2025 | As chief medical officer of the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
hears countless stories of desperation and pain every day from those who have lost loved ones as a result of a self-inflicted death
With her authoritative approach and calm demeanor
Moutier surprised many of those attending a recent public forum by admitting to once having suicidal thoughts of her own
“I had my own mental health crisis when I was in medical school; I was living with a life-threatening mental illness and not talking to anyone about it,” said Moutier at the Arkansas Suicide Prevention Update
organized by the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) Psychiatric Research Institute and held April 10 at the Ron Robinson Theater in Little Rock
Moutier shared her story with the audience during an engaging discussion led by Laura Dunn
chair of the Department of Psychiatry and director of the Psychiatric Research Institute
a colleague convinced Moutier to seek help from a counselor who helped her overcome her struggles
Since earning her medical degree and training in psychiatry at the University of California at San Diego
Moutier has been a practicing psychiatrist
a professor of psychiatry at the university
and medical director of the Inpatient Psychiatric Unit at the VA Medical Center in La Jolla
She’s also authored a clinical suicide prevention handbook
and numerous articles and book chapters for medical and general audiences
One of the best ways to address suicide is simply talking about it
whose organization sponsors the Out of the Darkness Walks
a series of fundraisers offering supporters the opportunity to raise awareness about suicide by sharing their stories
That’s just one way we can destigmatize suicide,” she said
Another way is to form partnerships with organizations that are heavily impacted by suicide
who related a project initiated last year between the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and the international construction and engineering firm Bechtel
Construction workers have one of the nation’s highest rates of suicide
which led to a $7 million commitment from Bechtel to fund a coalition aimed at reaching the 500,000 workers in the industry
Moutier also challenged the audience to rethink the language used to discuss suicide
“The phrase ‘commit suicide’ implies committing a crime or committing some kind of morally reprehensible act,” she explained
“We don’t say ‘commits cancer,’ and suicide is every bit the health issue that cancer and heart disease and other complex health outcomes are.”
talks about Arkansas’ maternal mortality rate
which is one of the highest in the United States.Tim Taylor
Three members of the Department of Psychiatry faculty presented about suicidal behavior patterns found among specific demographics
pointing out that suicide is the second leading cause of death for Americans between the ages of 10 and 24
they want their pain to end,” said Wilburn
feelings of hopelessness or aggression and social withdrawal are warning signs that a young person may be considering taking their life
Talking to them about these indicators is the first step in preventing self-harm
“There is a fear that if we talk about (suicide)
but research shows the opposite,” she said
director of the Behavioral Health Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI) at the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System
said easy access to firearms and excess medications contribute to the alarming rate of suicide among veterans
With an average of 17.6 veterans ending their lives every day in the U.S.
the need for early intervention becomes increasingly important
She said one way to identify possible suicide threats is Recovery Engagement and Coordination for Health — Veterans Enhanced Treatment (REACH VET)
a program established in 2017 that analyzes existing data from veterans’ health records to identify those at a statistically elevated risk for suicide
Another is a program that Landes helped implement in a variety of VA settings
caring messages to veterans at risk of suicide
the Veterans Crisis Line sent cards out to over 100,000 veterans,” she said
the medical director of the Psychiatric Research Institute’s inpatient units
substance use disorders and domestic violence for Arkansas’ disturbing maternal mortality rate
which is one of the highest in the United States
“Women experiencing intimate partner violence are three times more likely to attempt suicide,” said Coker
adding that routine mental health screenings and crisis support for new mothers could significantly contribute to improving maternal survival rates across the state
“Maternal suicide is a preventable problem.”
which was funded by a UAMS Chancellor’s Circle award
included a panel discussion that featured Jacqueline Sharp
Arkansas area director for the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention; Aresh Assadi
director of counseling services at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Joshua Gonzales of the Arkansas Crisis Center; Priscilla Buffington
the suicide prevention program coordinator for the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System; and Rebecca Pittillo
president of Arkansas Blue Cross/Blue Shield’s Blue & You Foundation for a Healthier Arkansas
© 2025 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences | Little Rock
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2025 | LITTLE ROCK — The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) is taking action against one of the state’s most urgent public health challenges by hosting a forum dedicated to suicide prevention and awareness
The initiative aims to equip attendees with potentially life-saving knowledge and strategies
the chief medical officer of the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
will be on hand for the Arkansas Suicide Prevention Update on April 10 from 8:30 to 11:30 a.m
at the Central Arkansas Library System’s Ron Robinson Theater
Recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention highlight the critical nature of this effort
Suicide ranks among the top nine leading causes of death for Americans ages 10 to 64
with an especially devastating impact on young people —serving as the second leading cause of death for those aged 10 to 14 and 25 to 34
Arkansas lost an estimated 547 residents to suicide
presented at the White House and National Academy of Sciences and provided Congressional briefings on suicide prevention
the business community and members of the public
will offer knowledge and resources designed to support individuals at risk for suicide
The event is sponsored by a Chancellor’s Circle Award from UAMS
with support from the Chancellor’s Circle Award
to host this important event focused on suicide prevention,” said Laura Dunn
the director of the UAMS Psychiatric Research Institute and chair of the Department of Psychiatry
“Our speakers and panelists will provide their expertise and highlight the latest updates on suicide prevention with a particular focus on how we can best help Arkansans.”
Several UAMS faculty from the Department of Psychiatry will take part in the forum
will discuss suicide and maternal mental health while Elissa Wilburn
will give talks on efforts to prevent suicide among adolescents and veterans
A panel discussion will also be held, with local providers discussing their work in the field of suicide prevention. There is no cost to attend the event, but pre-registration is necessary. To register for the event, visit https://psychiatry.uams.edu/patients-and-visitors/arkansas-suicide-prevention-update/
each with different personalities and located at diverse heights
They are all connected thanks to regular free shuttle services in the winter and the summer
Courchevel is also part of the Three Valleys ski area
linked to Val Thorens and Méribel via Moutiers
In the winter Courchevel has a free bus service which connects Courchevel 1300 to 1550
running every 30 minutes from 07:00 until 02:00 the next morning
Saint-Bon and Bozel into all four of the Courchevel areas
the service runs every hour from 08:30 to 23:30
increasing its frequency to every 30 minutes from mid-July to mid-August
NB: These timetables may vary throughout the year and during holidays
contact the transport companies in advance to avoid disappointment
The closest bus station to Courchevel is in Moutiers
This is also where you will alight if you are coming by train
Buses from the nearest airports usually stop at Moutiers
from where you can catch a connecting bus to the various levels of Courchevel
For more information on the best transport options from the airport see our getting here guide
If you wish to explore a little further afield during your stay
then there are bus services connecting the different levels of Courchevel to Moutiers
you can take onward services to the neighbouring ski resorts of Méribel and Val Thorens
The bus service operating between Courchevel and Moutiers stops at Courchevel 1850
Click on the route map for more details of the local bus network and connection points
SeeCourchevel.com is a SeeTheWorld destination
The month of September is recognized as “Suicide Prevention Month” – a time to place the spotlight on the multiple resources available to those who may need crisis support or want to help someone they know
Given the poker community has recently lost several players who died by suicide, the topic is being discussed more within the industry including by poker media veteran Lee Jones in his piece "Suicide is 'Disappearing' People from the Poker Community."
PokerNews felt compelled to consult an expert for information and details regarding suicide risks
we reached out to the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP) and spoke with Dr
the Chief Medical Officer of the ASFP nationally
If you or someone you know is experiencing suicidal thoughts or a crisis
please reach out immediately to the Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-8255
PokerNews: A large demographic of the poker world is young men 21-45 years old
Is it fair to say that such a demographic is
Christine Yu Moutier: While we can’t pinpoint one single factor that makes certain demographics more vulnerable to suicide
particularly those between the ages of 21-45
are at a higher risk than the overall general population (although middle to older age men have even higher risk than young men)
Research shows that men are approximately four times more likely to die by suicide than women
Part of this could be due to the fact that depression and other mental health issues are often underrecognized in men
who may feel pressure to suppress their emotions due to societal expectations
This reluctance to seek help can increase the risk of reaching a crisis point
suicide rates declined among younger males but rose for those over 35
This highlights the importance of awareness and support for mental health in this demographic
particularly in high-stress environments like the poker world
One of the known risk factors for suicide – among many – are mental health conditions such as addiction
While the large majority of players probably don’t have addictive gaming patterns impacting their mental health or life roles
which if unaddressed can be another contributing factor to suicide risk
Playing poker may also be a source of social connection for some players
Interpersonal connectedness is a protective factor against suicide risk
What sort of factors can lead to suicidal thoughts
players often deal with a series of ups-and-downs
all of that can lead to problems away from the game with family and friendships
It would seem like such high-pressure situations and lack of security would lend itself as suicide factors
It's often a combination of risk factors that lead to a sense of hopelessness and despair
especially when players face significant financial swings
and the impact this can have on relationships and family life
Depression is the most common mental health condition linked to suicide
yet it often goes undiagnosed or untreated
"In high-stress situations like those found in poker
it’s especially important to be mindful of mental health and recognize when support may be needed."
Risk factors include both mental health conditions and external stressors
such as prolonged financial strain or major life changes
a personal or family history of suicide or trauma can increase the risk of suicide
In high-stress situations like those found in poker
it’s especially important to be mindful of mental health and recognize when support may be needed
family history of mental illness or suicide
etc) would not be considered as a suicide risk factor
Here are mental health and suicide prevention resources that can help readers at risk
are there any warning signs that they can look out for regarding someone they feel might be struggling
I recommend checking in on friends and family in a way that invites more authentic
there’s an opportunity to check in on each other as well
Warning signs of suicide risk can present as distress that “leaks out” in the form of changes in behavior
or difficulty with daily activities that could indicate the presence of a worsening mental health condition
may display warning signs differently – often through increased irritability
They may show increases in use of drugs and/or alcohol
do not be afraid to ask someone if they have been having thoughts of suicide
especially if they are experiencing significant life stressors
If you’re concerned about someone or become aware that you or someone you know is having thoughts of suicide
it’s important to reach out to a mental health professional
Here is a list of warning signs
What’s the best way for someone who may be experiencing suicidal thoughts to find help/assistance
3.) Have a conversation face to face or ear to ear – Explain what it is you’ve been experiencing – changes in your thoughts
You might tell them you’ve been feeling depressed
your usual coping strategies are barely working any more
that you haven’t been feeling like yourself
and/or that you’re “having thoughts that are troubling to you.” Be sure to identify any changes in your mental health that you’re aware of
so your loved one can understand the full picture
z...” try to identify how the stress at work has been impacting your mood
It’s also helpful if you can look back and try to figure out how long the changes you’ve been experiencing have been going on
Did they happen gradually (over weeks to months)
Also think about what tends to either help or worsen your mental health symptoms
All of this information will help your loved one understand and support you
and together you might even be able to brainstorm some positive next steps to take
Podcast host & 2013 WSOP Bracelet Winner
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Looking for a farm outing? In the Val-d'Oise département
the Ecancourt educational farm is the place to be
the farm invites you to discover its various residents during a farm visit
Families come here to take part in farm workshops (goat milking
discover the educational garden or take a hike in the nearby Hautil forest
Created by an environmental education association
the educational farm came into being in 1979
thanks to the efforts of a number of enthusiasts
Discover the world of the farm from an early age
Refer your establishment, click herePromote your event, click here
Méribel is the largest of the Three Valleys resorts
made up of several hamlets all of which are connected via regular bus services
There are also frequent public buses to Val Thorens and Courchevel via Moutiers
Méribus is the free bus service which runs seven days a week
The real time schedule for all lines is on the 3 Vallées app
The villages of Brides les Bains
Les Allues and Le Raffort are all linked to Méribel by the Olympe gondola lift which runs non-stop during the day
Mottaret also has a gondola lift linking the top and bottom of the resort which runs until 19:30
The closest bus station to Méribel is in Moutiers
from where you can catch a connecting bus to Méribel
For more information on the best transport options from the airport see our getting here guide
then there are bus services connecting Méribel to Moutiers
the nearest town, from where you can take onward services to the neighbouring ski resorts of Courchevel and Val Thorens.
Children under four years old can travel for free on these services and four to twelve year olds travel at half price. Click on the route map for more details of the local bus network and connection points
SeeMeribel.com is a SeeTheWorld destination
The Local Europe ABVästmannagatan 43113 25 StockholmSweden
On March 10th, the National Council followed the lead of the Council of States and green-lighted the administrative transfer of Moutier from Bern to Jura
This vote finally puts an end to decades of conflict between the Moutier separatists and their ‘bosses’ in Bern
Why have Moutier residents been fighting to switch cantons
While most small communities in Switzerland can be aptly described as ‘sleepy’
that is not the case for Moutier (population of just over 7,000 people)
where a rebellion of sorts has been brewing since the 1970s
The dissatisfaction of the local population with being part of the small French-speaking area of the predominantly German- speaking Bern (the so-called Bernese Jura)
to the creation of Switzerland's newest (26th) canton — Jura — which became the sixth fully francophone region
only three of the seven French-speaking districts in Bern decided to join the new canton
The other four (including Moutier) remained in Bern
activists continued to pursue the separatist cause and the arrival of a pro-Jura administration in Moutier resulted in a consultative referendum in 2013 where a majority of voters expressed their support for leaving Bern
This then led to the 2017 vote which appeared to settle the issue once and for all until the decision by authorities in Bern to reject the result
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The Moutier-Grandval Bible will be on display at the Musée jurassien d'art et d'histoire (MJAH) in Delsberg from Saturday
The rare manuscript was created around the year 830 in the Abbey of Saint-Martin de Tours in France
before being donated to the Abbey of Moutier-Grandval
Around twenty monks were involved in the creation of this richly decorated and illustrated work
a special feature is the Carolingian minuscule script
This script was created under Emperor Charlemagne and was spread throughout the empire at his request
The Bible is not only a great work in terms of its significance
the Bible is kept in the renowned British Library in London
It is one of the oldest completely preserved illustrated Bibles in the world
It was exhibited in Delsberg for a few months back in 1981
It is presented in a special room at the MJAH
There is also a special exhibition that tells the story of the Bible's adventurous journey
Other historical manuscripts are also on display
The medieval masterpiece is "one of the British Library's most important works"
medieval and early modern manuscripts at the British Library
pointed out that the Bible could not remain in the Jura after the end of the exhibition: "It was not acquired unlawfully," she said
Reservations are compulsory to view the Bible
doctors are less likely than other members of the public to seek mental health treatment
“Tolerating the culture of silence was no longer an option
We realized it was up to us to fight the rising tide of suicide among our own.”
I became interested in the subject of physician suicide as a psychiatry resident at the University of California
when a fourth-year medical student I knew took his life
How could his internal suffering or turmoil have gone unnoticed
eventually becoming a professor of psychiatry and assistant dean for student affairs and medical education
I increasingly noticed that mental health and the concept of self-care as a vital component of being a good physician weren’t truly integrated
Speaking up about psychosocial realities in our patients
wasn’t always a welcome part of the lexicon
Physicians have traditionally lived within a culture of silence when it comes to mental health
Loathe to draw attention to self-perceived weakness
We rationalize significant distress as part of our identity as physicians
While a certain amount of bucking up and forging through is adaptive
ignoring serious deterioration of mental health
There are multiple barriers that keep physicians and trainees from accessing mental health care—confidentiality concerns
or uncertainty about whether treatment would improve things
Some physicians have often unfounded or outdated worries about the potential for negative ramifications on one’s reputation
we often have a blind spot that keeps us from clearly recognizing the seriousness of mental health changes in ourselves
With support from both medical school and hospital leadership, we formed a multidepartmental team at UCSD to tackle suicide prevention. We modeled our efforts, in part, on the evidence-based strategy of a U.S. Air Force program that achieved an astonishing 33 percent reduction in suicides between 1996 and 2002
Air Force leadership addressed the importance of recognizing changes in mental health
and policy changes protected the privacy and professional reputations of those referred for help
The Air Force program taught members how to intervene at the first signs of distress
possibly long before an imminent risk of suicide
and to recognize more acute warning signs of suicide risk
Our efforts at UCSD had great success and are still going strong. More than seven years later, 180 physicians and trainees at UCSD have accepted referrals for mental health care, with the majority saying they would not have done so on their own.
The Action Collaborative for Black Men in Medicine focuses on increasing the representation and success of Black men interested in medicine.
A New Yorker cartoonist, a surgeon who sketches whimsical bodies, a singing ENT, and more. Doctors describe how creating art makes them better providers.
Students share how residency programs’ culture and collegiality influence ranking preferences for The Match®.
Research shows that love is an important part of emotional — and even physical — well-being.
This online repository features a curated collection of open-source, high-quality, ready-made teaching materials covering a variety of well-being topics.
Medical schools offer mentors, advisors, and more. So why add coaching? Advocates say it helps trainees gain insight into the world of medicine—and themselves.
Volume 8 - 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00081
Human risky decision-making is known to be highly susceptible to profit-motivated responses elicited by the way in which options are framed
studies investigating the framing effect have shown that the choice between sure and risky options depends on how these options are presented
the probability of gain of the risky option has been highlighted as one of the main factors causing variations in susceptibility to the framing effect
while it has been shown that high probabilities of gain of the risky option systematically lead to framing bias
questions remain about the influence of low probabilities of gain
the first aim of this paper was to clarify the respective roles of high and low probabilities of gain in the framing effect
Due to the difference between studies using a within- or between-subjects design
we conducted a first study investigating the respective roles of these designs
we showed that trials with a high probability of gain led to the framing effect whereas those with a low probability did not
as emotions are known to play a key role in the framing effect
we sought to determine whether they are responsible for such a debiasing effect of the low probability of gain
Our second study thus investigated the relationship between emotion and the framing effect depending on high and low probabilities
Our results revealed that positive emotion was related to risk-seeking in the loss frame
but only for trials with a high probability of gain
these results support the interpretation that low probabilities of gain suppress the framing effect because they prevent the positive emotion of gain anticipation
Type 2 thinking is credited with the continuous monitoring of our own behavior – the control that keeps us polite when we are angry or alerts when we are driving at night
continuous vigilance is certainly impractical
errors of intuitive thought are often difficult to prevent and cannot be always filtered by Type 2
no research has considered these two factors
as emotions play a key role in the emergence of the framing effect
do they underpin its suppression when low probabilities of gain are at play
It revealed that participants demonstrated a stronger framing effect for high probabilities of gain than for low ones
participants did not demonstrate reverse framing
These results therefore reinforced the Venture Theory but contradicted the Cumulative Prospect Theory
a sure gain is emotionally attractive whereas a sure loss is emotionally aversive
the induction of this first positive emotional context probably decreases the effect of the second positive emotion
the probability of gain of the risky option may have an influence on the positive emotional mechanism of gain anticipation and thus on the likelihood of engaging in risky choices in the loss frame
low probabilities of gain should prevent participants from anticipating a gain
leading to a suppression of the framing effect
The aim of this paper was to clarify the influence of the probability of gain on the framing effect and
to provide an explanation for such an influence
Our first study examined this influence by comparing between- and within-subjects designs
our second study aimed to examine the role of the probability of gain in the relationship between emotions and risk-seeking in the framing effect
Ninety-six undergraduate students (48 women
SD = 2.66) from the University of Paris VIII Saint-Denis were randomly assigned to four experimental groups
Our studies were approved by the University ethical review board and all participants gave their written consent prior to the investigation
in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki
our objective was that each of the four trials was presented as the first trial for one group
comparing the first trial carried out by participants of the four groups allowed us to investigate the influence of the probability of gain on the framing effect in a between-subjects design
participants always started with two trials in the same frame and then carried on with two trials in the other frame
Probability of gain alternated between each trial
Presentation order of the four trials according to the group
For each trial, participants received an initial amount of 50€, presented for 2500 ms. They were then given a choice between two options (see Figure 1)
allowed them to keep part of the initial amount while a risky option
they had a probability of keeping or losing the entire initial amount
The expected values across options and frames were systematically identical
The formulation of the sure option varied according to the frame
participants were told that they would keep part of the initial 50€ (e.g.
they were told that they would lose part of the initial 50€ (e.g.
the risky option was identical in the gain and loss frames
Regardless of which option the participants chose
Participants were told that they would first receive an initial amount
they were instructed that they would not be able to retain the entire initial amount and would have to chose between a sure and a risky option
Example of a loss trial with a high probability of gain (A) and a gain trial with a low probability of gain (B)
instructions were given through a practice trial in which the amount and the frame of the sure option was not specified and the wheel of fortune depicting the probability of gain was empty (see supplementary material)
This instruction design was used to ensure that the frame
the sure amount or the probability of gain of the practice trial would not influence participants
Choice of the risky option was coded 1 and choice of the sure option was coded 0. For the purpose of clarity, results are presented as percentages of risky choices. Data were processed using SPSS v20 (SPSS Inc., Armonk, NY, USA). We carried out an analysis of variance (ANOVA; Lunney, 1970; D’Agostino, 1971)
followed by comparisons of means (Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference)
Effect sizes were measured using partial eta-squared
Results of this first study are presented in two steps: first
according to the between-subjects design (i.e.
within the first trial of each group) and second
according to the within-subjects design (i.e.
across all trials carried out by the participants)
to study the effect of the probability of gain on the framing effect while avoiding any comparison effect between trials
we conducted a two-way ANOVA on the first trial with Frame (Gain vs
A significant main effect of Frame revealed that participants were overall susceptible to the framing effect [F(1,92) = 5.60; p < 0.05; ηp2 = 0.06]
in that they made more risky choices in the loss frame (M ±SD; MLoss = 60% ± 49) than in the gain frame (MGain = 38% ± 49)
A significant interaction was found between Frame and Probability of gain [F(1,92) = 7.82; p < 0.01; ηp2 = 0.08]
indicating that participants demonstrated a framing effect in the high probability condition (p < 0.01; MLoss = 79% ± 41; MGain = 29% ± 46; ηp2 = 0.25) but not in the low probability condition (p > 0.95; MLoss = 42% ± 50; MGain = 46% ± 51)
A positive index value indicates an increase in gambling in the loss compared to the gain frame
Index of the framing effect according to the probability of gain and the within/between-subjects design
∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ns
Error bars: ± Standard Error of the Mean
decision makers could be influenced by emotions that they anticipate feeling when the outcome occurs
These are directly linked to the expected consequences of decisions
The second type of emotions influencing decisions are incidental emotions
and would be aroused by background factors unrelated to the decision
decision makers would feel immediate emotions
which mainly result from the combined effect of expected and incidental emotions
in order to study the impact of the emotional context on the framing bias
we chose to focus on the relationship between immediate emotions and the choices of decision makers
Using the same task as in our first study, we sought to demonstrate that trials with a low probability would cancel the framing effect, because low probabilities prevent participants from anticipating a gain. On the contrary, trials with a high probability of gain should lead to the usual framing effect because they enable the positive emotional mechanism of gain anticipation. In line with Cheung and Mikels (2011)
we expected that such a positive emotion would be linked to the choice of the risky option in the loss frame
we expected that the evaluation of the participants’ emotion using a Likert-type scale would show a specific link between positive emotion and the choice of the risky option in trials with a high probability of gain
Forty-eight undergraduate students (24 women
mean age = 20.82; SD = 2.74) from the University of Paris VIII Saint-Denis were randomly assigned to the Emotion or to the Control group
Participants responded on a 7-point Likert-type scale ranging from -3 (very negative) to +3 (very positive)
participants were not asked to assess their emotions
we carried out a pre-test check to investigate the specific influence of a 4-s limited response time on our framing paradigm
SD = 2.43) were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions (Time: constrained vs
Participants in the unconstrained condition thus completed the same task as described above
but those in the constrained condition had to choose between the sure and risky options within 4 s
A three-way ANOVA was conducted on the percentage of risky choices to assess the effect of Time (Constrained vs
Unconstrained) as between-subjects factor and Frame (Gain vs
This analysis revealed that neither the main effect of Time [F(1,38) = 0.81
nor the Time × Frame [F(1,38) = 0.01
nor the Time × Frame × Probability of gain [F(1,38) = 0.74
we found a significant main effect of Frame [F(1,38) = 19.78
ηp2 = 0.34] and a significant Frame × Probability of gain interaction [F(1,38) = 16.25
participants were affected by framing manipulation in the high probability condition (p < 0.001
but not in the low probability condition (p > 0.90
Finally, the time constraint imposed by De Martino et al. (2006) does not seem to affect the framing effect
we will first describe results about the framing effect
then about the relation between emotions and choices
in order to evaluate whether reporting emotions influenced the framing effect
a four-way ANOVA was conducted on the percentage of risky choices to assess the effects of Group (Emotion vs
Control) as between-subjects factor and Frame (Gain vs
This Group × Frame × Probability of gain × Initial amount interaction was not significant [F(4,43) = 0.86; p > 0.45]
Neither Group × Frame [F(1,46) = 0.73; p > 0.40]
nor Group × Frame × Probability of gain [F(1,46) = 0.03; p > 0.85] interactions were significant
there was a significant main effect of Frame [F(1,46) = 13.40
indicating that participants made more risky choices in the loss frame (MLoss = 56% ± 27) than in the gain frame (MGain = 46% ± 27)
the interaction of Frame × Probability of gain was significant [F(1,46) = 12.55
indicating that participants demonstrated a framing effect in the high probability (p < 0.01
ηp2 = 0.27) but not in the low probability condition (p > 0.95
Neither the main effect of the Initial amount [F(4,43) = 1.38; p > 0.25] nor the Initial amount × Frame interaction [F(4,43) = 0.37; p > 0.80] were significant
emotion was the predictor variable and choice the dependent variable
Treating emotion as a categorical (negative; neutral; positive) or continuous variable did not influence the pattern of findings
analyses presented here were performed with emotion as a categorical variable
The results showed that emotion was not related to choice in the gain frame [χ2 (1
emotion was related to choice in the loss frame [χ2 (1
in that positive emotion was related to the risky choice (β = 0.71
Lastly, in order to study the modulation of the link between emotion and choice according to low and high probabilities, the same GEE as described above was carried out in the gain and loss frames but low and high probability conditions were separated (see Figure 3)
emotion was related to the choice in the loss frame [χ2 (1
in that positive emotion was related to the risky choice (β = 2.01
whereas emotions were not related to choice in the gain frame [χ2 (1
emotion was not related to choice in the loss frame [χ2 (1
Percentage of trial participants who chose the gamble option in the gain and loss frames with a high and low probability of gain for negative
which showed that low probabilities led to the framing effect while high probabilities canceled it
these authors did not report the type of task they used and we could hypothesize that their surprising results arise from the use of an atypical formulation of the risky option
our results suggest that further investigations on emotion induction should separate high and low probability conditions
each involving different emotional mechanisms
to improve our understanding of the specific influence of positive emotion on the framing effect
A better understanding of the role of emotions in the framing effect could foster a more effective formulation of public health messages
Our studies have confirmed that the framing effect
can completely disappear with the simple use of a low probability of gain
It would appear that the positive emotional mechanism of gain anticipation is responsible for the variation in the framing effect according to the probability of gain
participants were no longer affected by framing manipulation because the risky option did not enable them to anticipate a gain
whether to improve the formulation of public health messages or prevent adolescent risky behaviors
it is important to pursue investigations on the emotions that underpin the framing effect
The study was supported by Le conseil d’evaluation ethique pour les recherches en sante (CERES)
every participants gave their written and informed consent
The authors (CG and SM) made equal and substantial contributions to the conception
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00081/full#supplementary-material
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Citation: Gosling CJ and Moutier S (2017) High But Not Low Probability of Gain Elicits a Positive Feeling Leading to the Framing Effect
Copyright © 2017 Gosling and Moutier. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)
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*Correspondence: Sylvain Moutier, c3lsdmFpbi5tb3V0aWVyQHBhcmlzZGVzY2FydGVzLmZy
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26/03/2021 By Le News
Over the years some in the mainly French-speaking town of Moutier have tried to have the town removed from the canton of Bern and added to the canton of Jura
education systems and official languages can change
can be traced back to the formation of the canton of Jura
a region that broke away from Bern and became its own canton in 1979 after a vote
While a majority of those across the whole region drawn up to be included in the new canton of Jura voted in favour of breaking away
this was not so at a more granular regional level
Moutier is a commune in one of four districts that decided to remain part of Bern
this did not stop those with a preference to be part of the canton Jura from dreaming of trying again
51.7% of voters in Moutier voted to leave the predominantly German-speaking canton of Bern and become part of the canton of Jura
The winning vote margin was only 137 ballots
the 2017 vote was invalidated based on allegations including propaganda
including Simonetta Sommaruga of the Federal Council
concluded that the town should be allowed vote again on the issue should the Federal Tribunal definitively invalidate the referendum
The vote was legally invalidated by the Federal Tribunal and a date set for a new vote
The vote will take place under strict federal government monitoring
More on this:RTS article (in French) – Take a 5 minute French test now
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Once a meeting place of artists and thinkers
Le Bois des Moutiers is now clearly out of place
"And what should they know of England who only England know?"
When he wrote that famous line in 1891, Rudyard Kipling was praising trade and empire, exploration and conquest. He might have been thinking of Le Bois des Moutiers, a jewel of British savoir-faire and art de vivre which was built in the same decade to promote peaceful contemplation and global understanding.
Le Bois des Moutiers is a mock-Tudor manor, or overgrown English country cottage with pebble-dash walls, giant chimneys and mullioned windows. It was designed, in his youth, by the most important British architect of the 20th century, Edwin Lutyens. The house, almost unchanged inside and outside for more than a century, has become a cultural time machine.
But just how much longer Bois des Moutiers can survive in its original condition is open to doubt. The house and grounds, owned by one family since the beginning, have been on the market, with no takers, for four years. Over the next month, an ambitious plan will be announced to try to preserve the site – which has connections with writers, artists and musicians from Marcel Proust to Virginia Woolf, Joan Miró and Claude Debussy – as a Franco-British cultural centre.
"I cannot yet give all the details but two great artistic institutions in Britain and France are already interested in being involved," said Antoine Bouchayer-Mallet, the great-grandson of the wealthy French couple who commissioned the house from a then obscure British architect in 1898.
"We are hoping to win European funding. Most importantly of all, we are looking for financing from a private buyer or sponsor who would be interested in using Le Bois des Moutiers as what it should be: an embassy for British culture and a site to promote peace and reflection on the future of humanity."
Antoine's great grandfather, Guillaume Mallet (1860-1946), was the son of a wealthy French protestant banking family, a friend of the novelist Marcel Proust and a patron of the arts. His wife, Antoine's great-grandmother, Adélaide was a theosophist, who believed in the brotherhood of humanity and the unity of all religions. The couple turned to Lutyens, then only 29, because of his links with the arts and crafts movement started by William Morris in Britain.
The movement, like the theosophists, preached "harmony" and "wholeness" and warned of the dangers of machine civilisation. Beauty, Morris argued, should go hand in hand with utility and traditional workmanship.
Bois de Moutiers, converted from an older house, became a meeting place for artists and thinkers. Visitors over the next 49 years included most of the cultural avant-garde of the early 20th century. They included writers such as Virginia Woolf, André Gide and Proust; painters such as Miro, Wassily Kandisnki, Pablo Picasso and Piet Mondrian; and composers including Erik Satie and Debussy.
The house was seized by the Germans during the Second World War. The grounds were turned into a minefield as part of Hitler's Atlantic Wall, but the house was not despoiled. After the war, the Mallet family worked tirelessly to restore the grounds which became the first private garden in France to open to the public in 1970. So why is the family selling now?
"Partly, it is the fault of French inheritance law," said Mr Bouchayer-Mallet, 48, referring to the rules that give equal shares to all direct descendants. "The house is now owned by 11 people, three in the third generation of the family and eight in the fourth.
"If we wait much longer, it will be owned by 25 people and it will become impossible to make a coherent plan for its future.
"As it is, we could carry on for a while but very soon we would be forced to find some way of making the house pay for itself. Whatever we did, turning it into a luxury hotel for instance, would inevitably destroy much of the character and beauty which has miraculously survived."
No private buyer has come forward in four crisis-blighted years. The reputed asking price of €10.5m (£9m) may have put off even the super-wealthy. The largest French châteaux do not sell for more than €5m. On the other hand, there are scores of French châteaux; Le Bois des Moutiers is unique.
Mr Bouchayer-Mallet says he is "relieved" that no Russian billionaire has come forward to "build an electric fence and a swimming pool and sell off the original furniture". "If we got a private offer, we might still have to sell," he said.
"But I have been working on a dossier which I hope to present within three weeks. My dream is that Le Bois des Moutiers should become once again a meeting place for thinkers and artists, a centrepiece for exhibitions or festivals, which would show off British culture or explore cultural connections between Britain and France."
Lutyens (1869-1944), who went on to design the Cenotaph in Whitehall and the government buildings in New Delhi, was something of a joker. In the main hall at Le Bois des Moutiers, there are two large, matching, mock-medieval doors. One leads to the outside world, the other to a broom cupboard.
The uniqueness of Le Bois des Moutiers is also its problem and may become its tragedy. As a quintessentially British house in France, it cannot expect to attract public funds from either London or Paris in deficit-ridden times. The house was the whim of a rich French couple who loved Britain. To survive in its present condition, it needs the whim, or the vision, of another equally wealthy person.
After nine years designing monuments and palaces for New Delhi, Lutyens was asked to design an exquisite 5ft-tall abode to house Britain's finest micro-artworks, created by more than 1,500 artists and craftsmen as a gift for King George V's wife. Now owned by the Queen, it is displayed at Windsor Castle.
Erected between 1910 and 1930 for the retail tycoon Julius Drewe, Castle Drogo is, according to historians, the last castle built in England. Located amid the wilds of Dartmoor above the Teign Gorge, this imposing fortress was built almost entirely from granite and is considered one of Lutyens's finest works. Sadly, it is now under threat from water damage.
It may not be one of Lutyens's most famous houses, but it is one of the most charming. Commisioned in 1910 to restore the 15th-century manor house at Northiam, near Rye, East Sussex, Lutyens made his mark with such signature touchs as a "crawling window" in the first-floor nursery, which allowed crawling infants to look out into the garden through it.
Any visitor to the Somme battlefields will be familiar with Lutyens's imposing yet touching monument to the 72,195 British and South African soldiers who were never found after the bloodiest battles of the First World War. It bears resemblances to his designs for other memorials, including the Cenotaph at Whitehall and India Gate in New Delhi.
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