Metrics details The presence of Andean plant genera in moist forests of the Brazilian Atlantic Coast has been historically hypothesized as the result of cross-continental migrations starting at the eastern Andean flanks Here we test hypotheses of former connections between the Atlantic and Andean forests by examining distribution patterns of selected cool and moist-adapted plant arboreal taxa present in 54 South American pollen records of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Past connectivity patterns between these two neotropical regions as well as individual ecological niches during the LGM were explored by cluster analysis of fossil assemblages and modern plant distributions we examined the ecological niche of 137 plant species with shared distributions between the Andes and coastal Brazil Our results revealed five complex connectivity patterns for South American vegetation linking Andean Amazonian and Atlantic Forests and one disjunction distribution in southern Chile This study also provides a better understanding of vegetation cover on the large and shallow South American continental shelf that was exposed due to a global sea level drop We hypothesize that the modern presence of Andean plant taxa in montane areas of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest domain is the combined result of former connectivities supported by various climatic and biogeographical events during the LGM Inferring vegetation responses during the LGM involves understanding the species' niche concept which encompasses complex abiotic and biotic variables which are beyond the goals of this research which focuses mainly on past distribution of selected indicator taxa under the light of humidity and temperature data that can be obtained directly from their ecology our study does not investigate the important role of atmospheric CO2 concentration and other significant paleoclimatic forcings in former plant distributions Our methodological strategy to reconstruct potential phytogeographic connections in South America during the LGM involved: selection of pollen taxa and fossil records ecological niche determination by means of potential distribution modelling (MaxEnt) during the LGM and their modern geographical occurrences to strengthen observed patterns cluster analyses of LGM pollen records taking into account only selected taxa modern ecological niche analysis of 137 Andean taxa with species occurring in the Atlantic domain to identify present-day relict connectivity populations cluster analyses of present-day distributions of six key arboreal species found in both ecosystems to observe the presence of relicts in modern landscapes and their relative climatic ranges Each methodological step is given in detail as follows: To reduce the overrepresentation of myrtaceous taxa our depiction of its modern distribution during the LGM is based on well-known cold/humid-adapted species such as Siphoneugena densiflora O.Berg Myrciaria floribunda (H.West ex Willd.) O.Berg Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) Landrum together with Campomanesia eugenioides (Cambess.) D.Legrand ex Landrum Myrcia loranthifolia (DC.) G.P.Burton & E.Lucas (sin Calyptranthes grandifolia O.Berg) and Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Kunth) O.Berg Vegetational and climatic reconstructions for the LGM were inferred from 50 continental pollen records obtained in exclusively closed sedimentary basins—to avoid uncertainties regarding pollen provenance—from Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela and 4 marine records from the South Atlantic (Fig. 1). PCA clusters derived from the occurrence of selected pollen taxa in 50 LGM continental pollen records and four marine sequences Five connectivity patterns are proposed: Central South American (CSAM) Southern Atlantic—Continental Shelf (SACS) Eastern Andean (EACO) and Northeastern Atlantic (NATC) The cluster containing pollen records 1–10 here named Southern Chilean Andes Disjunction (SCAD) is interpreted as a biogeographical region isolated from other Andean communities (a) Principal Component Analysis diagram based on the four seasons dry and wet months and annual accumulated precipitation of each modern observed occurrence of six species: (1) Araucaria angustifolia (red stars) (5) Podocarpus lambertii (purple diamonds) and (6) Podocarpus sellowii (blue circles) Four patterns in floristic composition were identified: Montane Atlantic Forest Enclaves of Northeastern Brazil (blue ellipses) Southern Brazilian lowlands (green ellipse) and Southeastern Central Brazilian highlands (orange ellipse) b) Box plots show the distribution and skewness of mean annual precipitation (mm) by displaying the data quartiles and averages (‘x’ label) for each species From an ecological perspective, PCA permitted a simplified vision of the spatial distribution during the LGM of the 11 selected taxa found in the 54 fossil pollen records. The resulting elliptical clusters (Fig. 5) suggest five connectivity patterns and one biogeographical disjunction We argue that the clear overlapping of connectivity clusters is a consequence of floristic similarities between pollen diagrams at different fossil sites stretching from the eastern flanks of the modern Andean Tropical Forest to its Atlantic counterparts the increase of savanna vegetation in certain regions might have been fundamental to the formation of some non-analog plant assemblages can hypothetically be interpreted as active migration of this arboreal taxon into lowlands of the Brazilian Amazon Outlier cluster points such as sites 27 and 31 in southeastern coastal Brazil and sites 32 and 39 are again signaling floristic similarities brought about by cooling and higher humidity levels which characterize most of the South American lowlands during the LGM in Ecuador) are outside this cluster by an artifact caused only by the presence of Ericaceae pollen The relatively close proximity of the marine record (Jaguaribe River Delta—GeoB 3104-1 site 46–47) can possibly be explained by close floristic similarities imposed by the expansion of cold- and humid-adapted arboreal taxa during the LGM as well as by long-distance pollen transport to coastal marine deposits SACS is characterized by a denser niche suitability in the southern Brazilian and Argentinian-Uruguayan sections of the Atlantic Shelf Despite the apparent connection in terms of habitat suitability the absence of Araucaria in the LGM pollen records of Chile might represent a significant retraction of Araucaria araucana (Mol.) K in synchrony with a hypothetical expansion of Araucaria angustifolia into Uruguay and northern Argentina especially onto the exposed continental shelf appears to display high niche suitability centered in southern/southeastern Brazil on the Argentinian shelf and in a large area between 36 and 48°S on the Pacific coast of Chile could have populated the latter two regions whereas areas of high habitat suitability in Brazil could have been exploited by D Another possible branch of this connection is suggested by higher habitat suitability during the LGM displayed by Araucaria Weinmannia and Arecaceae in northern Argentina The absence of pollen records south of site 11 (Cambará do Sul) limits our evaluation of this region as a potentially important area of contact between the Andes and the Atlantic which in turn suggests that these migration events may have also occurred during other glacial cycles Southern Chilean Andes Disjunction (SCAD) includes pollen records from the Pacific side of the Chilean Andes (sites 1 to 10) such as Lake Tagua-Tagua (site 10) at 195 m elev The disjunct pattern is likely to represent a relatively isolated forest ecosystem created by the Andean geographical barrier containing Drimys is characterized by the southern Chile endemic Araucaria araucana as the dominant taxa in the emergent forest canopy a species which surprisingly is not present in the LGM pollen records A tentative explanation relies on the absence of palynological studies covering this glacial phase in these higher southern latitudes It may also be that this taxon migrated to ice-free areas without lake basins or peatbogs to capture a local pollen history There are two possible hypothesess that could explain the absence of these species in database The first could represented biased caused by field sampling and taxonomical identification methodologies and very plausible alternative explanation invokes habitat loss caused by unsuitable climatic change after the LGM Table 1 depicts the results of data integration validating LGM connections across South America with the presence of modern relicts and strengthened by a composite map of their geographical distributions (Fig. 8) and to a lesser degree Escallonia and Berberis appear to be the main drivers in delimiting relicts which can be explained by their long-distance dispersal of pollen and seeds occurring across a broad latitudinal and longitudinal range in South America PCA of the modern distributions of Araucaria angustifolia, Drimys angustifolia, D. brasiliensis, Hedyosmum brasiliense, Podocarpus lambertii and P. sellowii in Brazil in relation to present-day precipitation regimes reveals five clusters associated with four connectivity patterns during the LGM (Fig. 9) The Southeastern Central Brazilian highlands (orange ellipse) (19°–25°S) cluster is associated with the Central South American Connectivity (CSAM) within the Atlantic Forest domain with prevalence in wet and coastal regions populated by A red ellipse) and Southern Brazilian lowlands (25°–35°S green ellipse) clusters are associated with the Southern Atlantic-Continental Shelf Connectivity (SACS) in southeastern Brazilian highlands and lowlands with prevalence of Araucaria angustifolia (red stars) PCA revealed two clusters of montane Atlantic Forest enclaves in northeastern Brazil (4°–20°S separated mostly by annual accumulated precipitation and prevalence of wide latitudinal distributions of Podocarpus sellowii (blue circles) and associated with the Northeastern Atlantic Connectivity (NATC) These results allow us to suggest that paleoprecipitation within the SACS connectivity during the LGM in terms of mean annual accumulated precipitation was on the order of ca Because CSAM and NATC connections lacked Araucaria in their domains we estimate their mean annual precipitation to be ca We estimated a total exposed area of 1.94 million km2 equivalent in size to the combined areas of France Italy and the United Kingdom and that in southeastern/southern Brazil/Uruguay and Argentina the past coastline was 200–250 km and 500 km distant from its present location This ample niche opening for the Atlantic Rainforest possibly favored Araucaria and Drimys in the higher southern latitudes of the shelf An approximation of the possible architecture of this forest is available for lower latitudes via palynological information from the states of Sao Paulo and Espirito Santo in areas presently at sea level and covered by mangrove vegetation suggests the presence of a vertically stratified subtropical to temperate forest with distinct non-analogous The data suggest a forest physiognomy composed of 5 tree layers based on the average height of the tallest taxon within each genera or family: an emergent layer of 45–50 m composed very likely of Araucaria angustifolia and Virola followed by a 10-m understory composed of small trees and shrubs of Drimys The forest floor was likely covered by Cyathea tree ferns thus enhancing the cold air mass acceleration northwards could have been intensified during glacial periods of the South American continent plant genera also occurring in the Restinga vegetation a sub-set ecosystem of the Atlantic Rainforest has shown that Central Brazil functioned as a node of migration between the Amazon and Atlantic rainforests linking the Andes to the central and coastal mountains of Brazil Our study provides strong evidence for the establishment of ecological corridors linking Andean Atlantic and Amazonian regions under the relatively cool and moist climates of the LGM which favored the migration of various plant and animal groups corroborates previous biogeographic and genetic studies in animal taxa proposing a Chaco-Southern Brazil and Cerrado corridor connected to Andean ecosystems a Northern Andes-Amazonian connection was characterized by forest elements that probably migrated downwards into the lowlands benefiting from cooler and humid climates and forming non-analogous forest assemblages This mechanism can therefore provide an explanation for increased presence of Alnus pollen in a glacial pollen record in the Amazonian lowlands Evidence of this expansion is also found in marine pollen records of the LGM 120 m exposed the South American Continental Shelf which could have created an important migration corridor for different southern Andean plant species to migrate northwards and colonize areas of the Brazilian Atlantic coast Our data suggests that this vast coastal corridor was possibly covered by temperate-like forest with prevalent Andean floristic affinities in the south and a more Atlantic floristic composition in the north This study also brings to light a discussion on plant ecological niches with the establishment of novel plant assemblages with non-modern analogs which appears to be a common feature of glacial vegetations under cold and moist climates All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article (and its 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P.E.D.O.; T.K.A.; E.S.F.R.; L.S.R J.L.D.P.; P.E.D.O.; M.D.C.S.L.; A.J.P.F.; N.C.A.P ecological niche determination by means of potential distribution modelling (MaxEnt) during the LGM and their modern geographical occurrence J.L.D.P.; P.E.D.O.; N.C.A.P.; C.H.G.; M.D.C.S.L modern ecological niche analysis of 137 Andean taxa cluster analyses of present-day distributions of six key arboreal species and their relative climatic ranges analysis of reproductive characters of taxa analysis of variability of precipitation/CMORPH The authors declare no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51763-8 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Anthropocene newsletter — what matters in anthropocene research put it on his kiteboard and transports it into shore world champion kitesurfer Mitu Monteiro noticed something floating in the water dangerously close to the rocks of Serra Negra Beach on Sal Island in Cape Verde Monteiro rode in to take a closer look only to discover a distressed sea turtle tangled in plastic and struggling to breath and swim "I know it would have died if I didn't rescue it," Monterio told Caters News Agency "She was unable to get food as the filament was preventing her from diving and it was wound tightly around her neck." Mitu Monteiro hauled in the plastic glob to pull in the sea turtle while holding on to his control bar While holding on to the control bar of the kiteboard Monteiro managed to pull the sea turtle to him by hauling in the huge glob of plastic that had trapped the turtle He placed the sea turtle onto the kiteboard and rode it to shore where he and others began cutting away the plastic Mitu Monteiro managed to get the sea turtle into shore The plastic was cutting into the neck of the sea turtle which couldn't swim and was struggling to breathe Photo from World of Windsurf Facebook page "I was afraid of cutting the plastic because it was embedded so deeply into its skin but what worried me the most was its flipper," Monteiro said "It was covered in a white substance and smelt bad "I started to think they would have to amputate the flipper." Monteiro and his friends freed the turtle of all the plastic and called in the animal rescue service "Despite fears that the turtle's flipper may have to be amputated the gentle creature is now on the road to recovery," Caters News reported Mitu Monteiro carries the sea turtle onto the beach Monteiro, 31, was named 2014's best male kiteboarder by an international magazine of surfing, KSurf, "for his courage in surfing the fearsome giant waves of Teahupoo." No doubt Monteiro showed his courage by rescuing the sea turtle in a place he warns people about going "Usually I tell people never to go that close to the rocks as it can be dangerous but I couldn't resist finding out what it was," Monteiro said "I have to admit I was kind of scared getting close up because a few days before a boat with two fisherman had disappeared and they were still searching for the bodies." Photographer Gabriele Rumbolo was on the scene and snapped several photos of the sea turtle rescue which just happened to occur on Cape Verde's National Heroes Day it is not every day that you get to see something like this happen," Rumbolo told Caters News Follow David Strege on Facebook  Flood of manatees closes down Florida spring SUP paddler looks to be surfing a whale Paddlers orca encounter is a dream come true In April 1979, Gregory Peck was nominated for an Oscar for his powerful portrayal of the sadistic Nazi criminal, Dr. Josef Mengele Peck’s performance in The Boys from Brazil transformed Mengele from a cruel doctor in black and white photos known for his horrifying experiments on twins in the Auschwitz death camp into a fugitive who captured the public’s imagination He was now a man in an immaculate white suit and a Panama hat who lived in a jungle mansion somewhere in Brazil Two months prior to the Oscar ceremony in Hollywood the world’s most sought-after Nazi perished at the age of 67 on Bertioga beach Mengele was enjoying an outing with close friends Their children — Andreas and Sabine — didn’t know Mengele was a notorious Nazi doctor This intimate circle of trusted friends played a crucial role in hiding the fugitive from the relentless Nazi hunters who pursued him then moving through Argentina and Paraguay a journalist and international news editor for the Globo TV network thoroughly covers Mengele’s time in Brazil His initial contact was an Austrian man named Wolfgang Gerhard who let Mengele use his name and Brazilian documentation that was the name on Mengele’s death certificate and tombstone in the Embu das Artes cemetery near São Paulo “Gerhard was a fervent Nazi who placed swastikas atop the family’s Christmas trees He introduced Mengele to other sympathetic families in the area,” said Anton “Mengele lived here for almost 20 years because he was protected by friends There was an Austrian couple [the Bosserts] and a Hungarian couple [the Stammers]… They all spoke German so [Mengele] could converse with them in his own language He didn’t end up in some remote corner of the world and lose touch with his culture he lived in a tropical Bavaria where he listened to classical music and had a library of up-to-date German books.” He also corresponded regularly with his only son And his family never stopped sending him money from home she met one of the people from Mengele’s close circle of friends Liselotte Bossert was a teacher at Anton’s school for the German community in São Paulo she disappeared from school and never came back The serious expressions and hushed conversations of the adults told Anton that something serious had happened This was Anton’s first encounter with the chilling story that she spent six years investigating conducting interviews and immersing herself in the Nazi doctor’s letters Gerhard protected Mengele for ideological reasons they actually came to Brazil to escape communism The Federal Police found out that they had some kind of business with Mengele who even helped them buy a farm [where they all lived together] Gitta Stammer was the one who brought him money every week,” said Anton Liselotte Bossert’s husband had been a corporal in the German army and had enormous admiration for Mengele “I think she acted out of friendship and didn’t want to believe the crimes he committed And her children became very attached to Mengele.” Bossert’s children refused to be interviewed for Anton’s book That’s when they discovered a clue that led Israeli Nazi hunters to São Paulo “Rafi Eitan told me that he once met Mengele face to face but they couldn’t grab him right then.” Soon after Israel became embroiled in a crisis with Egypt so Mossad’s pursuit of Nazis had to take a backseat Cyrla Gewertz was a victim of the Angel of Death’s experiments in Auschwitz He would immerse the young Polish girl in very hot water for 15 minutes and then dunk her for 15 minutes in ice water When she cried out that the water was burning her the Nazi snapped: “Put your head under or I’ll kill you.” Another human guinea pig died right next to her Many years later, Gewertz was married to another Holocaust survivor and living in São Paulo when someone approached her at a hotel in the nearby city of Serra Negra “She packed her things and left immediately,” said Anton “She was so traumatized that she didn’t ask questions or call the police she told me she still had trouble sleeping and cried easily.” during the 40th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz Mengele’s victims reminded the world about his cruel crimes they conducted a symbolic trial in Jerusalem where numerous twins shared testimonies of the atrocities These testimonies were televised worldwide resulting in joint efforts by West Germany Israel and the United States to locate Mengele The crucial clue came from a German who told the police about a drunk guy who boasted that he was sending money to the Angel of Death in South America The drunk turned out to be a Mengele family courier they learned that the world’s most-wanted Nazi had drowned six years earlier in Brazil who confessed their roles under interrogation Liselotte Bossert was fired from the school where she taught while Brazil and the world watched as Mengele’s body was exhumed and tested to confirm his identity Mengele’s victims found some relief in knowing that their torturer was finally dead No documentation of his experiments has ever been found to help doctors treat the never-ending health problems of the victims who survived The remains of the infamous and sadistic Nazi doctor ended up in the University of São Paulo’s medical school as educational material for students Sign up for our weekly newsletter to get more English-language news coverage from EL PAÍS USA Edition ¿Quieres añadir otro usuario a tu suscripción ¿Por qué estás viendo esto? cambia tu suscripción a la modalidad Premium Cada uno accederá con su propia cuenta de email lo que os permitirá 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Puedes consultar aquí los términos y condiciones de la suscripción digital. three countries in the Region of the Americas (Bolivia and Peru) have reported confirmed yellow fever cases occurring between December 2018 and February 2019 The last previous confirmed yellow fever case had been reported in the province of San Ramón the majority of which occurred in La Paz Department Brazil is currently in the period historically recognized as having the highest transmission (seasonal period) The expansion of the historical area of yellow fever transmission to areas previously considered risk-free led to two waves of transmission (Figure 1) and another during the 2017-2018 seasonal period In the current seasonal period (2018-2019) have been reported in the states of São Paulo (46 cases) and Paraná (4 cases) the municipalities considered as probable sites of infection are: Eldorado (15 cases) and the probable site of infection for 1 case remains under investigation Vargem (bordering the state of Minas Gerais) the rest of the municipalities are in the southern part of the state of São Paulo The probable sites of infection for the 4 confirmed cases in the state of Paraná are Guaraqueçaba (2 cases) and Adrianópolis (2 cases) municipalities most of the confirmed epizootics (90%) were reported in the Southeast Region of the country (27/30) a confirmed epizootic was also reported in the South Region in the state of Paraná in areas where yellow fever virus circulation was not detected since the re-emergence of the virus in 2014 be they sculptures or paintings or buildings and use the copy in its own context to beautify it as in the original location The question arises these days after Brazil built a copy of the Trevi Fountain on a smaller scale: in fact it is 40 percent the size of the real one (11 meters high and 20 meters wide) someone must have bought the famous monumental fountain from them to take it to.. ’near’ in Brazil compared to Italy is another concept But no Fellini will come to Serra Negra to shoot a film simply because ours is the society that rewards and values the original The artist who had the idea and realized it first Yet the official motivation of the Brazilian municipal administration is precisely to get publicity and attract tourism by combining the idea of the world’s most famous fountain with the fact that it is a spa resort.“Serra Negra has won a work inspired by one of the most famous Roman monuments,” the São Paulo Tourism Secretariat tweeted last Friday with a grand unveiling perhaps hoping to repeat the success of cities born from nothing like Las Vegas made of copies of famous monuments “The work is an exact replica of one of the most visited monuments in the world it will increase the flow of tourists to Serra Negra and generate employment and profits as a result with which our municipality has strong ties thanks to the massive immigration from Italy in the last century,” explained Tarcio Cacossi communications director of the Serra Negra Prefecture The construction lasted one year for an expenditure of about 300,000 euros Little or a lot compared to the design by 18th-century architect Nicola Salvi Let’s say right away that the statues instead were made of silicone and plaster prints And the point is this: in the age of digital technology where between 3D printers and graphics programs one can reproduce a sculpture or painting thanks to a computer without any intellectual contribution or skill of one’s hands we can ask ourselves what gives value to art What gives value to a carved stone or a colored canvas Why is the copy of the David in Piazza Signoria less valuable than the one at the Accademia The Veiled Christ in Naples today reproducible by a machine in exact copy with equal beauty why should it be worth less If it is because of the chromatic result of a painting both Titian’s original canvas and that of a print should be the same no Perhaps value is also given by the sense with which man does what he does When I was making one of my first visits to Siena the guide explained to me that in the facade of the Duomo even the smallest angels inserted in the tympanum had precious stones in their eyes And from underneath it was impossible to see them They did it for the total value of the meaning of what they were building Imagine in the Middle Ages while they were building it Dust and sweat on the workers who labored with their heads down “Can’t you see?” replied the man “I’m killing myself with toil.” Moving on he asked a second worker who was breaking stones like the first and asked him the same question I work from morning to night to support my wife and children.” He asked a third man the same question who answered him smiling proudly I am building a cathedral.” Perhaps what changes the meaning of all things and their value is the spirit in which we do them Pictured: the replica of the Trevi Fountain Photo: Circuito das águas paulistas The São Paulo government has created the São Paulo Coffee Routes initiative to encourage regional development and gastronomic tourism The inauguration of the São Paulo Coffee Routes initiative will be held at the Palácio dos Bandeirantes The initiative brings together 57 coffee-related tourist attractions in 25 municipalities in São Paulo The tourist attractions include a farm owned by a former coffee magnate The project aims to bring together producers and consumers to encourage the creation of new companies and strengthen local commerce and services According to the São Paulo Institute of Agricultural Economics (IEA-Apta) in 2024 the coffee sector contributed R$5 billion (US$0.85 billion) to São Paulo’s agricultural production The plan aims to consolidate São Paulo’s position as a leading tourist and business destination in the coffee sector YouTube stars Will Lenney (WillNE) and James Marriott have turned their sights to food and drink retail through the launch.. Fijian Minister for Agriculture and Waterways Vatimi Rayalu has pledged to revive the nation’s ailing coffee and cocoa industries to.. European café chain Costa Coffee is taking to the skies via a new partnership with Jet2.com and Jet2holidays to bring.. All content published on this site is the property of Prime Creative Media This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page These sites are selected by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization based on their cultural Here are ten must-see South American World Heritage Sites This site was chosen based on its natural criteria and is located in São Paulo and Paraná This location is home to achingly gorgeous vistas and mountain ranges that span across a 932-mile system of peaks and escarpments in Southeastern Brazil it runs parallel to the Atlantic Ocean coast through several states The various mountain ranges are broken up in several places and as a result can be given individual names like the Serra de Bocaina and the Serra Negra The beauty and diverse ecosystem make this a definite stop for nature lovers specifically the federal capital of Brazil The reason it stands out is its gorgeous urban architecture It was originally planned by Lúcio Costa and Oscar Neimeyer in 1956 and was created in order to move the capital to a more central position Its comprehensive design marks it as one of the few places in the world where Corbusier's design principles of urbanism have been applied on such a massive scale The city itself is located atop the Brazilian highlands and is estimated to be Brazil's third-most populated city The Chan Chan Archaeological Zone is located in La Libertad Peru and is primarily a cultural touchstone because of the treasure trove of history that it holds The city of Chan Chan was the capital of Chimú culture a group whose kingdom developed originally along the coast of northern Peru The zone is divided into distinctive units that belie the past sociopolitical divisions as it is considered an endangered heritage site due to the fact that its many built elements can be easily damaged by rain and erosion This is another site that is esteemed for its cultural background it is located in Peru in the Huari Province Though it is not in danger like the Chan Chan city this location also has a veritable wealth of archaeological discoveries and sites It is a place settled by the Chavin culture a group who existed between 1500 and 300 BC The site itself is made of a group of terraces and squares cut from the rock Visit this site to get a glimpse of a religious-based society that previously held a lot of cultural influence This national park, located in the Caquetá and Guaviare Departments of Colombia, is also sometimes known by the name, The Maloca of the Jaguar. Specifically found in the north-west Colombian Amazon it is the largest protected area in the country and is especially known for the number of table-top mountains and sheer-sided sandstone plateaus that populate the park more than 75,000 paintings can be found in the rock shelters near the bases of the mountains These drawings have creation dates that go back as far as 20,000 years The city of Cuzco is a cultural heritage site located in Peru Its history goes all the way back to the Inca king Pachacutec who ruled the then kingdom of Cuzco as it grew to become the 15th century Inca empire This city was the focal point of the empire and was split up into various areas for religious This rich history doesn't stop here as after the Spanish conquered the empire beautiful Baroque churches and other examples of brilliant architecture were built over the ruins If you find yourself in Venezuela make sure to make a stop at Caracas to see the cultural landmark of the Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas This university campus was designed by Carlos Raúl Villanueva and is considered by some to be a stunning masterpiece of early 20th-century architecture and urban planning The design is well-tailored to the warm and muggy climate with an open design that allows for air to flow smoothly The campus itself is made up of several different zones located in the similarly named Galápagos Province are well known for their historical connection to Charles Darwin Darwin's visit here was critical to his development of the theory of evolution specifically due to his observations of the natural life in the remote archipelago of volcanic islands The site today still boasts a large array of local species and house slightly over 25,000 people on its shores The islands are also well known for their volcanoes which have been continuously active for 20 million years spitting magma This beautiful area is a great stop on any South American vacation located as it is 7,680 feet above sea level was constructed as an imposing mountain estate around the middle of the 15th century only to be abandoned and left standing after 100 years The remaining building has a variety of terraces and buildings carved from rock It is estimated that the area was home to approximately 1,200 people It was already deserted before even the Spanish arrival and now stands as an architectural monument The Rio de Janeiro-based Paraty and Ilha Grande is celebrated for both its cultural and its biodiversity It is nestled between the Serra da Bocaina mountain range and the Atlantic Ocean and boasts a cultural reputation that includes the incredibly historically well-preserved coastal town of Paraty which still contains much of its 18th-century plan and colonial architecture from the same time period this location also has four protected natural areas in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest a forest that is known as one of the world's most biodiverse locations photos and original descriptions © 2025 worldatlas.com the rise of organic viticulture and an ongoing single-vineyard revolution have given the DO a fresh new identity Cava’s most distinctive brands are making waves with major innovators like Jaume Serra leading the charge Jaume Serra’s charming original building and walled farm and the estate is well known to sommeliers and wine lovers across Spain Situated less than 5km from the Mediterranean the winery offers breathtaking views of the Catalan coast This was the landscape that captured the imagination of Don Jaume Serra Güel in 1943 prompting him to establish his eponymous estate After an extended visit to the idyllic vineyards of Jaume Serra in Vilanova i la Geltrú the García-Carrión family purchased the winery in 1997 Jaume Serra was the perfect addition to the firm’s premium portfolio alongside other renowned brands and building upon García-Carrión’s winemaking tradition The acquisition of Jaume Serra allowed the strategic expansion of the leading By introducing a Cava to the Pata Negra collection Garcia Carrión was able to bring both its award-winning brand and Spanish sparkling wines to a wider worldwide audience It consolidated Pata Negra’s position in key markets while also propelling the Cavas bottled under the Jaume Sierra name itself the two brands are synonymous with quality Cava in 157 countries Belgium and Germany and continuously growing in the United States and Asia Jaume Serra’s Cavas undergo a secondary fermentation in bottle it has maintained a judicious balancing act between tradition and dynamism the cellar master blends different grape varieties before they undergo a secondary fermentation in bottle The best cuvées are then aged for up to five years before disgorgement The result is an array of Cavas with lovely precision and focus But there is another side to Jaume Serra that is almost space-age one of the most innovative producers in Catalonia; state-of-the-art automation technology is harnessed to augment and improve the winemaking processes at Jaume Serra impressive laser-guided robots meticulously prepare pallets for the secondary fermentation The same pallets then smoothly traverse the interior of the cellars towards gyro-palettes and the bottles subsequently proceed to the disgorging line a top team of 10 oenologists – drawn from a diverse range of backgrounds – busy themselves with fashioning the perfect blend of terroirs and grape varieties There are few wineries where innovation and tradition coexist on such equal terms as they do at Jaume Serra This isn’t merely a skin-deep slogan either – it’s the overarching philosophy which underpins the company’s long-term strategy A twenty-first-century approach that elevates an incredible legacy Parellada) are principally used to make white Cava at Jaume Serra rely on varying percentages of Trepat and Pinot Noir The palette of varieties provides the raw material for a diverse range minerality and focus: from the seductive Jaume Serra Bouquet to the rich by way of the Jaume Serra Chardonnay Gran Reserva and the gastronomic Cava Jaume Serra Pinot Noir Rosado Pata Negra’s three sparkling labels are defined by an approachable fruit-driven exuberance that has made them absolute favourites among consumers The Jaume Serra Blanc de Blancs Gran Reserva is one of the finest Cavas made in Spain today matured in French barrique and aged on its lees for at least 30 months rich autolytic flavours and freshness have earned it many awards and international acclaim It contributed – alongside the longstanding success of the Pata Negra wines which with its wines from eight different Spanish regions continues to swipe up awards – to García-Carrión’s outstanding success in 2023 The family were awarded more than 1,000 medals including high praise from Decanter’s own judges at the DWWA García Carrión is also part of a global firmament that displays a sincere commitment to sustainable wine production the company has spearheaded a major reduction in carbon footprint with the installation of solar technology in nine facilities 30% of the energy requirements at Jaume Serra are produced from solar panels while the remaining 70% also comes from renewable sources if you thought Cava was a static wine category you need only look to the hills of Vilanova i la Geltrú to be pleasantly surprised Buoyed by a singular focus on quality and significant R&D investment – with proven results – Jaume Serra is taking Cava and ethical winegrowing to the next level Physicist Igor Pacca trailblazed geophysics research in Brazil and studied continental drift by investigating changes in Earth’s magnetic field The duration of a year is always constant, but days vary in length. 400 million years ago, a year had 400 days Does the magnetic field affect our daily life? The magnetic field is much weaker in an area known as the South Atlantic Anomaly, whose drift we have helped to track here at IAG. Space station crews have to protect themselves from cosmic rays with heavy shielding when they pass through the anomaly. The magnetic field wards off the cosmic rays coming from the Sun or from outside the galaxy and also affects the operation of communications satellites. Personal archive Serra Geral, a mountain range in southern Brazil, spans an area of 2,000 km2 and has dozens of basalt flowsPersonal archive Personal archive Pacca during a field trip in 1997 in Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade They found that the magnetism in these rocks had a polarity opposite to that of Earth’s current geomagnetic field Because they believed further clues to solving the mystery could be gotten from rocks from more than one continent and Uruguay in the 1960s to study continental drift There was a fierce battle raging between fixists It was intuitive from the way the coasts of Africa and South America seemed to fit together In 1913 Alfred Wegener [1880–1930] published the book The Origin of Continents and Oceans his work was not very well accepted at the time We spoke to Creer and he agreed to leave us his equipment and Cordani and I went to pick it up in Curitiba It essentially consisted of demagnetizing and Helmholtz coils These are used to cancel out the earth’s magnetic field which has to be contained to measure remanent magnetism in rocks We set up our paleomagnetism laboratory at the Institute of Physics What were your first endeavors in this field we hired an Argentine geophysicist—Daniel Valencio who had worked with Creer in England—and started working He spent some time here and then I spent a few months in Argentina Our first study dealt with remanent magnetism in rocks from the Abrolhos archipelago which had been previously investigated by Cordani and could provide an understanding of the geological history of the islands since they began to form 60 million years ago Our paper was published in 1972 in Nature Physical Science which illustrates the growing interest the field had attracted at the time We continued at the Physics department until 1972 when IAG was officially organized as an education and research unit in its own right at USP Before then it was uncertain what would become of IAG—which traces its roots to the Empire such as a merger into the Institute of Geosciences but none of these were satisfactory to IAG’s then director who taught calculus at the Polytechnic School I was fortunate to study under him for two years He wanted IAG to be an institute for training and research in astronomy Nothing had yet been decided at the time of Abrahão’s untimely death The dean was then Miguel Reale [1910–2006] he made a speech at his tomb-side: “That institute you wanted so much I’m going to do my best to make it happen.” And the institute was finally created as a training and research unit at USP in 1972 Astronomy wasn’t a problem as it was then already an established field of activity at the institute three students who Abrahão had sent for doctoral study abroad—Paulo Benevides Soares [1939–2017] José de Freitas Pacheco and Sílvio Ferraz-Mello—had returned and joined the institute the institute had a weather station at Parque do Estado tried hiring foreign professors but this didn’t work well So instead they sent Pedro Leite da Silva Dias [now director of IAG] and Maria Assumpção Dias to do a doctorate in the United States and later return to fill professorship and research positions in meteorology But the geophysics department had to start from scratch The university required the department to have at least five faculty members in three categories who was a professor at the Polytechnic School and had previously worked with dynamic geodesy Two geologists were borrowed from the Department of Geosciences I became head of the department because I had done my doctorate in physics and was the only full-time faculty member and through Creer we secured a doctoral position in Scotland for Marcelo Assumpção whom we had recently hired and who would later fill a position as professor here Our first master’s degree program was taught by Márcia Ernesto She had earned a scientific initiation and master’s degree in paleomagnetism under me With the department now actively training geophysicists I was attracted by geophysics because of the opportunity to work in a field that had to do with Brazil How were undergraduate programs first implemented at IAG We hoped to create undergraduate programs quickly The meteorology program was easier as it was already an established field at the institute The geophysics program was more of a challenge We faced a lot of opposition from geologists’ associations just as mining engineers resisted competition when geology programs were created in Brazil in the late 1960s at a time when Brazil had discovered a wealth of mineral resources but lacked skilled labor in sufficient quantity and of sufficient quality do develop them We were able to demonstrate that geologists and geophysicists required a different set of skills The undergraduate program in astronomy came much later because faculty members felt that an undergraduate program was unnecessary and graduate students would suffice all three courses and departments are very strong thanks to the quality of our faculty and students we have made significant advances through international collaborations dealing with scientific problems that are of interest to foreign scientists What scientific work are you most proud of I would say it was an extensive magnetism study in Serra Geral a mountain range stretching across the South of Brazil and parts of Paraguay It was a collaboration with Italian groups and especially Enzo Piccirillo of the University of Padua and later Trieste Serra Geral is a plateau with an area of 2,000 km2 and dozens of basalt flows There are places where they are almost 2 km thick Geologists had previously studied this region but there were two major unanswered questions because in the 1970s when we started our work there we were still using potassium dating methods that carried very high uncertainty The other was the rate at which basalt flows occurred in the region Geologists thought they had taken a long time to occur Both of these questions were answered through paleomagnetism We found that basalt activity in the region began about 150 million years ago We also found that the process was relatively fast Six flows in less than 1 million years is a short time considering the volume of lava There was an incredibly large volume escaping through cracks in the crust of the continent formed by South America and Africa When continents were larger than they are today heat would build up until it melted the lithosphere—the outermost layer of Earth—and escaped Our work in Serra Geral continued for some 20 years training many masters and PhDs in the process and spent a month collecting rock samples inland Cameroon has volcanic formations running in a more or less straight line from the ocean onto the continent This is very relevant for anyone studying the paleomagnetism of the earth The trip was also unforgettable for another reason which has a culture that is completely different from ours seeing that one of the researchers in my group seemed to be very hard working asked me if I would trade her for some goats © Revista Pesquisa FAPESP - All rights reserved How about taking advantage of the days off to hit the road and get to know the outskirts of the capital Departure from the capital: 1 hour 45 minutes and although our state doesn't have such well-defined seasons the warm weather is inviting you to hit the road and visit cities that are worth a visit the municipality preserves its tropeira culture present in its cuisine with dishes such as arroz-de-carreteiro and feijão-de-tropeiro as well as offering cozy inns for all styles is the largest in Latin America and a highlight of the municipality Other attractions include the Manoel Jorge Forest with the largest karting track in the world the Festival of Nations brings together culture and solidarity making it an unmissable destination for all ages Limeira has attractions such as the Horto Florestal The city also preserves historic coffee plantations and important events ideal for hiking and for getting in touch with the rich biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest the Municipal Spa of Águas de Lindóia not only offers baths for treating ailments its tourist attractions include Morro do Araçoiaba where the first mines in the region and the first smelting ovens were discovered One example is the well-known natural pools with clear waters and white sandy bottoms You can also go hang gliding and abseiling Its mountainous terrain is ideal for those looking to get in touch with nature The city offers many options and is known for rafting