice
and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient
Dental bioaerosol as an occupational hazard in a dentist’s workplace
Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents
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The authors would like to thank HELSE Ultrassonic (Santa Rosa do Viterbo
Brazil) for the financial support and ultrasonic inserts
to Vinicius Rizzo Marques and 3D LAB (Betim
Maricel Rosario Cardenas Cuellar & Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade
contributed to the designed the study and performed the experiments; F.B.A
contributed to interpretation of data of the work
and critically revised the manuscript; all authors gave final approval and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work
The authors declare no competing interests
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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Querétaro is a city in central Mexico that economic experts have said models the economic development of the entire country
Some of the city’s success has been attributed to the growth of American companies doing business in Querétaro
“It’s an example of what’s working in this country,” said Arturo Herbert, Mexican economist and international commerce professor in Querétaro’s prestigious university Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey
Querétaro is a city of about 1 million people located 120 miles northwest of Mexico City
Querétaro is attractive to American companies because it’s not far from both the east and west coasts of Mexico and it is 500 miles from the international border with the U.S
Foreign companies do business in cities like Querétaro because labor is cheaper and because the pool of high-skilled workers is large
a former university president who retired from the National Bank of Foreign Trade in Mexico
General Electric, Bombardier, BMW and Mercedes Benz are some of the big companies with factories and offices in Querétaro
Former Mexican President Felipe Calderon spoke at the inauguration of GE’s newest plant in Querétaro in 2011
He said Querétaro is General Electric’s second-largest engineering center outside of the U.S
About 1,300 Mexican engineers work in the aerospace industry in Querétaro
“These companies are looking for a good deal and we are interested in them doing business in Mexico,” Calderon said
“This is an example of the strategic relationship between GE and Mexico.”
Many things make it attractive to operate in Mexico, said Mauricio Varela, an assistant professor of economics at the University of Arizona
“It’s cheap labor--let’s start there,” he said
“Minimum wage there is $5 a day and here it’s $7 an hour
But Mexican economic growth isn't just about the savings--it’s about workers’ skills
The number of college graduates is large and has been growing in Mexico
the number of engineers graduating every year is increasing and that interests firms that need technical skills
Those firms have a better pool of workers in Mexico than in Asian countries
Manufacturers in Mexico can be more flexible than China when it comes to changing orders on the fly
to get products from cities like Querétaro to the U.S.
There is also opportunity for joint research development with Mexico
“That’s a huge possibility for everybody because here we have a lot of highly trained researchers and we know that research and development cost a lot of money
and obviously it can be done cheaper in Mexico,” Herbert said
has said international trade is a top priority for his administration
and Herbert expects Mexico to see an increase in foreign investment
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Readers: Today we wrap up our list of Florida’s 67 counties and how they got their names
which accidentally was left out of our previous columns
As a reminder, all facts are from this writer’s book, Florida Fun Facts, as well as the Florida Department of State and the Florida Handbook. Note: Years refer to each county’s formation
Indian River (1925): The river for which the county is named originally was Rio de Ais
Pasco (1887): Samuel Pasco was speaker of the Florida House when the county formed
Pinellas (1911): The Spanish named the peninsula Punta Pinal: "point of pines."
Florida Time archives: Get caught up on the stories you’ve missed
Putnam (1849): Either for Israel Putnam, Revolutionary hero, or Benjamin A. Putnam, an officer in the Seminole wars and an unsuccessful congressional candidate who was the first president of the Florida Historical Society
missionaries founded Mission San Juan del Puerto
"Saint John of the Harbor," for John the Baptist
St. Lucie (1844): Spanish explorer Pedro Menéndez de Avilés established the Santa Lucia settlement
she was born in the fourth century in Sicily of noble parents and was exposed as a Christian by a spurned suitor and later executed
she preached against submission to Emperor Frederick II
given to the group which migrated from adjoining states in the late 1700s
is thought to derive from the Spanish word cimarron
Sumter (1853): General Thomas Sumter was a Revolutionary War hero
Suwannee (1858): The waterway's name either is from the Cherokee world sawani
Songwriter Stephen Foster never laid eyes on it
rejecting Mississippi's Yazoo and South Carolina's Pee Dee
and arbitrarily shortened it to fit the song's metrics
Taylor (1856): Zachary Taylor, president from 1849 to 1851, led U.S. troops at the 1838 Battle of Okeechobee in the Second Seminole War
Volusia (1854): Perhaps for an English or Belgian or French settler named Volus or Veluche who reportedly owned a trading post at a landing on the St
Wakulla (1843): Probably a Timucuan word for "spring of water."
Walton (1824): George Walton was a secretary of the U.S
but only on paper; voters refused to approve its founding and it was gone by 1834
Two counties never were: Bloxham was rejected by voters and Call was vetoed by the governor and replaced with "Brevard."
Share it with Eliot by leaving a voicemail at (850) 270-8418
Last week: Florida History: Florida’s alligators were here first -- a brief history
From a reader: I very much enjoyed your article on the history of Cypress Gardens
I went there with my parents and later worked there as a teenager as a tour guide through the gardens
In 2011 I got a job at Legoland and was there until 2013
I was disappointed at the end of the article when you simply stated Legoland is there now
Cypress Gardens is still there and it's as beautiful as ever
It's a shame that people don't realize that the Cypress Gardens original park is still intact and being well cared for
The famous Banyan Tree still stands tall and is as beautiful as ever
I hope to one day convince Legoland to offer an historic Cypress Gardens tour pass
That would include the mansion and the crossroads even though they have a Legoland facelift
Until then please know that it's as beautiful as ever and being well taken care of
Eliot Kleinberg has been a staff writer for the past three decades at The Palm Beach Post in West Palm Beach, and is the author of 10 books about Florida (www.ekfla.com)
Florida Time is a product of GateHouse Media and publishes online in their 22 Florida markets including Jacksonville
comments or memories to FloridaTime@Gatehousemedia.com
as Uran and Bernal come to the fore on demanding circuit
Contreras and Osorio formed a larger eight-rider breakaway that emerged on the final lap of racing
but the Nu Colombia rider attacked inside 2km to go and gained a slim lead over the rest of the group
connecting with Contreras' back wheel and winning the two-up sprint to the line
Rigoberto Uran (EF Education-EasyPost) sprinted in for third place ahead of Jonathan Caicedo (Petrolike) in fourth
Iván Ramiro Sosa (Movistar Team) sixth
Adrián Bustamante (GW Erco Shimano) seventh and Edgar David Cadena (Petrolike) eighth
All were in the initial last-lap breakaway
Niccolò Bonifazio (Corratec-Vini Fantini) won the reduced group sprint for ninth place
crossing the line just 11 seconds behind the breakaway
Contreras moved into the overall race lead
taking the jersey from stage 2 winner and overnight leader Harold Tejada (Astana-Qazaqstan) thanks to his time bonus for second place
Tejada is now positioned in second overall at six seconds back
with Andrea Piccolo (EF Education-EasyPost) in third at 11 seconds
WorldTour teams have dominated the Tour Colombia since its inception in 2018
but Osorio's victory and Contreras' stint in yellow showcases the depth on the domestic scene
Both riders previously had WorldTour experience
Osorio at Bahrain and Contreras at QuickStep and Astana
"Colombian cycling has a lot of talent but it’s always difficult to win against WorldTour riders," explained Osorio
"I think that WorldTour riders have a little bit than us because they have more technology at their disposal.
"I’m not saying that money is everything
but we’re strong riders and we’re fighters."
nicknamed 'Pony,' was fired by Bahrain Victorious in the spring of 2022 for reportedly leaving their COVID-19 bubble
but he still retains hope of eventually returning to the WorldTour.
We’ll be going to Coppi e Bartali in March
I’ve already achieved two dreams this season
and winning at Coppi e Bartali would be the third."
The precise difficulty of the race profile was open to a variety of interpretations
but it was clear that any kind of circuit around Tunja
When Harold Tejada (Astana-Qazaqstan) seized the yellow jersey with an enterprising victory in Santa Rosa de Viterbo
he was already being asked to cast his mind ahead to the decisive summit finish on the Alto del Vino on Saturday
that his rivals would be poised to probe him for any signs of weakness on Thursday's attritional stage
which took in of eleven laps of a 12.9km circuit
Despite the rolling terrain and the altitude in excess of 2,700m
the first lap was run off at a brisk average pace of 43kph
and there wasn't a whole lot of respite even after the day's early break of Santiago Gómez (Team Sistecrédito)
Bernardo Suaza (Petrolike) and Brayan Sánchez (Team Medellín) forged clear
That trio would eventually carve out an advantage of more than three minutes
putting Gómez into the virtual race lead
but there was never any real danger of the situation spiralling out of control for the GC favourites
Astana-Qazaqstan and Movistar found common cause at the head of the bunch
it was their fast men who were doing much of the work
with Mark Cavendish and Fernando Gaviria prominent
Cavendish eventually swung off with a shade under four laps to go
As he soft-pedalled up the circuit's toughest climb
the Manxman entered into the festive spirit of the occasion
accepting a phone from a fan to take a rolling selfie and then slapping outstretched hands all way to the top of the ascent
the intensity of the peloton was steadily rising
and it was telling that EF Education-EasyPost's Andrea Piccolo was now to the fore
and his acceleration prompted a brisk reaction from a quickly shrinking bunch
Carapaz went again on the second climb of the circuit
with Colombian champion Alejandro Osorio (GW) counter attacking over the top
Piccolo was next to try his luck in a breathless sequence
and by the time they began the penultimate lap
there were only fifteen or so riders in the group of favourites
a group of eight eventually took shape thanks to forcing from Uran
while Bernal was increasingly to the fore on the run-in
The front group split and reformed repeatedly in the closing kilometres
and it was Osorio and Contreras who slipped away in the finale
with the Colombian champion coming out on the top
with Oscar Sevilla (Medellin) among the fallers
was taken to hospital after the stage with injuries to his face and shoulder.
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Kirsten has a background in Kinesiology and Health Science
She has been involved in cycling from the community and grassroots level to professional cycling's biggest races
She began her sports journalism career with Cyclingnews as a North American Correspondent in 2006
Kirsten became Women's Editor – overseeing the content strategy
race coverage and growth of women's professional cycling – before becoming Deputy Editor in 2023
He held off Fernando Gaviria (Movistar) at the line for the victory
Nelson Soto (Petrolike) completed the podium in third in the flat
From the peloton led by Astana with 3km go
Petrolike’s Jose Ramon Muñiz launched a solo attack
He glanced back passing under the 1km mark and fell in line behind a line of Astana riders
The Manxman reversed his fortunes from the opening stage
It is the second stage win for Astana at Tour Colombia
Harold Tejada winning on Wednesday in Santa Rosa de Viterbo for the team's first victory of the season
it was incredible work by my teammates in the final and the last sprint was incredible," Cavendish said at the finish
"When you see that sprint through and how the boys worked
you can see how I wanted to ride one more year
to bring myself and Fernando [Gaviria] back into contention was incredible
Astana was attentive to moves all day on Friday
including a late breakaway in the final 30km
while Nu Colombia held steady in the peloton to project race leader Rodrigo Contreras
Contreras completed stage 4 in the peloton on the heels of the sprinters and swapped his purple Nu Colombia kit for the yellow leader’s jersey for a second day
A late breakaway of Julián Cardona (Team Medellín)
Laureano Rosas (Swift Carbon Pro Cycling Brasil) and Alexander Gil (Orgullo Paisa) took their chances into a headwind and moved clear by 43 seconds with 27km to go
The final third of the stage had left the mountainous terrain behind after the final KOM at Alto del Sisga and it was only flat roads through farming communities headed to Zipaquirá
Gil was the first to relent from the front as Cardona and Rosas cooperated to hold a 20-second gap with 12km to go
a few looks revealing the peloton in full flight
Movistar was massed behind Nu Colombia with 7.3km to go and had the catch almost in hand on a small rise on the wide road
The duo resisted for another kilometre before the bigger teams took over
Stage 4 of the Tour Colombia was always likely to be race of two distinct parts
The opening phase from Paipa took the peloton through some rugged terrain
ahead of a fast drop onto the altopiano that led to Egan Bernal's hometown of Zipaquirá
Bernal's sometime training partner Óscar Sevilla (Medellín) was the stage's lone non-starter
who began a new life in Colombia after Operación Puerto effectively ended his career in Europe
had shone on stage 2 to Santa Rosa de Viterbo
A heavy crash in the finale of stage 3 to Tunja
ended his race on the eve of the summit finish atop the Alto del Vino
The opening stanza of the stage was animated by a break of nine riders
Brayan Sánchez (Team Medellín)
Bayron Guamá (Ecuador) and Steven Haro (Ecuador) had a lead of 3:40 over the Alto del Moral
but it had already started to contract by the team they crested the Alto Viquemada
The Nu Colombia team of yellow jersey Rodrigo Contreras were prominent early on
but Davide Persico's Bingoal WB squad came to the fore over the Alto Sisga
where Mark Cavendish (Astana-Qazaqstan) and Fernando Gaviria (Movistar) were in difficulty at the rear of the peloton
Cavendish was distanced with 76km remaining
but the Manxman had a strong complement of Astana teammates around him
including Kazakhstani champion Alexey Lutsenko
who has looked strikingly comfortable at high altitude this week
They kept the gap to manageable dimensions on the climb and gradually managed to work their way back up to the peloton
with Cavendish rejoining the fray with a shade under 40km to go
the last of the early escapees had been swept up and a bunch finish looked inevitable
but that didn't dissuade further attacks as the kilometres ticked down towards Zipaquirá
Laureano Rosas (Swift Carbon) and Alex Gil (Orgullo Paisa) stole clear on the run-in
and the trio carried an advantage just shy of a minute from 27km
Across the next 15km their effort extinguished
Alto del Vino summit finish offers key test before Bogota finale
The 2024 edition of the Tour Colombia 2.1 will feature a stage finish in Egan Bernal’s hometown of Zipaquirá and a summit finish atop the Alto del Vino ahead of the final stage in Bogotá
The route of the fourth edition of the Tour Colombia was unveiled on Tuesday
with the race set to take place in the departments of Boyacá and Cundinamarca before the finish in the capital city
The opening stage features roads that will be familiar from the 1995 World Championships
with the race setting out from Paipa and taking in five laps of a hilly circuit ahead of the finish in Duitama
Government and sports federation agree to bring back Tour Colombia in 2024
Egan Bernal says 2024 Tour de France ride contingent on improved form
Nairo Quintana to start comeback at 2024 Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana
and the opening kilometres follow the route of the 1995 Worlds time trial to Tunja before the race continues towards the finish in Santa Rosa de Viterbo
The race remains in Boyacá for stage 3
which sees the peloton take in nine laps of a 12.5km circuit around Tunja
The organisation has described the penultimate day as the etapa reina
with a summit finish on the 2,800m-high Alto del Vino
The sixth and final stage brings the Tour Colombia into Bogotá by way of the Alto de Patios
and the route takes in the city’s main thoroughfare of Carrera Séptima before a finish in the Parque Nacional
when the event was known as Colombia Paz y Oro and the route was centred on the Valle del Cauca department
was won by Miguel Ángel López
while Sergio Higuita led a sweep of the podium for EF in 2020
when the race was also held in Boyacá and Cundinamarca
The participating teams for the 2024 Tour Colombia 2.1 have yet to be announced
but Portuguese media has reported that Movistar will skip the Volta ao Algarve in order to focus their attention on the Colombian race
Quintana missed the 2023 season when he was unable to find a team in the aftermath of his positive tests for Tramadol on the 2022 Tour de France
six WorldTour teams participated in the Tour Colombia
who had also lined out at the Vuelta a San Juan in Argentina the previous month
The Vuelta a San Juan is not on the UCI calendar in 2024 and it will instead be held as a local event
Rally's Colin Joyce (second from right) mixes it up in the sprint on stage 5 at Tour C olombia
'Anytime I'm out racing my bike I'm having fun' says 25-year-old from Idaho
Colin Joyce has become Rally Cycling’s man for all seasons
can mix it up with the WorldTour sprinters
set up his teammates for a result on the climbs for a general classification run
who counts stage wins at the 2016 Tour of Alberta and 2018 Arctic Race of Norway among his palmares
started his 2020 season at the Vuelta a San Juan in Argentina
where he finished eighth in the 15.5km individual time trial and 10th in a bunch sprint contested by Peter Sagan (Bora-Hansgrohe)
Alvaro Hodeg (Deceuninck-QuickStep) and UAE Team Emirates' Fernando Gaviria and Sebastian Molano
"It's been a good week so far," Joyce told Cyclingnews before the start of Sunday's stage. "I'm just trying to be closer to the front of the bike races and do what we can to be competitive here, so it's nice to be in the mix. It's just been a fun week with some hard racing."
Hard might be an understatement. The race in Colombia never set foot below 2,500 metres of elevation, and the final stage to Alto del Verjón finished at 3,290 metres. Not deterred by the daunting elevations and the thin air riders find there, Joyce made the final breakaway of the race with fellow Idaho native Matteo Jorgenson (Movistar), taking it to the stage before finally succumbing to the elevation and the relentless pursuit of the pack.
"I grew up at 4,500 feet. It's not super high, but it's altitude," Joyce said, commenting on his ability to adjust to the high reaches of the South American mountains.
"You can't ever really get used to 9,000 feet unless you live up here," he said, "but at the same time, the key is not to go too into the red. Once you get there you can't panic otherwise you're done for. You just have to stay within your limits. In the bike race, you can feel when you're starting to get pretty deep, and if you go too deep you're just done."
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Despite telling Cyclingnews he doesn't consider himself an escape artist, both of Joyce's professional wins have come from breakaways. In 2016 at the Tour of Alberta, while riding for Axel Merckx's Axeon development team, he survived a complicated opening stage in Lethbridge that saw several moves go up the road then fall prey to the chase before more moves slipped away. Joyce eventually out-sprinted Alex Howes (EF Pro Cycling) and current teammate Robin Carpenter to take his first pro win.
In 2018, riding for Rally at the Arctic Tour of Norway, he made the move that stuck and then out-sprinted Dutchman Dennis van Winden (Israel Cycling Academy) for the win.
"I haven't actually been in too many breakaways," he insisted on Sunday. "I read an article in [a US publication] the other day that said I was a breakaway rider, but I've only been in three breakaways. It's kind of fun on some days that I'm not really suited for or days to just be part of the bike race and get off the front and mix it up a little bit. I wouldn't call myself a breakaway rider, but someone who's just trying to race his bike and have a little fun."
In Colombia, Rally's breakaway specialist, Robin Carpenter, was suffering in the altitude and from a stomach bug, so the team focused on the general classification hopes of Gavin Mannion. Joyce went all in for his teammate on stage 4, which finished with the Alto de Malterias at 2,732 metres just 2.9km from the line.
Joyce guided Mannion through the chaos of urban Duitama to put his teammate near the front at the bottom of the final climb. Mannion described the finale as "crazy fast" and credited Joyce for the help, with his teammate's ability to handle himself in field sprints playing a crucial role in Mannion's success.
"The run into the final town, 10km out, was raced like a sprint finish," Mannion said. "Luckily the team set me up perfectly for that. And then I had Colin looking after me in some of the chaos through the town and into the start of the climb."
After his work for Mannion was done, Joyce shut things down and soft-pedalled in, absorbing and enjoying the cheers of the overly enthusiastic Colombian spectators.
"I was coming up by myself off the back, and it was cool riding through a tunnel of people," he said. "They're all screaming for you and they move out of the way at the last second. I'm in 150th place pretty much, and they're still treating me like I'm winning the bike race or something. It was a cool experience.
"There's a ton of them, but it's awesome to see," he said of the roadside spectators in Colombia. "It's really cool to have them all out, it's just that sometimes they're a little too far in the road, which can be a little dangerous. But, with that said, it is also awesome to have so many fans and spectators out watching."
Joyce won't likely race in front of crowds that size again when Rally heads over to Europe later this spring for the team's first block of racing in Italy and France. But first, he'll go back home to Idaho for a break, then to Santa Rosa, California, for some warm-weather training. He's obviously hoping for some results on the European trip, but he told Cyclingnews he doesn't have any specific races targeted.
"It's kind of hard to target a specific race because you could have a bad day or something," he said. "It's more kind of focusing on a certain time period. Then if you're riding well you're riding well and any race could kind of be a race that goes well. My goals are to just keep developing, keep getting better and better and kind of the same as every year: just keep trying to find the front of bike races more and more."
True to Joyce's all-rounder nature, he doesn't have a favourite type of race and couldn't choose between one-day events or stage races, saying he likes "all of it."
"I haven't done a lot of one-day races," he said. "Last year we started to do more and they were pretty fun. We've got quite a lot more this year on the schedule, so I think it will be fun to mix those up. I mean, anytime I'm out racing my bike I'm having fun."
Growing up in Missoula
Pat competed in his first bike race in 1985 at Flathead Lake
He studied English and journalism at the University of Oregon and has covered North American cycling extensively since 2009
as well as racing and teams in Europe and South America
Pat currently lives in the US outside of Portland
EF Pro Cycling teammate Martinez wins finale stage 6
Martinez sprinted for the summit victory ahead of overall winner Sergio Higuita
while third place went to Egan Bernal (Team Ineos)
Miguel Eduardo Florez (Androni Giocattoli-Sidermec) was fourth and Jonathan Caicedo (EF Pro Cycling) fifth
and the way the team has worked relentlessly for us has been phenomenal," said Martinez in a team press release after his stage victory
Tejay [van Garderen] and Lawson [Craddock] enough
and it makes it all the more special that it's in my home country," he said
"Last year I was riding for another team in Europe [Fundación Euskadi], but I was dreaming that I would one day race in front of my home country," said Higuita. "Last year it was only a dream to one day win this race. It's an incredible feeling to cap off all the hard work the team did this week."
The final day at Tour Colombia 2.1 would decide the overall winner after a week of racing above 2,500 metres of elevation. The race shifted from the relatively rural areas around Paipa and Duitama to the urban core of Bogota, where the stage finished atop Alto del Verjón at 3,290 metres.
The 182.6km stage started in Zipaquirá and took a circuitous route to the summit finish just outside Colombia’s sprawling, high-altitude capital city of 7.4 million people.
The final stage featured three intermediate sprints at 42.8km, 77km and finally at 146.6km. Mountains classification points were on offer at Alto del Sisga, a category 3 climb at 60.8km, again at Alt del Sisga at 88.8km, at Alto Patios at 156.2km, and finally at the finish on Alto del Verjón.
Colón collected maximum points and the three-second time bonus at the first sprint, winning ahead of Guamá and Jorgenson as their gap shot up to 3:30.
The KOM at 60.8km saw mountains leader Duarte add to his lead, taking the win ahead of Muñoz and Jorgenson. Guamá won the second sprint at 77km ahead of Duarte and Saugstad as the 14 leaders’ advantage hovered at 3:10.
Duarte continued to consolidate his lead in the mountains classification by taking the second KOM at 88.8km as well.
Van Empel was the first to pop out of the breakaway at 130km when the leaders’ gap was down to just 2:45. But the 13 remaining riders continued to power toward the finish.
Ten kilometres later, the gap was down to two minutes as EF Pro Cycling drove the pace in the peloton. Having secured his mountains jersey, Duarte eased off, and Barón took the third KOM at 146.6km ahead of Muñoz and Suárez.
That was the nearly the end of the day for the escapees, however, who were back in the fold at 150km. Robinson Chaplaud (Team Medellin) took the final KOM before the finish at 156.2km, and the path to Alto del Verjón was cleared for the general classification battle.
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Mark Cavendish with his 2024 Astana Qazaqstan teammates
The peloton racing in the inaugural edition of the Colombia Oro Y Paz 2018
Cavendish takes novel approach to new season with spell at altitude
The lie of the land is rather different as the Tour Colombia returns to the calendar on Tuesday after a four-year absence
The passion for the sport in this corner of the world is as fervent as ever – witness the joyous multitudes in Duitama at last weekend’s national championships – but the skies are not quite as serene as they were in the spring of 2020
Miguel Ángel López was the coming man of the mountains
and WorldTour teams were scrambling to identify and recruit emerging Colombian talent
Dave Brailsford had travelled to the country to investigate the prospect of securing a sponsor to replace Sky
and sombre newspaper headlines spoke gravely of the end of Colombian cycling’s years of plenty
WorldTour squads’ growing preference for recruiting directly from the junior ranks in Europe and North America
allied to the demise of Manzana Postobón
had complicated the pathway for young Colombian talent
while some established stars were enduring travails of their own
López was banished from the WorldTour due to his implication in Operation Ilex
were inching towards the end of their careers
The absence of the Tour Colombia from the calendar only exacerbated the sense of drift
The race was cancelled in 2021 due to the pandemic
and shortfalls in funding prevented the Colombian Cycling Federation from resurrecting it in the years that followed
Its return in 2024 was confirmed too late to convince the bulk of the WorldTour squads to change their early-season programmes
but the organisation will hope that this year’s event will at least provide a foothold for future editions
Most importantly, they have secured the presence of the most bankable stars of Colombian cycling. Nairo Quintana begins his second act at Movistar at the Tour Colombia
while Rigoberto Urán and Esteban Chaves line out in an EF Education-EasyPost squad that also includes Olympic champion Richard Carapaz of Ecuador
Although Ineos Grenadiers opted against adding the Tour Colombia to their programme
they have allowed Bernal and teammate Brandon Rivera line out for the Colombian national team
Quintana and Bernal will inevitably dominate attention over the six-day race
and not only because the route traverses their respective home departments of Boyacá and Cundinamarca
For the nation’s two greatest riders of the 21st century
this edition of the Tour Colombia marks something of a reboot
a chance to lay down a marker before moving on to the campaign ahead in Europe
When Quintana called a press conference in Bogotá a year ago
the assumption was that he had reached the end of the line
Even though he defiantly dismissed the idea of retirement that morning
his path back to the WorldTour looked impassable
Already persona non grata after his Tramadol positives
his appeal was hardly going to be heightened by a year on the sidelines
Although Quintana endured a trying end to his time with the Holy Family in 2019
documented in excruciating detail by Netflix
Movistar struggled last season to offset the loss of Alejandro Valverde from both a sporting and commercial standpoint
Manager Eusebio Unzué and his backers reckoned that rehiring Quintana at a reduced rate was worth a punt
“We couldn't just sit back and do nothing,” he said last month
After delivering a serviceable if unspectacular showing at the national championships last weekend
Quintana takes in his first real test at the Tour Colombia as he builds towards the Giro d’Italia
The summit finish on the Alto del Vino on the penultimate day should offer pointers as to what he might be able to achieve in his comeback year
arrives at the Tour Colombia buoyed by his bronze medal at the national championships road race
his first podium finish of any description since he claimed overall victory at the 2021 Giro d’Italia
His career was interrupted and his life changed by the horrific crash he suffered in training ahead of the 2022 season
and his very return to the professional peloton later that year was already a monumental achievement
Although Bernal’s comeback suffered some false starts last year
he did manage to finish both the Tour and the Vuelta a España
a feat he hoped would serve as a foundation for improvement in 2024
Pogacar et al in July still seems most unlikely at this point
but Bernal’s spirited display in Duitama last week was a reminder of his talent and resolve
which visits his native Zipaquirá on stage 4
offers a chance to take another stride forward
but the outlook is more promising than it was a year ago
Following the demise of the Vuelta a San Juan
the Tour Colombia is the most prestigious stage race in the Americas
though the field is light on WorldTour talent compared to the previous three editions in 2018
the star power at the Tour Colombia is not restricted to Quintana and Bernal
As one would expect with Telefónica’s commercial interests in the region
Movistar have sent a strong line-up that includes Ivan Sosa and Fernando Gaviria
who has the useful habit of winning early and often in 2.1 races in South America at this time of year
Gaviria should be challenged in the sprints by Mark Cavendish
who arrived in Colombia over two weeks ago for a block of altitude training in Rionegro in the company of some key men from his Astana-Qazaqstan train
was to increase Cavendish’s aerobic capacity for the season ahead
and he is scheduled to return to altitude at Sierra Nevada ahead of the Tour
Sprinting at more than 2,500m above sea level won’t favour Cavendish
but the presence of Michael Mørkøv and Cees Bol is a clear sign that the Manxman isn’t lining out simply to make up the numbers
it’s a chance to reacquaint himself with Mørkøv’s expert lead-out after a year apart
EF Education-EasyPost are the third WorldTour team in action
and the event notionally serves as Urán’s last competitive outing on Colombian roads
though he has since expressed some misgivings about bringing an end to his career
The Ecuadorian’s 2023 campaign was blighted by ill fortune
most notably his early Tour de France abandon
but he finished the season on an upbeat note and began the new campaign in similar fashion
Only two ProTeams – Bingoal WB and Corratec Vini Fantini – have made the journey from Europe
with the rest of the peloton composed of national squads and Continental outfits
The Colombian national team was initially expected to include Daniel Martínez and Sergio Higuita
but Bora-Hansgrohe opted against releasing them for duty
The ongoing suspension of Miguel Ángel López
sees 47-year-old Oscar Sevilla lead Team Medellín
and the Spaniard is one of a number of familiar names on the start list
is on hand for Gianni Savio’s Petrolike squad
and the Ecuadorian warmed up for this event with overall victory at the Vuelta al Táchira in Venezuela
hasn’t entirely exited the stage since leaving the WorldTour in 2021
and he lines out for a Nu Colombia squad that also includes Rodrigo Contreras
newly crowned Colombian champion Alejandro Osorio
fired by Bahrain Victorious in 2022 for “contract breaches” leads the line for GW Erco Shimano
While the longstanding Vuelta a Colombia has typically followed the remit of a national tour by covering as much of the country as its time frame allows
the new Tour Colombia has limited itself to a department or two at a time
the maiden edition of what was then Colombia Paz y Oro focused on the (relatively) low-lying Valle del Cauca
while the race switched to Antioquia a year later
The 2024 route roughly mirrors that of three years ago
with the race beginning in Boyacá before passing into neighbouring Cundinamarca
remaining well in excess of 2,000m above sea level for the duration of the event
At this altitude and at this early point in the year
just a week after the national championships
In the three previous editions of the race after all
only two foreigners – Julian Alaphilippe and Bob Jungels – have managed to snag stage victories
while the final podium has been the preserve of Colombian and Ecuadorian riders
The opening stage between Paipa to Duitama manages to avoid the climbing in the area and thus lends itself to the sprinters
but the GC men should already be to the fore on stage 2
which tackles the uphill finale to Santa Rosa de Viterbo where Higuita beat Bernal in 2020
There is more rugged terrain on stage 3 to Tunja
though the flat run-in should present Gavira et al with another chance
Stage 4 brings the race into Cundinamarca for a finish in Bernal’s hometown of Zipaquirá before the pivotal leg to the Alto del Vino on the penultimate day
The ascent to the finish of stage 5 is some 30km in length
That kind of altitude alone made the Alto Colorado a redoubtable challenge at the lamented Vuelta a San Juan
but this is an altogether more arduous test
with the peloton crossing the 3,000m-high Alto de Patios ahead of the final drop into the capital and the finish line outside the city’s national park
The Landin family does more than own a calendar factory—they also collect calendars
They've even opened a museum in a 17th-century mansion to exhibit their vast collection
you'll be sure to notice scenes painted by the great artists of Mexican calendars
Perhaps the most memorable are the ones created by Ferrari
an artist who painted pin-up girls in the '50s
But undoubtedly the most nostalgic and abundant part of the museum is the one showcasing a calendar for each year of the 20th century. Art Deco illustrations grace the 1930 calendar; a 1947 calendar celebrates the announcement of modern dental implants; the calendar for 1968 honors the Mexican Olympic Games; and 1983 features imagery of spacecraft
Take a good look at the illustrations for the calendars made during the years of the Second World War
where you'll see Nazis represented as a dead dragon and the Japanese as a monstrous octopus
The museum contains nods to the calendars of the much more distant past
One of the jewels of the collection is a replica of an Aztec calendar carved into a massive chunk of cedar wood
It was made by Irma Covarrubias and Luis Hernández and weighs almost 600 kilograms
Over 300 historical instruments from around the world can be found in the Royal Northern College of Music's basement
A professional special effects makeup artist’s collection of horror creatures and one-of-a-kind recreations on display in downtown Boulder City
From the 1940 Ford Coupe that started it all 50 years ago
this collection of over 150 classic vehicles celebrates the spirit and history of American car craft
Crammed into several rooms of a Staten Island home
this museum is a vodka-soaked paean to the pleasures of drinking
A special area of the National Archaeological Museum of Naples is located inside a metro station
a funeral decoration from the 18th century
complete with earthen skeletons and mermaids
The cellar of a former factory is now home to a collection of gloves
Sister María Antonia of the Immaculate Conception (Sor María Antonia de la Purísima Concepción)
The beloved city of San Antonio is celebrating its 300th birthday this year
and Fray Antonio de San Buenaventura y Olivares established the first iteration of Mission San Antonio de Valero — the Alamo — near San Pedro Springs
The area had been named San Antonio de Padua by other Spaniards in 1691
Arts activity as diverse as the city’s population itself is underway to commemorate the milestone
housed within the glorious vintage brick façade of the former Lone Star Brewery
chose the least visually documented third of the centurial triptych for its contribution to the celebration
San Antonio 1718 – Art from Viceregal Mexico presents more than 100 paintings
and devotional and decorative items that collectively excavate the story of life in northern New Spain before revolution resulted in the creation of an independent Republic of Mexico in 1821
Comprised of works — many previously unseen in the United States — from nearly two dozen institutions and private collections throughout Mexico
the museum’s Curator of Latin American Art
spent five years on a south-of-the-border “treasure hunt” to create San Antonio 1718
But it’s really an achievement that has been some 40 years in the making for the curator
Museum Director Katie Luber described it as “a monument to Marion’s work.” Oettinger added
“The exhibition is singular in importance for the manner in which it explores and illustrates the historic bonds between Texas and Mexico
Working on it has been the greatest honor of my career.”
In addition to the Spanish Governors Palace
the four missions along the southern stretch of the San Antonio River provide the city’s primary evidence of its 18th-century
except for a handful of baptismal fonts and a statue of Saint Joseph (the latter included in the exhibition)
there remains no art in San Antonio from the Spanish Colonial era
Divided into three sections — “People and Places,” “The Cycle of Life,” and “The Church” — the exhibition includes some of New Spain’s most important 18th-century painters
including Cristόbal de Villalpando (1649–1714)
A grid of 15 “caste paintings” by de Páez signals the entryway to “People and Places.” Oettinger explained that this genre became popular in the 18th century to demonstrate to authorities in Old World Spain that
Españoles who mixed with Indians produced Mestizos
Spaniards and persons of African descent produced Mulatos
“The earliest censuses in San Antonio were organized by caste,” Oettinger added
A person with 100 head of cattle might be listed as a Mestizo
but 10 years later he might have 1,000 head of cattle and be an Españole.” Shown here
the first of the set of 15 Mexican Castes paintings
depicts an Españole and an Indian with their offspring
The paintings are rich with details of each caste’s station
The lower castes’ homes are sometimes jacales with doors made of carrizo reeds
View of Zacatecas from the Aqueduct (Vista de Zacatecas desde el acueducto)
Spanish Colonial landscape paintings of the northern provinces were quite rare
If we could shrink the mountains to be low-slung hills
and small homes and shops of adobe and stone in View of Zacatecas from the Aqueduct by English landscape painter Daniel Thomas Egerton might give an idea of San Antonio’s appearance in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
The aqueduct itself recalls the Mission Espada Aqueduct of the Alamo City
Portraits in “The Cycle of Life” section include the lovely María Manuela Esquivel y Serruto by Ignacio María Barreda
A young criolla woman of high social standing in New Spain
and the fully opened rose on her chest is a symbol of the subject’s coming of age
José María Guerrero (New Spain
the Giant (El gigante Martín [Martín Salmerón y Ojeda])
The Mystical City of God (La Ciudad mística de Dios)
The Mystical City of God by Cristόbal de Villalpando depicts the 17th-century Spanish mystic Sor María de Ágreda gazing upwards toward a vision of Mary
As Mexico City art historian Jaime Cuadriello notes in the exhibition catalogue
the Virgin is presented as a metaphor for the Mystical City
After taking religious vows at the age of 18 in 1620 and taking the name María de Jesús
Known as the mysterious Lady in Blue in southwestern history and folklore
María de Jesús experienced hundreds of dreamstate bilocations in which she appeared in West Texas and New Mexico to evangelize indigenous populations
Jumano Indians reported to authorities in New Spain that they had been visited by a Lady in Blue
who inspired them to seek religious instruction
It is believed that The Mystical City of God was commissioned by Fray Antonio Margil de Jesús
Informally regarded as “the patron saint of Texas,” Margil strode great distances across New Spain sans footwear
He lived in San Antonio in the early 1720s and founded San José y San Miguel de Aguayo Mission
we might note that the humility evinced in his chosen title
of “Nothingness itself” aligns with tenants of some Eastern philosophies
Margil might indeed blush to learn that no fewer than four images of himself grace the galleries of San Antonio 1718
Oettinger described the 1760 painting Sor Ana María de San Francisco y Neve as the best portrait in New Spain for its “simplicity and elegance.” Though unsigned
it may be the work of either Miguel Cabrera or José de Páez
It depicts Sor Ana María as a novice in the Convent of Santa Rosa de Viterbo in Querétaro
Martyrdom of Franciscans at Mission San Saba (El Matirio de los Franciscanos en la Misión de San Sabá)
Martyrdom of Franciscans at Mission San Saba
as the earliest known painting depicting a scene in Texas
Oettinger characterized it as “the most important painting ever exhibited in Texas.” The large canvas dramatizes and chronicles the destruction of Mission Santa Cruz de San Saba
by a large party of Comanches and other Native Americans on March 16
its accompanying presidio unwisely located some four miles away
was established in 1757 to evangelize Apaches and other indigenous peoples
A text in the bottom center of the painting provides a key to scenes depicted
and the killings of Franciscan priests Alonso Giraldo de Terreros and José de Santiesteban Aberín
Martyrdom of Franciscans at Mission San Saba is believed to have been commissioned by a cousin of Fray Terreros
a mining magnate who had also financed Mission San Saba
On loan for San Antonio 1718 from the Museo Nacional de Arte in Mexico City
the painting itself endured a remarkable odyssey in the late 20th century
But their findings confirmed that the painting is a relatively accurate representation of the mission with its wooden jacales and thatched roofs
Virgin of Guadalupe with Four Apparitions (Virgen de Guadalupe con las Cuatro Apariciones)
Attached to the back of the altar is a manuscript dated 1786
“stating that forty days of indulgence for the remission of sins are offered to persons who pray in front of this niche to the Virgin of Guadalupe.”
Among the many San Antonio mysteries that have long beguiled me is the modest 18th-century home that came to be known as the Veramendi Palace. Fernando Veramendi, born in Spain in 1743, traveled to the New World around 1770, became a successful merchant, and married into a San Antonio family of Canary Islanders in 1776. A son, Juan Martín de Veramendi
Fernando Veramendi was killed by Mescalero Apaches near the presidio of San Juan Bautista while on a business trip to Mexico City in 1783
The Veramendi Palace became a museum in the late 1800s and was torn down in 1909
Though the family and the home are not referenced in San Antonio 1718
I feel as though I have somehow gotten closer to their world by seeing the exhibition
I will be making a return trip to spend more time with San Antonio 1718
I especially appreciate the fact that it combines folk artwork with what Oettinger called “academic” paintings
which I hadn’t fully grasped until he pointed it out
Several 18th-century maps of San Antonio in the exhibition and catalogue also serve to increase our glimpsed and flickering knowledge of the villa’s most distant past
“There was life in San Antonio… before the Alamo.”
‘San Antonio 1718 – Art from Viceregal Mexico’ continues at the San Antonio Museum of Art through May 13
*Other sources indicate that the number killed in the attack was much smaller
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