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Share on FacebookShare on X (formerly Twitter)Share on PinterestShare on LinkedInHONOLULU (HawaiiNewsNow) - Contrary to popular belief You can actually trace the origins of the iconic string instrument to the Portuguese island archipelago Madiera three plantation contract workers — Manuel Nunes Jose do Espirito Santo and Augusto Dias — arrived in Hawaii aboard a British ship called the Ravenscrag their purpose was to address the shortage of field hands on sugar plantations Jim Tranquada is a historian who co-wrote the book “The Ukulele: A History.” Tranquada said his great-great grandfather and the two other ukulele pioneers weren’t even involved in agriculture — they were cabinet makers which is one of the reasons why they took off for Honolulu as soon as they could,” Tranquada said got jobs working at local furniture companies.” They introduced a Madeiran string instrument called the machete we are so far from Madeira that the materials used it would be cost prohibitive to use the exact same materials that would be coming from Madeira to be building these instruments,” said Shawn Yacavone owner of Ukulele Friend and collector of the original ukulele That meant they had to look for materials locally the tree that is unique to Hawaii that has long been associated with the royal family,” Tranquada said “The royal family was raised in cradles made of Koa The main staircase at Iolani Palace is made out of koa.” the royal family’s support of the ukulele is what popularized the new instrument and solidified its place in Hawaiian music and culture Queen Liluokalani and Princess Kaiulani all used are believed to be made by Nunes “In many cases it was these instruments that were used to play the original versions of a whole range of classic Hawaiian songs,” Tranquada said The ukulele also evolved at a time of great political turmoil during the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom The ukulele became an instrument used in protests Yacavone said famous songs — like “Kaulana Nā Pua” — were songs of protest played on the ukulele back then “All of these things begin to emerge,” Yacavone said you have something so beautiful as the ukulele begin to emerge.” The relations between Portugal and the United States of America are based in history and geography Portugal was the first neutral country to recognize the independence of the United States and we have been building a strong relationship in strategic areas and the Azores bring us closer together; the Portuguese-American community expands our ties; we are Allies in security and defense; the economic exchanges between our two countries are gaining new dynamics; the Portuguese and the North American Universities are reinforcing their exchanges; Portuguese is gaining more relevance as a foreign language in the United States’ education system In order to further enhance this relationship we are organizing the Month of Portugal in the United States of America It is organized in close cooperation with the Portuguese communities We want to make clear that we are fully aware of the importance of our bilateral relation but especially that we want to make it even stronger We keep in mind the importance of the history behind us but we want to explore new dimensions: that is the best way to foster long lasting relationships Official Result: Mayra Bueno Silva defeats Stephanie Egger by submission (armbar) at 1:17 of Round 1 | Results, Highlights & More Official Result: Cory McKenna defeats Miranda Granger by submission (Von Flue choke) at 1:03 of Round 2 | Results, Highlights & More Official Result: Bryan Battle defeats Takashi Sato by KO (head kick) at 0:44 of Round 1 | Results, Highlights & More Official Result: Michal Oleksiejczuk defeats Sam Alvey by TKO (punches) at 1:56 of Round 1 | Results, Highlights & More Official Result: Terrance McKinney defeats Erick Gonzalez by submission (rear-naked choke) at 2:17 of Round 1 | Results, Highlights & More Official Result: Serghei Spivac defeats Augusto Sakai 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The determination of land cover changes (LCCs) and their association to biophysical and socioeconomic factors is vital to support government policies toward the sustainable use of natural resources The present study aimed to quantify deforestation forest recovery and net cover change in tropical dry forests (TDFs) in Brazil from 2007 to 2016 and investigate how they are associated to biophysical and socioeconomic factors We also assessed the effects of LCC variables in human welfare indicators we used MODIS imagery to calculate TDF gross loss (deforestation) gross gain (forest recovery) and net cover change (the balance between deforestation and forest recovery) for 294 counties in three Brazilian states (Minas Gerais We obtained seven factors potentially associated to LCC at the county level: total county area and % change in human population and in cattle density TDF cover increased from 76,693 to 80,964 km2 (+5.6%) This positive net change resulted from a remarkable forest recovery of 19,018 km2 (24.8%) offsetting a large deforested area (14,748 km2; 19.2%) Practically all these cover changes were a consequence of transitions from TDF to pastures and vice-versa highlighting the importance of developing sustainable policies for cattle raising in TDF regions Each LCC variable was associated to different set of factors but two biophysical variables were significantly associated both to TDF area gained and lost per county: county area (positively) and slope (negatively) indicating that large and flat counties have very dynamic LCCs The TDF net area change was only associated (negatively) to the humidity index reflecting an increase in TDF cover in more arid counties The net increase in Brazilian TDF area is likely a result from an interplay of biophysical and socioeconomic factors that reduced deforestation and caused pasture abandonment Although the ecological integrity and permanence of secondary TDFs need further investigation the recovery of this semi-arid ecosystem must be valued and accounted for in the national forest restoration programs as it would significantly help achieving the goals established in the Bonn agreement and the Atlantic Rain Forest pact we predict that TDF recovery is extremely important to offset the huge deforestation rates observed in this ecosystem we hypothesize that deforestation and forest recovery (and also the balance between them) are associated to different biophysical and socioeconomic factors we mapped an area of 917,768 km2 in the states of Minas Gerais where most TDFs are concentrated (143,813 km2 We expect that deforestation will be higher in large and humid counties with high density of roads but negatively associated to the density of roads we hypothesize that human welfare indicators are associated with LCC we predict that counties with high deforestation from 2007 to 2016 will exhibit an increase in inequality and a decrease in gross domestic product and human development index Distribution of tropical dry forests (TDFs) in the northeastern region of Brazil as legally defined by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE Federal Decree 6660/2008) to the enforcement of the Atlantic Rain Forest law (see text for further details) Lines represent state (gray) and meso-region (black) limits In order to reduce the number of products applied in the classification scheme monthly datasets were converted into seasonal averages This step was fundamental for determining the periods in which the vegetation classes mainly recorded the best seasonal contrast the summer (December–March) and winter (July–September) seasonal averages were employed to derive the majority of inputs used in the Decision Tree (see below) in order to cope with the spatial-spectral variability inside the Decision Tree For the specific purpose of region compartmentalization we derived slope and elevation using the Digital Elevation Model—DEM from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission—SRTM (1:250,000 scale) which was used for the calculation of general (Overall Accuracy and Kappa Coefficient) and individual (User's Accuracy) validation metrics Image processing and classification were conducted with ArcGIS 10.2.1 forest recovery was considered as both unassisted and assisted natural regeneration (i.e. secondary succession) and active restoration (i.e. full planting of native species) of TDFs in areas without this land cover class in a previous period it represents gross gains in TDF cover during the studied period henceforth “TDF area gained.” We considered deforestation as the change in land cover from the class “TDF” to all other classes it indicated losses in TDF cover (henceforth “TDF area lost”) We did not consider forestry areas (plantations of exotic species such as Eucalyptus and Pinus) as forest recovery These areas were included in the “croplands” class during the classification process meaning that conversion of TDFs to forestry was computed as deforestation we calculated the TDF net area change as the balance between deforestation (gross loss in area) and forest recovery (gross gain in area) Because of the large scale of the analysis and the resolution of MODIS imagery we did not assess the ecological integrity of the mapped TDFs The same analyses were conducted for human welfare indicators (Gini Index None of the variables (either response or explanatory) was scaled for these analyses Land cover changes in the studied region from 2007 to 2016 Forestry was included in the Cropland class Changes among land cover classes in the studied TDF region from 2007 to 2016 Changes in the area (km2) of tropical dry forests per meso-region from 2007 to 2016 factors associated with land cover change and welfare indicators for the years 2007 and 2016 per county (mean ± standard error) Net change in tropical dry forest (TDF) cover along the 619 counties in each of 10 meso-regions encompassing three Brazilian states (Minas Gerais 1 = Central-North of Bahia; 2 = Central-South of Bahia; 3 = Far West of Bahia; 4 = Jequitinhonha; 5 = Metropolitan Region of Salvador; 6 = Northeast of Bahia; 7 = North of Minas Gerais; 8 = Southwest of Piauí; 9 = South of Bahia; 10 = São-Francisco Valley of Bahia from net deforestation in red to net regeneration in blue were defined based on four positive and negative quartiles for the 619 counties Tropical dry forests in the studied region experienced very dynamic land cover changes from 2007 to 2016 with 33,766 km2 (23.5% of the original extent considered here) under some type of transition among land cover classes considering that TDFs are fully protected by the Atlantic Rain Forest law such loss was offset by an impressive extent of forest recovery although we could not assess the ecological integrity of recovered areas (e.g. if deforestation of old-growth forests was offset by the recovery of early-successional forests) our results highlight the importance of this process to the maintenance of forest cover and associated ecosystem services (e.g. We observed meso-regional differences in LCC and the main factors associated to deforestation and forest recovery at the county level were county area Although these results are important to inform policy-makers on developing conservation strategies to Brazilian TDFs the trends detected in the present study should be confirmed by multiple time-steps and updated frequently to reveal detailed LCC dynamics TDFs with an average diameter at breast height (DBH) higher than 8 cm can be considered as intermediate successional forests and thus become fully protected under the Atlantic Rain Forest law it is likely that farmers in this region would prevent TDFs to regrow or adopt short rotation intervals to keep the forest at a very early successional stage and avoid being prohibited to clear fallow areas to establish new pasturelands Because our study period encompasses only 9 years (2007–2016) it is possible that regenerated areas result from a rotational system for pasture management with a short fallow period of natural regeneration long-term TDF recovery is less likely in this case because of possible legal restrictions on the future use of regrowing areas further studies are needed to evaluate the persistence of recovered TDFs in the landscape environmental policies that stimulate forest recovery should be coupled to strategies to avoid further clearing and degradation of old-growth forests it is likely that flat counties also have larger areas of abandoned pastures prone to forest recovery but only for counties with more than 50% of forest cover in the beginning of the study period These authors also found that low population counties which were in the beginning of the colonization process whereas densely populated counties had already been deforested as the causes of deforestation may differ from early to old-growth forests These findings reinforce the importance of analyzing causes of LCC preferably using high-resolution imagery and multiple time-steps to develop environmental and development policies finely adjusted to different counties and regions in Brazil Although the study region experienced an improvement in all evaluated welfare indicators and an increase in TDF area the lack of association between these variables at the county level do not support the conclusion that Brazilian TDFs are in a steady the establishment of alternative development policies based on sustainable practices and social justice are still necessary Considering that the total TDF recovery in 10 years was 1,901,800 ha most of these goals would be achieved with efficient enforcement of current environmental laws and clear policies for passive restoration The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors and LS obtained and processed satellite imagery All authors contributed to data acquisition This work was carried out with the aid of grants from Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI-CRN 3025) and Fundacão de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG PPM-00726-16) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES 88881.337120/2019-01) and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq 308471/2017-2) provided research scholarships to ME-S The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest The handling editor declared a past co-authorship with one of the authors ME-S The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2020.569184/full#supplementary-material Deforestation and reforestation of Latin America and the Caribbean (2001-2010) Detecting successional changes in tropical forest structure using GatorEye drone-borne lidar Deforestation dynamics and drivers in different forest types in Latin America: three decades of studies 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Mário Marcos do Espírito-Santo, bWFyaW8ubWFyY29zQHVuaW1vbnRlcy5icg== Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Metrics details The Arecaceae family has a worldwide distribution especially in tropical and subtropical regions We sequenced the chloroplast genomes of Acrocomia intumescens and A widely used in the food and energy industries; Bactris gasipaes important for palm heart; Copernicia alba and C worldwide known for wax utilization; and Syagrus romanzoffiana gasipaes presented the smallest (155,078 bp and 155,604 bp) Conservation was also observed in the distribution of single sequence repeats (SSR) without occurrence in the small single copy (SSC) All RNA editing sites were C (cytidine) to U (uridine) conversions closely phylogenetically related species shared more sites Almost all nodes of the phylogenetic analysis showed a posterior probability (PP) of 1.0 reaffirming the close relationship between Acrocomia species These results elucidate the conservation among palm chloroplast genomes providing support for the evolutionary dynamics of the Arecaceae family Arecaceae species constitute the third most economically important family in the world Due to their growing economic importance and traditional use continued efforts to obtain genetic and genomic resources are essential to gather information about these species and thus plan their uses in a sustainable way Considering the importance and necessity of increasing genomic information about these Neotropical palm species here we report the complete chloroplast genomes of A we were able to investigate: (1) gene content; (2) structural comparisons and the synteny level with other chloroplast genomes available from Arecaceae species; (3) single sequence repeats and dispersed repeats; (4) RNA editing sites and their conservancy among the six palm species; and (5) the Arecaceae family evolution based on a phylogenomic study with six new complete chloroplast genomes and (f) Syagrus romanzoffiana chloroplast genomes Genes represented inside the large circle are oriented clockwise and those outside are oriented counterclockwise The distinct colors represent functional groups and the darker gray in the inner circle indicates the GC content The quadripartite structure is also reported as: LSC large single copy Synteny and divergence in the small single copy (SSC) size detected in Arecaceae chloroplast genomes using the Mauve multiple-genome alignment program A sample of 16 different chloroplast genomes is shown and the lines indicate the correspondence between them Blocks on the top row are in the same orientation while blocks on the bottom row are in the opposite orientation Comparison of the inverted repeats A and B (IRA and IRB) borders among Brazilian palms and spacers between IR-LSC and IR-SSC junctions The ycf1* and rps19* genes have incomplete CDSs and motifs of single sequence repeats (SSR) in the chloroplast genomes of Acrocomia intumescens and hexanucleotides) present in the six chloroplast genomes; (b) number of SSR in the different chloroplast genome regions; (c) number of different SSR motifs distributed in the six chloroplast genomes Distribution and classification of dispersed repeats in the chloroplast genomes of Acrocomia intumesces (a) Frequency distribution of different types of repeats; (b) number of dispersed repeats present in different chloroplast genome regions; (c) number of dispersed repeat sizes among the six palm species RNA editing sites shared by the species Acrocomia intumescens (a) Number of RNA editing sites shared among the six species; (b) Pairwise comparison of RNA editing sites found between the species the modifications were the same for all six palms The matK gene showed 11 conversions in RNA editing sites Even without considering the changes caused by alignments of the chloroplast genomes it was observed that one conversion was exclusive to Acrocomia species and another to Copernicia palms two conversions were not exclusively detected in these species Majority-rule consensus tree of 30,000 trees obtained from a Bayesian inference analysis of chloroplast protein-coding genes of 66 taxa Posterior probabilities (PP) for each are indicated above the branches together with the information provided by the assembly of chloroplast genomes may provide support for distinguishing individuals of different origins and domestication Considering the close phylogenetic relationship between the species such a process should be further investigated that these changes may be more prevalent than was previously hypothesized given that the same change was detected in different species of the same subtribe the sequences identified are a valuable resource for knowledge leveling and sustainable planning for species management Similarities in the number and distribution of dispersed repeats were also observed for A. intumescens, A. totai, and B. gasipaes var. gasipaes. These parallels could be detected in both the number and distribution of repetition types (Fig. 5) romanzoffiana showed a higher number of reverse than forward repeats the species that differed the most were those from the genus Copernicia The two species differed in both the distribution and size of the dispersed repeats compared to the other species belonging to the subfamily Arecoideae the two species of Copernicia also differed from each other The addition of new chloroplast genomes might clarify what is leading to the loss or appearance of these sites This was reflected in the fact that they shared more than 70 RNA editing sites Acrocomia still has unshed phylogenetic relationships due to its hybridization process and possible ecotypes because a complete genus phylogeny is not yet available including a significant number of botanical holotypes and natural samples comprising all its distribution gene content and chloroplast genome structure were highly conserved such as different tRNAs in Copernicia palm species in relation to the other four palms from the subfamily Arecoideae Multiple alignments with palms from all Arecaceae subfamilies revealed no major rearrangements in chloroplast structure most of the variations were expansion/contraction A reduction of the rps19 gene copy was observed in S a moderate but prevalent change in evolutionary terms as it was identified in other species of the tribe Cocoseae Conservation in the number of SSRs was also detected in palms of the same genus The sequences identified are valuable for obtaining genetic markers Similarities in the number and distribution of dispersed repeats were observed in the subfamily Arecoideae these repeats presented a distinct pattern in Copernicia palms it was observed that related taxa had more sites in common and the positioning of the six palms was like those found in previous studies Especially in the case of the genus Acrocomia our results restated the close relationship between A a highly consolidated pattern was identified among palm chloroplast genomes Resources were provided for evolutionary analyses of the Arecaceae family as well as for species conservation studies This palm was an introduction of domesticated seed from Yurimáguas 20 g of fresh leaves from each species were frozen with liquid nitrogen and macerated The material was resuspended in 200 mL of isolation buffer (50 mM Tris–HCl pH 8.0 and 0.1% BSA) and incubated for 10 min in the dark The suspension was filtered using two layers of Miracloth (Merck) and then the filtrate was centrifuged at 1000×g for 10 min The pellet was resuspended in 5 mL of isolation buffer The suspension was placed in the density gradient column of 20/45% sucrose in 50 mM Tris–HCl (pH 8.0) After the centrifugation at 2000×g (30 min) the green band formed at the interface containing intact chloroplasts was collected The solution with the chloroplasts was then diluted in three volumes of buffer and centrifuged at 3000×g (10 min) to obtain a pellet with purified chloroplasts The pellet was then resuspended in 2% CTAB buffer to initiate lysis The suspension was incubated and stirred at 65 °C for 1 h The supernatant was extracted twice with an equal volume of chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (24:1) and centrifuged at 10,000×g (20 min) The same volume of isopropanol was added and incubated at 20 °C for 1 h the aqueous phase was centrifuged at 10,000×g (20 min) The chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) pellet was washed with ethanol (70%) and resuspended with 40 µL TE (1 M Tris–HCl The genomic libraries were constructed using 100 ng of cpDNA and the Nextera DNA Flex kit (Illumina) Paired-end sequencing (2 × 150 bp) was performed on the Illumina NextSeq550 platform (Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto this kind of assembly requires high computational memory We applied the “Map to reference” function to map the paired-end raw data onto the final assembled chloroplast genomes The six chloroplast genomes also presented contractions and expansions in the inverted repeat (IR) regions Since these regions may show structural differences it is expected to identify variability among species and within palm subfamilies (Arecoideae: Acrocomia intumescens and Syagrus romanzoffiana; Coryphoideae: Copernicia alba and C The composition and position of the SSRs and dispersed repeats were manually compared among each chloroplast genome 35 coding sequences from each chloroplast genome and a cutoff value of 0.8 were used RNA editing sites were compared between species considering their positions as well as their amino acid substitutions Each analysis consisted of two runs with four chains each (one cold and three hot chains) for 20 million generations and a burn-in of 25% The marginal likelihood of each analysis was estimated using a stepping-stone sampling of 50 steps with 196,000 generations For phylogeny estimation of the best-selected partition scheme MrBayes was then run with the same number of runs and chains After checking convergence and ESS > 200 (in fact the majority-rule consensus was used as an estimation of the phylogeny and posterior probabilities for the scheme with four partitions (a model for each codon position and a single model for the regions that could not have codons properly assigned Magnabosco, J. 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Biol. 61, 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029 (2012) Download references This work was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP Portuguese: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo) (21/10319-0) The sponsor has no role in the study design These authors contributed equally: Ana Flávia Francisconi and Jonathan Andre Morales Marroquín Programa de Pós-Gradução em Genética e Biologia Molecular Luciano Delmodes de Alencar & Cesar Augusto Zanello Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research 3000-Coroado I-Campus Universitário-Senador Arthur Virgílio Filho-Setor Sul Carlos Augusto Colombo & Brenda Gabriela Díaz Hernández Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA) collected the samples and analysed the results collected the samples and performed the experiment reviewed the manuscript and funding support The authors declare no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44631-4 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science Africa Intelligence brings you exclusive coverage of the major political economic and diplomatic issues at stake on the African continent identifying power players on the rise and low-frequency signals on the horizon Peruse our daily story summaries to get the scoop on tomorrow's top stories ahead of the crowd We will not use your address for advertising or commercial purposes Do you want a free trial before subscribing A cookie is a text file placed on the hard drive of your terminal (computer It aims to make browsing more fluid and to offer you content and services tailored to your interests These cookies are required to ensure the reliability and security and our website They are also used to create and log into your user account Three ways to create your email notifications: Do not hesitate to create your own notifications according to your interests : better criteria narrows down the results You can modify or delete your notifications or summaries in your account Sign up for real-time alerts and be notified of new editions you will be notified by a short message on your computer or mobile phone as soon as a new edition of our publication or an alert is published Families of the disappeared express revulsion over aircraft where relatives lived their last moments being used for recreation and call for it to be returned to Chile Ana Becerra Arce stands in a clearing at the site of a former detention and death camp in central Chile where she was held prisoner in 1975 “This was where the helicopters took off,” she says pointing to the outlines of a now-overgrown landing pad The spot – remote but just meters from the sands of Santo Domingo beach – was ideal for General Augusto Pinochet’s secret police to discreetly board prisoners on to their fleet of Puma helicopters before flying out over the sea and casting them – still alive – into the water Such “death flights” were part of a campaign to forcibly disappear political dissidents, carried by military dictatorships in Argentina, Uruguay and Chile in the 1970s and 1980s Officers would often drug or beat victims before throwing from aircraft into lakes But attempts to bring a prosecution for Chile’s very first such flight foundered as investigators never had access to a key piece of evidence: the helicopter involved was sold by the military in 2003 and shipped to the UK its rusting fuselage currently sits in the pine forests of Horsham it now serves as a prop in an airsoft park Families of the disappeared expressed revulsion on hearing that the aircraft where their relatives lived their last moments was now being used for recreation and called for it be returned to Chile as a monument to Pinochet’s victims Ana Becerra Arce Photograph: Charis McGowan/The Guardian“That helicopter is stained with blood,” said Gaby Rivera president of the Association of Relatives of the Detained-Disappeared (AFDD) “Of course it should not be in an amusement park.” Chile’s first known death flight took place in October 1973 a month into Pinochet’s 17-year dictatorship Three of Becerra Arce’s political comrades – Luis Fernando Norambuena Fernandois Gustavo Manuel Farías Vargas and Ceferino del Carmen Santis Quijada – were forced on to a Puma with the registration H-255 bound to a length of metal railing and then But the case remains open as investigators never had access to a key piece of evidence: H-255. Stripped of its electronics, wings and blades, the helicopter’s empty hulk is the centrepiece of a game called “Heli Domination” at the Dogtag Airsoft park where participants use low-power airguns to simulate combat “There’s a massive Heli in the middle, whoever can touch [it for] the most amount of time will be the winner,” says a staff member in a video filmed earlier this year An online review for the park enthuses: “Any site where you legitimately say ‘get to da choppa’ is on to a winner.” A Puma helicopter is seen in June 1977 Photograph: Chronicle/AlamyRivera said that Chile’s army should have made the helicopter available to investigators and called on officials to finally supply the names of all those who were thrown into the sea “We demand the total truth and full justice,” she said who represents the families of Norambuena and Gustavo Farías Vargas said that a vital piece of evidence like H-255 never should have left Chile Velásquez, a lawyer at the memory and justice organisation Londres 38, said that while the army systematically destroyed evidence relating to dictatorship-era crimes, H-255 remained intact until 2003. But it was hastily sold around the time of the first state-led investigations into the dictatorship’s crimes, which, Velasquéz said, “is cause for suspicion”. Dogtag Airsoft owner Ross Beare said he was unaware of the Puma’s dark past until he was contacted by the Guardian. “I took delivery of the dismantled aircraft in November 2014. It was just the empty fuselage and tail shell,” he said. Beare said he “simply knew it was in the Chilean air force” and that the helicopter is “now looking rather sorry for itself” after being in the woodland for almost a decade. “I’m not sure I shall be able to look at it in the same way again or how I will feel when my young son wants to sit in it and given now I know its history,” he said in an email. Chile has been slow to recognise the brutality of the Pinochet era, unlike neighbouring Argentina, which has taken decisive steps to condemn those responsible for crimes against humanity during its 1976-83 military dictatorship. But the possibility of prosecuting those guilty of the atrocities committed on H-255 appear increasingly distant With the helicopter reduced to a weathered shell Becerra Arce said the helicopter should be erected in front of La Moneda Chile’s presidential palace as a memorial to the democratically elected government which Pinochet helped topple Gustavo and Ceferino – the three men who were forced onto H-255 She knew them personally; one had even visited her house where they waved to one another from a distance “Then one day they were taken and they didn’t come back.” Metrics details The aims of this study were as follows: to estimate the mortality and years of life lost assessed by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to breast cancer attributable to physical inactivity in Brazilian women; to compare the estimates attributable to physical inactivity and to other modifiable risk factors; and to analyse the temporal evolution of these estimates within Brazilian states over 25 years (1990–2015) Databases from the Global Burden of Disease Study for Brazil Physical inactivity has contributed to a substantial number of deaths (1990: 875; 2015: 2,075) and DALYs (1990: 28,089; 2015: 60,585) due to breast cancer in Brazil Physical inactivity was responsible for more deaths and DALYs (~12.0%) due to breast cancer than other modifiable risk factors (~5.0%) The Brazilian states with better socioeconomic indicators had higher age-standardized rates of mortality and morbidity due to breast cancer attributable to physical inactivity mortality due to breast cancer attributable to physical inactivity increased in Brazil (0.77%; 95%U.I.: 0.27–1.47) and decreased (−2.84%; 95%U.I.: −4.35 – −0.10) around the world These findings support the promotion of physical activity in the Brazilian female population to prevent and manage breast cancer It is not known whether studies have investigated the burden of breast cancer mortality due to all of these modifiable risk factors in the same population physical activity is also important in the tertiary prevention of breast cancer This inequality can be reflected by socioeconomic differences and the level of development of each of the Brazilian regions the investigation of the evolution of breast cancer mortality and morbidity due to physical inactivity in the Brazilian states over 25 years may be useful for health policies The aim of this study was to estimate the mortality and years of life lost due to breast cancer attributable to physical inactivity in the female population from Brazil and Brazilian states We also aimed to compare the estimates of mortality and DALYs due to breast cancer attributable to physical inactivity with estimates attributable to other modifiable risk factors we aimed to analyse the temporal trends of the estimates of mortality and DALYs due to breast cancer attributable to physical inactivity over 25 years (1990–2015) in comparison with global estimates and according to the socioeconomic status of Brazilian states all risk factors and physical inactivity in mortality and DALYs by breast cancer in Brazilian women (≥25 years old) In Brazil, mortality due to breast cancer attributable to all causes, all risk factors, and physical inactivity increased with increasing age in 1990 and 2015. DALYs due to breast cancer attributable to all causes, all risk factors, and physical inactivity were similar in the age groups 50–69 years and 70+ years (Fig. 2). Rate and 95% uncertainty interval (per 100,000 inhabitants) of death and DALYs from breast cancer in women due to all causes and physical inactivity in Brazil according to age Age-standardized rate (per 100,000 inhabitants) of deaths and DALYs from breast cancer in women (≥25 years old) attributable to physical inactivity in the Brazilian states, 1990 and 2015. Relationship between age-standardized rate of DALYs from breast cancer due to physical inactivity and Socioeconomic Development Index of the Brazilian states in 1990 and 2015 The Brazilian states with better Socioeconomic Development Index showed higher age-standardized rate of DALYs (Rho: Spearman’s correlation coefficient; 1990: rho = 0.74 Brazilian states - AC: Acre; AL: Alagoas; AP: Amapá; AM: Amazonas; BA: Bahia; CE: Ceará; DF: Distrito Federal; ES: Espírito Santo; GO: Goiás; MA: Maranhão; MT: Mato Grosso; MS: Mato Grosso do Sul; MG: Minas Gerais; PA: Pará; PB: Paraíba; PR: Paraná; PE: Pernambuco; PI: Piauí; RR: Roraima; RO: Rondônia; RJ: Rio de Janeiro; RN: Rio Grande do Norte; RS: Rio Grande do Sul; SC: Santa Catarina; SP: São Paulo; SE: Sergipe; To: Tocantins screening and treatment of breast cancer are urgent in Brazil These reviews concluded that regular physical activity is a protective factor for pre- and post-diagnosis breast cancer mortality and support the results of this study physical activity should be prioritized at any stage of breast cancer This study did not stratify breast cancer cases according to the staging of the disease but the numbers of deaths and DALYs attributable to physical inactivity and other risk factors provide benchmark for public health in Brazil in its prioritization of healthy lifestyles for women who both have and have not received a diagnosis of breast cancer The strength of this study was the estimation of mortality and DALYs by physical inactivity throughout Brazil it was possible to estimate mortality rates and DALYs due to breast cancer attributable to physical inactivity This is the first study that used data from all states to make these estimates which increases the accuracy and resolution of the information it has been known that physical inactivity was a risk factor for breast cancer but it had not been estimated the degree to which it was related to morbidity (DALYs) and mortality especially across two time periods (1990 and 2015) It could be concluded that physical inactivity has contributed to a substantial number of deaths and DALYs due to breast cancer in Brazil and around the world Physical inactivity was responsible for more deaths and DALYs due to breast cancer than other modifiable risk factors Estimates of mortality and morbidity from breast cancer as a result of physical inactivity in Brazil increased between 1990 and 2015 compared to global estimates Brazilian states with better socioeconomic indicators had higher mortality and morbidity rates from breast cancer due to physical inactivity These findings support the promotion of physical activity in the Brazilian female population to help prevent and manage breast cancer Data from this study included only information on the female population For data on the association between breast cancer and physical activity and between breast cancer and other risk factors the information corresponds to women aged ≥25 years does not provide the age- and sex-specific consumption estimates needed to compute alcohol-attributable burden of disease we use the age-sex pattern of consumption among drinkers modelled from the population survey data and the overall volume of consumption from the FAO and GISAH to determine the total amount of alcohol consumed by the country and states We adjusted self-reported data for overweight prevalence and mean BMI using hierarchical mixed-effects regression models fit using maximum likelihood separately by sex We used dietary data from multiple sources including nationally and sub-nationally representative nutrition surveys and the United Nations FAO food balance sheets and supply utilization accounts All dietary data were standardized to 2000 kcal/day we estimated the global age pattern of consumption based on nutrition surveys (e.g. 24-hour diet recall) and applied that age pattern to the FAO data Brazil’s surveys for all these risk factors are available at http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2015/data-input-sources formal education at 15 years of age and fertility rate This index was used to compare the metrics used among Brazilian states the Spearman correlation coefficient was applied The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files) Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups 1990 to 2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence Breast cancer and exercise: The role of adiposity and immune markers Does strength promoting exercise confer unique health benefits A pooled analysis of eleven population cohorts with all-cause Priorities for the primary prevention of breast cancer Physical activity and risk of breast cancer and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Effects of exercise interventions during different treatments in breast cancer Twenty-five years of research on the effects of exercise training in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review of the literature GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Cancer Collaborators et al Burden of cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region 2005–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study Trends in breast cancer in the elderly in Denmark Comparison of male and female breast cancer incidence and mortality trends in Central Serbia Global Burden of Disease Risk Factors Collaborators and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 Burden of disease and health situation analysis: results of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Brazil network Risk factors related to the global burden of disease in Brazil and its Federated Units Prostate and breast cancer in four Nordic countries: A comparison of incidence and mortality trends across countries and age groups 1975–2013 US breast cancer mortality trends in young women according to race Controle do Câncer de Mama: Documento de Consenso risk of death and recurrence in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies Association between physical activity and mortality among breast cancer and colorectal cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis The effect of using estrogens in the light of scientific research Randomized controlled trial of aerobic exercise on insulin and insulin-like growth factors in breast cancer survivors: the Yale Exercise and Survivorship study Effects of exercise training on fasting insulin and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial Elevated biomarkers of inflammation are associated with reduced survival among breast cancer patients The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease A Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde e a agenda da atividade física no contexto do SUS description of the implementation of the physical activity and body practices Walkability and physical activity: findings from Curitiba Air pollution in Brazilian cities: selecting health impact indicators for surveillance clean air and cardiovascular health in the city of São Paulo GlobalMatrix 2.0: Report Card Grades on the Physical Activity of Children and Youth Comparing 38 Countries Time trends in leisure time physical activity and physical fitness in the elderly: five-year follow-up of the Spanish National Health Survey (2006-2011) Sentinel Node Biopsy in Special Histologic Types of Invasive Breast Cancer Breast Cancer: Conventional Diagnosis and Treatment Modalities and Recent Patents and Technologies Guide to the assessment of physical activity: Clinical and research applications: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Global Burden of Disease Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 Algorithms for enhancing public health utility of national causes-of-death data Modeling causes of death: an integrated approach using CODEm Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations WHO Global Health Observatory - recorded adult per capita alcohol consumption Switzerland: World Health Organization (2016) Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents Summary Measures in Population Health: Concepts and Applications (World Health Organization Download references The study was supported by grants from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (GBD Global) and Ministry of Health from Brazil (GBD 2015 Brazil-states; Process No Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute Department of Surveillance of Noncommunicable Diseases Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29467-7 Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Cancer newsletter — what matters in cancer research I am the son of a village doctor and of a woman who I grew up in a home where people worked tirelessly for the well-being and happiness of the people around us Then I understood that this is how we Dominicans were in essence: hardworking the great responsibility it means to feel that I am from here and that it is my duty to make the Dominican Republic of my children better than that of my parents Local April 28 I am outraged by the price we have had to pay as a people for criminals Although those who adulterate alcoholic beverages affect us in different ways the most serious thing is the great human tragedy that they have caused It is difficult to assimilate that there are people capable of sacrificing lives to make money Those criminals are also trying to harm an emblematic industry that has produced a country brand for more than a hundred years distributors and merchants that have served Dominicans reliably and honestly for decades who have always been able to choose and safely enjoy the best of us That is why they deserve the repudiation of society and the full weight of the Law Because they are not only adulterating alcoholic beverages; they are also trying to attack our dignity and our reputation as a country in front of the world We support the energetic and firm actions of the Dominican Government to eradicate once and for all the criminal manufacture and marketing of toxic and dangerous beverages that are causing so much pain to our families Today I am not only speaking to you as president of Casa Brugal but also as a Dominican proud that our rums represent us throughout the world are an essential part of our culture and make an important contribution to our social and economic life we need all good Dominicans committed to their country … but we all agree that today more than ever the world must know that we are an honest Economy North Coast Local Sports Health DominicanToday.com - The Dominican Republic News Source in English ordered this Tuesday night by decree the honorable retirement of 11 Brigadier Generals of the National Police Among the retired officers are Neivis Pérez Sánchez who served as deputy director of the Police the first woman to occupy the deputy directorate and currently served as area director of the Women’s Protection Unit of the Institution Through decree 102-22 dated March 1 and released almost at midnight this Tuesday While the others promoted to major generals of the National Police and retired from that institution Goico Campagna and José Delio Mora Reynoso Local March 2 Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value" Santo Domingo.- The Anticorruption Prosecutor (Pepca) interrogated 70 defendants of  Operation Coral 5G the ring headed by Major General Adán Cáceres Silvestre Colonel Rafael Núñez de Aza and Pastor Rossy Guzmán a member of the military would get monthly a check for RD$30,000 as “kickback.” “This criminal network closeness and unrestricted support of the country’s chief executive committed a series of actions that are subsumed under serious criminal offenses.” Those arrested are Generals Juan Carlos Torres Robiou Julio Camilo de los Santos Viola and Boanerges Reyes Batista as well as Captain Franklin Antonio Mata Flores Miguel Ventura Pichardo and Lieutenant Colonel […] Local November 22 committed a series of actions that are subsumed under serious criminal offenses.” Those arrested are Generals Juan Carlos Torres Robiou Miguel Ventura Pichardo and Lieutenant Colonel Erasmo Roger Pérez Núñez against Lieutenant Colonel Kelman Santana Martínez and Major José Manuel Rosario Pirón First Lieutenant Jehohanan Lucía Rodríguez Jiménez César Félix Ramos Ovalle and Esmeralda Ortega Long prison sentences needed to discourage this type of criminal activity Is one of the most corrupt places on EARTH Damn Bobs and Karen’s wear by God they are always the fckn good guy and everyone else on earth are thieves and dumb This kickback scheme is just one part of the bigger story presented in the Diario Libre “La Pepca interrogó a 70 personas cuyos testimonios presentó como prueba en 5G” the generals diverted funds for their own use from people on the public payroll who would get the RD$ 3,000 kickback Reading the Diario Libre article opens one’s eyes as how bold these generals were in their designs to defraud the state Even the President is corrupt and becoming rich at the expense of the little people only Rich selfish money people have the resources to get their name of the ballot There are tons of other corruption going on so authorities must continue to work diligently should agree to third party auditing from another country to ensure everyone’s integrity is intact This has been going on for hundreds of years Rafael Trujillo was the originator of this and look what happened to him and I would not fly a Dominican airline if my life depended on it because I might just lose it flying with them Dominicana de Aviación lost a brand new jet in the 70s because the administrators of the airline got money for jet fuel keeping the rest of the money in their pockets… The bad fuel caused both engines of the brand new plane failure and the plane crashed just off Punta Caucedo the peninsula where the airport is located but a list of FAA reviews of causes of crashes places the fault squarely on the administrators of the airline The fact that they ordered and disregarded industry standards and knowingly played with people’s lives without regard to the sanctity of life begs the question I will not fly an airline that knowingly endangers the lives of its citizens with their own selfish pursuit of power and money as you are all well aware that the news did not hide the gruesome nature of the aftermath… I still remember it it can take years to get rid of all the corruption and by then there would be no one left to run the country that practices sustainable mining in the countries where we are present We exist to improve life and transform the future We extract ore and transport it through a a complete logistics chain we prioritize the safety of people and the environment Click on the states below to learn more about our performance in each location We value individual talent and seek to be more diverse and inclusive acting with respect and practicing open dialogue we receive a new opportunity to transform our work environment and the world we live in Access the page Opportunities for professionals Our recruitment process has been changing and is in line with the cultural transformation we are going through Access the job vacancies portal and come be part of this history Access the page Opportunities for students Have you ever thought about starting your professional life at a company that invests in people and in a transparent and inclusive work environment Get to know our Internship and Professional Training Program.​ We work with transparency for those who already invest with us or are thinking of becoming part of our investor base Access the page Information to the market access documents and the main Vale’s financial reports We believe that business partners are essential to live our purpose to improve life and transform the future - together Learn about our guidelines to be part of our supply chain Access the page I'm a Supplier (Brazil only) We seek to work with a chain of suppliers that contribute to a more ethical and fairer society Learn more about our materials and services.​ we are already working with local communities and different sectors of society with the aim of leaving a positive social Learn more about our commitments to sustainability.​ Innovation is one of the main pillars for achieving our purpose We use technology to redesign our ways of working We have learned from our history and we are committed to the full reparation of the communities and people impacted by the dam collapse in accordance with the signed legal agreement Use the mouse's scroll button or scroll with two fingers through the notebook's touchpad to browse the page and see our full history you can filter by the categories Pioneering Learn more about the evolution of the Vale brand and find out how our collection was born and is maintained today.​ Vale purchased the Canadian mining company Inco This moment was decisive for the diversification of its product portfolio and it is also considered the greatest advance towards the internationalization of its operations In the image it is possible to see the items in our collection related to this purchase with indications of the transaction values Jornal da Vale is the company's main printed vehicle which had its first edition launched in 1974 and circulated until the beginning of 2009 featured the main events of the mining company the Companhia Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas operates for the first time and it is one of the few Brazilian railways to maintain continuous passenger transport - which is of great tourist importance in the region The image shows an original document in French which refers to the raising of external resources for the Company the company requested to change the original layout of the railway The order is granted and the company also gains a monopoly on operations in the region with the proviso that it will build a steel plant there Original document of the Minutes of the Constitution of Companhia Itabira de Mineração held on January 8 1942 in which Companhia Itabira de Mineração asks the Minister of Agriculture for authorization to work as a mining company an engineer who later became the company's president get to work." This act marks the beginning of the history of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce already carried the trajectory of mining in Brazil In the book Histórias da Vale he reports that his father-in-law was a friend of the then president of the company he asked for a “teaspoon” not to do military service The construction of the Port of Tubarão is a milestone for expanding Vale's exports and motivating a leap in world navigation The undertaking was so monumental that Ronny Lyrio former director of Itabira International questioned the former president of the Vale there is no ship of one hundred thousand tons this one is under construction and will only be ready in two years and we will make a port for one hundred thousand tons The team was also formed by the geologists and pioneers Erasto de Almeida and João Ritter but what was found there changed Vale's history - the region was covered by iron ore “We already knew that there was iron there There is nothing like it in the world in terms of reserves and quality of iron ore in an interview for the book Histórias da Vale o veículo ganha um autógrafo de Carlos Drummond de Andrade cujo a carta foi publicada na edição seguinte The PZV is located within the National Forest of Carajás The purpose of the visit was to show the Carajás iron ore operation up close the royal couple planted a chestnut tree seedling in the Zoobotanic Park the first fruit of the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) director of Itabira International Company at the time presents a curious fact about the first shipment of ore to China in 1973: Lyrio tried to speak to John Rothschild an American negotiator who brokered the sale for China Rothschild called to say the operation had worked the Jewish holy day: between 6pm on Friday and 6pm on Saturday Rothschild would retire to dedicate himself to prayers as mandated by Jewish tradition "We can say that Vale's first entry into China was made from New York via a trader who did not attend Saturdays" the winners had their names perpetuated in the scientific nomenclature of unprecedented botanical species discovered in the Vale Natural Reserve In addition to being the most efficient ships in the world they carry a much larger load than other models on the market - up to 400 thousand tons the company's fleet of ships started to rely on second generation VLOC mineral vessels The new generation emits 41% less greenhouse gases than standard ships for transporting ore with a loading capacity of 180 thousand tons Our special book tells about the vessel's timeline and construction process Vale has developed technologies that have enabled the use of poorer ores - compact itabirite with an iron content of up to 40% Vale increased the useful life of some mines expanded its production capacity and entered the “third wave” of mining autonomous trucks move efficiently between the mine front and the unloading area What sounds like a futuristic film comes true at the Brucutu mine in Minas Gerais The locomotive should operate in the yard of the Vitória a Minas Railway This is a fundamental step that is in line with our goals of moving towards a more sustainable and carbon-free future assist in the construction and renovation of field hospitals purchase hospital equipment and help our suppliers maintain financial health The Instituto Tecnológico Vale also has extensive activities in research in the Amazon ranging from climate change to relations with biodiversity says Eliezer Batista in his book Conversations with Eliezer And to put into operation a decisive undertaking for transforming Vale into one of the largest mining companies in the world To transport the high-quality iron ore from the Carajás mines In 1985 the Carajás Railway was inaugurated a railroad responsible for taking the ore to the Ponta da Madeira Maritime Terminal which is also built and starts operating in 1986 the Docepolo ship that sailed carrying tons of iron ore to Japan was lost sight of in São Marcos Bay The mine-railroad-port circuit of the then “Ferro Carajás Project” was officially complete.​ To reinforce our commitment to sustainability In line with the best sustainability practices we reinforced our pact with society: in 2020 we announced investments of at least US $ 2 billion to reduce the company's carbon emissions by 33% by 2030 its memories are directly linked to the development of mining in Brazil its flight to the international market and the search for an increasingly prosperous The History Center is an initiative that aims to gather present both in documents and in people's memories you will discover items that are part of our collection and that marked Vale's path With the preservation of our cultural heritage we intend to promote dialogue with society and transform the company into a source of knowledge and learning 1st EFVM Locomotive.Reproduction: Marcele Oliveira Vale's trajectory begins before its official birth We can say that the railway is a starting point The history of locomotives in Brazil begins in the middle of the 19th century The sepia-toned photograph records a train driver beside one of the first locomotives on the Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas (Vitória a Minas Railway) Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas during the 1920s.Photo: National Archive the extension of the Itabira iron ore deposits was reported: two English engineers consulted the Companhia Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas (CEFVM) to find out about the possibility of transporting ore through it they organize the Brazilian Hematite Syndicate Man working in iron foundry in the 1940s.Photo: Peter Lange / CPDOC / FGV in 1911 the Itabira Iron Ore Company is organized which receives authorization from the Brazilian government to operate Itabira Iron Ore was headquartered in London and maintained a representative in Brazil Panoramic view of the city of Itabira (MG) the president emphasized the need to nationalize mineral reserves in 1939 the Itabira Iron Ore contract is declared expired it loses the federal and state concessions that it held but according to the Mines Code it still owns the lands and iron mines of Itabira Mine facilities in the Pico do Cauê region in Itabira (MG).Foto: National Library Foundation founded the Companhia Brasileira de Mineração e Siderurgia The company obtains operating authorization in addition to the permission to incorporate Companhia Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas First shipment of iron ore at the Vitória Port (ES) a group of business partners of Percival Farquhar founded Companhia Itabira de Mineração with the objective of exploring the mines of Itabira Iron Ore Iron ore being unloaded from trucks at Vitória Port in the early 1940s the Washington Accords oblige the British government to acquire and transfer to the Brazilian government the iron ore deposits belonging to Itabira Iron Ore a decree-law by Getúlio Vargas sets the basis for how Companhia Vale do Rio Doce would be organized which would take over Companhia Brasileira de Mineração e Siderurgia and Companhia Itabira de Mineração it is possible to identify the legal procedures necessary for the act This is the moment when Vale also inherits the pre-existing Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas Document dated 1942 that brings the manifesto decrees and statutes of the creation of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce Charcoal being loaded into straw baskets for the railroad cars probably on the banks of the Doce River.​ Photo: Jean Manzon Brazil definitively obtains possession of a railroad of the highest importance and port facilities for loading ore in addition to a substantial portion of mineral wealth The president of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD) and delegation visit the Atalaia ore wharf at Vitória Port (ES).Photo: Mazzei Pico do Cauê - First years of iron ore extraction Today Vale is one of the largest producers of iron ore The image records the beginning of our work Worker extracting iron ore at Cauê Mine.​ Photo: Erich Hess Minas Gerais deserves a prominent place in our history Vale's operations were concentrated in Itabira The black and white image records a worker working in the extraction of ore in a rudimentary way at a time when technological methods of extraction did not exist Carlos Nunes de Lima (standing in the left corner of the photo) is officially Vale's first engineer just 25 days after the mining company was created The Americans were looking for raw materials for the production of armaments and iron ore was essential which consequently helped the purchase process the first shipment of ore removed from Itabira ended at the bottom of the sea: the English ship SS Baron Napier was attacked by Germans after its departure in July of the same year you see original documents of the first shipment and the Jornal da Vale of November 1975 presents a copy of other documents of the shipment of the ore A curiosity is that the transport insurance covered losses caused by the 'enemies of the King' Minutes of the CVRD Constitution Assembly.Reproduction: Marcele Oliveira Original document of the Minutes of the Definitive Constitution of the Public Limited Company CVRD carries the list with the handwritten signature of each of the shareholders present Original document of the Public Deed of Donation of Itabira Iron Ore Company Limited to the Federal Government officializes the donation of deposits that were found in thirteen properties in Itabira the album was supposedly offered to the then President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil Itabira was called Presidente Vargas - in fact this is one of the curiosities that surrounds the album which can be accessed in its entirety in our know more CEFVM´s Set of Photos.Reproduction: Marcele Oliveira The set of 25 original photographs shows the various Railroad cars and trains of railway vehicles on the Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas in 1950 IBGE illustrative photo of theTio de Janeiro Stock Exchange the first 716 CVRD shares were auctioned on the Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange 1966 - Aerial view of construction work on the Tubarão Port Complex.​ Photo: Correio da Manhã / National Archives For the company to advance on the world stage it was necessary to be able to export more Geologist Breno dos Santos - Geologist Breno dos Santos who worked for Companhia Meridional de Mineração participated in the search for minerals in the North of the country.​ Foto: Breno Augusto dos Santos Collection geologist Breno Augusto dos Santos makes a landing in a clearing in southeastern Pará to supply Breno was chief of staff for geologists at US Steel which was looking for manganese in the region for its mills in the United States No photos of Vale's first uniform were found But the book Histórias da Vale tells that the engineer of Mines and Metallurgy João Márcio Queiroga saw a film in which the actor Kirk Douglas wore an engineer uniform and asked his wife to reproduce it due to the practicality of having a pocket to keep rulers Vale's superintendent liked it and asked them to make the same uniform for all employees Jornal da Vale highlights the launch of the new logo of the then Companhia Vale do Rio Doce - idealized by Desenho Ltda The version was the winner of a competition instituted to standardize the company's visual communication The Vale Natural Reserve was founded in 1951 at a time when the concern with the preservation of the environment was little disseminated RNV became an area officially dedicated to conservation and scientific research the Reserve preserves a unique area of Atlantic Forest practically intact in Linhares There are about 23 thousand hectares - equivalent to the size of 23 thousand soccer fields a report is published about Itabira's birthday The cover featured one of Drummond's most famous poems “Sentimento do mundo” (Feeling of the world) and the story used to rescue Itabira from the past the vehicle receives an autograph from Carlos Drummond de Andrade whose letter was published in the following edition Brazilian species of eagle - Harpia Foto: Ricardo Teles the Vale Zoo and Botanical Park covers an area of 30 hectares and allows the free movement of species of birds agoutis and monkeys in their areas of visitation - which allows a unique experience of immersion in the Amazon rainforest Prince Charles and Princess Diana in Carajás They are welcomed by students and residents when visiting the complex's residential core Vale publishes a book with a history of the company on its 50th anniversary.​​ Vale continued to expand its international business and took the first step to start exports to China Music is capable of awakening the deepest feelings in each of us the Vale Música Program has created opportunities for students to participate in musical training and develop their talents Watch the movie and find out more about Vale Música Original Listing / Companhia Vale do Rio Doce / Rio / 2000 Vale started to have its shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange The New York Stock Exchange is considered one of the most famous financial institutions in the United States In celebration of Vale's 60th anniversary, a book is published with photos testimonials and exclusive stories about the mining company's trajectory The Botanical Park began its activities in May 2004 and is part of Vale's Green Belt in Vitória The space of 33 hectares of Atlantic Forest is aimed at leisure and encouragement of living with nature It is possible to observe more than 140 species of trees in addition to migratory birds Facade of the House of Culture.Photo: Paulo Moreira Vale is an advocate and promoter of the engagement of local culture in its operations The House of Culture of Canãa dos Carajás is inaugurated in 2004 It is an invitation for visitors to socialize 08/27/2016 - Brucutu Mine.​ Photo: Ricardo Teles the mine / plant complex was considered the largest in initial production capacity deployed in the world The unit is the largest iron ore mine in Minas Gerais in production Companhia Vale do Rio Doce has acquired Inco With the purchase of Inco and the advancement of our operations in other countries, we need to consolidate our image as a global company. Then, in 2007, a name emerges, a new brand The decision took into account the strength Vale suspends the supply of iron ore to pig iron producers that violate labor and environmental legislation in Brazil Brazilian Immortal Awards - Commemorative Stamps The Brazilian Immortal Award was created in 2008 to enhance the performance of citizens who contribute to the preservation of natural wealth and the development of the country's communities Throughout the construction of our history we continue to learn and seek alternatives that are increasingly sustainable for our business surround the main storage yards and aim to reduce the emission of dust Each barrier is one and a half times the height of the stockpiled product varying between 19 and 30 meters in height The structure was the first in Latin America and Vale Seedling Planting.Photo: Leo Drumond / Agência Nitro National Forest (Flona) of Tapirapé-Aquiri and Itacaiúnas River Twenty-two private entities and companies with Brazilian capital launched an open letter to Brazil on climate change presenting their voluntary commitments to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions businessmen in the country's productive sector formally present initiatives to combat global warming Brazilian Immortal Awards - Young Illustrators Young Illustrators Project seeks to awaken artistic skills disseminate concepts of environmental education and botanical knowledge among young people involved two thousand young people and public school teachers in 17 Brazilian cities Six young people and a teacher were selected to illustrate stamps of species chosen for the second edition of the Brazilian Immortal Award This is the best expression to describe the Memorial Minas Gerais Vale culture and traditions of Minas Gerais through provocations in the exhibition content promoting dialogue with the most diverse visiting audiences the museum occupies the building where the State Secretariat of Finance functioned listed by the State Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage of Minas Gerais ─ IEPHA MG Valemax is a giant in every sense of the word: the model is 362 meters long and over 30 meters high The research on Vale's 70 years was essential for the survey and organization of historical items that contributed to the production of the book, “Nossa História” and for the launch of the medium-length film that took the same title which featured 165 respondents from 10 countries won a Golden Dolphin at the 2012 Cannes Corporate Award the Vale Maranhão Cultural Center takes root in the historic center of São Luís The space dialogues with its surroundings in a harmonious way and keeps its doors open to all audiences creations and new proposals by artists of the local culture Vale inaugurated the S11D Eliezer Batista Complex the largest project in the company's history The operation combines cutting-edge technology Our special magazine features highlights and construction details 06/14/2017 - Aerial view of the S11D Eliezer Batista Complex Assembly of the new buildings at the Cauê Plant In order to reuse the iron ore that was accumulated in piles formed over the years Autonomously driven truck with a capacity of 240 tons circulate on the roads of a mining area without an operator in the cabin The brackage of Dam I of the Córrego do Feijão mine, on January 25, 2019, in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, forever marks the history of Vale, its employees and the impacted communities and people. To follow Vale's main actions since the dam burst, visit: vale.com/reparacao The Vale Cultural Institute is created with the purpose of democratizing access and promoting art culture and the development of regional artistic expressions Vale believes in the transforming power of culture and the company has invested and fostered multiple Brazilian cultural events.​ Vale and Progress Rail develop the first 100% electric locomotive for Brazilian mining battery-powered locomotive in Brazilian mining is from Vale The project is a partnership between Vale and Progress Rail and is part of the PowerShift program which aims to replace its energy matrix with clean sources Coronavirus Kit - Arrival in Brazil.Photo: Renan Simões the world was taken aback by the new coronavirus pandemic In addition to reviewing all the health and safety protocols for our operations around the world we understand that this was a time when we needed to put our efforts into humanitarian aid senior researcher at ITV in the Genomics laboratory the Instituto Tecnológico Vale celebrates 10 years of existence ITV and Fiocruz entered into a partnership to strengthen the search for answers on the behavior of the new coronavirus the Vale Fund supported over 75 initiatives in 10 years between research institutions startups and community associations to protect more than 23 million hectares of forest Vale has been working to protect the forest in the Amazon equivalent to five times the city of São Paulo Vale brand is built every day by each of us we tell you a little more about how the trajectory towards the brand we have today was: consolidated and globally recognized Companhia Vale do Rio Doce was created by the Brazilian government in 1942 With the growing increase in production and export of ore the company gained notoriety in the market and thus the need to create an image that represented it Our first brand did not have a defined logo the company was almost always identified by the acronym 'CVRD' The first brand representation came in 1967 and was created by Aloísio Magalhães who developed identifying signs for the company The exponential growth since the 1970s made the company a synonym for development and in 1974 an internal contest was launched with the objective of creating a new brand that represented this moment The winning brand made mention of the flags of Brazil and the state of Minas Gerais the birthplace of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce After the privatization of the company in the 1990s and the acquisition of Canadian mining company Inco CVRD reached a new milestone in its history and The reasons for the change could be summed up in one word: globalization It was necessary to think about the next steps towards a future of operations around the world but that also reinforced the company's Brazilian origin which makes a direct reference to the first letter of the company name and can represent both a pit and a heart equipment and other elements that are part of the employees' daily lives The Espaço Memória (History Center) project was born in 2011 during the production of the book 'Our History' and the medium-length film of the same name that were created to celebrate Vale's 70th anniversary When deepening the research for the construction of the materials several documents of historical relevance were discovered scattered in deposits and units of Vale In view of the importance of the items for Vale and for the narrative of the trajectory of mining in Brazil the need to save and protect the collection arose the collection kept at the History Center is divided into two areas The first is a laboratory that stores items of historical value identified by the team photo or object is cataloged and carefully analyzed to determine the appropriate treatment it should receive from a simple cleaning to a chemical restoration the items are transferred to the second area where the materials are sanitized under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity All this work is carried out by a multidisciplinary team and passionate about what they do To ensure that the story is told in the right way and can be perpetuated over the years the professionals responsible for the collection take the time to put together the pieces of the past puzzle and turn loose paragraphs into a beautiful narrative The Espaço Memória team receives or finds a historical document of the company and makes a complete analysis of the material date of the item and its relevance to the history of Vale Learn about the steps in this process that ensure that materials are conserved correctly and can disseminate the history of Vale and mining in Brazil The pages are separated to be treated one by one With a cotton “pad” (cotton ball wrapped in fine fabric) rubbing it in circular movements to remove the surface dirt from the document without interfering with its color and texture The rubber dust is removed with the help of a brush (kind of wide paintbrush) and the deepest dirt such as dust spots or insect faeces that are stuck to the paper receives a “filling”: Japanese paper is placed at the seam of the two halves and a layer of methylcellulose not interfering with the color and design of the original document The sanitized document is packed in polyester envelopes and stored History is being written in our daily lives Each event will be a historic event in a short time we know that we still have a lot of history to tell ahead If you have documents and historical materials from Vale and want to share them with us, please contact us at espaco.memoria@vale.com President of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD) Israel Pinheiro (in a white suit) and delegation visit the Atalaia ore pier at Vitória Port (ES) Bartolomeo has 10 years of experience in the company having already held the position of Executive Director of Logistics Integrated Operations of Bulk Commodities and Executive Director of Basic Metals in Canada he idealized the Vale Production System (VPS) together with investment in technology and training of people the Center of Excellence in Logistics was also created dedicated to the training of port and railroad professionals the executive worked at Ambev between 1994 and 2003 He also has experience as CEO and director at other companies Fabio Schvartsman took office as Vale's president in 2017 and remained until 2019 The production engineer is graduated and post-graduated in production engineering by the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo and had previously headed companies such as Duratex and Klabin Fabio assumed the position with the main objective of leading the group's corporate reorganization with the purpose of allocating the shares in a portfolio of common shares facing the Novo Mercado Until reaching the highest position in Vale in 2011 Ferreira accumulated almost 30 years of experience in the sector as director of Vale do Rio Doce Alumínio (Aluvale) he held several command positions until he became the president of Vale Inco he has prioritized the responsible execution of the company's investments the training of employees and initiatives aimed at valuing life When Roger Agnelli took over the Vale presidency in 2001 having served on the executive board of Banco Bradesco - the youngest to achieve this feat Agnelli bet on acquisitions of mines and companies abroad - an example was the purchase of Canadian Inco This made Vale jump from fourth to second place in the global mining market in addition to increasing the company's profit by more than R$ 25 billion a program of 10 principles in the areas of environment the brand also changed in 2007: from then on "It is necessary to constantly reinvent yourself," said Jório in an interview This is what he did throughout his life: in addition to being a diplomat Dauster is also a well-known name in literary translation responsible for translating works of great names into Portuguese he became president and had as his main feat the restructuring of the company after privatization in addition to preparing the way for the expansion that would come in the following years Francisco José Schettino was at the head of Vale in the period before the privatization of the company The engineer was installed shortly after the closing of Rio-92 (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) which focused on investing in environmental preservation policies and refitting Vale's logistics such as the new Ponta da Madeira Maritime Terminal He also participated in the transition after privatization with a position on Vale's Board of Directors Wilson Brumer was sworn in as president of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce in 1990 Brumer took office with the mission of promoting an administrative reform that would prepare Vale for future privatization Among the highlights of its operations are the strengthening of its presence in the stock market and the return on investments to Itabira Graduated from the Rural University of the State of Minas Gerais (now the Federal University of Viçosa) Viana became special advisor to the presidency of CVRD accumulating the functions of chairman of the Board of Directors of Docenave Vale eliminated the use of charcoal from native forests and achieved self-sufficiency in the material from planted forests Eliezer Batista was the first career employee to occupy the job position within CVRD - which occurred at two different times in the Company's history the engineer is referred to as one of the most important names for the company which is easily explained by the spectacular growth that would have occurred since the 1980s In his first stint in office (1962 - 1964) Eliezer was the creator of a large-scale and long-term ore trading strategy with Japanese steelmakers which led him to idealize the Tubarão Maritime Terminal in Espírito Santo he participated in the implementation of the Ferro Carajás Project which was decisive in transforming CVRD into the largest iron ore mining company in the world Paulo Vieira already had experience as president since he held the job position at Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional before being sworn in as president of Vale in 1964 the country was going through a military coup that removed João Goulart from the presidency and managerial functions - especially those linked to state-owned companies - were fundamental to the new government's strategies His management was marked by the consolidation of the first ore sale contract to Japan - previously signed He also continued the works at the port of Tubarão and kept the commitments made to the mining companies Samitri and Ferteco which needed the Costa Lacerda-Fábrica railway link to export their product Vieira stepped down because of political disagreements Oscar de Oliveira was already an employee of CVRD when he took office in 1965 The greatest mark of his administration was the inauguration still during the government of João Goulart and with Eliezer Batista as president of Vale began to prepare for more conquests in the international market He left the presidency of CVRD in March 1967 Antônio Dias was appointed president of CVRD in 1967 His management at the head of the Company was marked by the incentive to the export sector: he sought direct contact with consumer industries which made possible the joint construction of ore pelletizing plants Vale's first pelletizing plant was opened in Tubarão with a production capacity of 2 million tons / year Leite left the direction of the Company to take over the Ministry of Mines and Energy Mascarenhas joined the company in 1957 and was the second CVRD employee to occupy the highest job position in the company CVRD's exports went from 11,550 million tons shipped in 1968 to 16,056 million This increase in sales was also linked to the appearance of the new export product: pig iron produced in Minas Gerais Vale became the world's largest iron ore exporter holding 16% of the transoceanic ore market Raymundo left the company to take over the management of another company He returned to Companhia Vale do Rio Doce the following year as commercial director Fernando Roquete Reis was installed at the beginning of the presidential term of General Ernesto Geisel Mining in Brazil was going through a series of strategic changes with an emphasis on diversification and business abroad Reis participated in the legal battle that involved Vale and United States Steel (partners in Amazônia Mineração SA) for control over the exploration of the largest ore reserve in the world are also the start of the Carajás project and investments in the phosphate line - with Valep and Valefértil Joel Rennó was already close to Brazil's mineral policy when he took office as president in 1978: he was an advisor for Strategic Affairs to the Minister of Mines and Energy at the time he prioritized the construction of the Carajás Railway which would take the ore from Pará to the port in São Luís He was also responsible for the elaboration and assembly of the new mine-railroad-port complex which fulfilled a fundamental role for the development of the region and for the success of the business Rennó left office in 1979 and was later president of Petrobras Francisco de Sá Lessa held the position of president with a postgraduate degree in Industrial Chemistry from the Polytechnic School of Rio de Janeiro and his training was reflected in his management profile Lessa directed the sales and ores commission which was directed to the study on the increase of the production transport and export capacity of Itabira iron ore and the placing of this ore in international consumer markets Vale was already relevant in the international market Juracy Magalhães was a political figure of great importance especially for the Northeast region of the country at the personal invitation of the then president Getúlio Vargas he accepted the position of president at Vale - where he remained until 1952 it implemented new methods of human resource management and became known for demanding strict punctuality from employees Its railway projects were also decisive for the expansion and efficiency of the Vitória-Minas Railway he pursued his political career and was also Brazil's ambassador to the United States he was Minister of Justice and Foreign Affairs Demerval Pimenta was the second president of Vale the administrator formed by the Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto was responsible for leveraging the company's export in a post-World War II scenario and continuing with the work of implementing CVRD Before officially joining the staff of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce He participated in the negotiations on the Washington Accords - signed between Brazil England and the USA - which resulted in the birth of the company in 1942 he returned to dedicate himself to politics: he was the first mayor of Brasília and governed Minas Gerais between 1966 and 1971 opened its new corporate offices in Downtown Business Tower where the different teams of the company share the same space said that the new collaborative spaces will allow Casa Brugal to be increasingly participatory to build the best place to work in the country “The best jobs are those that are rewarding for employees and those that fit their values,” he said Business & Pleasure April 6 Augusto Ramírez, president of the liquor firm, said that the new collaborative spaces will allow Casa Brugal to be increasingly participatory Santo Domingo.- The notorious former drug kingpin Jose Figueroa Agosto could be in the Dominican Republic “My sources are United States authorities,” Pineda said by phone on El Show de Medio Dia on Channel 9 The announcement comes just months after the as-yet-explained presence in the country of the also former drug kingpin after serving a 20-year sentence in the U.S Figueroa’s network was linked to at least 10 gangland-style executions and the shipment of tons of drugs during a period of around 10 years Puerto Rican Figueroa Agosto (Junior Capsula) headed a drug cartel with key allies to mobilize drugs to Dominican territory and then to the US and […] Local January 8 headed a drug cartel with key allies to mobilize drugs to Dominican territory and then to the US and Europe in the wake of the December 2004 arrest of former Dominican kingpin Quirino Paulino (El Don) released in 2016 after serving 10 years in a US federal facility in New York Just minutes after the news broke National Investigations Department (DNI) director Sigfrido Pared told El Nuevo Diario that his agency will investigate Figueroa’s alleged presence but for us he is one person (Figueroa) who is imprisoned in the United States that he is serving a sentence in the United States.” ABIN LURA: Za ku iya ceton rayuwar diya mace dake cikin hadari. Bada gudunmuwarka ga Patreon na Legit FCT Abuja - Shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari a yau zai bar Abuja ziyarar aiki zuwa Portugal bayan gayyatar da Shugaba Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa yai masa Garba Shehu, kakakin shugaba Buhari ne ya sanar da hakan a shafinsa na Twitter inda ya ce Shugaba Buhari zai tattauna da takwararsa na Portugal, kuma za a karrama shi da lambar yabo na kasar ta ‘Great Collar of the Order of Prince Henry.’ Kara karanta wannan sun ce Zulum ne ya kamata ya yi takara da Tinubu DUBA: Shigo shafin Legit.ng na manhajar Legit.ng na Telegram! Kada ka bari komai ya wuce ka Ya ce ana sa ran shugabannin biyu za su tattauna kan wasu batutuwa da ya shafi kasashen biyu kuma za a rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya da ta shafi iyakokin kasa. Shehu ya kara da cewa Shugaba Buhari zai ziyarci majalisar Portugal ya gana da shugabanta Dr Augusto Santo Silva da Farai Minista na Portugal, Antonio Costa. Ya ce yayin ziyarar, Buhari zai gana da kungiyan yan kasuwan Najeriya mazauna Portugal ya kuma yi wani taron daban da shugabannin kamfanoni da wasu da ake fatan za su saka jari a Najeriya. Buhari, a cewar sanarwar kuma zai hallarci taron United Nations Ocean Conference, wanda aka fara a Lisbon a ranar Litinin 27 ga watan Yuni zuwa 1 ga watan Yuli. Shehu ya ce shugaban kasar zai tattauna da yan Najeriya mazauna Portugal a kan abubuwan da ke damunsu da cigaba a gida Najeriya, ya kara da cewa zai dawo Abuja a ranar Asabar 2 ga watan Yuli. Kara karanta wannan ba za su koma kujerunsu a Majalisar Dattawa ba Wadanda za su raka Buhari a tafiyar sun hada da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida Geoffrey Onyeama; Ministan Labarai da Al'adu Adeniyi Adebayo; Ministan Matasa da Wasanni Sunday Dare da Ministan Sadarwa da Tattalin arzikin zamani Manjo Janar Babagana Monguno (mai ritaya); Direkta Janar na NIA Ahmed Rufa’i Abubakar da Shugaban NiDCOM Honorable Abike Dabiri-Erewa A wani labarin daban, karamin ministan Kwadago da Samar da Ayyuka, Festus Keyamo SAN, ya ce matsin lamba da yan uwa da abokai ke yi wa mutane da ke rike da mulki ne neman su basu kudi ne ka karfafa musu gwiwa suna sata da aikata rashawa. A cewar The Sun, Keyamo ya yi wannan furucin ne yayin jawabin da ya yi a ranar Laraba a Abuja yayin kaddamar da shirin 'Corruption Tori Season 2' da Signature TV da gidauniyar MacArthur suke daukan nauyi. Kara karanta wannan Da Duminsa: Buhari ya Gwangwaje Tsohon CJN Tanko da Lambar Yabo Mafi Daraja ta 2 a Najeriya An kirkiri shirin ne domin wayar da kan mutane game da rawar da za su iya takawa wurin yaki da rashawa da cin hanci a Nigeria ta hanyar amfani da harsunan mutanen Nigeria composed of multiple experienced editors with over 25 years of combined expertise collaborates to create a wide array of engaging and informative lists Their work spans diverse topics such as the fascinating world of US presidents offering readers both entertainment and insight By pooling their knowledge and research skills they provide comprehensive and thought-provoking content that caters to a broad audience 2019 137.0K views 13 itemsList of notable or famous economists from Philippines including the top economists born in Philippines and even some popular economists who immigrated to Philippines If you're trying to find out the names of famous Filipino economists then this list is the perfect resource for you These economists are among the most prominent in their field and information about each well-known economist from Philippines is included when available This list features Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino III and more famous Filipino people in economics This historic economists from Philippines list can help answer the questions "Who are some Filipino economists of note?" and "Who are the most famous economists from Philippines?" These prominent economists of Philippines may or may not be currently alive but what they all have in common is that they're all respected Filipino economists.