a drunk driver caused an accident outside Möhlin an accident occurred on the main road between the Aargau municipalities of Möhlin and Mumpf A 66-year-old man left the road on the out-of-town stretch and crashed into a roadworks barrier The car then drove a good hundred meters through the field before coming to a standstill with total damage This was reported by the Aargau cantonal police in a press release The police found the driver uninjured but heavily intoxicated The cantonal police reported him to the public prosecutor's office and temporarily confiscated his driving license the Möhlin Table Tennis Club has set itself an ambitious challenge: hosting the Swiss Elite Championships on the weekend of March 22-23 the competition will advance to the round of 16 setting the stage for an action-packed Sunday and grand final will determine the new Swiss champions The 64 best male and 32 best female players along with Switzerland’s top para-athletes The Möhlin Table Tennis Club and Swiss Table Tennis are eager to welcome both players and fans to the Steinli Sports Center where everything has been planned to create a warm and vibrant atmosphere For all information about the Championships Recap: Swiss Elite & Para Championships 2024 in Rapperswil-Jona The Swiss Elite & Para Championships 2024 took place on March 23-24 in Rapperswil-Jona featuring Switzerland’s finest players in thrilling matchups The final saw Barish MOULLET face Elias HARDMEIER MOULLET dominated the first three sets (11-3 but HARDMEIER fought back to level the match at 3-3 MOULLET clinched his second national title with a 13-11 victory Ten-time champion Rachel MORET took on Fanny DOUTAZ in the final but MORET responded to force a deciding set ending MORET’s dominance that had lasted since 2016 (except in 2022 due to WTT Smash) The pair Barish MOULLET & Gaël VENDÉ faced Cédric TSCHANZ & Pedro OSIRO in the final The duo of Rachel MORET & Fanny DOUTAZ proved unstoppable securing the title with a 3-1 victory over the TULLII-MAURER pair Defending champions Rachel MORET & Nicolas CHAMPOD were aiming for their fifth consecutive title but they were outplayed by Fanny DOUTAZ & Yoan REBETEZ giving DOUTAZ her third title of the competition Para: Rolf ACKLIN defended his title with a dominant 3-0 win over Kevin KÖCHLI Tetra: Dirk KRETZSCHMAR claimed his third consecutive title Standing: Fabian LICHTIN achieved a historic hat-trick Para/Tetra Doubles: Silvio KELLER & Kevin KÖCHLI showcased their teamwork overcoming Ange MONEMOTO & Martin ALTERMATT 3-1 (13-11 The Swiss Elite & Para Championships 2024 delivered incredible moments setting the stage for another thrilling edition in MÖHLIN 2025 The European Table Tennis Union (ETTU) is the governing body of the sport of table tennis in Europe and is the only authority recognized for this purpose by the International Table Tennis Federation The ETTU deals with all matters relating to table tennis at a European level including the development and promotion of the sport in the territories controlled by its 58 member associations and the organization of continental table tennis competitions Senior Director & Distinguished Economist Kristina Mohlin is a Senior Director and Distinguished Economist, Policy Analysis in EDF's Economics team where she provides economics expertise to support the organization’s advocacy on energy markets and looks for ways to bridge the gap between the research community and policymakers Kristina’s area of expertise is climate and energy policy She leads and coordinates analyses on economics and policy instrument design that supports EDF's advocacy focused on reducing methane emissions from the global oil and gas sector gas pipeline transportation and wholesale electricity markets and on electricity tariff design For more information about Kristina’s research, please visit her own website Kristina was a PhD student at the Department of Economics at the University of Gothenburg under the supervision of Profs Jessica Coria and Thomas Sterner she studied engineering and served as a research assistant at the Division of Physical Resource Theory at Chalmers University of Technology Mohlin, K., M. Lackner, H. Nguyen, A. Wolfe (2022). "Policy instrument options for addressing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector." Environmental Defense Fund Economics Discussion Paper Series Lackner, M., J.R. Camuzeaux, S. Kerr and K. Mohlin (2021). “Pricing methane emissions from oil and gas production.” Environmental Defense Fund Economics Discussion Paper Series Mohlin, K., A. Piebalgs and M. Olczak (2021). “Designing an EU methane performance standard for natural gas.” Florence School of Regulation Policy Brief Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Mohlin, K. (2021). “The US gas pipeline transportation market. An introductory guide with research questions for the energy transition.” Environmental Defense Fund Economics Discussion Paper Series Spiller, E., R. Esparza, K. Mohlin, K. Tapia-Ahumada, B. Ünel (2023). "The role of electricity tariff design in distributed energy resource deployment." Energy Economics 120 Mohlin, K., E. Spiller, K. Tapia-Ahumada, B. Unel (2021). "Cost-Reflective Residential Electricity Tariff Design: Synthesis of research findings on the impacts on customer bills, adoption of distributed energy resources and pollution”." Environmental Defense Fund Economics Discussion Paper Series Unel, B., R. Esparza, E. Spiller and K. Tapia-Ahumada (2021). “Retail electricity design, distributed energy resources and emissions.” Institute for Policy Integrity at NYU School of Law Spiller, E., R. Esparza, K. Mohlin, K. Tapia-Ahumada and B. Unel (2020). “The role of electricity tariff design in distributed energy resource deployment.” Environmental Defense Fund Economics Discussion Paper Series Mohlin, K., A. Bi, S. Brooks, J.R. Camuzeaux and T. Stoerk (2019). "Turning the corner on US power sector CO2 emissions - a 1990-2015 state level analysis." Environmental Research Letters Mohlin, K., J.R. Camuzeaux, A. Muller, M Schneider and G. Wagner (2018). “Factoring in the forgotten role of renewables in CO2 emission trends using decomposition analysis.” Energy Policy Coria, J. and K. Mohlin (2017). "On refunding of emission taxes and technology diffusion." Strategic Behavior and the Environment Convery, F. J., K. Mohlin and E. Spiller (2017). “Policy brief—Designing electric utility rates: insights on achieving efficiency, equity, and environmental goals.” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy "An introduction to the Green Paradox: The unintended consequences of climate policies." Review of Environmental Economics and Policy Bonilla, J., J. Coria, K. Mohlin and T. Sterner (2015). "Refunded emission payments and diffusion of NOx abatement technologies in Sweden." Ecological Economics Badtke-Berkow, M., M. Centore, K. Mohlin and B. Spiller (2015). “ Primer on time-variant electricity pricing,” EDF Whitepaper Mohlin, K., B. Spiller, M. Badtke-Berkow, J. Fine, G. Donzelli and C. Larose (2014). “SolaROI: estimating returns to residential solar panels from underlying tariff structures and compensation mechanisms," EDF Whitepaper “Putting a price on the future of our children and grandchildren.” In Livermore The Globalization of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Environmental Policy Wirsenius, S., F. Hedenus and K. Mohlin (2011). “Greenhouse gas taxes on animal food products: rationale, tax scheme and climate mitigation effects.” Climatic Change Copyright © 2025 Environmental Defense Fund. All Rights Reserved. Privacy statement. Terms of Use. tax-exempt charitable organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code Donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law EDF operates with the highest standards of ethics and open, honest communication. Read our whistleblower policy or report a concern through our confidential, third-party compliance site. Blended modeling aims at boosting the development of complex multi-domain systems by enabling seamless multi-notation modeling. The synchronization mechanisms between notations are embodied in model transformations. Manually defining model transformations requires specific knowledge of transformation languages, and it is a time-consuming and error-prone task. Moreover, whenever any of the synchronized languages or notations evolves, those transformations become obsolete. In this paper, we propose an automated solution for generating synchronization transformations in an industrial setting. The approach entails i) the specification of mapping rules between two arbitrary domain-specific modeling languages leveraging a mapping modeling language, appositely defined for this purpose, and ii) the automatic generation of synchronization model transformations driven by the mapping rules. We validated the proposed approach in two use cases. Although our main goal was to provide a solution for synchronization between graphical and textual notations of UML-RT state machines, the proposed approach is language- and notation-agnostic. Volume 4 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2022.1008062 This article is part of the Research TopicModel-Centered Software and System DevelopmentView all 6 articles Introduction: Blended modeling aims at boosting the development of complex multi-domain systems by enabling seamless multi-notation modeling The synchronization mechanisms between notations are embodied in model transformations Manually defining model transformations requires specific knowledge of transformation languages and it is a time-consuming and error-prone task whenever any of the synchronized languages or notations evolves we propose an automated solution for generating synchronization transformations in an industrial setting Results: The approach entails i) the specification of mapping rules between two arbitrary domain-specific modeling languages leveraging a mapping modeling language and ii) the automatic generation of synchronization model transformations driven by the mapping rules Discussion: We validated the proposed approach in two use cases Although our main goal was to provide a solution for synchronization between graphical and textual notations of UML-RT state machines the proposed approach is language- and notation-agnostic by using domain-specific abstractions formalized in domain-specific modeling languages (DSML) to describe complex functions in a more domain-focused and human-centric way than if using traditional programming languages DSMLs formalize the communication language of engineers at the level of domain-specific concepts such as an engine and wheels for a car These concepts may not exist in other domains DSMLs support more efficient integration of software with designs and implementations of other disciplines Domain-specific modeling demands a high level of customization of modeling tools typically involving combinations and extensions of DSMLs and tailoring of the modeling tools for their respective development domains and contexts tools are expected to provide multiple modeling means to satisfy the requirements set by different development phases especially those based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and its profiles (as in the industrial tool addressed in this paper) traditionally focus on one specific notation A notation that is well understood by one engineering discipline may not be as easily understood by engineers from another discipline engineers from the same or different disciplines may have different notation preferences; not supporting multiple notations negatively affects the throughput of engineers choosing one particular notation also limits the pool of available tools to develop and manipulate models that may be needed choosing a graphical notation limits the usability of text manipulation tools such as text-based diff/merge This mutual exclusion suffices the needs of developing small-scale applications with only few stakeholder roles We have defined the notion of blended modeling in a previous work (Ciccozzi et al., 2019) as follows: Blended modeling is the activity of interacting seamlessly with a single model (i.e. abstract syntax) through multiple notations (i.e. allowing a certain degree of temporary inconsistencies Blended modeling is expected to aid in keeping the cognitive flow of modeling effective and efficient, offering stakeholders a proper set of intertwined formalisms, notations, and supporting computer-aided mechanisms. This is important in the design of modern systems, as their complexity has been increasing exponentially over the past years (Persson et al., 2013) the focus is not on identifying viewpoints and related views but rather on providing multiple blended editing and visualizing notations to interact with a set of concepts The blended modeling paradigm focuses on the provision of multiple concrete syntaxes for a non-empty set of abstract syntactical concepts it aims to accommodate different notations each designed for particular modeling needs The main implication of this definition of blended modeling is that it assumes a single abstract syntax supported by multiple concrete syntaxes although this definition is theoretically correct language-specific modeling frameworks can benefit from multiple abstract syntaxes for the following reasons the definition and management of a concrete syntax may be simpler if directly related to a dedicated abstract syntax where we started from a graphical concrete syntax the first step involved the definition of a textual concrete syntax by first defining a dedicated abstract syntax This was needed since the two abstract syntaxes were not fully matching and it generally allows for high syntax-specific customizations since notations are usually meant to be highly customizable to user needs and each notation serves a different purpose it may not be practical to adapt an existing abstract syntax supporting one notation to another depending on the needs of two different users there might exist two “different” notations of the same type (e.g. two different textual notations focusing on different aspects of the same modeling concepts tailored to two different user types) Having a dedicated abstract syntax per notation alleviates possible syntactical “pollution” caused by reusing and adapting an existing abstract syntax which was not envisioned for that particular notation there exist scenarios where different notations are represented by different existing notation-specific DSMLs formalizing the same underlying language with a significant overlap to serve the needs of different communities blended modeling is not always limited to seamless interaction with a single abstract syntax through multiple notations The representative scenario of our work is a single underlying language (set of concepts) formalized through multiple abstract syntaxes We define this as extended blended modeling the abstract syntaxes may represent either two partly overlapping formalizations of the same DSMLs or even two entirely different DSMLs provided that they are in some way related to each other The remainder of the paper is organized as follows The industrial setting and supporting arguments on the motivation behind this work are described in Section 2 We discuss work related to the problem domain in Section 3 The developed approach and implementation are described in detail in Section 4 Experiences from validating the approach are included in Section 5 A discussion is provided in Section 6 and the paper is concluded in Section 7 The research work described in this paper was carried out in cooperation with HCL Technologies, which offers an industrial Eclipse-based modeling tool, RTist,2 for the development of complex The tool is designed to support UML and its real-time profile (UML-RT) the tool provides support for specifying UML-RT architectures and applications by means of graphical composite structure diagrams the tool provides specific features to complement models with fine-grained algorithmic behaviors by embedding C/C++ action code in state-machines whitespaces) between two semantic tokens and the provision of synchronization mechanism between textual and graphical notations the synchronization mechanisms were manually defined in terms of model transformations between two specific DSMLs describing textual and graphical notations If any of the two concrete syntaxes underwent a change The specific industrial aim of this work was instead to provide an automated solution for generating synchronization infrastructures between potentially evolving concrete syntaxes of UML-RT To allow for evolution of the entailed DSMLs and the co-evolution of the synchronization mechanisms in this work we contributed with the design and implementation of a mechanism for the automatic generation of the infrastructure required for seamless synchronization between virtually any pair of Ecore-based DSMLs (not only graphical and textual UML-RT state-machines) that may or may not represent two different concrete syntaxes of the same language The provision of automatic means for generating model synchronization transformations from two given DSMLs that may or not represent two versions of the same language simplifies remarkably the life of modeling tool developers but also allows domain experts without particular knowledge in model transformations to practically put in place the infrastructure needed for synchronization purposes our approach brings the following benefits • It provides the means for seamless synchronization of the standard graphical and the newly introduced textual concrete syntaxes for UML-RT state-machines customers require viewing and editing UML-RT models using various specialized notations These DSMLs are tailored to customer needs and unlike the underlying UML-RT based language as soon as any of the notations undergoes a change the synchronization mechanisms can be regenerated with a minimal mapping effort from the developers the actual model synchronization transformations would need to be manually edited by the developers Our solution gives architects and developers the possibility to experiment when extending or evolving either concrete syntax in case the UML-RT language itself would evolve without a solution like this based on automatic generation of synchronization all transformations would need to either be co-evolved manually or re-written from scratch in case of deep changes to the language and/or the related concrete syntaxes Our solution eases this process and provides the means for a more flexible and “fast prototyping” kind of modeling language and tool engineering process Engineers and developers can sketch changes to either of the concrete syntaxes and try them out with automated generated synchronization • If any other language would be included in the tool ecosystem for our solution aids in establishing synchronization infrastructures between them Automation gives flexibility but also the possibility to “try out” alternatives without having to spend much effort and time writing and validating synchronization transformations since the mapping correspondences are defined between elements of M3 level models while we target the specification of mapping correspondences between elements of M2 level models write and read) with the model via multiple notations but the solution only provides pop-up boxes to textually edit elements of graphical models rather than allowing seamless editing of the entire model are based on the concept of only one abstract syntax whereas our focus is on multiple abstract syntaxes that may represent two partially overlapping formalizations of the same DSML or even two completely different DSMLs as long as they are related in some way These approaches focus on the semi-automatic creation of weaving models and their manual adjustment for semantically and syntactically similar languages and the manual creation of weaving models for semantically and syntactically different languages for several purposes relying only on metamodel data to create weaving models (i.e. mapping models) without considering the developer's intentions does not guarantee the accuracy of the mapping model with respect to the requirements The use of inaccurate and ambiguous weaving models may result in incorrect model transformations that do not meet the initial requirements Manual verification and adjustment of an extensive weaving model can be as challenging as finding a needle in the haystack This might lead to the creation of mapping models being simpler than manually fine-tuning automatically generated ones while one may argue that the weaving approaches provide a flexible and automated way to derive mapping models they may not be able to properly deal with semantic differences among the mapped languages (i.e. semantics often needs human understanding to be correctly managed) the mapping modeling language is not the main focus but rather a key enabler for the overall goal being the definition of powerful higher-order transformations (HOTs) for generating synchronization transformations and addressing challenging cases such as synchronization between different languages by allowing for more complex unambiguous mappings we can cater to a wider range of languages and provide powerful mechanisms to support the translation of these mappings to model transformations thus the generation of the synchronization infrastructure between languages and notations we also increase the generalizability of our approach these solutions tend to provide a tree-based editor only while providing an additional textual editor can prove useful thanks to its syntax-agnostic editing features a textual mapping language that defines correspondences between EMF objects and RDF resources The approach generates ATL transformations that enable the use of RDF resources as EMF objects and the serialization of EMF objects in RDF resources While the last two solutions provide mapping languages and semi-automatic approaches for the generation of model transformations they do not provide support for Ecore-based DSMLs Consider the model of our solution depicted in Figure 1 Depending on what the involved pair of DSMLs represents DSMLA and DSMLB represent two notations of the same language (e.g. graphical and textual UML-RT state-machines) then the generated M2M transformations provide synchronization across different notations of the same language then the generated M2M transformations provide synchronization across different notations of different languages Semi-automatic synchronization infrastructure We refer to a mapping language as a structured and formalized means for the specification of mapping rules between two or more DSMLs. The definition of the mapping language is given in terms of a metamodel; thus, it can also be defined as the correspondence of elements between arbitrary metamodels (Lopes et al., 2006) A mapping language provides a fundamental input to correctly synchronize models conforming to different DSMLs as explicit mapping rules link multiple DSMLs deterministically mapping rules in those models drive the HOTs to properly generate model transformations conforming to QVTo The mapped DSMLs shall conform to the Ecore meta-metamodel and may represent two different notations of a same language Although more intuitive and easier to interact with than complex model transformations MML is still intended for users with meta-modeling knowledge Understanding of the meta-modeling concepts and structure is essential to properly describe how concepts between DSMLs are intended to be mapped Definition of mapping rules instead of manually writing model transformations is particularly useful for domain experts with no specific knowledge of model transformation languages but also for developers who can benefit from a semi-automatic and less cumbersome approach for establishing synchronization mechanisms domain knowledge is the only required input Also maintenance of the generated model transformations in response to evolving DSMLs or requirements can be performed by domain experts since adjustments only need to be made at the level of the mapping models while HOTs would use them to regenerate model transformations That is to say that developers are not expected to manually edit generated model transformations at any point in the process we conducted an analysis to identify the input required to correctly generate model transformations Considering that one of the main goals of this study was to minimize the amount of manual input required from the user we first identified the maximum set of information that could be automatically retrieved from DSMLs (DSMLA and DSMLB) abstract or non-abstract) is calculated based on whether the source element is abstract or not disjunctive/disjuncted mapping rules and inheriting/inherited mapping rules are automatically generated by examining the hierarchical structure of the involved metamodels The user is also relieved from invoking the corresponding mapping rules as they can also be retrieved automatically The assignment operator is automatically generated in the case of mono-valued attributes or properties (i.e. while in the case of multi-valued elements the user must manually define it based on whether the goal is to add elements to the collection (i.e. +=) or to reinitialize the collection with the element and ->) are also automatically generated by assessing whether the source is a single element or a collection of elements navigation paths are also automatically generated when they involve containment references or when there is a single non-containment reference between two EClasses The remaining information would have to be manually provided by the user we defined the concepts to be included in the MML metamodel Once identified the concepts that MML should include focusing on abstracting away the implementation—specific details (e.g. syntax and semantics) of model transformation languages and allowing the user to focus exclusively on the specification of mapping rules we implemented the MML in a blended modeling fashion allowing the user to interact with MML via both textual and tree-based editors since it combines the strength of text for syntax-agnostic editing operations and a good integration with widely used versioning and configuration tools with clear structural overview features typical of tree-based editors We assume that MML users have experience with at least one object-oriented programming (OOP) language; therefore, several syntactical features of MML are similar to those of OOP languages. In addition to that, users have an advantage if they have some knowledge of the Object Constraint Language13 (OCL) since in certain cases mapping rules require the specification of conditions for the correct navigation of elements and for the expression of the so-called “guards” in the generated transformations MML is developed using the Xtext language workbench.14 Xtext relies on EMF and it generates an Ecore model that represents the abstract syntax tree (AST), lexer, parser, and the corresponding Java code. In Figure 2 we describe the MML metamodel defined as an Ecore model and in the following we detail the metaconcepts of MML *Unbounded upperbound for cardinalities The MappingModel serves as the root of the metamodel and is a tuple <name where name is a unique name for MappingModel Rules* is a possibly empty set of elements of type MappingRule SourceMetamodels* and TargetMetamodels* are sets of elements of types SourceMetamodel and TargetMetamodel respectively MainSourceMetamodel is a single element of type SourceMetamodel that in the case of multiple SourceMetamodels is required to indicate the SourceMetamodel to be used at the entry point of the transformation to be generated ChildHelpers*> where name is a unique name for MappingRule and operator represents the type of operator between mappings (i.e. This is required when it comes to Collections to determine whether the user intends to append an element to the Collection or to reinitialize the Collection by deleting all previous elements and adding the new one condition supports the definition of a condition that can be interpreted in different ways depending on the type of source and target elements of the mapping rule (i.e. mapping guard for EClasses and OCL filter for EReferences and EAttributes) comment supports the definition of comments to the mapping rule which can help the user keep track of the piece of generated code with the corresponding mapping rule source and target are optional elements of type EObject that represent the source and target elements of the MappingRule helperLiteral is used for EEnumLiterals and is included since EcoreQualifiedNameProvider does not support EEnumLiterals we need two references; one to the EEnum and the other to the EEnumLiteral source or target will be used to reference EEnum and helperLiteral to reference EEnumLiteral ChildRules* is a possibly empty set of elements of type MappingRule while ChildHelpers* is a possibly empty set of elements of type HelperStatement SourceMetamodel and TargetMetamodel represent the DSMLs that will be involved in the transformation and inherit all members of Metamodel where name is a unique model name and model is the EPackage representing the root element of a particular metamodel involved in the mapping A HelperStatement is a tuple <statement ChildHelpers*> where statement is a unique element that allows the user to define statements; for the moment Operator is an enumeration with two mutually exclusive possible values used when a single input element in the source model is mapped to a single output element in the target model or when a non-empty set of input elements in the source model are mapped to a non-empty set of output elements in the target model by re-initializing the set of output elements used when a non-empty set of input elements in the source model are transformed into a non-empty set of output elements in the target model by adding to the set of output elements we leverage the features provided by Xtext in combination with EMF to automatically generate textual and tree-based editors we customize them to provide a more user-friendly and precise scoping as well as more intuitive labeling of the mapped model elements we specialize the MappingRuleItemProvider class especially for the source and target plays a significant role in reducing the likelihood of errors on the part of the user the customization of scoping limits the user into defining child mapping rules (i.e. and EEnums) only if there exists a navigation path from the source and target element (i.e. EClass) of the main mapping rule to the source and target of the child mapping rule This is particularly useful in the tree-based editor for distinguishing between different metaelements that may have the same name we specialize the Formatter class to customize indentation to improve the readability of MML textual models and two sets of high-level mapping rules between them defined in two mapping models the HOTs generate two unidirectional QVTo transformations that and transform it into a model instance of the other DSML Each mapping rule defined in the mapping models is transformed into one or more mapping operations in the generated QVTo transformations The choice of QVTo as target transformation language was due to its suitability for both in-place and out-of-place as well as endogenous and exogenous transformations and for its imperative programming fashion which is particularly suitable for automatic generation of complex algorithms we opted for multiple unidirectional transformations rather than bidirectional transformations to simplify the maintainability of the generated transformations and their manageability in the target modeling tool ecosystem which compiles into readable Java 8 compatible source code and is particularly suitable for the generation of pretty-printed textual artifacts The remainder of this section is structured in paragraphs corresponding to the different metaconcepts of MML to maximize readability we describe how the HOTs combine the input specified by the user in the mapping models with the information automatically extracted from the mapped DSMLs in order to generate the model transformations for synchronization Mapping Model: MappingModel is the root element of the mapping language and represents the starting point for traversing a mapping model which is then used to generate the name of the model transformation the user must select the MainSourceMetamodel which represents the metamodel that is used as the entry point of the model transformation the latter is automatically selected as MainSourceMetamodel Metamodels: The information extracted from SourceMetamodel and TargetMetamodel is used to generate the modeltype and transformation signature of the model transformations The user loads the DSMLs and selects the EPackages to be mapped that will be used as the source and target of the model transformation The HOTs automatically retrieve the name and nsURI of the EPackages to generate the modeltype identify the direction of the model transformation and generate parts of the transformation signature according to the following pattern: in «SourcePackageName»Model : «SourcePackageName» out «TargetPackageName»Model : «TargetPackageName» Mapping Rule: The mapping rules can be grouped based on the EObject that contains them as follows MappingRules are contained in MappingModel and we refer to them as immediate mapping rules source and target of these mappings are objects of type EClass MappingRules are contained in other MappingRules or HelperStatements and we refer to them as child mapping rules source and target of these mappings are objects of type EReference The mapping rules in the first category are used to generate the mapping declaration whereas those in the second are utilized to generate the body of the mapping operations we detail the implementation of the features that apply to each category Mapping operation name: The name of the mapping operation is automatically generated as: «sourceElementName»2«targetElementName» This not only reduces the amount of manual effort from the user as the naming follows a specific standard pattern and is rather intuitive to minimize the risk of errors when mapping elements with the same name source and target elements are printed using fully qualified names (i.e. Mapping operation type: The generated mapping operations can be abstract or non-abstract Abstract mapping operations are used when the target of the mapping operation is abstract This information is automatically extracted from the target DSML; hence the HOTs determine whether the target element of the mapping rule is an abstract or non-abstract EClass the mapping operation is printed as abstract according to the following pattern: Abstract«sourceElementName»2«targetElementName» Conditions: For immediate mapping operations the source and target elements are EClasses therefore conditions that are manually defined by the user are automatically generated as when clauses that are evaluated to determine in which circumstances the mapping operation should be executed Inheritance: The concept of inheritance allows reuse of mapping operations under the condition that the signature of the inherited mapping conforms to the one of the inheriting mapping The source and target of any potential inherited mapping rule must be supertypes of the source or target of the inheriting mapping rule The HOTs iterate through each of the immediate mapping rules in the mapping model and determine whether the mapping operation under analysis inherits from any of the iterated mapping rules after the transformation signature and the inherits keyword the names of the inherited mapping rules are printed (in the case of multiple inherited mapping rules Disjunction: Invocation of a disjunct mapping operation results in an assessment of disjunct candidate mapping operations To determine whether a mapping operation is disjunctive and the HOTs iterate through all the immediate mapping rules of the mapping model and identify those where the source and target are identical or subtypes of the source and target of the potentially disjunctive mapping rule the analyzed mapping rule is considered disjunctive and is named according to the following pattern: «sourceElementName»2«targetElementName» Disjunct After printing the signature of the mapping operation and the disjuncts keyword the HOTs print the identified disjunct candidates A mapping can be both abstract and disjunctive The user needs to define the mapping rule only once in the mapping model and the HOTs will generate two rules: one abstract and one disjunctive since QVTo does not allow to combine them into one There are three different possible scenarios for child mapping rules depending on the values of the source and target attributes In SC1 a non-empty set of input elements in the source model are transformed into a non-empty set of output elements in the target model. In SC2 a non-empty set of output elements are added to the target model. In SC3 a non-empty set of input elements in the source model facilitates the navigation of model elements in the generated transformations. This is used for complex and possibly ambiguous navigation cases, such as the one depicted in Figure 3 where on the left-side is illustrated an excerpt from the source metamodel and on the right side an excerpt from the target metamodel Consider that the user defines an immediate mapping rule Organization2Company as detailed in Figure 4 The user then wants to map the value of the name attribute of Person in the source metamodel to the managerName attribute of Company in the target metamodel by defining the mapping rule name2managerName The correct navigation path in this case would be self.department.ma-nager.name also another path; self.department.secretary.name this navigation path is not considered correct as it would map the name of a Person that is a secretary in Department to managerName in Company the information to navigate to name attribute via manager reference is to be decided by the user as the HOTs cannot automatically determine which path to take the user needs to define an additional mapping rule manager2null that will guide the HOTs in generating the expected model transformation Being that manager is not an immediate reference of Organization HOTs must automatically generate the navigation path from Organization to manager we implement a recursive Depth-First Search (DFS) algorithm Organization) and explores as far as possible along each EClass before backtracking (unless it finds the target) mapping operations are run with an explicit rule-invocation style which initiates execution from an entry mapping operation generally found in the main function and invokes the other mapping operations in a nested manner The entry mapping operation that should be invoked is automatically determined OCL expressions: For sub-mapping operations where the source and target elements are EReferences or EAttributes condition attributes of the mapping rules are used to specify OCL expressions Navigation operators: The HOTs determine the navigation operator based on whether the source of the mapping rule is a single object or a collection of objects (i.e. A single object is navigated using the dot (.) operator whereas collections of objects are navigated using the arrow (->) operator HelperStatement: It is intended to facilitate the definition of complex mappings requiring the use of for loops HelperStatements are contained in MappingRules (i.e. immediate mapping rules) similarly to how they are defined in mapping operations in QVTo transformations they may contain other HelperStatements and MappingRules that are generated within the loop or statement defined by HelperStatement The proposed approach and reference implementation have been validated by means of two use cases and model-to-text testing the implementation of our solution was validated in multiple testing phases and the results of each phase were analyzed and used In Section 5.1 we provide details on the two use cases in isolation and then conduct a comparison between the two while in Section 5.2 we provide the details of the model-to-text test cases in Section 5.3 we provide an example of our industrial use case The first use case refers to the UML-RT language more specifically the subset for modeling state-machines where DSMLA and DSMLB represent the graphical and textual notation of the UML-RT language The second use case concerns two disjoint DSMLs one for describing and manipulating calendars while the other for describing and manipulating organizational structures Both use cases encompass scenarios entailed by our solution UML-RT is a real-time profile that aims to simplify the ever increasing complexity of the software architecture specification for real-time embedded systems UML-RT enables both structure modeling and behavior modeling of real-time systems This use case focuses on the behavioral part which is represented using state-machine diagrams Considering that both DSMLA and DSMLB represent two different notations of the UML-RT language As a result of textual concrete syntax requirements aimed at maximizing usability and reducing learning curves the different DSMLs for different notations are required the DSML associated with the textual notation has evolved to fit the needs of various customers so we have been able to also support the co-evolution of model transformation in response to DSML changes we provide more details on the mapping models and generated QVTo transformations The Textual2Graphical mapping contains a total of 71 mapping rules as they are applied to mapping rules that link two EClasses This mapping model generates a total of 29 main mapping operations in the output QVTo transformation from a total of 25 mapping rules that link EClasses The four additional mapping operations are the result of the abstract and disjunctive mappings that are automatically calculated from the HOTs The Graphical2Textual mapping contains a total of 61 mapping rules while the other are in the form of OCL filters This mapping model generates a total of 26 mapping operations in the output QVTo transformation from a total of 22 mapping rules that link EClasses The same reasoning as in the case of Textual2Graphical mapping applies for the four additional mapping operations Making a comparison between the two mapping models we notice that the most significant differences are with regard to SC2 and SC3 While in the Textual2Graphical mapping model only 1.4% of the mapping rules fall under SC2 (i.e are used for adding a non-empty set of elements in the output model) in the Graphical2Textual mapping model 8.2% of the mapping rules fall under SC2 This is a consequence of the fact that the DSML representing the textual notation contains more concepts that are either not present in the DSML representing the graphical notation (e.g. TransitionBody) or are more specialized (e.g. The high number of mapping rules that contain conditions in the Graphical2Textual mapping model compared to the Textual2Graphical one is another indicator of the specialization of concepts we notice that while the Graphical2Textual mapping model has no mapping rules falling under this category in the Textual2Graphical mapping model 5.6% of the mapping rules are used to facilitate the navigation of elements in the textual model that cannot be directly accessed The second use case relates to two disjoint DSMLs where one is used to describe a meeting calendar for an organization while the other is used to describe the organization An organization consists of personnel that can have different availability (e.g. available or on vacation) and is divided into multiple departments Each department is responsible for multiple projects which in turn consist of multiple work packages and external partners active or non-active) and consists of multiple tasks for which external partners and/or organization personnel are in charge A calendar can be split into multiple divisions where each division consists of active meetings and personnel that is not participating in any meeting Active and non-active meetings consist of a group of participants composed of internal These are two semantically and syntactically disjoint DSMLs thus the definition of mapping links might not be as intuitive as for the first use case as depending on the status of work packages in the model representing the organization and people in charge meetings are automatically created in the calendar There is a similar relation for the reverse transformation The Calendar2Organization mapping model contains a total of 50 mapping rules one under SC2 (2%) and four under SC3 (8%) Eight mapping rules contain conditions and they are all in the form of OCL filters this mapping model introduces the use of HelperStatements in the form of for loops and if conditional statements This mapping model generates a total of 12 mapping operations in the output QVTo transformation from a total of 11 mapping rules that link EClasses The Organization2Calendar mapping model contains a total of 40 mapping rules of which seven are in the form of guards as they are applied to mapping rules that link two EClasses while three are in the form of OCL filters this mapping model introduces the use of HelperStatements in the form of if conditional statements we notice that the number of mapping rules that fall under SC1 is equal in both It is important to note that the two DSMLs contain an approximately equal number of elements (i.e. while Calendar contains 39 elements) and an equal number of EClasses; thus which deeply affects the distribution of mapping rules with regard to the three scenarios Assuming that there is no loss of information (typically occurs when not all elements of the involved DSMLs are linked by mapping rules) after the execution of the forward and backward transformations in the case of two DSMLs of significantly different sizes we believe that it is likely to have a higher number of mapping rules associated with SC2 and SC3 Comparing the distribution of the mapping rules between the three scenarios the number of mapping rules that fall under SC2 and SC3 is mainly due to the specialization of concepts while in the second use case it is due to semantic and syntactical differences Despite the fact that there is no significant difference between the number of mapping rules falling under SC1 for the first and the second use case we still argue that the second use case is more complex than the first since while in the UML-RT use case there is a string similarity between the mapped elements of the involved DSMLs and similarity in the structure of the DSMLs in the second use case such similarities cannot be found while the first use case covers only a subset of the concepts of the MML the second use case covers all concepts of the MML including the HelperStatement and helperLiteral which we could not validate in the first use case What adds to the complexity of the second use case is that while the mapping models for the UML-RT use case exhibit a flatter hierarchy (a maximum of two-level deep-nested hierarchies) the mapping models of the second use case exhibit a deeper hierarchy reaching a maximum of five-level deep-nested hierarchy This is the case in the Calendar2Organization mapping model where the Division2Department mapping rule is made up of a mix of two consecutive HelperStatements and three mapping rules that cover the three scenarios the generation of QVTo transformations for the second use case demonstrating more complex mappings is a stronger indication of the powerful HOTs Validation was performed based on model-to-text tests classified by Tiso et al. (2013) as i) conformance tests Taking into account the different types of model-to-text tests we evaluated whether the generated QVTo transformations matched the expected QVTo transformations we defined transformation test cases <MappingModel_file where MappingModel_file represents the mapping model used to determine the links between elements of the source and target metamodels and Exp_QVTo_file represents the expected QVTo transformations that we manually defined the output of the HOTs (generated QVTo transformations) must match Exp_QVTo_file we provide more details on the different types of model-to-text tests Failed conformance tests can also be the result of incomplete or incorrect mapping models defined by the users For instance the State2CompositeState mapping rule in Line 11 is invoked automatically meaning that the user does not need to define the mapping rule that should be invoked when assigning the value of the source element to the target element The only requirement is that the State2CompositeState mapping rule should be created by the user in the mapping model (a rule that has not been defined in the mapping model cannot be invoked) The absence of this rule in the mapping model before executing the HOTs would result in an error and the user would have to revisit the mapping model and define the State2CompositeState mapping rule navigation between EClass Department and EClass Person can be accomplished through manager or secretary references They are used to verify whether the textual elements of the generated model transformations have the required format Errors discovered through these tests are not identified through conformance testing Examples of textual testing involve checking whether the name of the transformation is the one inputted by the user or whether the names of the mapping operations are defined following the defined template these tests verify whether the generated transformations adhere to the QVTo formatter (e.g. On a side note, to increase the reliability of our approach, we complemented the aforementioned tests by manually defining target models that represent the expected outputs of the execution of the generated QVTo transformations. We compared the XML representation of the manually defined target models and the generated target models using the XML compare tool.15 As part of this process it is important to leverage extensive input models depending on the direction of the transformation) that cover as many variations and combinations of concepts as possible thus minimizing the likelihood of untested scenarios While the generated target models were identical to the manually defined target models (with the exception of the line order) it is still a valid concern whether the target models generated are correct and meet the requirements In order to generate correct target models two conditions must be met; i) the user must select “correct” mappings that illustrate the requirements and ii) the HOTs should generate the expected QVTo transformations based on the input data (i.e. While we have executed model-to-text test cases to validate the correctness of the HOTs there is no guarantee that the user will select the “correct” mappings that conform to the requirements Since mappings reflect the user intentions we cannot provide guarantees on their appropriateness meaning their reflection of the user's intentions such a risk is apparent also on the traditional approach of manually writing model transformations in addition to the limitations built in the MML by customizing the scope provider the execution of the HOTs in cases where the mapping model is not correct (e.g. the user is mapping an EClass to an EReference) will generate an error message we can argue with certain confidence that MML contains all those concepts needed to specify deterministic unidirectional mappings between two Ecore-based DSMLs and mapping models can then be effectively used to generate well-formed model transformations In Figure 6 we provide an example of a mapping model between the excerpts of DSMLA and DSMLB illustrated in Figures 7, 8. In Figure 9 we illustrate the properties view for three mapping rules defined in Figure 6 to provide the reader with a more concrete example of the manual input that is required from the user in different cases The requirements for transforming from DSMLA to DSMLB are as follows: • StateMachine element in MDSMLA is transformed to StateMachine element in MDSMLB being that a StateMachine element in MDSMLB must contain only one direct CompositeState element if the StateMachine element in MDSMLA contains only one direct State the latter is transformed to a CompositeState; alternatively if the StateMachine element in MDSMLA contains more than one direct State a new CompositeState element is created in MDSMLB • A State element in MDSMLA is transformed to a SimpleState element in MDSMLB if the State element in MDSMLA does not contain any other elements • A State element in MDSMLA is transformed to a CompositeState element in MDSMLB if the State element in MDSMLA contains at least one element Figure 9. Properties view for the mapping rules defined in Figure 6 while the operator is set to assign by default The user would then define a new child mapping rule (i.e. Both of these mapping rules fall under SC1 An interesting mapping rule falling under SC2 defined as a child mapping rule for the second StateMachine2StateMachine mapping rule The null2top mapping rule creates a new CompositeState element in MDSMLB In Figure 10 we present a more extensive excerpt of the Textual2Graphical mapping model for UML-RT state machines on the left-hand side and an excerpt of the generated QVTo transformation on the right-hand side The generated QVTo transformation is the output of the execution of the HOTs that take as input DSML There are a few peculiarities to highlight here Textual to graphical mapping model and generated QVTo transformations for UML-RT state machines The first StateMachine2StateMachine mapping rule generates Lines 12–13 being that the mapping model contains two mapping rules named StateMachine2StateMachine where sources and targets are identical the HOTs generate three mapping operations where one of them (Line 9) is a disjunctive mapping operation that disjuncts the other two (Lines 12 and 19) The disjunctive mapping operation is invoked on Line 6 and the first matching candidate (i.e. StateMachine2StateMachine0 or StateMachine2StateMachine1) is selected HOTs determine the order in which the disjunctive candidates are printed based on whether they have a mapping condition StateMachine2StateMachine0 on Line 12 has a mapping condition; thus it is printed as the first disjuncted mapping operation on Line 10 To define the model transformations manually the users would have to possess a strong understanding of these details users would need to understand the syntax of the model transformation language (i.e. the order in which the disjunct candidates appear) and which rules to invoke in particular situations (e.g. the user is only required to define two mapping rules the HOTs would be able to automatically generate model transformations that conform to the QVTo syntax and include concepts that the user is not expected to understand this reduces the amount of effort and expertise required Lines 21–25 detail the generation of mappings from child mapping rules according to SC2 described in Section 4.2 thus the latter is added to the target model Line 16 details the generation of a mapping from a child mapping rule according to SC1 the State2State mapping rule in the mapping model has been generated as two mapping operations: AbstractState2State in Line 47 because the State class in the target metamodel is abstract as in the mapping model there are two rules (State2SimpleState and State2CompositeState) that fulfill the conditions to be disjuncted mapping operations (sources are identical since SimpleState and CompositeState extend State in the target metamodel the mapping operations in Lines 28 and 38 inherit the abstract mapping operation in Line 47 The example above further illustrates the reduced effort and expertise needed as it eliminates the need for the user to comprehend the concepts of abstract mappings HOTs reduce the likelihood of human-errors by automatically analyzing the involved DSMLs and mapping models In this section we reflect on several aspects of our approach We present the design principles that guided our solution followed by an analysis of the benefits and an identification of the limitations and possible solutions Three main principles have guided the design of the proposed solution Separation of concerns: A strict separation between domain logic and implementation-specific details reduces complexity and allows for increased reusability maintanability and extensibility of the solution the definition of domain logic in a separate model (i.e. using a language that provides a higher level of abstraction than model transformation languages facilitates the understanding and solving of problems and ensures that software developers are not exposed to unnecessary information Consideration of user's intentions: A complete and carefully written specification of how the DSMLs are mapped to one another forms the basis for producing complete and accurate model transformations it is essential to provide the developer with the ability to capture his/her intentions in the form of unambiguous mapping links between elements of two DSMLs as semantics often needs human understanding to be correctly managed Tooling that seamlessly integrates the target audience's current tool ecosystem: An essential aspect of successful software is the ability to seamlessly integrate with the environment that the target audience already uses Our target modeling environment is the well-established Eclipse Modeling Framework thereby our approach focuses on Ecore-based DSMLs and we opted for technologies (Xtend etc.) that integrate seamlessly with the Eclipse environment The adoption of a novel approach for the synchronization infrastructure between multiple notations for blended modeling can be challenging due to the customers' uncertainty of whether the benefits outweight the costs Our proposed approach is therefore subjected to a cost-benefit analysis while simultaneously being compared with traditional approaches we will discuss the transition costs involved The transition costs consist of i) implementation costs and ii) training costs Implementation costs are concerned with the adaptation of an organization's existing systems to integrate the proposed approach Since our tool seamlessly integrates with EMF tools a concern that companies with existing synchronization infrastructures would have to create the mapping models from scratch although they already have the synchronization infrastructure in place the benefits of doing so outweigh the costs in a significant manner due to the following reasons the co-evolution of the model transformations can be facilitated as the respective changes can be made at a higher level of abstraction in case DSMLA and DSMLB would represent two versions of the same language DSML (e.g. the generated transformations would instead provide model co-evolution allowing for user feedback prior to releasing a new version of the modeling tool and verifying that the requirements of the users are understood and met As part of our strategy to further reduce costs we intend to use reverse transformations that build mapping models from model transformations Training costs are instead concerned with the time and resources required to learn to utilize the proposed approach Many industries are cautious to adopt new technologies that require a considerable amount of training and practice before they can be effectively implemented when applications are implemented with a focus on user experience we have minimized the training costs by designing the MML to be as simple and intuitive as possible MML exhibits the following characteristics: • Encapsulates the minimum set of concepts necessary for defining deterministic mappings • Developed with a blended modeling approach to support textual and tree-based notations which exhibit complementary usability features • Syntactically similar to object-oriented programming languages which pushes down the learning curve for the average software developer • Raises the level of abstraction by allowing the user to focus on the domain's logic instead of dealing with lower-level model transformations While users must become familiar with MML and while at first glance it may appear to be an additional overhead it is in fact a one-time effort which proves beneficial in the long run mapping models require significantly less input resulting in lowers effort on the part of the developer MML also enables domain experts without model transformation knowledge to be involved in the definition of the mapping models since domain logic is presented in a format that is easily understood by all stakeholders rather than embedded in boilerplate model transformations This could even reduce the time of development and number of errors caused by misunderstandings or miscommunications between domain experts and developers The approach has also demonstrated acceptance and practical applicability in an industrial setting among HCL developers who used it i) to define mapping models for generating the synchronization infrastructure between graphical and textual DSMLs and ii) to co-evolve the mapping models and consequently the model transformation in response to changes in the textual DSML until the latter was refined to its present form HCL is currently applying this approach for model co-evolution/migration purposes To further decrease the learning curve and consequently we have contributed with a tutorial to an established MDE community (ICSA conference) and we plan on delivering a tutorial at a premier conference for practitioners and researchers interested in software architecture we plan to contribute more examples and step-by-step tutorials to the online repository As we presented a summary of potential costs and benefits associated with our approach we would like to emphasize that the settings in which an organization operates is an instrumental factor in this analysis The size of the involved DSMLs and the frequency of their evolution can greatly impact the decision on whether the adoption of the approach is appropriate for the specific organization Our first recommendation is for interested industrial parties to conduct their own cost-benefit analysis using this example as a guide we recommend a gradual and step-wise adoption of the approach through the establishment of a multi-functional team staffed with both domain experts and software developers to investigate the integration and usability of the approach in their particular settings through our prototype we have identified a number of limitations and potential solutions associated with the automatic generation of the synchronization infrastructure for blended modeling While there could be an opportunity to incorporate the definition of bidirectional mappings a proper balance must be found also with respect to the usability of the tool and the correctness of the generated model transformation with respect to the requirements Interoperability. Another interesting point relates to the use of MML as a core artifact for interoperability between model transformation languages (Jouault and Kurtev, 2007) MML is designed with a focus on generalizability; in our context this is defined as the ability to use the same mapping model to drive the generation of model transformations in multiple model transformation languages Generalizability is achieved by ensuring the separation of the domain-logic from implementation-specific details whereas implementation-specific details are specified in the HOTs which are specific to a transformation language By providing an automatic generation of mapping models from existing model transformations the generated mapping models could be used as input to other HOTs for generating model transformations conforming to other transformation languages Although we cannot exclude that MML could need to be extended to support specific transformation languages we are confident that the eventual changes would be relatively minor and only related to language-specific details that would require user input to generate correct transformations In this work we assume that there exist mapping links between all elements of DSMLA and DSMLB DSMLA) can have higher expressiveness than its counterpart (e.g. it should be noted that the existence of mapping links for all elements cannot be guaranteed when executing the transformation from DSMLA to DSMLB and then executing the reverse transformation We assume that scenarios with disjoint DSMLs will generally be more affected by this phenomenon compared to simpler scenarios This can be mitigated by leveraging in-place transformations that can propagate changes to the target model (which can be the same as the source model) we presented our effort toward an approach for the automatic generation of synchronization model transformations to support blended modeling in an industrial setting The resulting solution entails the provision of automatic means for the generation of model synchronization transformations across multiple notations of the same or different languages This was accomplished by first designing and implementing a mapping modeling language (MML) in terms of an Ecore model MML is instantiated in terms of mapping models which define mapping relations between elements of two arbitrary Ecore-based DSMLs Given the two DSMLs in terms of Ecore models and two mapping models (one per direction) we provide a set of higher-order transformations (HOTs) that generate synchronization model transformations in QVT Operational between the two DSMLs the generated transformations support two types of synchronization: The DSMLs represent two notations of the same language (e.g. then the generated transformations provide synchronization across different notations of the same language then the generated transformations provide synchronization across different notations of different languages Validation of the solution was performed by leveraging two use cases that represented the two aforementioned scenarios: synchronization across different notations of one language (UML-RT state-machines) and synchronization across different languages (calendar and organizational structure use case) the solution applied to UML-RT was deemed very promising by the engineers and tool architects at HCL Several directions for future increments of this research and engineering effort have been identified One direction is to tune the HOTs and leverage the proposed MML for the generation of co-evolution transformations to provide automated support for model co-evolution in response to metamodel evolution Another interesting direction is related to the use of MML for interoperability between model transformation languages we plan to provide automatic generation of mapping models from existing synchronization transformations The generated mapping models can then be used as input to other HOTs for generating synchronization transformations conforming to other transformation languages than QVTo The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: https://github.com/MLJworkspace/BlendedModellingSolution All authors listed have made a substantial and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication This work was supported by Vinnova through the ITEA BUMBLE project (rn MM was employed by the company HCL Technologies The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 1. ^https://www.iso.org/standard/50508.html 2. ^https://www.hcltech.com/software/rtist 3. ^http://lightuml.sourceforge.net 4. ^https://github.com/ogheorghies/MetaUML 5. ^https://plantuml.com 6. ^https://jankoehnlein.github.io/FXDiagram/ 7. ^https://www.jetbrains.com/mps/concepts/ 8. ^https://eclipse.googlesource.com/emf/org.eclipse.emf/+/R2_8_3/plugins/org.eclipse.emf.mapping.ecore2ecore/ 9. ^https://www.eclipse.org/modeling/emf/ 10. ^https://www.eclipse.org/xtend/ 11. ^https://wiki.eclipse.org/QVTo 12. ^https://github.com/MLJworkspace/BlendedModellingSolution 13. ^https://wiki.eclipse.org/OCL 14. ^https://www.eclipse.org/Xtext/ 15. ^https://extendsclass.com/xml-diff.html Blended graphical and textual modelling for uml profiles: a proof-of-concept implementation and experiment CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar “Malan: a mapping language for the data manipulation,” in Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Symposium on Document Engineering (São Paulo) Google Scholar “A hybrid graphical and textual notation and editor for uml actions,” in European Conference on Model 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Malvina Latifaj, bWFsdmluYS5sYXRpZmFqQG1kdS5zZQ== Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish The historic "Ryburg" restaurant in Möhlin AG will soon be replaced by modern residential buildings 15 apartments and a commercial space are to be built on the site known to residents of Möhlin AG as the "Nidli" Möhliner Anec AG is planning the construction project The plan is for 2.5 to 4.5-room apartments Construction work is to begin on the current parking lot and the site of the restaurant with one of the buildings being given an extension The planning application has recently gone on public display and the plans have been agreed with the municipality's specialist commission for core zones as the building is subject to volume protection construction work could start as early as next winter The "Ryburg" has an eventful history dating back to 1872 Originally known as the "Restaurant zur Pinte" it was one of two such establishments in the village The exact circumstances of the name change are unclear but the inn remains an important part of local history even if it will soon disappear from the townscape This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page 3-year-old Golden retriever from Bemidji is the new mayor of Dorset “Bear” Mohlin’s name was randomly plucked from the ballot box on Sunday The only requirements were a full name and telephone number on the ballot Candidates could buy their way into office by dropping $1 with their nomination in shoe boxes and mayonnaise jars located throughout the village of Dorset Kvitne thanked everyone for their participation “The Dorset Business Association would like to thank all past mayors for their distinguished services The DBA also wishes great success to the outgoing mayor Johnson promoted the Children’s Cancer Center He’s also created a GoFundMe page to build a sandbox in the village Taste of Dorset is an annual feast in the self-described “Restaurant Capital of the World.” This year’s theme was “Get Your Fix on Minnesota 226.” I’ve had mahi mahi taco and ice cream and a pork-chop-on-a-stick for dinner to-go tonight because this isn’t going to be enough,” she said Deanna and Gary Norman live in White Bear Lake but their Big Sand Lake cabin that they bought in 1980 is their home away from home They’ve been to quite a few Taste of Dorset festivals “I can give him a $5 bill and he could make it last.” Roy Schemmel slurped a towering brownie S’more ice cone He didn’t know if the generous helping was a triple or double decker When visitors had their fill of strawberry margaritas Crayfish or minnow races were offered by the Dorset General Store They experienced crayfish racing on Sunday Her parents have a cabin on Little Sand Lake The Dorset Business Association organizes the festival He noticed that visitors stuck around after a 20-minute rain shower and even after the event concluded at 3 p.m majority shareholder of Kuehne + Nagel International AG and Dr attended the ground-breaking ceremony for the “Pharma Hub Switzerland” This new facility will strengthen Kuehne + Nagel’s position as one of the leading logistics service providers for Swiss and international customers in the pharma and healthcare industry The Pharma Hub will be part of the KN PharmaChain network providing multimodal temperature-controlled door-to-door shipping on a global scale enhanced visibility and traceability of the deliveries as well as intensive and proactive risk management The new Kuehne + Nagel logistics facility in Möhlin will provide 16,300 m2 of logistics space which will be used to manage approximately 46,000 pallet spaces using a warehouse system that combines manual and automatic operation Three different temperature zones will be available for the highly sensitive products: -20 degrees hazardous goods and narcotics can be stored in dedicated areas The Möhlin Pharma Hub will also focus on providing value-added services The facility will provide end-to-end shipping and logistics services based on GxP-compliant standard said: “Switzerland is an important pharma location with global reach The cutting-edge facility in Möhlin is a strategic investment in this growth sector and supports us to serve our customers even better especially through integration with the global Kuehne + Nagel pharma network.” and perhaps we also have goals we want to achieve Whether or not we succeed depends on how we act The same applies in interactions between companies “Game theory is a mathematically formulated theory of human interaction It attempts to bring clarity to the jumble of interdependences between your actions and mine and it can be used whether the motivation is altruism Parts of the theory can even be applied to animal behavior,” Mohlin explains He works at Lund University Department of Economics But the theoretical models are often highly simplified They frequently describe choice situations with clearly defined alternative courses of action and roughly how the players involved perceive the likelihood of various consequences This is something that Mohlin wants to problematize He wants to develop the theory by incorporating the way players see their surroundings the way they simplify the world around them and the social norms they are influenced by but gives an example: Someone walking along the sidewalk who passes a person begging is expected to consider whether they should give the beggar some money But the social norm does not require a person passing by on the opposite side of the street to consider giving money People can be seen to exploit this by crossing the street before they get to the beggar “They choose a situation where nothing is expected of them But imagine if you don’t cross the street – you walk toward the beggar Imagine the beggar gets up and gathers his things before you get there Game theory needs to be developed so it can explain a wider range of phenomena of this kind I think that both game theory and economics would be better if they paid more attention to how we simplify and categorize the world around us,” Mohlin says Mohlin and his colleagues are not the first to research in this field but their aim is to formulate a more uniform theory than the present one He describes it as an extension of the change that took place in economics in the 1990s “when economists realized that people are not only selfish” “As long as economists confined themselves almost exclusively to markets it was natural that game theory was mainly about how we reacted to the price of a product But these days economists do almost anything When they developed an interest in questions that were traditionally the realm of psychologists and sociologists game theory needed to be able to describe norms It may sound as though one needs to be a psychologist to research into social norms and people’s idea of reality And Mohlin does indeed read literature in the fields of psychology and cognitive science as part of the project “But you also have to realize that it’s about different things It’s one thing for a psychologist to map all possible processes that help us to understand the social world around us It’s another for an economist to see which of the processes play a part in the economic or social outcome.” Mohlin hopes the methods he is developing will make it easier to communicate between the disciplines so that economics can derive more benefit from psychology and sociology He describes it as a kind of translation project: we will develop analytical tools to make the explanations and predictions of game theory more accurate it will then be easier to understand the world around us.” When Mohlin went to university he chose first to study philosophy After a while he transferred to Stockholm School of Economics inspired by a friend already studying there He thought it would be easier to get a job as an economist than as a philosopher And studying economics also appealed to him because of his interest in politics when all political discussions ended with ‘we can’t afford it’ I wanted to understand this: is it really true that we can’t afford it My impression then was that politics was very much a question of economics becoming a Wallenberg Academy Fellow represents financial security I can spend up to 80 percent of my time teaching This makes it very hard to find time for research The grant enables me to halve my teaching time for five years so during that period I won’t have to worry about a lack of funding.” so the possibility of research occurred to him at a young age Mohlin describes the work he does now as model-building – a creative process in which he pieces together various situations like a Lego house to see how they can be understood but I personally have a tendency to dwell on the fundamental questions – the underlying principles And as a researcher I’m entitled to do so.” Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation has since its establishment in 1917 awarded over SEK 39 billion in grants In 2024 the yearly grants to excellent basic research and education in Sweden was in total almost SEK 2.4 billion [email protected] After a norovirus outbreak at a kebab store in Möhlin over 2,000 francs were collected to help it reopen Two weeks after the norovirus outbreak in a kebab store in Möhlin AG over 2,000 francs have been donated for the reopening of the store The fundraising campaign, which was initiated by a loyal customer, has not only received local support, but has also attracted the attention of a prominent donor. This was reported by the "Aargauer Zeitung" newspaper. launched it on the "Go Fund Me" platform to help the affected kebab store owner The store had to close after 60 people complained of nausea and vomiting which was later traced back to noroviruses in the homemade cocktail sauce wanted to make it easier for the owner to restart The fundraising campaign quickly exceeded the original target of 1,000 francs and has already reached 2,300 francs Zumsteg was particularly surprised by an individual donation of 500 francs from Patrick Liotard-Vogt Zumsteg thanked him via Instagram and received positive feedback Despite some criticism on social media, Zumsteg received a lot of encouragement, especially on Tiktok, where a video from "Blick" publicized the campaign His son was asked about the campaign at school He plans to end the fundraising campaign soon and hand over the money collected to the kebab store owner The date of the kebab store's reopening remains unclear as the owner was unavailable One critical comment criticized the store owner's lack of public apology and suggested that the donations be given to charitable organizations The editor wrote this article with the help of AI About Rotary(down arrow opens sub-menu)> Get Involved(down arrow opens sub-menu)> Our Causes(down arrow opens sub-menu)> Our Programs(down arrow opens sub-menu)> News & Features(down arrow opens sub-menu)> For Members(down arrow opens sub-menu)> It’s just before dusk as Marcus Mohlin takes his seat at the rooftop restaurant of the Grand Palais hotel the streets of the Cambodian capital are a tangled mess of traffic where Audi and Range Rover SUVs jostle for space with three-wheeled rickshaws the air is peaceful as people arrive for a meeting of the Rotary Club of Phnom Penh Metro There’s a visiting Rotarian from Croatia and a representative of an NGO that supports Cambodian schools A Japanese Rotarian makes a brief appearance and leaves a club banner and interest in working together on a local project a Swedish expat who is the club’s current president says this is not unusual: His club has hosted 34 Rotary Foundation grants with a total budget of $1.2 million since it was chartered in 2004 “There are so many clubs reaching out to us because they want to do a global grant in Cambodia,” he says “We’re overwhelmed by all the potential projects.” It makes sense that Rotarians around the world are drawn to Cambodia a country still recovering from years of civil war and a brutal dictatorship at least 1.7 million Cambodians perished at the hands of the Khmer Rouge a regime that forced people to labor in slavelike conditions on collective farms the country remains one of the least developed in Asia things are changing fast: Much of Phnom Penh is a giant construction site with an influx of Chinese capital driving an unprecedented boom in high-rises Yet the country still faces massive gaps in education One-third of Cambodian children under five are stunted from a lack of adequate nutrition and nearly a half-million do not attend school — some because of a lack of funds others because their parents need them to work in the rice fields Cambodia has one doctor for every 5,900 people compared with roughly 1 for every 1,200 in neighboring Vietnam and Thailand Half of rural households lack access to piped water or a well Phnom Penh Metro — one of eight Rotary clubs in Cambodia and four in the capital — has worked to combat these challenges in partnership with Veterans International Cambodia and the Rotary Club of Salisbury supported Cambodians who have been injured by land mines — relics of the war period that still pose threats — or who have been affected by polio which was endemic in Cambodia until the late 1990s The club has hosted Foundation grants and organized other projects that have brought clean water to rural communities equipped schools and health facilities with modern equipment and helped restore eyesight for tens of thousands of Cambodians by providing eyeglasses and cataract operations in partnership with the Rotary Club of Kobe East it supported the training of Cambodian technicians to screen patients for cervical cancer “Now it will be up to the same standards as everywhere else in the world,” says Steve Swartz a retired surgeon and the club’s president-elect The Phnom Penh Metro club has worked to combat Cambodia’s challenges Although the Phnom Penh Metro club’s record of service has been consistent its membership has gone through many iterations Its origins are local: Founding President Ty Peseth is a prominent Cambodian businessman most of its members are expatriates; several are first-time Rotarians who felt a call to service after moving to Cambodia But the club’s roster also includes Suon Sotheara who was the charter president of a Rotaract club that the Rotarians sponsor a Phnom Penh-based physician who was inspired to join because I have the ability to help.” During his childhood in rural Cambodia Mohlin says a primary goal of his presidency has been to boost club membership with a particular focus on bringing in more Cambodian members he introduced a program where members pay fees on a sliding scale and shifted meetings from weekly lunches to biweekly evenings at the Grand Palais a boutique hotel that’s a short walk from Phnom Penh’s central market Mohlin and other club members have traveled to Siem Reap with members of the Rotary Club of Sentosa which funded a pilot project there to build wells and equip homes with modern roofs By purchasing materials from a Siem Reap-based manufacturer the proj-ect also gave a small boost to the local economy the group continues to discuss Cambodia’s many development challenges and ideas about how to overcome them • This story originally appeared in the May 2020 issue of The Rotarian magazine played with icy charisma by Charlotta Mohlin Immortality explores the misogynistic underbelly of 20th century cinema Immortality brings its themes to the fore in a truly captivating finale Read more: Immortality review | An unforgettable, thought-provoking edit-’em-up Get the latest issue here →Subscribe here → Get the latest issue here →Subscribe here → Apr 08, 2025 | magazine, film stories Feb 19, 2025 | magazine, film stories by Maria Lattila | May 05, 2025 | News, Reviews, TV by Simon Brew | May 03, 2025 | Reviews, TV by Ryan Lambie | May 02, 2025 | News, TV by Maria Lattila | Apr 30, 2025 | News, TV by Simon Brew | May 02, 2025 | Gaming, News by Dan Cooper | May 02, 2025 | Gaming, News by Maria Lattila | Apr 25, 2025 | Gaming, News by Ryan Lambie | Apr 17, 2025 | Gaming, News by Maria Lattila | Jul 30, 2024 | Feature, News The Russos are back to direct two more Avengers films by Simon Brew | Aug 14, 2024 | Feature The fear of asking a question in case you look stupid A few thoughts and words on that right here... by Ryan Lambie | Sep 13, 2024 | Gaming indie publisher Annapurna Interactive has been rocked by the sudden resignation of its entire.. by James Harvey | Nov 27, 2024 | Feature production designer and puppet team leader to find out just what makes Aardman's poultry-packed sequel tick... we and our partners use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information Consenting to these technologies will allow us and our partners to process personal data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site and show (non-) personalized ads may adversely affect certain features and functions Click below to consent to the above or make granular choices. Your choices will be applied to this site only. You can change your settings at any time or by clicking on the manage consent button at the bottom of the screen Please select what you would like included for printing: Copy the text below and then paste that into your favorite email application This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply Service map data © OpenStreetMap contributors Ulla Engbergulla.engberg@sverigesradio.se Daily news podcast Mon - Fri at 4.30pm, plus weekly summary on Fridays at 4.30pm on P2 (P6 89.6FM in Stockholm), repeated on Mondays at 4.30pm on P6. 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Experience of suicide: Teaching people to deal with suicidal individuals Occupation: National instructor at the Swedish Migration Agency’s Detention Training Unit first published in the magazine Medicinsk Vetenskap No 3/2020 “We do see some mental illness in the Swedish Migration Agency’s detention centres Those who have served a prison sentence and are awaiting deportation are used to being locked up and are generally better equipped to deal with their time in detention than those who have been found in the country without a residence permit or who have no identity documents We still perform suicide screening on all new arrivals I train case officers and supervisors at Migration Agency detention centres We try to ensure that we have two instructors when we teach courses in Emergency Care of a Suicidal Person (AOSP) given that many of the course participants have their own experiences of mental illness.  We discuss how to identify behavioural changes in suicidal individuals such as changes in appetite and circadian rhythm or that they stop using the internet or don’t want to go outside Someone who has been very depressed and appears to be recovering may have decided to take their own life and found inner peace We sometimes have language deficiencies and must therefore be good at reading body language and behaviour We also teach how to get people to talk about how they are feeling and provide various keys that can help people out of a given state of mind Participants practice various scenarios with their backs to one another one playing the suicidal [inmate] and the other the staff member they need to find a genuine interest in what the person might need or want to share; however the most important thing is to have the courage to deal with the issue to approach someone who looks like they are struggling and actually ask how they are feeling.” Education Doctoral education Research About KI Student Calendar Ladok Canvas Schedule Student e-mail Course and programme websites Student at KI Staff portal Contact and visit Karolinska Institutet University Library Support research and education Jobs at KI Contact the press Office Karolinska Institutet171 77 StockholmPhone: +46-(8)-524 800 00  Org.nr: 202100-2973VAT.nr: SE202100297301About this websiteAccessibility report © Karolinska Institutet - a medical university Volvo’s V8 Supercar may not race any more but the S60 fights on It’s much different to the car we saw in Australia – and can it win the title this year THE VOLVO S60 Supercar might be gone from Australian racetracks but in the memories of many – particularly someone like Scott McLaughlin – its legend lives on From the time the car first appeared and made an impression in Adelaide in 2014 (the ‘Jandal’ race) to its final bow at Homebush last December the Swedish missile made more than its presence felt It looked different to the other Supercars; it sure as heck sounded different; unlike any pushrod V8 motor and more like two 250cc four-cylinder motorbikes fighting for the lead in a race That made it a prime candidate to be a car at which AA looked for Under the Skin which made writing about it a fraction… challenging But the S60 only stopped racing in Australia In the World Touring Car Championship the car – or versions of it – now races against the might of because to anyone used to the rumble and the roar of a V8-powered Supercar a four-cylinder shopping trolley with wings looks a bit… well And in spite of its title status the WTCC has just not caught fire the way that the FIA hoped that it might have But a world title is clearly a lure for makes – well Volvo announced its WTCC project 30 years to the day after it won the 1985 European Touring Car Championship title with the Volvo 240 Turbo “We have chosen the FIA WTCC as our global motorsport platform as it combines the cutting edge technology of our Volvo cars with exciting racing all over the world,” said Niels Möller “The championship enables us to further develop our technology and utilise development from the racing circuits directly to our products for performance oriented Volvo customers.” Before the company went public work had already started on the Volvo S60 Polestar TC1 race car Polestar Cyan Racing’s Technical Director “Volvo started with this project at the beginning of 2014,” he explained “The target was to have a car ready [to race] by the end of 2015 but that target became 2016 The development was a bit up and down but it was soon understood how big the undertaking was It was not many months before the debut of the car was postponed.” It took only two rounds to get an S60 onto the podium but it was well into the second half of the season that Nicky Catsburg managed to score a maiden win By year’s end Catsburg was the best-placed Volvo driver Thed Bjork was 20th and Volvo finished fourth in the Manufacturers’ Championship – and was the only make to go the whole season without being required to carry ‘success ballast’ under the skin the story is interesting – and so is the series itself Volvo S60’s four-cylinder B4204T6 motor The WTCC is based on what was going to be an engine unit used across nearly all categories of motorsport The initial idea was that the ‘global’ engine would be a 1.6-litre four-cylinder with the basic unit being used in Formula 1 (with turbocharging and Energy Recovery/Hybrid systems); Sportscar racing (ditto but in a different specification to differentiate with F1’s IP); Touring Cars and Rallying (with turbocharged units); and even entry-level racing with performance limited by how much turbocharging The one-size fits all racing motor was a great idea save for one small but telling factor; pretty much no one outside of the FIA was vaguely interested in it which since the middle of the last century has built a business model on charging its customers outrageous amounts of money for road cars powered by V12s but which had absolutely no interest in making a four-cylinder car F1’s engineers would eventually settle for a V6 with similar displacement and technical capabilities to the proposed four to look elsewhere for their forms of motivation But the ‘global’ engine concept did find a home in the World Rally Championship – and the WTCC As there is in the British Touring Car Championship have the option of using a generic motor but Volvo chose not to “To use the Volvo engine as base and not go for the available generic WTCC race engine for our car was a no-brainer,” explained Mattias Evensson “Volvo engines are suitable for racing purposes in terms of power The Drive-E engine is a perfect example with its low friction technology and exotic materials.” So under the bonnet is a racing unit is based on Volvo’s four-cylinder B4204T6 motor And it was here that AA struck a little hurdle The S60 is effectively a works racing car and as such there is not a huge amount of information available to share with the media… “It is effectively the four-cylinder standard engine,” says Mohlin “It is from 1.6 up to 2 litres [in production form] and it has been adapted to run [in the race car] at 1.6-litre size I don’t know what the piston dimensions are exactly but they are not far away [from standard] “The injectors are direct injection and that is specific for each engine The turbocharger is the same one for everybody and everybody is allowed to run an ALS system.” The Anti Lag System consists of a valve that opens when the throttle is closing where is it mixed with the unburnt fuel being expelled That prompts the turbocharger to maintain its speed and therefore whether with ‘bespoke’ or generic engines share a common turbocharger supplied by Garrett Engine revs are capped to 8500rpm; minimum engine weight is 82kg pistons and some others – are subject to weight minimums the engine rules are a carryover from what was Super2000 Formerly the engines were controlled by a 33mm air restrictor; that was changed to 36mm That does not sound like much but the effect was such that power outputs that had been just over 300hp leapt immediately to 380hp and And there is one other important change; barring unexpected occurrences like crash damage nowadays each driver has to do a whole season on a single motor “You can count on that [distance] being more than the Practice While we are accustomed to seeing Touring Cars – in our case Supercars – built around a purpose-built racing chassis that is not the scenario in the WTCC the bodyshell is mainly that of a normal road car,” says Mohlin “You have areas that you are allowed to change and that is mainly because of historic reasons In the past there was a lot of dependence on the basic layout of the car.” The S60 is the biggest car on the WTCC grid So the car is built around the base S60’s steel bodyshell but with various panels reproduced in carbon fibre – including the roof But at either end there are major differences “The wheelbase can be slightly modified but the rest of the car’s dimensions are standard,” says Mohlin “There is no limit per se for the overall size though the maximum width allowed is 2m – and that is no problem for any of the cars “The S60 is a large car but is was thoroughly assessed in the beginning It was quickly decided that we wanted to race the sedan [version] and the same is there with the Citroen C4.” The racing version of the S60 is the same length as the road car – but that does not dictate that the body shape is absolutely identical “In the regulations you have the possibility to move the axis of the wheels so that you can elongate the wheelbase a little bit,” Mohlin explains “You can extend the body front and rear – larger bumpers – and you can move the wheel axes out from the middle.” To limit the amount of money that teams can go through refining suspension design all cars must run a simple and similar system “With the new regulations it was decided that all the cars should have MacPherson struts regardless of what the car’s original configuration was You are allowed to have the ‘standard’ shell but you can modify the front mounts at the top and the bottom It is not the same for gearboxes – and the gearbox is not a control item though the teams have met common ground with Xtrac’s P1046 unit “You can run whatever gearbox you want,” says Mohlin “In reality everyone is running the same Xtrac gearbox as used in the BTCC The only limit on the gearbox is that you are allowed to have two different gearsets to change during the season You can only use a mechanical differential and no ramps The tyre size is 250/660/18; Supercars tyres are wider and higher “The cars are a bit different to some; they are quite heavy and they have quite a bit of power so  the tyres need to be quite robust and I am not certain where that is by choice or circumstances They fall off quite a lot; they are really quick in Qualifying but they drop off quite a lot.” Supercars have a control wheel supplied by Rimstock; in the WTCC the sizes are identical but you can source them from anywhere Mohlin explains; “There is a minimum weight for the wheels and they have ideas that the wheels will be a way of controlling cost – for some reason You are allowed to use as many [studs] as you want but I think that you can use as many as you want The minimum weight for the wheels is 10 kilos and you are not allowed to have any variation The brand and design are free – but the reality is that everyone has the same wheels… but what drives the cost is you need to have a lot of them in circulation We would have five sets per car per weekend you can have eight or nine sets for weekend.” On top of the wheels is the suspension and here Teams and manufacturers work together to finalise the specifications for a three-year period – and that three-year window is the same for everyone That has an impact on suspension design – though it does not have to be the same for everyone “Every third year you homologate the car,” says Mohlin the subframe and the suspension pickup points As long as you are able to use the same uprights you can alter the design of the damper but I think that all of the competitors use the same design for the three years “MacPherson struts are tricky and we are quite keen to have an integrated design That limits what you can do to the damper anyway because you always have the same upright.” That means Ohlins are in use across most of the teams – and very understandably so in the case of Volvo since they are both based in Sweden… I have to ask… Volvo is clearly keen on the WTCC as a showcase for its cars – and it continues to compete as a man who is clearly enthusiastic about all things racing “I think the Supercar looks nicer because there is something in the regulations that makes the WTCC look not as good The shape of the fenders are dictated by the rules and when you homologate the car you are fixing in the things like the floor “The cars do not look as good as they might look and that is the difference between the Supercar and the WTCC car.” but the competition it provided went down a treat with many of the fans As this edition went to press Catsburg and his Cyan Polestar Volvo were leading the WTCC How would people cope with the notion of  Volvo Type: Four-door sedan front-wheel drive [rear-wheel drive] modified by Cyan Polestar Racing [Control spaceframe chassis by Pace Innovations Weight: 1100kg including driver (+ success ballast) [1410kg including driver] Engine: 4-cylinder Volvo B4204T6 turbocharged [60-degree V8 Volvo B4204T6 normally aspirated] Max Power: 390hp @ 7000rpm [645hp @ 7200rpm] Limited Slip Diff [Albins ST6 6-speed transaxle 380mm rotor [Control AP Racing 6-Piston Caliper Rear: AP Racing 2-Piston Caliper 280mm rotor [Control AP Racing 4-Piston Caliper 355mm rotor] design homologated for three seasons [F and R: Double-wishbone suspension geometry designed by teams/suppliers] five-stud [Control Rimstock 18” x 11” forged aluminium Yokohama Slicks/Wets 250/660/18 [Dunlop Slicks/Wets 290/675/18] Get the latest updates delivered directly to your inbox You have successfully joined our subscriber list Caroline Garde[email protected] Where can I find Auto Action Premium? Click here In Sweden there are four adoption agencies they are approved by the state and are responsible for all foreign adoptions to the country Through the years they have placed thousands of children to heterosexual couples in Sweden However when it comes to gay couples it’s a rather different story QX has been in contact with all of Sweden’s adoption agencies and none of them have ever passed a child to a gay couple – We do not find countries or organizations to suit certain groups in society We focus our partnerships in places where there is a need for international adoption Here in Sweden we might think that some countries have too many and strict requirements but that’s just something that we’ll have to accept With strict requirements Adoption Center is referring to the fact that several countries do not approve of gay adoptions However it is Adoption Center that determines which countries they will cooperate with and today they do not cooperate with any contacts that accept gay adoptions The result is that gay couples are unable to adopt children despite the Swedish legislation When QX ask Adoption Center what they think about the fact that no international gay adoptions have ever been made According to Helene Mohlin their foreign contacts can take offense if they take a stand on this particular issue do not think that this will come true through international adoptions instead many gay couples are trying surrogacy An orphaned child shall first be given a new mom and dad Otherwise Sweden’s credibility as an adoption country could be questioned However according to Adoption Center this is not their view anymore Since the law on gay adoptions was passed in 2002 Adoption Center has changed their values – We changed our values on this subject a long time ago Today we welcome same-sex couples just like everyone else to apply for adoption regnbågs-communityts egen röst med månadstidningen QX och nyhetstidningen qx.se som bevakar det samhälle vi lever i och den kultur och de människor vi bryr oss om Qruiser.com är den digitala mötesplatsen och i QX Shop finns en mängd identitetsstärkande varor Vi arrangerar i samarbete med andra aktörer regelbundet event där QX Gaygala utgör kronan på verket In the new logistics facility to be built in Möhlin 46,000 pallet spaces on a usable area of approx 16,300 square meters with a combination of automatic and manually operated storage systems Three different temperature ranges are available for the sensitive pharmaceutical products: for -20 degrees Hazardous goods and narcotics can also be stored in separate areas Kuehne + Nagel wants to underpin its position as one of the leading providers of logistics services for customers from the Swiss and international pharmaceutical and healthcare industry which enables global multimodal temperature-controlled door-to-door transportation delivery traceability and intensive risk management The location will also be designed to provide value-added services With around 70,000 employees at more than 1,300 locations in over 100 countries Kuehne + Nagel claims to be one of the world's leading logistics service providers contract logistics and overland transportation Luke Eisner won people's hearts after his excellent portrayal of Stig Mohlin in Tall Girl He is a charming young man who also sings and is a model Fans hope to see him in more television shows and movies PAY ATTENTION: Click “See First” under the “Following” tab to see Legit.ng News on your Facebook News Feed! The actor attends the premiere of Netflix's 'Tall Girl' at Netflix Home Theater in Los Angeles, California. Photo: @JC OliveraSource: Getty ImagesLuke Eisner shot into fame after featuring in Tall Girl a 2019 American teen romantic comedy film directed by Nzingha Stewart Luke Eisner is a multi-talented young man. He is a model, band musician, and model with a bright future ahead PAY ATTENTION: Share your outstanding story with our editors Please reach us through info@corp.legit.ng Luke Eisner's age is 26 years as of 2022 The actor attends the premiere of Netflix's "Klaus" at Regency Village Theatre in Westwood, California. Photo: @Jon KopaloffSource: Getty ImagesWhere is Luke Eisner from?The actor is from Greendale The actor was raised in a middle-class family in Wisconsin, United States of America. As a child, he wanted to become an author because books fascinated him His father, Bill, was a branding strategist, advertising and marketing executive, and consultant. Bill lost his six-year battle with cancer in 2019 his paternal grandmother's name is Elaine The actor went to Greendale High School. He graduated from the institution in 2014. He then moved to Los Angeles to study at the University of Southern California's Thornton School of Music The young man started his career in early teenagehood his cousins ran a big wedding DJ company named Sound by Design in Wisconsin He then registered his own company named Luke Eisner DJ and Lighting LLC This bold move saw him being named the Wisconsin Young Entrepreneur of the Year by Ernst & Young in 2013 he represented Teens Against Tobacco Use (TATU) He also provided free musical performances for homebound soldiers His modelling career started after a modelling scout spotted him in his home area He is represented by renowned agencies, including IMG Models, Vision Models, Elite Model Management, and Modelwerk Agency. He has worked with reputable brands whom he first met at the University of Southern California Voilá has opened concerts for artists and bands In 2019, Luke started his acting career. He has seven acting credits, as listed below. His role in Tall Girl catapulted him into the limelight. He coached for months with renowned accent coach Erik Singer on the Swedish accent to prepare for this role He performed I've Never Been in Love Before and Figure You Out in Tall Girl and Tall Girl 2 The model's girlfriend is Kirby Johnson. Luke Eisner and Kirby Johnson have been together since 2018. They often post pictures together on various social media platforms. They also have a joint YouTube channel, Kirby & Luke Diaries Luke Eisner's height is 6’ 3” or 191 centimetres He has a slim frame and weighs about 172 pounds or 78 kilograms He wears shoe size 12 (UK)/ 13 (US)/ 46 (EU) and has blond hair and blue eyes Luke Eisner is a man of many talents. He can act, sing, and model. The young man has achieved a lot in the last few years and has a promising future in the entertainment industry READ ALSO: Tarayummy’s biography: age, height, real name, ethnicity, boyfriend Legit.ng recently published Tarayummy’s biography and social media personality from the United States of America Tarayummy came into the limelight after she started posting her modelling pictures on Instagram and uploading videos on YouTube