Texas — The Professional Bull Riders (PBR) has announced the 44-rider field for the 2025 Pendleton Whisky Velocity Tour Finals in Corpus Christi
where competitors will vie for the Velocity Tour Championship
Brazilian rider Afonso Quintino currently leads the standings
with Bob Mitchell in second place and reigning champion Grayson Cole sitting sixth with a chance to make history as the first-ever back-to-back Velocity Tour Champion
The field features five riders currently ranked in the top 20 of the 2025 PBR World Championship race
who returns as the defending Velocity Tour Finals Event Champion
who is competing in just his second event of 2025 after breaking his femur in November
The championship event at American Bank Center Arena culminates a successful season that welcomed more than 362,000 fans and featured 18 sold-out event days
Riders will compete for their share of the $100,000 event purse with a maximum of 320 Velocity Global points available
The Velocity Tour Finals represents the final opportunity for five riders to qualify for the PBR World Finals: Unleash The Beast
which will feature a three-stage format beginning with Eliminations in Fort Worth
followed by the Championship at AT&T Stadium in Arlington
with a last-chance Ride For Redemption for those who don't advance directly
Afonso Quintino (Sao Luis dos Montes Belos
Jean Carlos Teodoro (Mirante Do Paranapanema
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Metrics details
The objectives of this systematic review were to estimate the prevalence of depression and to identify the relationship between depression and quality of life (QOL) among high school and university students
Literature search was performed in the Scopus
The results were presented through descriptive approaches and meta-analysis
Thirty-six studies met the eligibility criteria
and twenty-six were included in the meta-analysis
The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 27% (95% CI 0.21–0.33) among students
being high school and university students was 25% (95% CI 0.14–0.37) and 27% (95% CI 0.20–0.34)
and most studies have shown that depression was associated with low QOL
Among the limitations of the study is the difficulty of generalizing the results found
considering the large sample of health students
New studies should be conducted considering the severity
and patterns of depressive symptoms in high school and university students
to better understand the relationship between depression and QOL
the objectives of this study are: (1) to estimate the prevalence of depression among high school and university students and (2) to identify the relationship between depression and QOL among high school and university students through a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis
we aimed to summarize the evidence of the influence of depression and QOL on academic performance
and school dropout rates among these students
The consolidation of these findings is essential to identify and clarify the risk factors for depression among adolescents and young people
it will be possible to guide future research and interventions focusing on improving students' mental health
The main research questions guiding this systematic review are
“What is the prevalence of depression among high school and university students?” and “What is the evidence on the relationship between depression and QOL among high school and university students?” The secondary question guiding this review is “What are the influences of depression and QOL on academic performance
and school dropout rates among high school and university students?” If the high prevalence of depression among high school and university students is related to self-perception of quality of life
it is possible that this relationship is determined by specific dimensions of QOL and manifests itself in different ways among students
As the analysis was based on published articles (secondary data)
and school dropout rates were also analyzed as secondary outcomes
showed that publications and the production of research citations in this area were significantly increasing from 2011 onwards
Table 1 shows the search strategy adapted to the different databases
The search strategy was also complemented by: (a) tracking of the references of the included studies and relevant systematic reviews
The main search keywords were: “high school students”
“depression” (exposure/outcome) and “quality of life” (exposure/outcome)
The age was extended to 33 years because the average age of university students is higher in recent years
and articles in which the full text could not be retrieved in online databases
or by e-mails sent to the author(s) of the study; (b) studies with specific populations (pregnant and breastfeeding women
and disabled people; in disaster situations
and hypertensive people; patients with HIV
among other chronic diseases); (c) studies with samples of mixed ages
organized or calculated separately; (d) incomplete data on the association between depression and QOL; (e) clinical trials and case–control studies; and (f) when more than one article provided data on the same sample
Flow diagram of the selection criteria for the study
Flowchart: Adapted from the PRISMA 2020 Flow Diagram
and publication bias might decrease the quality of the evidence of the studies
and the presence of confounders in the reduction of the effect found are factors that could increase the quality of the evidence in the studies
we assessed whether the authors provided a statement on conflicts of interest and information on ethical approval
The following information was collected from the studies using a standard data extraction spreadsheet: authors
characteristics of the participants (sample size
instruments for the assessment of depression with respective cutoff points
Data regarding the prevalence of depression and association measures were collected
in addition to other additional results that refer to factors associated with depression and QOL
The results were categorized into two groups: (a) high school students and (b) university students
Data were collected and evaluated by two independent researchers (reviewer 1 and reviewer 4) and disagreements were resolved by a third researcher (reviewer 2)
The prevalence of depression and the results of the association between depression and QOL among students are presented as the main outcomes
The results of the prevalence of depression in the studies analyzed were presented according to the intensity of depressive symptoms
The different QOL domains evaluated were also considered in synthesizing the evidence
including additional variables that are associated with students’ depression and QOL
We also described whether the studies presented results on the influence of depression and QOL on academic performance
the differences between the sexes and age groups in terms of the prevalence of depression and the level of QOL among the students were compared
A meta-analysis was conducted using the random effects model with data on the prevalence of depression among high school students
The data are graphically displayed in Forest plots
showing prevalence rates with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs)
Publication bias was evaluated using Egger’s test
All analyses were conducted using Stata version 16.0 (StataCorp LLC
No study evaluated the possible influences of depression and QOL on academic performance
The characteristics and main results are presented separately for the evaluation of depression and QOL among students
prevalence of depression and its relationship with QOL among students
other factors associated with depression and QOL among students
in which the prevalence of depressive symptoms was categorized into mild
Figure 2 shows the combined prevalence of depression among high school students and depression among university students. The combined prevalence of depression among students was 27% (95% CI 0.21–0.33). The prevalence of depression among High school students was 25% (95% CI 0.14–0.37). The prevalence of depression among university students was 27% (95% CI 0.20–0.34).
Forest plot evaluating the prevalence of depression in students
There was a high level of statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 99.40%
Heterogeneity had an influence on the result of the analysis
Evidence of publication bias in the meta-analysis of the combined prevalence was found using the Egger’s regression test (p = 0.000)
The present study systematically estimated the prevalence of depression and summarized the relationship between depression and QOL among high school and university students
The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 27% among students and most studies have shown that depressive symptoms was associated with a low QOL
Despite being relevant to research involving students
the studies did not evaluate the influence of depression and QOL on academic performance
rates lower compared to those found in the present review
The influence of different degrees of depressive symptoms may also compromise the analysis of results
but studies do not provide enough data to support this statement
these findings are limited in clarifying the wide and complex relationship between depression and QOL among students
mainly with longitudinal design and with quality evidence
This can also be explained by the fact that different instruments are used in the evaluation of QOL and by adverse cultural or social factors
The strengths of this study include the specific assessment of depression
to the detriment of a wide scope of mental health problems
which allows a particular analysis of its relationship with QOL
Results from the analysis of conflicts of interest and ethical approvals
which are often omitted from the assessments
A meta-analysis was conducted to provide a general estimate of the prevalence of depression among high school and university students
this is the first systematic review that summarizes the evidence on the relationship between depression and QOL among high school and university students
allowing us to clarify the gaps in the literature and propose recommendations for future research
this is the first study that intended to analyze academic consequences
the studies included in this review did not analyze these aspects
which indicate a lack of research on the academic consequences
from the perspective of the relationship between depression and QOL
Depression is associated with the QOL of students; however
the relationship between depression and QOL is not clear yet
There is a need to understand whether QOL can affect the nature
and intensity of depressive symptoms and the real impact of depressive symptoms on different QOL domains
The consolidation of these findings is fundamental to a more effective and integrated orientation of public health and education policies
focusing on promoting mental health and improving the students’ QOL
The multidimensional aspect that refers to the students’ mental health and QOL should be considered from a multidisciplinary and global conception
with the participation of health professionals
education professionals and the family in social and instrumental support
thus contributing to students’ academic performance and success
the data can be accessed upon request to the authors (michelevaladao2021@gmail.com (MSVF); matias.noll@ifgoiano.edu.br (MN))
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The authors thank the Federal Institute of Education
Science and Technology of Goiano (IF Goiano) for funding this research
and the Child and Adolescent Health Research Group (GPSaCA)
Priscilla Rayanne e Silva Noll & Matias Noll
Rede Estadual e Municipal de Educação de São Luís de Montes Belos
and M.N.; writing—original draft preparation
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript
The authors declare no competing interests
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33584-3
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