Copper Plate Market Analysis: Industry Market Size Copyright © ChemAnalyst - 2020 | Terms & Conditions | Privacy Policy the procedures involved in pre-slaughter management are recognized as a critical point in the management of fish welfare and have important effects on meat quality fish are stocked at high densities and activities associated with harvest crowding and transport to the processing plant can result in stress from increased physical activity The excess activity that occurs during fish handling can promote changes in respiratory responses causing secondary adverse reactions such as acidosis [process that causes increased acidity in blood and other body tissues] and osmotic stress [physiological disfunction which causes a rapid change in the movement of water across cell membranes] due to respiratory arrest and insufficient gas and ion exchange between blood and water Various physiological factors are used to determine the degree of stress in animals Stress can make the metabolism more anaerobic leading to a faster decrease in pH and the early onset of rigor mortis This is a harmful factor for the fish industry because fish filleting can only be done properly when the fish is in pre- or post-rigor condition The onset and the strength of rigor mortis affect the fillet quality due to faster autolysis [or self-digestion the destruction of a cell through the action of its own enzymes] and greater ruptures in connective and muscle tissues factors that lead to the incidences of gaping softness and reduced water holding capacity thus reducing the shelf life of the product Surubim (Pseudoplatystoma spp.) are South American catfishes with increasing aquaculture importance Their average carcass yield is very high at 69.93 ± 1.61 percent There are no studies on their metabolic responses to intensive management practices in aquaculture This article – adapted and summarized from the original – assessed the respiratory dynamics related to the parameters of stress and time of rest before slaughter to the instrumental measurements of the quality of surubim (Pseudopatystoma spp.) fillets corruscans) were used with an average weight of 1.09 ± 0.19 kg raised in a 3.94-hectare pond at a density of 4,000 kg per ha Before being harvested and transported to the processing plant the fish were fasted for 48 hours in order to have their digestive tract emptied The fish were transported to the processing plant for 20 minutes in four 2,400-liter tanks equipped with constant aeration in a live hauling truck at a density of 415 kg per cubic meter Time 0 corresponded to the treatment with no resting time where the fish were slaughtered immediately after arriving at the processing unit in accordance with processing plant protocols 10 specimens were used for the stress parameters liver and white (dorsal) muscle were collected and properly preserved These fish were then euthanized and placed in water and ice in a 1:1 ratio and transported to the laboratory (Center of Agricultural Research of the Pantanal—EMBRAPA) The remaining fish were kept whole (not gutted) and used only for rigor mortis analysis For detailed information on the experimental design; blood gas analysis and plasmatic ions; hematological analyses; stress parameters and rigor mortis analyses; fillet instrumental and statistical analyses High stocking densities are a well-known stressor for fish and can induce various physiological changes to the organisms serum cortisol [stress hormone] levels increase rapidly in response to stress one of the main metabolic responses to stress in fish is an increase in glucose production and serum glucose levels increase considerably after exposure to an acute stressor but homeostasis [state of steady internal conditions maintained by living organisms] is restored within a few hours which makes this parameter widely used as an indicator of stress in studies with fish the cortisol level was not an indicator in the dynamics of restoring homeostasis expected in pre-slaughter management stress can result in a faster decrease in muscle pH an organic compound found in all known forms of life that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells) leading to the anaerobic use of glycogen to replace energy reserves in the muscle with glycolysis (metabolic process that converts glucose to energy) resulting in the accumulation of lactic acid in muscle tissues fish with a high content of muscle glycogen subjected to pre-slaughter stress can develop fillets with lower pH due to the greater activity of glycolysis in anaerobic conditions This evidence was confirmed in the present study where fish subjected to rest for 0 and 2 hours presented higher muscle glycogen higher plasma glucose and a lower pH of the fillets The 8-hour resting time was sufficient to reestablish the homeostasis of the fish which provided a higher final pH of the fillets compared to the other resting times Muscle pH affects the appearance of rigor mortis in fish Several studies show a relationship between low pH and faster onset of rigor in fish The onset of rigor mortis is closely linked to the depletion of ATP and glycogen and other processes promote irreversible muscle contraction pre-slaughter stress can influence the time of entry into rigor we were unable to identify the relationship between minimum pH and the onset of rigor mortis Fish subjected to 4 and 8 hours of rest entered rigor mortis 3.5 hours after slaughter and these animals had muscle pH different in the measurement performed 3 hours after slaughter – 6.34 and 6.82 for fish subjected to 4 and 8 hours of rest the minimum muscle pH for all treatments was observed only 24 hours after slaughter It is known that the rigor mortis development is the result of a complex combination of biochemical processes in the muscle Although for several species it is observed that the muscle goes into rigor when the pH reaches the minimum there is no constant pH for the muscle to become rigid A similar study demonstrated that pH measurements alone cannot be used to indicate the resolution of the rigor the onset of rigor mortis is a consequence of the early lack of adenosine triphosphate ATP [an organic compound found in all known forms of life that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells] which is the most visible stress index for establishing rigor mortis a study carried out with rainbow trout also found no relationship between muscle pH and entry into rigor mortis It is interesting to note that the resting time of surubim for 24 hours was also detrimental to the onset of rigor mortis since these animals – despite having the lowest plasma glucose values – entered rigor mortis more rapidly than the others Intense activity for a long period before slaughter causes the fish to suffer and can completely deplete its glycogen reserves The high consumption of glycogen due to stress and the simultaneous removal of lactic acid by the circulatory system in the live animal would leave it without glycogen reserves rigor mortis continues without the production of lactic acid (pH remains high) resulting in fast pre-rigor and total rigor without decreasing the pH The rapid reduction in post-mortem pH can also lead to a denaturation (chemical process by which proteins lose their three-dimensional structure) of muscle proteins resulting in less water holding capacity and greater drip losses (loss of fluid upon thawing) which can also lead to faster muscle softening the lower initial pH was not sufficient to affect the water holding capacity and the myofibrillar fragmentation index (a measure of muscle tenderness) of surubims It can be inferred that there was a certain degree of protein denaturation since there were changes in the color of the fillets It is known that the greater lightness of meat in animals subjected to stress before slaughter can be attributed to the denaturation of some proteins which increases the dispersion of light in the muscle it is possible to observe a relationship between the lowest initial pH values of fillets with greater lightness less intensity of red and greater intensity of the yellow color A previous study showed that these changes in color are related to fish fillets that went through greater acute stress in the pre-slaughter phase a resting time of 4 to 8 hours is effective to reestablish homeostasis after transporting surubim and produces fillets with higher quality and greater length of the pre-rigor mortis period References available from original publication … please consider supporting GSA’s mission to advance responsible seafood practices through education The Advocate aims to document the evolution of responsible seafood practices and share the expansive knowledge of our vast network of contributors By becoming a Global Seafood Alliance member you’re ensuring that all of the pre-competitive work we do through member benefits Individual membership costs just $50 a year An evaluation of oxidative pre-slaughter stress on instrumental and sensory quality of Nile tilapia fillets finds that longer depuration times recommended.  EU legislation requires farmed fish be spared unnecessary pain and efficient manual and automated systems have been developed to help achieve this goal longer shelf life and improved flesh quality have been reported.  The methods used to kill fish depend on many factors market preferences and effects on product quality some methods may not be approved in some countries as with the use of anesthetics and regulations concerning the ethical treatment of animals.  When Seafood Watch awarded Thai shrimp a yellow or “good alternative” rating The Responsible Seafood Advocate supports the Global Seafood Alliance’s (GSA) mission to advance responsible seafood practices through education Free Weekly Digest Zacks SCR Premium Forgot your password? Email us at scr@zacks.com for assistance 43,000+ global companies doing business in the region 102,000+ key contacts related to companies and projects news and interviews about your industry in English The fires burning through the Brazilian Amazon are a threat to the fish that rely on forest flooding to survive The Amazon rainforest in Brazil is still burning and experts now fear it could spread into and destroy the flooded forest habitat where hundreds of fish species live There are few places in the world where aquatic and arboreal life are brought together as closely as they are in the Amazon While the rainforest is home to the world’s largest river (by volume of water) and 1,700 tributaries about one-sixth of the basin is also made up of largely forest-covered wetlands that flood for long periods each year and support the commercially most important fish in the region “This flood pulse is the driving force governing all the ecological functions and interactions along the river basin and it creates flooded forests that are crucial for the survival and reproduction of hundreds of fish species in the Amazon,” says Jansen Zuanon a fish biologist at the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) in Manaus Although still pristine in much of the Amazon the floodplain forests have in recent decades been heavily damaged in some parts of the basin especially in the eastern lowlands of Brazil the threat to their survival—and the fish that rely on them—may be growing more intense because of increasing deforestation and fire warning that further degradation of the flooded forests could fundamentally alter the Amazon’s aquatic ecosystem the rivers will not be the same and we will lose the fish,” says Leandro Castello a tropical ecologist at Virginia Tech’s Global Change Center who has studied the links between forest and fish in the Amazon The Amazon basin, 60 percent of which is in Brazil, is the most biodiverse place in the world, not only on land but also in the water. There are more than 3,000 fish species in the Amazon with at least hundreds more yet to be discovered The biodiversity is attributed in large part to the flooding that occurs roughly from December to April During that time water levels rise by as much as 50 feet with water spilling over from the rivers to create new bodies of water in forested areas Despite its importance to the balance of the rainforest the Amazon floodplain is relatively poorly studied though the connection between forest and fish has long been established Hundreds of fish species use the flooded forests to feed on fruits and seeds floating on the surface of the water Many fish also move into the flooded areas to seek shelter from predators emerging from hiding once they have grown bigger While some studies have documented the relationship between deforestation and fish in small streams in the Amazon, less work has been done to assess the link in large rivers. For one study Castello and others compared 12 years of fisheries data with satellite images of forest cover in a wide area of the lower Amazon River and established a strong correlation between forest loss and fewer fish “We found that deforested areas matched with local fisheries producing much lower yields than those with larger forest areas surrounding them,” says Castello Significant links between forest cover and fish abundance were found for many of the Amazon’s most popular food fish which can grow up to 70 pounds and has specialized teeth that can crush and grind hard fruits and nuts Strong connections were also found for carnivorous species which feed on schools of fish that live in the flooded forest Tambaqui like this one can grow up to 70 pounds it has specialized teeth that can crush and grind hard fruits and nuts The commercially prized fish is one of the species threatened by habitat destruction from the Amazon fires which have adapted to survive being under water for months at a time also benefit from fish dispersing seeds throughout the system “The result is a mutually-beneficial exchange of resources that fuels floodplain productivity and high biodiversity,” says Marcia Macedo a Woods Hole Research Center ecologist who also works in the Amazon these tightly connected ecosystems begin to unravel.” (Discover what the Amazon fires mean for other wild animals.) Brazil’s national forest code provides protection for riparian vegetation, but only up to 500 meters from the river bank in the dry season. This, conservationists point out, is far from sufficient, since flooded areas can extend more than 20 kilometers from the river bank in the wet season. While a remote location in western Brazil had lost almost none of its flooded forest cover a more populated area in the east had been 70 percent deforested The issue of Amazonian deforestation has become highly politicized in Brazil After the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) published preliminary data showing that overall deforestation in Brazil's portion of the rainforest increased 88 percent in June of this year compared with the same month a year ago the director of INPE was fired by Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro Yet INPE statistics clearly show a worrisome trend of escalating deforestation rates which had started to drop in around 2005 before rebounding a few years ago “These fires often escape into adjacent forest,” especially if it’s been logged, “burning the understory and beginning the process of forest degradation,” says Laura Hess at the University of California Santa Barbara, who has conducted several remote sensing studies in the Amazon. While floodplains are less of a target for ranchers and farmers than upland forest, the woody vegetation found there may be more vulnerable to fire in the dry season because it is shorter and more open, and occurs in smaller patches. Floodplain forests on sandy soils, such as along the blackwater Rio Negro, are particularly vulnerable because the soil doesn't hold much water. "The majority of papers and fire models for the region focus on upland forest. Floodplain forests are neglected. There is a huge gap in our understanding of fire impact on floodplain forests," says Paulo Brando, a tropical ecologist at the University of California Irvine. To make matters worse, such forests are generally not able to recover once they’ve been removed. “A single floodplain fire can cause nearly 100 percent forest mortality, and often this vegetation will not grow back soon,” Brando says. How much of the flooded forest has been lost this year, if any, is still impossible to judge, says Brando, but he adds that the height of the dry season has not yet reached the northern parts of the Amazon. In the long term, scientists warn, droughts could become more severe and more frequent through climate change and deforestation, making it difficult to prevent a widespread conversion of floodplain forests into fire-dominated vegetation in the Amazon. That scenario would have a devastating effect on most fish populations in the Amazon river system. “The fires and the deforestation in the Amazon add another threat to a river system that is already under major pressure from the building of new dams, mining, and other activities,” says Zeb Hogan, a fish biologist at the University of Nevada, Reno, and a National Geographic Explorer. Late last month, Hogan joined a team of Brazilian researchers on a journey down the Madeira River, the largest tributary of the Amazon. Setting off from Porto Velho, the capital of Rondônia state in western Brazil, they traveled to the Machado River, which joins the Madeira close to the city of Humaitá, and where the Brazilian government just announced it would go ahead with plans to build a large dam. The Machado is important habitat for the dourada, the large and highly migratory catfish that feeds on fish in flooded forests. The river is also where the research to establish the connection between fish and forest in the Amazon was first carried out several decades ago. Standing on the exposed sand bank of the Machado, Hogan listened to the team leader, Lisiane Hahn, a fish researcher at Neotropical, a Brazilian environmental consulting firm, describe the flood dynamics. “Where we are standing now will be way under water in the rainy season,” Hahn said and pointed to the forest in the distance. “That will all be flooded.” She added, “I guess you could say the river is the forest.” Watch your inbox over the next few days for photos captured in mistnet on the outskirts of Wanang village their jelly matrix will limit ventilation to the egg masses starving out especially dense eggs like this (La Jolla Castor canadensis."},"title":"Where does vanilla flavoring come from The silken case itself is visible with the greyish material (a mix of caterpillar saliva and silk) the first black man to make it to the top of the country and western music field From Twenty Hand-Coloured Prints after Original Paintings of Famous American Thoroughbreds by Edward Troye (1808–1874) image: 11 3/8 x 14 15/16 in.","ttl":"2B0GHKP.jpg"},"title":"The life of Lexington used to make tequila on the grounds of the Fortaleza Tequila Distillery."},"title":"Visit Jalisco The Haenyeo make a living out of harvesting the sea floor catching conch They freedive to depths of 20 meters and hold their breath for minutes But the Haenyoe is an endangered 'species' the sea was abundant with them – around 30.000 of them would take to the sea almost daily they hardly number 5000 and more than two-thirds are over 60 years old Here are a few experts love."}],"topicName":"Lifestyle"},"rightpromo":{"id":"2c88edf9-e45c-48a7-a57e-3c8667c53fbc","cmsType":"TileGridModule","tiles":{"id":"drn:src:natgeo:unison::prod:441fde9e-010c-4a0c-a09d-296ee7cb9690","href":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/lifestyle/article/best-compact-cameras","cmsType":"ArticleNavTile","ratio":"4x3","title":"The 10 best compact cameras for travel The Amazon basin presents the largest fish diversity in the world and many of the local species have great potential for aquaculture This biodiversity comes from the great differences in water quality vegetation and microclimates that exist within the largest river basin in the world which spans over 7 million square kilometers in Brazil Most aquaculture of Amazon fish is done in ponds or small reservoirs with fingerlings acquired from private or governmental institutions Production usually uses formulated fish feeds and little agriculture or local byproducts Brazil is responsible for almost 80 percent of the production of Amazon fish species in South America (Table 1.) Colombia is the second-biggest producer with almost 16 percent There is little doubt that a significant part of the production in Latin America is unreported Fish are usually sold at local or regional markets with limited international commerce due to the small production scale logistical restrictions and low recognition of the species in the international market cultured fish are usually well regarded by consumers The main species cultured in the region is tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) which is also known as cachama or gamitana About 52,450 metric tons (MT) of the fish were produced in 2008 The Amazon native tambaqui is a fast-growing omnivorous and hardy fish that tolerates poor water quality conditions well It has an adaptive lip that allows it to gather the oxygen-rich surface water In equatorial climates where temperatures are always above 26 degrees-C achieving standing crops of 5,000-8,000 kg/ha with little water exchange and no aeration Following in production volume are the hybrids of tambaqui with pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) from the Paraná basin in south-central Brazil The total annual production volume for these species totals over 27,400 MT The fish are usually grouped together and called “round fish” due to their disc-shaped body form and similarities in biology and culture requirements Most of the production of these species is done in ponds or reservoirs with fingerlings acquired mostly from private producers Fingerling production represents no challenges Feeding is usually done with formulated fish feeds that contain 28 percent crude protein the fish are usually sold at local or regional markets for prices of $2.50-3.50/kg at the producer level These species have also been introduced to Asia Several Brycon species are grown in the Amazon region which has a large geographic distribution in South America The fish are omnivores and very voracious eaters Usually fed 28 percent-crude protein pellets they reach 0.7 to 1.5 kg in a production cycle of six to 10 months There are hundreds of species of catfish in the Amazon basin but only fish from the Pseudoplatystoma genus have been cultured until now The Pseudoplatystoma are carnivorous catfish that yield high-quality boneless fillets that attract high market prices The official annual production for 2009 was estimated at slightly over 3,200 MT The actual production numbers were likely significantly higher Of the many species of Pseudoplatystoma in the Amazon basin a species also known as surubim in Brazil (among other regional names) corruscans from the Paraná River basin are also raised Fingerlings stocked at 15 grams in ponds reach market size of around 1.5 to 2.0 kg in a year Surubim are typically fed extruded floating pellets with 40 to 42 percent crude protein and 6 to 10 percent lipid content and achieve feed-conversion ratios around 2:1 The fish accept protein of plant origin fairly well but usually about 25 percent of the protein in their feed comes from animal byproducts to improve palatability Fingerling production is a significant hurdle due to the small hatching size below 3 mm and their carnivorous habit The fish have to be trained to accept commercial fish feeds but several fingerling producers have been able to supply large quantities to fish farmers The surubim are frequently crossed within the species of the genus has become popular since it better accepts commercial feeds and has less cannibalism problems in the early fingerling stages Most fish are sold in the Brazilian market for prices around $4.20-5.00/kg at the producer level Several companies are successfully exporting fillets to Europe are the biggest scaled freshwater fish in the world They have several highly desired traits for an aquaculture species such as fast growth that can average over 10 kg/year good tolerance of handling and excellent meat quality – light-colored the carnivorous fish demand high-quality feeds with protein content above 38 percent for the grow-out phase There is some commercial production of pirarucu in South America The biggest bottleneck for the increase of production is the fingerling stage since there is little control over what triggers these fish to spawn Fingerlings have to be trained to accept commercial pellets A fairly intense research effort is attempting to overcome this hurdle and a significant increase in fingerling production efficiency is expected over the next years with a concurrent immediate increase in the production numbers There are many challenges for the expansion of Amazon fish culture including limited knowledge of specific nutritional requirements and the low reproductive efficiency achieved so far for some species Most of the Amazon region also has significant logistics bottlenecks that lead to difficulties for the purchase of inputs Production has nonetheless been growing and will continue to grow with sales mainly concentrated in local and regional markets An increase in international commerce of these species should be expected as production scales increase Fish that yield boneless filets such as the Pseudoplatystoma catfish and Arapaima gigas have the greatest potential for export with their unique “ribs,” also have great potential A smoked tambaqui rib product recently won the Seafood Prix d’Elite as the best new food service product during the European Seafood Exposition (Editor’s Note: This article was originally published in the January/February 2012 print edition of the Global Aquaculture Advocate.) What started out as a simple yet ambitious contest to drive innovation in the aquafeed sector has evolved into a fully global competition – and collaboration – amongst ingredient suppliers and feed manufacturers Aquaculture remains dependent on fishmeal and fish oil technical director at IFFO and one of the world’s foremost fishmeal experts tells the Advocate that the two industries can coexist well into the future if properly managed.  Amazon River prawn postlarvae stocked in pens within a culture pond were given commercial feed or received no feed beyond the natural organisms in the pond.  With their fast growth and ample light-flavored flesh Industry growth is hampered by limited technology and management of domestication practices current commercial diets are typically not fully suited to the nutritional needs of pirarucu.