43,000+ global companies doing business in the region 102,000+ key contacts related to companies and projects news and interviews about your industry in English Metrics details and Zn in the soft tissue of transplanted oysters in two sites in the Potengi estuary for six months Native oysters collected before and after the transplantation experiment provided the background for statistical analyses and Ni showed a strong inverse correlation with oyster weight in both sites Transplantation upstream of the estuary presented increasing concentrations of Zn and Pb and condition index (CI) and decreasing trends for Cd and Ni Spatiotemporal principal component analysis correlated these results mainly with proximity to the polluting source These results helped interpret the responses provided by these biomonitors to environmental changes based on image captured with Google Earth Pro 7.3.2 software (Image catalog ID: 1010010004319001) Vectorized and edited by the author using CorelDraw (X8) software These results were then used to create a background scenario for the transplantation experiment These initial native oysters are referred to herein as Nt0 (native oysters collected before transplantation) another native group (\(N=30\)) were collected by the end of the experiment and are referred to as NtF (native oysters collected after the end of the experiment) The biomonitor species was chosen according to the criteria recommended by Rainbow31 such as the endemic presence of the organism and its relevance as an economic and food source for the local population The experimental plan was designed to answer the following hypotheses: Significant differences in metal concentrations and biometrics between native oysters and transplanted oysters Significant differences in metal concentrations and biometrics achieved by transplanted oysters versus native ones collected at the same site by the end of the experiment Principal factors influencing such variations The following variables were considered: sampling site and seasonality in synergy with the physicochemical characteristics of each site The results are expressed in units of g/cm³ and are directly proportional to oyster health Analytical quality was periodically tested using Standard Reference Material (SRM-NIST 2976 mollusk tissue), as well as procedural blanks to identify possible contamination. Table 1 presents the SRM certified values and the SRM measured values throughout this study The recovery percentage of all analytes ranged from 80% to 110% All analyses were conducted at the Center of Studies in Oil and Natural Gas Atmospheric and tidal data were provided by the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy through the Data Exchange Sector recorded at the buoy station “Trapiche CPRN” (05°46.7′S, 35°12.5′W) over the year 2007 (Supplementary Fig. S1) Temporal analyses for biometrics and heavy metals found for C rhizophorae samples at the two sites were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) All results were reported at a 95% confidence level (CL) and were considered significant when \(p < 0.05\) \({\log }_{10}\,y={\log }_{10}a+b{\log }_{10}x\) In cases in which the covariance showed significant values (\(p < 0.05\)) the statistical method used was the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) which considered the \(x\)-values equal for all samples (\(x=\,{\log }_{10}\) mean d.w from which the metal concentrations were calculated Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) post hoc test (for samples of different sizes) was applied to identify the highest contrasts within campaigns (b) data health check to remove outliers and variable redundancy (e) retention of factors with higher eigenvalues and (f) considering heavy metals as active variables in case distributions while electing environmental ones as supplementary whereas nitrates had a high concentration in BN Regarding metals in water, Cd and Ni presented similar values for both sites, which were above the reference limit. Cr presented values below the detection level. Cu, Pb, and Zn were detected in larger quantities in BN and were all above the water quality reference limit (Table 2) Acidity and organic matter are known to be important factors in determining the fate of heavy metals in aquatic systems the highest means of Cd and Ni were found for Qt native oysters (Cd = 0.71 the highest means were obtained for BN native oysters (Cr = 0.67 and Zn = 1,995) when compared to the native oysters of Qt (Cr = 0.54 Cu was twice above the upper limit for human consumption According to the regressions made between metals and soft tissue d.w. (Fig. 2), both sites showed similar results, presenting size effects for Cd, Cr, and Ni but not for Cu, Pb, and Zn. Cases in which the covariance hypothesis was accepted are presented below, justifying the use of ANCOVA. Another factor pointed out by Rainbow27 as a probable explanation is the age of the individual as younger ones have more active metabolism and the literature points to a dilution effect in which concentrations seem to be lower as the oysters grow as being relevant we should assume that the bioaccumulation rates cease or decrease over time which was not the case here as we have shown Significant differences are estimated by a priori ANOVA Samples sharing the same letters are not significantly different The symbol *shows samples with significant differences from Nt0 (native oysters before transplantation) according to Tukey’s HSD post hoc test Transplantation made in the downstream (Qt) direction presented CI values successively lower in comparison to Nt0 and values became significantly different at T4 CI tends to increase again until it reaches values similar to those of native oysters where variations occur in the same direction Comparing these two groups, there was an opposite tendency well stated by the intersection of the two lines (T1-to-T2 interval, Fig. 3) oysters at Qt showed a worsening CI during the initial 75 days (T4) followed by an improvement oysters transplanted to BN had a higher CI compared to the initial and final native oysters Significant difference were estimated by a priori ANCOVA for (A) Cd and (C) Ni at covariate means (Qt: log10 d.w and the asterisks show the ones with a significant difference when compared to Nt0 (native oysters before transplantation) by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test Although both sites had concentrations above the recommended limit for water the sediment was within the proposed quality standard (3.1) showing that the bioavailability of Cd observed through the Qt’s Nt0 had an influence of factors other than just the proximity with the source since among the transplanted oysters none reached similar concentration Cr: One month after transplanting oysters to BN, the Cr values increased significantly, reaching the highest concentration throughout the experiment (Fig. 4B this group revealed reduced values and remained significantly higher until the end of the experiment (the only exception was T7) the final value (T11) was equivalent to that found for NtF from BN and Qt Oysters transferred to Qt showed no significant difference until T10 sampling. After that, there was a significant increase, when the last sample (T11) presented similar values to NtF from Qt and BN and a significantly higher value compared to Nt0 (Fig. 4B Both transplantations increased the concentration of Cr after T9 which coincided with the dry season period Ni: All oysters transplanted to BN showed significantly lower concentrations compared to Nt0 (Fig. 4C followed by nonsignificant variations until the end of the experiment At Qt transplantation, Ni initially (T1) decreased to a lower value compared to Nt0; however, from the following collection (T2), the values increased again, showing no more significant differences when compared to native oysters (Fig. 4C the Ni values were equivalent to those of both native oysters (Nt0 and NtF) When comparing these two transplants through graphics it was noted that oysters presented a similar accumulation behavior between Ni and Cd Cu: Oysters transplanted to BN showed no significant differences when compared to Nt0. However, T7 collection presented significantly higher values compared to T1, and T8 was significantly higher than the rest of the experiment, except for T2 and T10 (Fig. 4D Cu found in NtF oysters was similar to Nt0 At the downstream site (Qt), Cu depurated throughout the transplant and reached at T10 values significantly lower than those at NT0 and compatible with NtF (Fig. 4D, red). Overviewing the graph (Fig. 4D) it is possible to see an opposite tendency between the two transplants Oysters transplanted to Qt (Fig. 4E red) showed an oscillating and nonsignificant variation with concentrations increasing and decreasing over similar time intervals Pb showed values significantly lower than those of Nt0 and similar to those of NtF On both sites the lead content in water were above to the recommended concentration and only in BN the sediment was considered contaminated Comparing to the previous studies oysters had considerably lower values showing an improvement in environmental quality with regard to this metal Zn: Oysters transplanted to BN did not present values different from those of Nt0. However, when the samples were compared to T1, the increase was significant, with T5, T8, and T10 (Fig. 4F After transplanting oysters to Qt, Zn showed a tendency to decline throughout the experiment; however, the variances around the averages do not allow affirming that these differences within samples are statistically significant, whereas sample T10 was significantly smaller than T1, T4, and T6 (Fig. 4F In both transplants, Zn showed no significant differences when compared to Nt0; however, the differences were substantial when compared to the final native samples (NtF). In addition, the latest samples from both experiments (T10 and T11) had very similar values (Fig. 4F) which retained only those of greatest influence to aid in the interpretation of variances found by ANOVA/ANCOVA biplot graphs showed the temporal transition between the characteristics found between initial native oysters (A) Principal components 1 × 2 and (B) principal components 1 × 3 of the transplant experiments Metals represent the average concentrations found in oysters for each sampling time and tide were calculated from the average of two weeks prior to each sampling campaign The third component (12.85%, Fig. 5B) shows that the first sample after transplantation had the lowest Ni concentration throughout the entire experiment but then this metal began to accumulate again until the last two samples (T10 and T11) The same is true for transplantation in the opposite direction The main factor influencing this behavior is unclear and can be attributed to an external condition as it was similar for both transplants Further studies are needed to understand this initial clearance at both sites Transplanted oysters require longer exposure times to exhibit concentrations similar to those of oysters not exposed to this contaminant Finally, the third axis (19.9%, Fig. 6B) presents a more detailed view of these two metals despite showing increases relative to native Qt samples Pb increased in freshly transplanted samples whereas the increase of Cr was more intense at the T6 sampling This axis also shows that the sudden increase in Pb is related to the rainy season introduces this pollutant in greater quantities into the estuary showing that although tides can reach great distances within this estuary the highest salinity is restricted to the first portion preceding BN By comparing the CIs of the upstream and downstream transplanted oysters it can be deduced that transplantation alone does not have a detrimental impact on bivalves This is primarily determined by the conditions found in the transplantation site and CI served as a biotic indicator of their general health status due to metal accumulation as well as from those transplanted at the end of the experiment showed that these heavy metals are pollutants of great concern in this region and are directly related to the winter period owing to the urban runoff of stormwater to the aquatic environment oysters appeared to respond faster to changes induced by transplantation; therefore the last transplanted samples presented concentrations similar to those of the final native ones longer-term exposure is needed until the oysters acquire similar values to those that have never been transplanted transplantation showed that although the oysters accumulated Zn and Cu throughout the experiment the values reached by the final sampling (T11) were significantly lower than those from native oysters based on the important influence of rain on the explanation of variances it can be deduced that the exposure period was not sufficient for transplanted oysters to reach values similar to those of the native ones as the latter had already accumulated these metals during the previous winter As these two metals (considered to be essential) are directly linked to the oysters’ reproductive cycle caution is advised when interpreting results showing reduced concentrations for Cu and Zn different statistical approaches revealed that While ANOVA presented detailed results for metal concentrations one by one spatiotemporal PCA allowed a “macro” overview of the environmental variations acting over transplanted oysters metals and microplastics in South American estuaries Goldberg’s proposal of “the Mussel Watch”: Reflections after 40 years Assessment of trace metal bioaccumulation by Avicennia marina (Forsk.) in the last remaining mangrove stands in Manila Bay Pb and Zn in the grey mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) 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Hemphll Publishing Company, Austin, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 (1974) Download references We would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES 1525927/2015-19) Secretaria Nacional de Portos/Fundação Euclides da Cunha (SEP/FEC 3931) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ 154571/2006-07) Aecia Danas for ensuring the quality for the heavy metals’ analyses Postgraduate Program in Dynamics of Oceans and Earth elaborated the field methodology and the analytical methodology collected the samples and performed the laboratory analyses acquired resources and validated the analyses The authors declare no competing interests Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57152-w Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2024) Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Microbiology newsletter — what matters in microbiology research