Metrics details Kerr microcombs have drawn substantial interest as mass-manufacturable compact alternatives to bulk frequency combs This could enable the deployment of many comb-reliant applications previously confined to laboratories Particularly enticing is the prospect of microcombs performing optical frequency division in compact optical atomic clocks it is difficult to meet the self-referencing requirement of microcombs in these systems owing to the approximately terahertz repetition rates typically required for octave-spanning comb generation it is challenging to spectrally engineer a microcomb system to align a comb mode with an atomic clock transition with a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio Here we adopt a Vernier dual-microcomb scheme for optical frequency division of a stabilized ultranarrow-linewidth continuous-wave laser at 871 nm to an ~235 MHz output frequency This scheme enables shifting an ultrahigh-frequency (~100 GHz) carrier-envelope offset beat down to frequencies where detection is possible and simultaneously placing a comb line close to the 871 nm laser—tuned so that it would fall close to the clock transition in 171Yb+ Our dual-comb system can potentially combine with an integrated ion trap towards future chip-scale optical atomic clocks An optical frequency comb system is analogous to a gear set transferring the stability from optical frequency to RF The large (small) size gears represent radio (optical) frequencies The Vernier dual comb can further downconvert the RF by beating against each other The optical reference can be a Yb+ ion trap (as our system is designed for) or a stabilized FC (as a stable frequency proxy we adopted) An illustration of a Vernier dual-microcomb system for OFD The dual combs excited by a shared pump at 1,550 nm generate broadband spectra spanning from ~1 μm to ~2 μm The dashed boxes indicate the four spectral regions being used The first sidebands around the pump (near 1550nm) are used for RF clock output The ~2 μm light is used for Vernier beat detection and the SFG process (green arrow line) for f-2f The dual comb is related to the 871 nm LO laser through summing the pump and one of the Vernier comb lines at ~2 μm (purple arrow line) and the 871 nm laser is locked to a stabilized frequency comb The dotted black lines indicate the feedback of the two locks to the pump intensities of the two combs These results demonstrate a versatile and general microcomb platform to realize chip-scale optical atomic clocks We aim to transfer the LO laser stability to an RF clock output using a heterodyne beat in the dual-microcomb system Through appropriate feedback to our two combs, we seek to transfer the stability of the 344 THz LO laser to this ~19.7 GHz dual-comb beat. which is smaller than the resolution of the optical spectrum analyser (~1 GHz) individual comb lines are not resolved here c and d are measured at 0.01 nm resolution the two combs walk off from each other as one moves away from the pump frequency eventually coming back together at the so-called Vernier overlap point The comb modes at this point can be photodetected (here around 1,945 nm) to produce a relatively low-frequency beat This ff-2f contains contributions from both the fCEO and the repetition rates of the combs to relate the dual microcombs to the LO laser which is outside the span of both comb spectra we use a second PPLN waveguide for SFG between the 1,550 nm pump (fCEO2 + 220frep2) and a long-wavelength Vernier comb line (fCEO2 + 171frep2 ≈ 1,990 nm) to create a nonlinear product the LO laser is tuned to ~871.042 nm (a few gigahertz away from twice the Yb+ clock transition wavelength of 871.035 nm) to beat against the SFG product to create fcomb-LO As both ff-2f and fcomb-LO contain the fCEO2 term we can cancel the CEO term through electronic frequency division and frequency mixing To achieve the clock frequency division from the optical reference we first stabilize the 871 nm LO laser to one optical line from a stable FC fFC through an offset phase lock referenced to an RF synthesizer where the offset frequency fLO-FC ≈ ±910 MHz (the sign is variable in our system) is defined as Electrical spectrum analyser traces of the three beats for stabilization: fLO-FC (a and b) fxCEO/8 (c and d) and fVernier/8 (e and f) when they are unlocked (blue traces) and phase-locked (orange traces) These traces are measured at the lockbox monitor outputs and the beats are divided by an additional factor of 2 The fractional Allan deviation of the repetition rates of the main (orange) and the Vernier (yellow) combs the pump laser (purple) and the FC reference’s repetition rate (and an estimate of its fractional optical stability) (blue) The fractional Allan deviation of the clock without (orange) and with (green and purple) noise suppression the extracted interferometric noise (yellow) and the optical reference (blue) Simplified dual-comb setup portraying the interferometric noise of this configuration The blurring of the different comb lines represents frequency jitter due to interferometric phase noise The noise suppression scheme exploiting dual clock signals (the dashed yellow boxes indicate the two optical filters to select them) generated using distinct photodetectors driven by main-Vernier comb line pairs at frequencies higher and lower than the pump frequency The dashed comb lines illustrate a hypothetical case when the pump to the main ring (green line) and the resulting main ring comb lines (blue) are shifted up in frequency by time-varying phase ϕ1(t) while the pump to Vernier ring and resulting Vernier comb lines are unaffected (ϕ2(t) = 0) The frequency noise of the RF beats generated from the higher and lower comb line pairs is strongly correlated but of opposite signs by summing the two clock signals with an electronic mixer the interferometric frequency noise is largely suppressed Frequency counter traces of the 871 nm laser (d) and the RF clock (e) with noise suppression The 871 nm laser is initially free-running The fxCEO and fV ernier locks are on throughout the measurement The y-axis spans of the optical reference and the RF clock differ by their scaling factor of 17,292 × 84 The stabilized clock output exhibits a mean frequency of 235,070,310.72 Hz with a standard deviation of 0.18 Hz The result is a noise-suppressed RF clock output at ~235 MHz The performance of our OFD system is sufficient to support an atomic reference with stability better than the commercially available caesium clock with <8.5 × 10−13 at 100 s Our method also allows us to extract the differential-mode interferometric frequency noise directly (Methods), which we also plot in Fig. 4a (yellow trace) We have demonstrated the use of a Vernier dual-microcomb system to frequency divide an ultranarrow-linewidth 871 nm laser down to an RF output of ~235 MHz using only two feedback servos enabled in part by an interferometric noise suppression scheme The LO laser is tuned to within a few gigahertz of being able to be frequency doubled to a clock transition of a ytterbium ion These may enable the integration of III–V lasers for microcomb pumping and PPLN for second-order nonlinear frequency conversion towards a fully integrated dual-comb system in the future through the elimination of many of the fibres used in our current experiment such a system should be much less sensitive to environmental perturbations we anticipate that our dual-microcomb system paired with an integrated atomic reference and compact narrow linewidth laser may one day enable the development of a fully integrated high-performance optical atomic clock The clocks at both sides of the pump are selected by a programmable optical filter (Finisar) optically amplified in the same erbium-doped fibre amplifier and separated by a dense wavelength-division multiplexing filter for detection on two distinct photodetectors The Vernier beat fV ernier detected by an amplified photodetector is divided by 8 and sent to an offset phase lock servo (Vescent D2-135) We obtain fxCEO/8 by mixing ff-2f divided by 8 and fcomb-LO divided by 16 This beat is sent to another phase lock servo We use two stable RF synthesizers (Agilent E8257D and Keysight 33600A) as the frequency references for fVernier/8 and fxCEO/8 synchronized to a 10 MHz GPSDO (EndRun Meridian) for our frequency instability measurements we use frequency counters (Keysight 53230A) and a PNTS (Microsemi 5125A) which will be discussed in the Noise-suppressed RF clock section we term the two clocks detected at different sides of the pump fclock+ and fclock− corresponding to the higher- and lower-frequency side where \({\phi }^{{\prime} }(t)\) represents the time derivative of ϕ(t). These expressions take into account the frequency fluctuations that arise in proportion to the derivative of the time-varying phases46 Because ϕ1(t) and ϕ2(t) may be uncorrelated they give rise to frequency noise on the clock signal the frequency noise on fclock+ and fclock− is equal and opposite in the expressions above By summing fclock+ and fclock− with an electronic mixer This would remove the need for a GPS-referenced 10 MHz sync signal to operate the OFD system The Allan deviation for the RF clock output and the FC (Menlo Systems) reference were taken several times over multiple days. The symbols and error bars plotted in Fig. 4a represent the averages and standard deviations from multiple measurement results Frequency ratio of two optical clock transitions in Yb+171 and constraints on the time variation of fundamental constants Towards an optical clock for space: compact high-performance optical lattice clock based on bosonic atoms Transportable optical lattice clock with 7 × 10−17 uncertainty Boulder Atomic Clock Optical Network (BACON) Collaboration Frequency ratio measurements at 18-digit accuracy using an optical clock network An 27Al+ quantum-logic clock with a systematic uncertainty below 10−18 Integrated optical addressing of a trapped ytterbium ion Integrating planar photonics for multi-beam generation and atomic clock packaging on chip Microresonator frequency comb optical clock Architecture for the photonic integration of an optical atomic clock Optical frequency combs: coherently uniting the electromagnetic spectrum An optical clock based on a single trapped 199Hg+ ion Optical clockworks and the measurement of laser frequencies with a mode-locked frequency comb Dissipative Kerr solitons in optical microresonators Tuning Kerr-soliton frequency combs to atomic resonances Tailoring broadband Kerr soliton microcombs via post-fabrication tuning of the geometric dispersion Integrated optical frequency division for microwave and mmWave generation Photonic chip-based low-noise microwave oscillator 871nm ultra-narrow-linewidth laser for Yb+ clock In 2021 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) (eds Improved limits for violations of local position invariance from atomic clock comparisons Vernier microcombs for high-frequency carrier envelope offset and repetition rate detection Bridging ultrahigh-Q devices and photonic circuits Ultra-narrow-linewidth lasers for quantum applications In 2022 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) STu5O.2 (Optica Publishing Group Vernier frequency division with dual-microresonator solitons High-Q Si3N4 microresonators based on a subtractive processing for Kerr nonlinear optics Vernier frequency combs for stabilization of RF/optical links In 2022 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) SW4O.2 (Optica Publishing Group Ultraprecise measurement of optical frequency ratios Phase-coherent microwave-to-optical link with a self-referenced microcomb High-power broadly tunable electrooptic frequency comb generator Millimeter wave frequency synthesizer based on integrated photonics In 2020 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics 101–104 (2020) Terahertz-rate Kerr-microresonator optical clockwork Delivering the same optical frequency at two places: accurate cancellation of phase noise introduced by an optical fiber or other time-varying path Remote transfer of ultrastable frequency references via fiber networks Coherent transfer of an optical carrier over 251 km Evaluating the performance of the NPL femtosecond frequency combs: agreement at the 10−21 level Towards integrated photonic interposers for processing octave-spanning microresonator frequency combs Laser soliton microcombs heterogeneously integrated on silicon 3D integration enables ultralow-noise isolator-free lasers in silicon photonics A heterogeneously integrated lithium niobate-on-silicon nitride photonic platform High-performance electro-optic modulator on silicon nitride platform with heterogeneous integration of lithium niobate Fluorescence detection of a trapped ion with a monolithically integrated single-photon-counting avalanche diode Integrated multi-wavelength control of an ion qubit Thermal and nonlinear dissipative-soliton dynamics in Kerr-microresonator frequency combs Wu, K., O’Malley, N. P., Fatema, S. & Weiner, A. M. raw data for ‘Vernier microcombs for integrated optical atomic clocks’. Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.23971425 (2024) Download references Abu Khater assisted in identifying appropriate yttrium iron garnet filters for our system McGuinness kindly reviewed the manuscript before submission Weiner for his invaluable guidance and wisdom in shaping this work His dedicated involvement and insightful contributions to various aspects of this project were crucial Some of our earlier work on Vernier dual combs was presented at the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) 2021 (SW2H.7) CLEO 2022 (SW4O.2) and CLEO 2023 (STh1J.4 and STh1J.5) These authors contributed equally: Kaiyi Wu School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience devised the Vernier dual-comb scheme and initiated the project were responsible for fabrication of the microring devices was responsible for putting in place laboratory systems and advised on some of the experiments The authors declare no conflicts of interest Nature Photonics thanks Nils Nemitz and the other reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations DWDM: dense wavelength-division multiplexing Illustration of the experimental configuration Reprints and permissions Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-025-01617-0 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science Please select what you would like included for printing: Copy the text below and then paste that into your favorite email application and Education Specialist degrees from the University of Toledo he taught Social Studies and Government at Whitmer High School where he was deeply respected by students and colleagues alike His commitment to education extended beyond the classroom; he announced football demonstrating his love for sports and community spirit He was an intelligent and engaging individual who had a keen interest in politics and a love for sports His personality resonated with those around him—he was funny including tending to his yard and landscaping creating beautiful outdoor spaces that brought him peace He also found fulfillment in singing in the choir at his church a testament to his deep faith and community involvement Marty’s legacy will be cherished by his loving wife Louetta Vernier; his daughters Melissa (Tom) Bell and Kari Vernier; his grandchildren Karter Hine and Daya Windless; and his sisters Beth (Tom) Chevalier and Heidi (John) Fillion His family will always remember him as a source of love and laughter Marty's final days were spent surrounded by his loving wife reflecting the deep bonds he nurtured throughout his life from 3:00 PM to 8:00 PM at Newcomer Funeral Home - West Sylvania Chapel at 3655 King Rd. Additional visitation is scheduled for Friday followed by a funeral service at the same location from 11:00 AM to 12:00 PM A burial will take place at Whiteford Union Cemetery at 12:00 PM As friends and family gather to honor the life of Winfield "Marty" M they will remember him not only for his contributions to education and his community but also for the love and joy he brought into their lives ensuring that his spirit will continue to shine brightly in their hearts Enter your phone number above to have directions sent via text This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply Service map data © OpenStreetMap contributors Sherrie enjoyed hunting and fishing with her father and brother Her brother often said she was the best sister anyone could ask for Sherrie was very close to her mother-they were not just mother and daughter but best friends Sherrie had a special way of always looking her best Her family lovingly called her "bougie" because she was always dressed up and stylish She was even heard requesting gourmet bacon wrapped shrimp at a the family crawfish boil and they were inseparable until his passing in 2000 and they built their life together with faith and devotion Sherrie and her husband were lifelong members of Glad Tidings Church in Lake Charles Sherrie was known for keeping her home spotless and beautifully cared for Even her toy poodle was always groomed and perfectly presentable Sherrie supported Natalie in everything she did and especially loved watching her dance Sherrie's love extended to her grandchildren and loving person who made everyone feel special and strength will be remembered by all who knew her Natalie Savell (Steven); and her three grandchildren A memorial service to honor Sherrie's life will be held on Wednesday Visitation will be open to the public starting at 11:00 a.m Cremation has been entrusted to Johnson Funeral Home Sherrie's family and friends will forever hold her memory close Sherrie was heard saying "Dying is easy and devotion will never be forgotten as we must live without the loving presence of Sherri reunited with her husband in the presence of the Lord is Dean of the Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer Science He gave a speech about the importance of Indigenous knowledge and representation during the opening of the Vernier Science Center at PSU on Sept Portland State University’s newly revamped Vernier Science Center a transformational project four years in the making is designed to create a more welcoming and inclusive learning environment grounded in Indigenous values that benefits all is unique in the college’s history due to its emphasis on incorporating the perspectives of BIPOC students throughout the planning and building process They say it’s also unique on a national level in its uplifting of Indigenous knowledge alongside Western science A series of birchbark art pieces hang down on the first floor of the Vernier Science Center greeting visitors as they first walk through the main doors “This is really a nationally distinctive model of community science design,” Todd Rosenstiel Dean of PSU’s College of Liberal Arts and Sciences told Underscore Native News in a media tour of the new building last September “I think what makes this building so powerful is we spent almost nine months really centering the voices of students who often don’t feel included or have been historically excluded from the sciences.” composed of students from underrepresented groups in STEAM campus planners and facilities management to inform the project “This project is like no other capital project in PSU history in that it was incredibly student and community engaged,” Suzanne Estes Associate Dean for Undergraduate Engagement College of Liberal Arts & Sciences and Professor of Biology Much of PSU’s transformation of the Vernier Science Center (VSC) was deeply influenced by the lived experiences and perspectives of BIPOC students Their voices provided valuable insights into how education can be improved which Rosenstiel calls a “game changer” for students He hopes the changes will ultimately contribute to the university’s broader goal of diversifying science in Oregon is a first-generation Pacific Islander from American Samoa who works as a partnership coordinator for the Center for Internship He served on the student advisory committee and now it’s actually what we see today,” Sipelii said and I’m hoping that a lot of students will also see it that way since it was built based off of what students want.” Sipelii said it was exciting to see that students’ input and perspectives can be key to designing spaces like the VSC that will support Oregon’s underrepresented student populations “W​e built an entire building based on stories of people,” Rosenstiel said “I think that’s a pretty radical transformation for most science.” One of the classrooms on the first floor of the Vernier Science Center has a ceiling lined with wooden planks to replicate the inside of a drum mainly from state funding and philanthropic support the renovations — transforming the aging Science Building 1 into the new state-of-the-art center — were completed in September of last year just in time for the start of the fall quarter a blend of cutting-edge labs and classrooms rooted in design elements that reflect Indigenous cultural values may be unlike any other institution in the country “PSU really wanted to uplift Indigenous sciences alongside and equal to Western science in a STEM academic building and I don’t know that there are a lot of examples of that elsewhere “So it’s really unique in that perspective.” The center is named in honor of longtime PSU advocates and STEAM industry leaders Christine and David Vernier founders of Oregon-based Vernier Software & Technology who are passionate about science education have pledged more than $10 million to PSU over the years A sign on the first floor of the Vernier Science Center explains the building signage and the use of Indigenous names for plant and animal relatives visitors immediately see Indigenous artwork and cedar wood carvings Each floor of the building is named after a plant or animal relative like tchíalash QR codes on signage give visitors and students the opportunity to listen to audio recordings of each floor’s name spoken in Native languages and see the bios of the speakers Even the paint colors of the walls are a nod to plant relatives and the colors found in nature like greens and purples that represent blooming camas lilies that were once abundant in prairie ecosystems across Oregon who has served as the Indigenous Traditional and Cultural Knowledge Coordinator at PSU for three years says STEAM has never been very “welcoming” to Native students even though Indigenous people have been scientists Johnson says she is happy to help PSU shift that Westernized way of thinking and looks forward to what the future holds for the VSC Nika Bartoo-Smith/Underscore Native News/ICT) “Having access to a library space and gathering spaces classrooms and the food lab really provides not only our students but also Native community members in orgs that we work with an opportunity to connect and share in a way that we haven’t been able to support before,” she said “This building is there to welcome you in the best way and acknowledge that your traditional knowledge is equal to Western science Yoeme or citizen of the Yaquis of Southern California a first-year Assistant Teaching Professor in the Indigenous Nations Studies department at PSU said uplifting Indigenous science and Indigenous ways of knowing in all aspects of the project including in the cutting-edge university labs and classroom facilities like the state-of-the-art First Foods Lab Assistant Teaching Professor in the Indigenous Nations Studies department talks to a room full of community members at the grand opening of the Vernier Science Center on September 27 I don’t see any other programs like the ITEK (Indigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledge) program anywhere in the country I don’t see anything like the Vernier Science Center anywhere in the country This is really setting some groundwork and it’s setting a foundation for the future of other institutions across the country to listen to what’s being asked of by the people that these institutions are supposed to be serving.” Salazar says higher educational institutions should not just serve one specific demographic or one specific economic status She says Indigenous students deserve buildings like the VSC enrolled Hopi and a descendant of the Yakama prepares a blue cornbread dessert in the First Foods Lab at the Vernier Science Center Numkena-Anderson and her team were the first to use the professional grade kitchen to prepare a meal “Indigenous knowledge systems and traditional ecological knowledge deserve this amount of care and they deserve a space like this to make sure these knowledges can continue to be passed on.” One of the classes Salazar taught last quarter was Teosinte to Today: Exploring the History of Corn make natural dyes and make foods like Blue Corn Mush Students learned about all the different places that corn has touched across the globe She even created a video game approach to help keep students engaged Heirloom rainbow corn from Hailey Maria Salazar sits on a counter in the first foods lab in the Vernier Science Center Salazar taught a class last quarter called “Teosinte to Today: Exploring the History of Corn.” if I had a space where there were Native languages and the actual architecture and the design was actually created by BIPOC students “I am excited for students to come in from diverse backgrounds and feel like they belong here and their ways of knowing and their lived experiences informing the ways that they come to this space is valid and it’s legitimate This republished story is part of OPB’s broader effort to ensure that everyone in our region has access to quality journalism that informs Tags: Portland State University, Diversity, Equity, Culture, Education Stand with OPB and protect independent journalism for everyone Listen to the OPB News live stream (opens new window)Streaming Now is designed to engage students in hands-on learning as they measure the volumetric water content of soil “The versatility and durability of the new Go Direct Soil Moisture Sensor makes it a great addition to any science or STEM classroom,” said Jill Hedrick “Whether conducting investigations in the lab or in the field students can use this sensor to easily analyze soil samples and understand the real-world impact of soil on the climate and the living ecosystems around them students can explore how different soil conditions affect plant growth and water retention providing insights into sustainable agriculture practices and environmental conservation efforts.”  The rugged Go Direct Soil Moisture Sensor uses the relationship between moisture content and soil electrical properties to determine the volumetric water content of the soil Students simply insert the sensor into the soil they are testing at the proper angle and observe the real-time volumetric water content of the soil the Go Direct Soil Moisture Sensor connects directly to students’ mobile devices or computers using the Vernier Graphical Analysis Pro app Go Direct Soil Moisture can be used wired via USB or wirelessly via Bluetooth® wireless technology enabling educators to choose the solution that fits best for their classroom or laboratory The sensor includes a rechargeable battery providing always-ready operation when the sensor is being used wirelessly It is also backed by the Vernier product support and warranty To learn more about the Go Direct Soil Moisture Sensor, visit https://www.vernier.com/product/go-direct-soil-moisture-sensor/ Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" Want to share a great resource? Let us know at submissions@eschoolmedia.com Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value" Meaningful opportunities for teachers to build expertise and leadership beyond their classroom add to a sense of professionalism and fulfillment In an age when the role of technology in education is rapidly changing about 25 percent of children in the early grades struggle with reading These students are often reluctant readers because they find the process complicated and they lack confidence in their abilities Math is a fundamental part of K-12 education but students often face significant challenges in mastering increasingly challenging math concepts Chronic absenteeism remains a widespread challenge in schools across the country Racine Unified School District’s Julian Thomas Elementary and Jerstad-Agerholm Middle School are demonstrating that innovative data-driven approaches can make a difference eSchool News uses cookies to improve your experience. Visit our Privacy Policy for more information This isn’t the first time Abby Vernier has earned an award from the Pensacola News Journal this week But this award is definitely minimal compared to her accomplishment earlier this week After a third-place finish at the Class 2A state golf tournament in Howey-in-the-Hills Vernier cemented herself as one of the area’s top high school golfers bouncing back on the second day with a one-over par 72 Vernier was named the PNJ Athlete of the Week after mustering 43.91% of the poll’s votes Vernier was announced as the PNJ Girls Golfer of the Year Safe to say she had a solid junior season with West Florida made it to the region tournament for the first time in program history Next she has a few big tournaments coming up to start her offseason from high school golf And she’s still got one more season at the high school level to accomplish some lofty – but definitely within reach – goals her senior year Here’s a quick question-and-answer session with Vernier after she spoke with PNJ Sports Reporter Ben Grieco … It was a fun time making it to regionals for the first time in school history PNJ: What’s it like going to regionals as a team Your practice rounds and dinners with them it gave me a taste of what college golf would be like What was working for you during the tournament I had two tricky holes that raised my score a bit but I just had to recover a little bit with a solid short game.” does it give you any sort of fuel for your senior year Have you thought about any of those big goals are AV: “I want to get my scoring average down a little bit do you think all the tournaments in the offseason help you prepare for the fall Coming straight from summer golf to high school golf is really helpful because you’re still in that competitive mindset.” PNJ: Do you have any tournaments throughout the winter But I don’t have as many tournaments as I do during the summer PNJ: Do you have any tournaments coming up soon I have one in New Orleans in early December then one in Point Clear – the tournament of champions for SJGT – and then I think I’ll play in the Tom Dorsey.” Do you have any pre-match superstitions or traditions that you follow and then me and my parents have a small talk.” PNJ: Any go-to snack or meal during the round or before the round I usually have an egg sandwich – like a bacon I have a peanut butter and banana sandwich cut into quarters and I’ll eat a part of it every four holes.” PNJ: Do you listen to any music before a round or when you’re warming up PNJ: Is there a dream course you’ve always wanted to play at AV: “My dream course was Pebble Beach, but I got to play that over the summer. That was really fun to achieve.” PNJ: Anywhere else you’ve got your eye on now PNJ: How about a dream golfer that you’ve always wanted to play with PNJ: Are there any major golf influences that you follow AV: “I love watching Good Good (a golf brand and a group of golfers on YouTube) she’s a junior golfer that’s a year older than me She has a lot of drills and fun videos to watch.” (KATU) — Portland State University is opening a new science center on campus on Friday The Vernier Science Center started construction in 2021 The state approved$60 million in funding to renovate and rebuild the old science building one one of the major changes is that the building will serve as a space for students of all backgrounds Portland State University says it was designed with native and BIPOC students and community members "So we wanted to make sure we built a building where you really understand that this is a place here of indigenous people in the land...So much of the artwork is all indigenous The signage reflects Indigenous plants and communities," said the dean of liberal arts and sciences Todd Rosenstiel The grand opening celebration is tomorrow at 3:00 p.m Officers Shane Vernier and Cassie Block were among five conservation officers in the state to be honored Feb 12 as part of an annual awards celebration at Camp Ripley was honored as the the 2024 Conservation Officer of the Year at the event.  was presented the Waterfowl Enforcement Achievement Award According to the news release announcing the awards he patrols some of the state’s best waterfowl-hunting lakes and marshes and the public land that surrounds them Vernier also works hard to protect the habitat that draws waterfowl to the area “Shane has a deep appreciation for and understanding of waterfowl which is one of the reasons he’s such an excellent waterfowl enforcement officer,” Smith said in the news release “He’s also committed to teaching the next generation of waterfowl hunters how to enjoy the sport ethically and safely which is a key part of carrying on Minnesota’s waterfowling tradition.” was presented the Willard Munger Wetlands Achievement Award She works an area where waterways receive heavy pressure ranging from agriculture to recreational use She prioritizes investigating and resolving complaints related to wetlands and water resources and emphasizes work around preventing the spread of aquatic invasive species She recently became a K-9 handler of a zebra mussel-sniffing dog which will make her efforts surrounding aquatic invasive species even more effective “Protecting our water resources takes dedication but the people of Minnesota deserve for it to be a top priority,” Smith said “Cassie does a great job in this regard and her efforts go a long way toward ensuring future generations will have the same opportunities we have today.” Metrics details The Vernier effect is often utilized to boost the sensing ability of optical fiber sensors theoretical model of cascaded Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) with thin film based on Vernier effect is established thin film cavity and mixed cavity of air-thin film are analyzed qualitatively although sensitivity from mixed cavity of air-thin film is amplified the value is equal to the sensitivity of sing thin film cavity Experimental verification is carried out by an example of thin film named polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer a new FPI constructed by air cavity from a hollow-core fiber and air-PDMS mixed cavity is proposed and demonstrated In order to facilitate the generation of the Vernier effect the length of the PDMS cavity is intentionally designed shorter than the air cavity making the free spectral range of the air-PDMS cavity and air cavity is approximately equal The temperature change makes the refractive index and thermal expansion of PDMS change while gas pressure change results in elastic deformation of PDMS The Vernier envelope wavelength shifts with the temperature and gas pressure change The proposed FPI features high temperature and gas pressure sensitivities of 3.07 nm/℃ and a high magnification factor of 17 when the lengths of HCF and PDMS are 82.5 and 3.7 μm The experimental results show that the temperature and pressure sensitivities of the cascaded FPI’s envelope spectra are equal to the sensitivity of a single thin film microcavity and the theoretical calculation is in good agreement with the experimental verification The theoretical model is also applicable to thin film prepared by other polymer materials which is a good choice in the field of optical fiber sensing However the equipment used in femtosecond laser-induced two-photon polymerization technology is very expensive a cascaded FPI with the Vernier effect by welding the single-mode fiber (SMF) and hollow core fiber (HCF) partially filled with PDMS is proposed and experimentally investigated for temperature and gas pressure sensing the optical path length of the air cavity is closer to that of the air-PDMS mixed cavity thereby generating the Vernier effect and greatly improving the sensitivity Temperature change increases the length of air-PDMS mixed cavity and also makes the length of air cavity reduce The four samples are designed and fabricated for experimental research on temperature and gas pressure detection the proposed FPI with 3.7 μm ultra-thin PDMS film and 82.5 μm HCF has the highest temperature and gas pressure responses with value of 3.07 nm/℃ and the sensitivity is magnified by 17 times A theoretical model with universal applicability to cascaded FPI with thin film based on Vernier effect is established The theoretical calculation of sensitivity still applies when replaced with other thin film materials which will be instructive for the design of sensors in the future (a) Sensor structure of designed hybrid FPI; (b–e) Microscopic images of four hybrid FPIs (Samples A-D) with PDMS microcavity; (e) Microscopic images of HCF’s cross-section Reflection spectra of fabricated four cascaded FPIs with thin film based on Vernier effect at 30℃: (a) Sample A; (b) Sample B; (c) Sample C; (d) Sample D SFS based on FFT by the method of LWR using data in Fig. 2 as inputs: (a) Sample A; (b) Sample B; (c) Sample C; (d) Sample D The simulated results of temperature from 30 ℃ to 40 ℃:(a–c) Wavelength shifts of air-PDMS cavity PDMS cavity and envelope spectra; (d) The temperature sensitivities of PDMS cavity and envelope spectra The experimental system for temperature test Reflection spectra at the temperature range of 30–80 ℃: (a) Sample A; (b) Sample D; The relationship between temperature and wavelength shifts for four samples: (c) Heating process; (d) Cooling process The intensity variation of the lower envelope at a temperature range of 30 –80 ℃: (a) Sample A; (b) Sample D; (c) The average temperature sensitivities from intensity variation during the heating process; (d) The average temperature sensitivities from intensity variation during the cooling process The experimental setup of gas pressure monitoring, including a BBS, OSA, circulator, pressure pump (ConST-162), gas chamber, and the designed sensing probe. Spectral response of hybrid FPI at a range of 0-1.1 MPa: (a) Sample A; (b) Sample D; (c) Summarized gas pressure sensitivities of four samples when gas pressure increases from 0 to 1.1 MPa; (d) Summarized gas pressure sensitivity of four samples during the process of gas pressure drop Stability test of sample D: (a) Monitoring wavelength deviations of the envelope at 40℃ 80℃ within 450 min; (b) Monitoring wavelength deviations of the envelope at 0.1 MPa the designed FPI presented in this work has much higher temperature and gas pressure sensitivities than other sensor structures because of the ultra-thin PDMS film thickness and sensitivity amplification effect by employing the Vernier effect a novel FPI structure with thin film based on the Vernier effect formed by cascading the SMF The OPL of the PDMS microcavity is much smaller than that of the air cavity due to the fact that the length of the PDMS microcavity is much smaller than the length of the air cavity the Vernier effect was obtained via engineering the OPLs between the air cavity and the air-PDMS mixed cavity temperature and gas pressure measurements have been achieved by utilizing the material properties of the PDMS By choosing the ultra-thin PDMS film with a thickness of 3.7 μm and 82.5 μm HCF the sensor has high temperature and gas pressure responses with value of 3.07 nm/℃ and 23.07 nm/MPa and corresponding M is 17 The sensitivity of the cascaded FPI with thin film based on Vernier effect depends on the sensitivity of the individual thin film cavities the proposed sensors feature the virtues of simple fabrication Detailed preparation process of sensor probe SEM images: (a) The fabricated sensor probe; (b) Morphology and topographical details of the PDMS microcavity The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request Plug-in label-free optical fiber DNA hybridization sensor based on C-type fiber Vernier effect Compact highly sensitive fabry–Perot temperature and gas pressure sensing probe fabricated by a femtosecond laser and PDMS Lateral offset single-mode fiber-based Fabry–Pérot interferometers with Vernier effect for hydrogen sensing High-sensitivity relative humidity fiber-optic sensor based on an internal–external fabry–perot cavity Vernier effect Ultra-sensitive temperature and pressure sensor based on PDMS-based FPI and Vernier effect Sensitivity amplification of fiber-optic in-line mach–Zehnder Interferometer sensors with modified Vernier-effect Ultrasensitive temperature sensor with Vernier-effect improved fiber Michelson interferometer Highly sensitive vector curvature sensor based on two juxtaposed fiber Michelson interferometers with Vernier-like effect Bending sensor with parallel fiber Michelson interferometers based on Vernier-like effect Optical fiber hydrogen sensor with single Sagnac interferometer loop based on vernier effect Ultra-sensitive fiber-optic temperature sensor consisting of cascaded liquid-air cavities based on Vernier effect Ultra-highly sensitive gas pressure sensor based on dual side-hole fiber interferometers with Vernier effect Highly sensitive magnetic field measurement with taper-based in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer and Vernier effect Birefringence induced Vernier effect in optical fiber modal interferometers for enhanced sensing Ultra-sensitive strain sensor based on femtosecond laser inscribed in-fiber reflection mirrors and Vernier effect Atomically smooth gold microflake-enabled fiber-tip fabry–perot interferometer for temperature and pressure sensing Fiber-tip polymer clamped-beam probe for high-sensitivity nanoforce measurements Simultaneous measurement of pressure and temperature by employing fabry-perot interferometer based on pendant polymer droplet Three-dimensional-printed fabry–perot interferometer on an optical fiber tip for a gas pressure sensor Two-photon 3D printing FP microcavity sensor for simultaneous measurement of temperature and non-contact pressure Surface-plasmon-resonance-based optical-fiber temperature sensor with high sensitivity and high figure of merit Optical fiber gas pressure sensor based on polydimethylsiloxane microcavity Ultrahigh-sensitivity optical fiber sensor based on the virtual harmonic vernier effect Phase demodulation based on K-space with high sensitivity for interferometric fiber sensor Ultra-high sensitivity fabry–perot interferometer gas refractive index fiber sensor based on photonic crystal fiber and Vernier effect 3D printed castle style fabry-perot microcavity on optical fiber tip as a highly sensitive humidity sensor Fiber optic sensor for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature based on internal-and-external-cavity Fabry-Pérot interferometer configuration Nano silica diaphragm in-fiber cavity for gas pressure measurement A high-sensitive fiber-optic fabry-perot sensor with parallel polymer-air cavities based on vernier effect for simultaneous measurement of pressure and temperature Ultra-sensitive label-free biosensor for triglyceride detection based on exposed-core optical fiber An ultra-sensitive gas pressure sensor based on tapered fiber coated with PDMS film working at TAP highly sensitive fiber sensor for simultaneous measurement of pressure and temperature Diaphragm-free fiber-optic fabry-perot interferometric gas pressure sensor for high temperature application A hybrid interferometer sensor for simultaneous measurement of temperature and gas pressure based on tapered seven-core fiber and PDMS Low gas pressure sensor based on a polymer optical fiber grating Optical fiber fabry-perot silica-microprobe for a gas pressure sensor Temperature insensitive air-cavity fabry-perot gas pressure sensor based on core-offset fusion of hollow-core fibers Double FP interference optical fiber high temperature gas pressure sensor based on suspended core fiber Fiber in-line mach-zehnder interferometer based on an inner air-cavity for high-pressure sensing Reflective all-fiber integrated sensor for simultaneous gas pressure and temperature sensing Temperature and pressure sensor based on polished fiber-optic microcavity Download references This work is partly supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council of United Kingdom (EP/Y034538/1 and EP/Y036115/1) and Royal Society International Exchanges 2022 Round 3 (IES\R3\22305) School of Physics Science and Information Technology “Ling Chen wrote the main manuscript text and Qiang Wu reviewed the manuscript.” Conceptualization All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript The authors declare no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-90749-y Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 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Dedicated Cranial Radiosurgery: Clinical Experience with New & Innovative SRS Technologies Real-Time Adaptive Motion Management on Helical and Robotic RT Platforms Please note that by doing so you agree to be added to our monthly email newsletter distribution list. avian flu has been sweeping through chicken flocks and has only gotten worse in the last few months USDA data shows from December through February more than 54 million birds have been affected A flat of Grade A large eggs sits in the kitchen at Bella's Italian Bakery in Portland In Oregon, bird flu numbers are still relatively low, but that doesn’t mean we’re immune to the ripple effects. Many consumers are seeing egg prices far above the $4.95 national average per dozen and Oregon businesses who use a lot of eggs — diners bakeries and custard shops — are also feeling the pinch Some are trying to pivot to offer egg-free dishes while others are passing the cost on to consumers 00:00 / 05:50The following transcripts have been edited for clarity and length Chef and owner Michelle Vernier at Bella’s Italian Bakery in Portland Vernier says the recent rise in egg prices is adding an extra $1000 a month to their food costs loose case of Grade A large eggs in December was around $46 and now it ranges anywhere from $120 on the low end up to $190 a case We normally go through 3 cases of eggs per week so the price increase essentially means that we’re spending an extra $1000 a month on eggs It’s actually cheaper at the grocery store to buy eggs than what we’re paying for wholesale pricing There have been some weeks where payroll is due rent is due and our health insurance premiums for our group policy are all due in the same week and I’m like “I’m gonna go to Winco to buy eggs and save a couple hundred dollars.” We were making frittata every morning as a breakfast option and we pulled that off the menu and replaced it with a savory crostata and it’s incredibly egg heavy but it’s such an important part of our menu and people really love it And we can’t replace the sponge cake with something else Can we bring in something else to work with it’s really rough because it has gone up by such a significant amount that we have had to adjust pricing a little bit on some things to help make up the difference I try and use all the tools at my disposal to mitigate the effect we have to be able to pay our bills and stay in business Our prices have always been really reasonable — it’s something we work really hard on to always make sure that we’re not arbitrarily pricing things — and to that degree it does give us a little wiggle room when stuff like this happens If we need to raise prices on certain items we’re still ultimately charging less than most of our competitors so we’re doing probably about 30 cases [of eggs] It’s just slowly been going up and it’s kind of crazy right now We tried [using] a little bit of the liquid eggs for the pancakes but I don’t think it’s as good of a product and they do eggs from Wilson Farms and they have extra so they were selling them to us for like $90 but I don’t know how long we can get those We’ve been stockpiling these extra eggs and we’re putting them in our walk-in [freezer] across the street and we transfer them to the other two restaurants in the area — we have one in Astoria and one in Cannon Beach I’m thinking closer to Easter it’s gonna really go crazy and hopefully we can get through at least the spring break We used to charge $1.50 for an egg and now it’s $3 About 2-3 weeks ago we had to change our prices due to what’s going on with the [avian] flu It’s obviously been affecting us and everybody else around here but especially us because we’re a breakfast place We have a lot of dishes that go with the two eggs so everything usually went up like $2 or $3 on mostly everything The omelets are 3-egg omelets and you’re looking at $17.95 for an omelet $16.95 because of that upcharge from the eggs It’s the unfortunate part of the way the economy is going You gotta make ends meet some way or another Chef and owner Mika Paredes stands in front of the counter at Cornet Custard in Southeast Portland Paredes said she's seen a more than 17% increase in egg costs in the past six weeks alone This is the million dollar question: “What is commercial ice cream versus frozen custard?” and it simply is eggs So the FDA says that in order for it to be custard legally it has to have about 1.3% egg yolk content heavy cream – all sourced locally – organic cane sugar and about a dozen yolks per quart [of custard] through our distribution company they provide us with just the yolks in cartons so there is no waste and about 45% of our formula is egg I’ve already seen in the last six weeks a 17.5% increase [in cost] that margin when you’re working with a 30% food cost can be detrimental especially in the slower seasons because we are a seasonal but with these costs it’s going to be really challenging We already have a premium product – our scoops are $8 a scoop and the reality is food is becoming way more expensive Tags: Business, Restaurants You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience Imagine a STEM classroom where students get to act as geoscientists as they study the composition of soil one where they get to put on their chemist hats as they safely observe the reaction between food coloring and bleach one where they think like environmental engineers as they investigate water samples from a nearby lake Integrating scientific concepts with real-world applications such as these is one of the best ways to engage students in three-dimensional learning—a model for building students’ science proficiency as outlined by The National Research Council's (NRC) Framework for K–12 Science Education This approach emphasizes hands-on learning as a way for students to answer scientific questions and make sense of the world around them.  Probeware is a key link to this type of teaching and learning It not only helps students explore natural phenomena in a data-driven way it makes meaningful hands-on learning possible in today’s science and STEM classrooms As described in the white paper, Exploring the Data: A Comprehensive Review of Research on Probeware and Three-Dimensional Teaching, probeware is technology that allows probes or sensors to collect data and link that data to computers or mobile devices for analysis A wide variety of probeware can be used in science and STEM classrooms to provide real-time data collection activities that provide a deeper look at STEM topics this most commonly includes using probeware to measure light students increasingly work with multiple probes to collect and interpret data on pressure Probeware can enhance teaching and support hands-on learning as students act as real-life scientists the technology specifically enables:  interactive way for students to engage with scientific concepts students can actively conduct investigations making abstract concepts more concrete and understandable.  Probeware enables the collection of real-time data and the immediacy helps students make direct connections between the phenomena they are observing and the data they are collecting.  Enhanced understanding through visualization. Supporting software often includes visualization tools that help students analyze and interpret the data they collected using probeware and other visual representations of data can make complex concepts more accessible and easier to understand.  With the ability to make accurate and precise measurements students can explore phenomena that are otherwise not easily observable in a classroom setting These precise measurements allow students to experience phenomena from an experimental perspective that would otherwise be constrained to only theoretical observations This fosters a sense of curiosity and encourages a deeper exploration of scientific phenomena.  Using probeware helps students develop important scientific skills It aligns well with the Framework’s emphasis on process skills and understanding the nature of scientific inquiry Students use scientific skills as tools to know the world around them Probeware supports these skills by furthering students’ investigations of natural phenomena with added precision Regardless if you are new to implementing probeware or an experienced user research backs up why this technology should be part of your teaching toolbox—it supports authentic learning and enhanced computational and practical skills it also shows that probeware can boost student interest and engagement in STEM which goes a long way in students sticking with science and STEM as they enter college and the workforce Want to learn more about the benefits of using probeware? Check out Vernier Science Education’s Exploring the Data: A Comprehensive Review of Research on Probeware and Three-Dimensional Teaching white paper. Looking for innovative ways to use probeware in your classroom? Check out the Vernier Blog for tips, lessons, and educator best practices. Connecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas, Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information, news and insight around the world Bern May Soon FollowThe nation’s Supreme Court ruled governments could act to limit “visual pollution” and citizens could “opt out of unwanted advertising.” 2024 at 12:01 AM EDTBookmarkSaveAn inconspicuous suburb close to Geneva became the first Swiss municipality to banish commercial advertising from its streets in a policy that creates a blueprint for similar bans in larger cities across the country so that's an achievement that won't be missed by us but we know we've got three more games to keep building on that." Henry Pollock and his band of brothers pulled off a remarkable heist in Dublin on Leinster to make them believe anything's possible Romane Ménager, Gabrielle Vernier and Joanna Grisez have all been named to make their return to the France team as they take on Italy in round four of the Women’s Six Nations Vernier returns after suspension for a high tackle received in round one while Grisez earns her first selection of the 2025 Championship and the long awaited return of Ménager in a 15s Les Bleues shirt is seemingly over after recovering from concussion she suffered in December while playing for club side Montpellier In total France make four changes to the starting XV for their clash against the Azzurri. Vernier will resume her midfield partnership with co-captain Marine Ménager, while Grisez is named on the wing in what is only her second appearance in the Women’s Six Nations Championship window.scriptsToInit.push('BrightCoveEmbeddedScrollVideo.init("6360804784112");'); In the front row, Assia Khalfaoui starts at tighthead prop, Manon Bigot who was named Player of the Match against Wales in round three starts at hooker and Yllana Brosseau comes in at loose head The second row remains unchanged, with co-captain Manaé Feleu partnering Madoussou Fall-Raclot once again. In the back row, Romane Ménager takes the place of Charlotte Escudero, who shifts to the bench, whilst Teani Feleu and Séraphine Okemba start their fourth consecutive match together The starting half-back pairing is also unchanged so far in this year’s championship, with Pauline Bourdon-Sansus and Carla Arbez named at nine and ten In the back three Grisez is joined by Émilie Boulard on the wing who scored twice last time out, while full-back Morgane Bourgeois who currently leads the points-scoring charts with 42 will once again have the chance to add to her points tally wearing the 15 shirt On the bench, Élisa Riffoneau, Ambre Mwayembe, Axelle Berthoumieu, and Léa Champon return, with Clara Joyeux included. Whilst Lina Queyroi will continue in her role as an impact player France team v Italy:15 Morgane Bourgeois14 Joanna Grisez13 Marine Ménager – co-captain12 Gabrielle Vernier11 Émilie Boulard10 Carla Arbez9 Pauline Bourdon-Sansus 8 Teani Feleu7 Séraphine Okemba6 Romane Ménager5 Madoussou Fall-Raclot4 Manae Feleu – co-captain3 Assia Khalfaoui2 Manon Bigot1 Yllana Brosseau Replacements:16 Élisa Riffoneau17 Ambre Mwayembe18 Clara Joyeux19 Charlotte Escudero20 Axelle Berthoumieu21 Léa Champon22 Alexandra Chambon23 Lina Queyroi The Women's Rugby World Cup 2025 is coming to England. Click here to buy tickets Join free and tell us what you really think Henry Pollock and his band of brothers pulled off a remarkable heist in Dublin on Leinster to make them believe anything's possible Is the Queensland boss the right man to lead Australia forward And will Joe Schmidt be tempted to stick around for Rugby World Cup 2027 Northampton Saints found a way of beating the fabled Jacques Nienaber blitz and inflicting another 'horrific' Champions Cup loss on the Leinster giants It’s a far better combo because Jordie can step in an take pressure off Sam Robbie does not really have either the passing of kicking game to do it properly now The leadership did not look that grand in the final minutes either One issue that has been highlighted is that the wrapping in cotton wool of palyers on the tour of SA prior to QFs and SFs has never really worked the battle-hardening combat of week to week footy It can be unpleasant work but you have to be ready to see your own weaknesses against strong opposition before knockout games [Scarlets was already a warning shot] and Leinster seemed to be ill-prepared for what was coming their way last Saturday From what I’ve heard Joe may be willing to return and he was filthy that the ABs didn’t win it in 23 I’d like to support Kiss but his record as head coach and the circumstances of his appointment make it difficult I very much doubt he was a unanimous choice by the 4-man panel For me Kiss is not the man for 2027 yet he has the top job but he will bring continuity and wont tear up the gameplan so at least they wont be starting from scratch with a new coach I reckon you have highlighted the main positive Can Les give the Wallabies the Kiss of Life?',1);"> OJ will be happy although we never see him around here on the rare occasions he is Can Les give the Wallabies the Kiss of Life?',1);"> True tackle completion % is one of the most useless single stats in rugby M The main concern is that Reds are still very much a work in progress and I’m surprised the support for Les as WB head man has been so firm I can see it working if Joe becomes involved again in 2027 but otherwise a huge gamble The most well-known cryptocurrency in the world has become extremely popular in recent years More people and companies are adopting Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as a form of investment due to their anarchic framework and high return potential the emergence of Bitcoin has also given rise to a number of security issues resulting in instances of lost or unreachable Bitcoins there is an enormous increase in demand for expert Bitcoin recovery services Ever felt like your heart sinks when you realise you can’t get to your Bitcoin There is a bigger demand than ever for trustworthy Bitcoin recovery services due to the rising popularity of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency The security risks connected with Bitcoin are growing along with its value and use There are several possibilities for consumers to lose access to their priceless digital assets Cyberspace Hack Pro is the legitimate sidekick when it comes to obtaining your unidentified or unaccessible Bitcoins back Years of experience and unmatched knowledge have allowed them to assist many people in regaining access to their digital assets Cyberspace Hack Pro provides specialized solutions that increase your chances of getting your Bitcoins back by analyzing your particular circumstances and using cutting-edge recovery methods I will suggest your urgent request for support from Cyberspace Hack Pro team through: Do not get left behind https://cyberspacehackpro0.wixsite.com/cyberspacehackpro @NB There was a lot that went wrong for Leinster But how much do you think the lack of competitive matches meant vulnerabilities and weaknesses were not exposed and addressed in previous matches A good coaching team like Northampton’s then had a lot to work with giving Leinster a lot of problems to fix all at once on the day French teams and indeed English teams who are CC contenders are getting weekly matches where weaknesses are being probed and end game tactics are been often tested in the fire I know Leinster can mitigate some of this in training but hard matches create more hardened and rounded teams Perhaps Leinster need to start looking at playing their best teams away in SA (6N release permitting) and the main team playing the match (or most of it) preceding the big matches 50-60 mins against Scarlets would have helped that team a lot Yes England seem on the rise Speaking of Barrett his brothers team the Blues seem to have hit some form as expected late in the season Scott-Young and Kemeny are all benefiting from their time at saints Would like to see them return as better players as most do… Under Joe S he has a 100% record against England;) Versus Connacht in the Aviva they were 12 up (3 tries) with 10 to go against a Cannacht team playing very well They had an easy three to secure the win but kicked for corner Connacht repelled the attack and Leinster got carded after a Connacht turnover Connacht went up the pitch and scored and made it a 5 point match Leinster then won another (harder but kickable) penalty Another confab started before Barrett went up and told Byrne to kick for goal The onfield decision making seems to have fallen between two stools This surely should have been addressed before now if they are covering all angles I’d say the difference between Bath and Saints v Leinster is the experience of last year for Saints and the complacency of Bath; apropos Bennetton away Bath are earning their stripes and I’d expect them to learn the lessons of last years Prem and this years CC perhaps even all the way to a Prem & Challenge Cup double when you’ve got people who are still close to the team then it’s definitely indicative of a prevailing mindset Add in the results evidence to the mix and it’s nigh on impossible to dispute they were most definitely looking in the wrong direction for their mindset prep He also compliments Prendergast more and allows Ringrose more space To be fair it is extremely difficult for Leinster to get the competitive matches in the URC to prepare for these really big matches hard matches in the lead up expose weaknesses which can be shored up before the next match NH identified all of these weaknesses and sent a man through every one of them They should have started Barrett Prendergast has more space with Barrett playing Northampton scored 3 quickfire tries without reply before half time Their first was very much against the run of play I don’t think Leinster not expecting that barrage of tries was them underestimating NH I feel that Leinster are not getting competitive matches to prepare them for these tight endgame scenarios That said match management should have seen them take the first 3 points and/or execute the tap Conan seemed to be confabbing with Barrett and Prendergast A levelled match would have been a significant blow to NH and with Leinster winning the second half 22-10 would have been heavy favourites to win another 20 minutes Arrogance chokers or maybe just a little of all three Bit disappointed on this she gave English Womens Rugby such a boost would have liked to have seen a few seasons at the coalface vs a 6 month temp contract It’s like tackle school 101 Start on your knees as the other 10 year old walks towards you It isnt just how he hits it’s his positioning and pace He got skinned by Ramm (I think) for the first try He chased the kick but could deal with a small swerve then turned slower than Freddie Stewart on an ice rink He really is a great prospect and if it wasnt a Lions year everybody would give him another year to improve Sasha keeps my heart in my mouth with his head on tackling He has made some very dominant tackles for the Stormers in the past few games and also he is a great cover defender Manie has made some classic corner flag tackles to save tries If the 10 is retiring to backfield he should be sweeping - that didn’t work out too well for SP He just doesn’t seem to have the appetite for tackling - he plays more like Naas Botha of old He’s a highly skilled rugby player I remember similar discussions about Sexton He’s been pushed forward by Leinster because of what he’s been doing in training Frawley has been put back as a utility player The Byrnes are both probably leaving Leinster and I agree with most of what has been said on this post He should have been sent out to Connacht or Ulster to gain more experience before being made no 1 Fly in Ireland Can Les give the Wallabies the Kiss of Life?',1);"> My comment about stats was a lead-in to how having good tackle completion stats don’t necessarily mean you're a good defensive team The Brumbies game a few weeks ago was when I became concerned about Les as a Wallabies coach and I haveh’t seen enough to be anything more than hopeful he’ll succeed Grosse Pointe Woods — A key Grosse Pointe Woods intersection is getting a major overhaul later this spring to make "the most accident prone" section safer and reduce accidents Grosse Pointe Woods officials are in the process of securing easements to redo the intersection of Vernier and Mack Pedestrian crossings will feature push buttons and the intersection will be reconfigured to have no direct left turns The goal is to make the intersection safer given its location next to two schools said Grosse Pointe Woods City Administrator Frank Schulte "This is the most accident-prone intersection in the city," said Schulte Officials have been plotting for years to improve the Vernier and Mack intersection which had 66 injury accidents in the last two years Racheal Melton visits her grandmother often in Grosse Pointe Woods and she said it "sounded like a good idea" to improve the intersection "I think Mack is kind of weird in general around here," Melton said who lives in Roseville and was at a Mobil gas station at the corner of Mack and Vernier on Sunday "There's a lot of traffic and people trying to park on the street Doris Clellan lives in nearby Detroit but frequents small businesses on Mack near the intersection "People just seem to be going too fast for two lanes," she said Some people who work in nearby stores said there often are fender benders and near misses at the intersection particularly as vehicles turn onto Vernier the Vernier Road and Sunningdale Park intersection will be improved with a mast arm traffic signal and a signalized pedestrian crossing What are called Rapid Rectangular Flashing Beacons also are planned on Mack Avenue at the intersections of Hampton and Ridgemont roads to "improve the visibility and awareness of the pedestrians to the drivers which will improve the safety of the current crossings," according to an agreement between Wayne County and Grosse Pointe Woods The updates will be paid for with grants and American Rescue Plan Act dollars Wayne County awarded about $380,000 for the project last fall The city also was awarded a $720,000 Michigan Department of Transportation federal safety grant for the updates and a $600,000 Safe Routes to School grant Along with the new configuration eliminating left-hand turns In a letter to residents in the city's 2025 calendar Grosse Pointe Woods Mayor Arthur Bryant said the plans will "completely redesign" the intersection Schulte said work likely is to begin in the middle or near the end of April and the city hopes to have it completed by Labor Day All rights reserved Support forthis publication has been provided through the National Endowment for the Arts Moving Image Source was developed with generous and visionary support from the Hazen Polsky Foundation Feature Films Database Southern Mediterranean films database Scriptwriters European Film Schools Production Companies Distributors International Sales Submit a Film Industry Reports Co-Production Podcast Online Screenwriting Training Course Guided Course for Feature Film Writing Script Analysis Analysis of the potential of 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Advertise on Cineuropa Logos and Banners LOCARNO 2024 Competition "I think it’s invaluable that films can open a window onto something unknown" by Fabien Lemercier 13/08/2024 - The French filmmaker explains his fascinating work which is anchored in the timeless modernity of Monaco and clarifies his rather unique approach to fiction Cineuropa: Your films always gravitate around one particular place Why Monaco this time around in 100,000,000,000,000?Virgil Vernier: After Sophia Antipolis where I started to explore this specific side of the French Riviera which is totally fixated with the idea of success and the capitalist dream I wanted to go a little bit further with a city which is the ultimate pinnacle of that idea I also wanted to question why we all want to participate in this luxury world and in the really popular culture of social housing estates that Monaco was a dream they often mentioned the more we aspire to that kind of material comfort especially for marginalised people who have to do odd jobs or "bullshit jobs" as they’ve been described in the USA you chose an escort as your main character.I met quite a few sex workers and they were all light years away from the caricatures we tend to attach to them They do their job without any kind of drama Some sociologists might describe it as the "uberisation of escorting" These are very young people who started selling their bodies by totally disassociating themselves from what they were doing It doesn’t mean they don’t suffer psychological fallout from it or that it’s not incredibly complicated for them and some of them play themselves in Afine’s gang which is very common in Monaco where there’s high demand for beautiful young people whose bodies are available and for whom the line between sex work and escorting someone to parties is pretty blurred but without ever over-dramatising things.I’m fascinated by the project to extend the city of Monaco "Dubaiesque" project: Monaco reaching out to the sea The starting point for the screenplay was a little girl whose parents were billionaires I was researching the people overseeing the extension project and I thought it would be brilliant if these people who have everything had a child they didn’t take care of It dovetailed perfectly with the character of Afine who’s on the other end of the social ladder I wanted to suggest this using the very modest and minimalist means of a nigh-on documentarian approach simply by shooting the building site at night-time as well as in the daytime and by exploring these very real stories involving the destruction of the sea and the triumph of concrete There’s was no need to lay it on thick: it’s something that impacts all of us Is this an unwavering guiding line of yours?I don’t have any rules certain individuals’ real lives and faces we don’t see elsewhere I think it’s invaluable that films can open a window onto something unknown exactly how I’d imagined my character to be I held a lot of auditions with professional actors but they didn’t have the same grace or innocence is hugely supportive of me and doesn’t pressure me at all for the fact that I don’t help him make the film easy to market in terms of its cast or its story But you also need to know which rules you’re going to play along with if you want to try out something new and there’s no reason to think I won’t try working with a known actor in my next film Please subscribe to our newsletter to receive more stories like this directly in your inbox 06/05/2025 Lionel Massol • Producer, Films Grand Huit“We want to produce films that tell the story of society, with a strong artistic bias” 02/05/2025 Annegret Richter • Artistic director, Stuttgart International Festival of Animated Film“There’s no definition of which target group it has to be for; you can tell any story with stop motion” 02/05/2025 Sanja Božić-Ljubičić • CEO, Pickbox, Mediatranslations, Mediavision and NEM“We will always stay focused on the CEE region, a region that’s unique – it can be challenging, but it’s also incredibly rewarding” 30/04/2025 Mirko Goran Marijanac • Media sales executive, DeAPlaneta Entertainment“It’s all about using AI ethically, and making the most of its tools to boost efficiency in animation and distribution” 29/04/2025 Anne Pouliquen • Founder and Director, Futura Cinema“Futura Cinema acts as a bridge between cinemas, cultural innovation and technological solutions” all interviews Subscribe to our newsletter to receive the most important daily or weekly news on European cinema Crossing Europe 2025 Review: Callas, Darling Cannes 2025 Marché du Film The Party’s Over! leads France TV Distribution’s Cannes slate CPH:DOX 2025 CPH:DOX Industry Europa Distribution explores the release of documentaries at CPH:DOX Cannes 2025 Marché du Film AFCI runs its second annual Global Film Commission Network Summit at Marché du Film Festivals / Awards Czech Republic Czech Republic’s Anifilm goes sci-fi Distribution / Releases / Exhibitors Europe European Arthouse Cinema Day set to return on 23 November Cannes 2025 Marché du Film Indie Sales presents a three-star line-up at Cannes HOFF 2025 The Shadow and U Are the Universe win at Estonia’s Haapsalu Horror and Fantasy Film Festival Crossing Europe 2025 Awards The New Year That Never Came and The Flats crowned at Crossing Europe Cannes 2025 Marché du Film Be For Films to sell Love Me Tender in Cannes Cannes 2025/Sponsored Latvia set to shine bright at Cannes, led by Sergei Loznitsa’s competition entry Two Prosecutors Las Palmas 2025 MECAS/Awards Manuel Muñoz Rivas and Joana Carro win awards at the eighth MECAS Market TrendsFOCUSA busy spring festival season awaits the European film industry. Cineuropa will continue to keep its readers up to date with the latest news and market insights, covering the buzziest events, including Cannes, Kraków, Karlovy Vary, Tribeca, Hot Docs, Annecy, Brussels, Munich and many others Distribution, Exhibition and Streaming – 06/05/2025Europa Distribution explores the release of documentaries at CPH:DOXThe network has held a case study workshop as part of its brand-new partnership with the Copenhagen-based festival Distribution, Exhibition and Streaming – 02/05/2025Slovak crime-thriller Černák becomes the highest-grossing film in domestic cinemasThe second film in the saga about a local mafia boss, directed by Jakub Króner, outgrossed its first part, which dominated Slovak cinemas last year Jaśmina Wójcik • Director of King Matt the First The Polish director discusses her approach to taking on a 1920s children’s literary classic in an unexpected way Želimir Žilnik • Director of Eighty Plus The Serbian director discusses his deep suspicion of ideologies in relation to his irresistibly charming latest feature, which follows a man whose life spans three political systems Paulina Jaroszewicz • Distribution and marketing manager, New Horizons Association Cineuropa sat down with the Polish distributor to discuss her company’s strategy as well as the connection between its distribution line-up and BNP Paribas New Horizons Festival’s programme Lorcan Finnegan • Director of The Surfer The Irish filmmaker discusses his mystery-thriller, how he created the character with Nicolas Cage and his approach to the use of colours in the film Privacy Policy The images used on this website have been provided by journalists and are believed to be free of rights if you are the owner of an image used on this website and believe that its use infringes on your copyright We will remove the image in question as soon as possible We have made reasonable efforts to ensure that all images used on this website are used legally and in accordance with copyright laws About us | Contact us | Logos and Banners Mission | Partners | Team | Donations | Terms and conditions A little rain delay wasn't going to damper the mood – or the prowess – that the 67th Annual Divot Derby champions had in their final rounds on Wednesday at Lost Key Golf Club. The final groups were through about five or six holes on the front nine before a quick storm system moved through the area and a few lightning strikes too close for comfort forced participants to make their way back to the clubhouse for a roughly 30-to-45-minute break it kind of helped me," Vernier said of the delay It was just a nice little break to see everyone and be able to cool off inside." shot a one-under 70 at Lost Key in the final round of the three-day tournament to win the Divot Derby by 10 strokes finishing the tournament with a three-day total of three-under par beating the second-place finisher by three strokes to finish the three-day tournament also three-under par "I'd always go to the banquet and realize that they have that big trophy I never thought it would eventually be me," said Vernier who finished in second in the 2023 Divot Derby by two strokes 'One of the best feelings in the world'It took until the 13th hole for things to finally start setting in for Van Pelt he might actually be able to win the Divot Derby Van Pelt had just birdied the 12th hole before sinking a 12-foot putt for par on par-3 13th That was immediately followed up by another birdie on the 14th Just call that a good three-hole stretch for the former Jaguar That's when he started to pull away from the pack "I got thinking that if I could just keep it going "I kept it play off the tees nad hit some pretty good iron shots to set up some good looks on the green today." after straying a little bit off to the right side of the green on the par-3 16th hole Then he birdied the 18th with a solid putt to officially claim the tournament and it came off the club just like I wanted it to," Van Pelt said with the Divot Derby flag in hand "Definitely one of the best feelings in the world to finish it off with a birdie on a pretty long putt." Van Pelt said this was his fourth tournament of the summer after competing in the GPJGA Summer Tour throughout the season plus some other tournaments. Before he heads to Montevallo, however, he will compete in the A. Downing Gray Cup at the end of July at the Pensacola Country Club. Van Pelt shot a three-round total of 212 to claim the Divot Derby He shot a 70 at Marcus Pointe Golf Club on Monday followed by a 72 at Perdido Bay Golf Club on Tuesday before Wednesday's 70 at Lost Key Van Pelt said there's been a focus on tee shots and putting – much needed for the tight fairways of Lost Key and the fast-rolling greens – after some solid wedge and iron play And now he's got some confidence going into the Downing Gray and into his first college golf season but I just haven't been able to piece rounds together It definitely felt good to put together three solid rounds," Van Pelt said "There's still a difference between playing good and winning And it definitely feels good to win one and get some confidence into the Downing Gray It shows me I can compete with guys that are good I can play some good fall golf at Montevallo." Vernier already came into Wednesday with a two-stroke advantage but that didn't mean too much on a tough course like Lost Key A shot a little bit to the left or right could mean disaster on the tight fairways of the course it's a tough course to be aggressive on given how often the green is separated from the fairway by a hazard So Vernier said she was focusing on hitting some solid putts and making sure just to hit the fairway "I had a couple putts that just didn’t fall Vernier was set to tee off on the fifth hole where she proceeded to hit three consecutive birdies That was kicked off by a nice approach shot on the fifth where the ball stopped dead in its tracks within five feet of the hole she didn't have another blemish on the scorecard until a bogey on the par-4 14th "This is probably the hardest course out of the three we played (this week) It was three different types of greens that rolled three different speeds," Vernier said of Lost Key which had some greens with speed after the course quickly dried out from the rain Vernier completed the three-round tournament with a total score of 212 finishing three-under for the entire tournament followed by a 68 on Tuesday at Perdido Bay followed by Wednesday's 70 Vernier won't be playing in the Downing Gray, which she won last season, but will be at the 48th Boys and Girls Junior PGA Championship at Congressional Country Club in Bethesda "It gives me a good amount of confidence," Vernier said of winning the Divot Derby. "I have a pretty big tournament a couple weeks from now so it gives me confidence for that and going into the fall (at West Florida)." Ben Grieco is a sports reporter for the Pensacola News Journal He can be reached on X (@BenGriecoSports) and via email at BGrieco@gannett.com They say golf is game of finding greens and fairways the two golfers listed below certainly did that – and then some – during the 2024 Florida High School Athletic Association golf season There were several big tournaments throughout the season that saw some incredible scores ones that you'd perhaps see in the most clutch moments on the Sunday of a PGA Tour event Other highlights included Pace's Adam Penrod earning low-medalist honors at the boys District 1-3A tournament Northview's Anna Kunkel winning the girls District 1-1A tournament and Gabby Hultstrand taking low-medalist at the District 1-2A tournament There were also several top finishes at region and state tournaments from area golfers As far as team state tournament appearances the Pace boys team qualified for the 3A state tournament taking 10th overall; and the Pensacola Catholic boys earned an automatic bid to the 1a state tournament Here are the individual award-winners from the 2024 golf season (Note: full all-area teams will be revealed on Sunday Pensacola CatholicTalk about a show-stopping senior season for Pensacola Catholic's Hudson Mitchell While he finished 29th at the Class 1A state tournament it was a 2024 season to remember for Mitchell Mitchell won the district tournament and was runner-up at the region tournament There were a couple impressive rounds during the regular season That includes Mitchell carding a five-under par 31 at The Club at Hidden Creek near the end of October plus a tournament win at the FCA Boys Golf Tournament with a five-under par 67 at the 18-hole tournament Mitchell finished with a team-low iWanamaker ranking (which is a measure of a golfer's skill-level based on team stroke play events) was an astounding 0.546 for nine-hole rounds Abby Vernier still has one season to impress at West Florida after posting an area-best third-place finish at the Class 2A state tournament at the end of the season Vernier posted a 1.441 iWanamaker ranking for nine-hole rounds through 14 rounds with a scoring average of 36.2 (which placed her 11th in the state of Florida for the class of 2026) Vernier had an iWanamaker ranking of 2.511 with an average score of 73.5 finished tied for second at the district tournament She's been impressive outside of the high school circuit taking Northwest Florida (and the national scene) by storm Pensacola Catholic golf coach Jason Young led the Crusaders to their fourth consecutive district title which meant earning an automatic spot in the region tournament Pensacola Catholic then finished second at region to qualify automatically as a team for state – the only area team that did so The Crusaders finished 15th overall at state Young is bringing back three of his top five golfers from the state tournament giving a glimpse as to what the next few years of Pensacola Catholic boys golf could be Image Source: IStockphoto_RAW / iStock / Getty Images Plus and international metrology and quality news and unusual metrology/quality facts from the past In this first issue we will introduce the metrology a.k.a Metrology is of fundamental importance in many human activities especially those concerned with acquisition and application of scientific knowledge It is crucial across various fields such as science where precise and reliable measurements are essential The history of metrology goes hand in hand with development of humankind These are just samples of many other measurement discoveries who made possible today’s technological advancements Emil Hazarian, Professor CSU Dominguez Hills, CCPE, MSQA – MSME Dipl. Ing. – BS Metrology - BS Energy. For more information, call (213) 392-2495 or email [email protected] Our motto: Quality and Metrology through Education (QuAMTE) This column is intended to bring important local You must have JavaScript enabled to enjoy a limited number of articles over the next 30 days issues and challenges that they face daily Design, CMS, Hosting & Web Development :: ePublishing volume 5 - 2011 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2011.00021 This article is part of the Research TopicAdaptive Function and Brain EvolutionView all 20 articles Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS) is found throughout chordates and its emergence predates the divergence of chordates Many of the molecular components of DA systems are shared with those of other monoamine systems suggesting the common origin of these systems the DA neurotransmitter systems are diversified and serve for visual and olfactory perception Some of the functions are conserved among different vertebrate groups and this is reflected in the anatomical aspects of DA systems in the forebrain and midbrain Recent findings concerning a second tyrosine hydroxylase gene (TH2) revealed new populations of DA-synthesizing cells as evidenced in the periventricular hypothalamic zones of teleost fish It is likely that the ancestor of vertebrates possessed TH2 DA-synthesizing cells and the TH2 gene has been lost secondarily in placental mammals All the vertebrates possess DA cells in the olfactory bulb Midbrain DA cells are abundant in amniotes while absent in some groups Studies of protochordate DA cells suggest that the diencephalic DA cells were present before the divergence of the chordate lineage the midbrain cell populations have probably emerged in the vertebrate lineage following the development of the midbrain–hindbrain boundary The functional flexibility of the DA systems and the evolvability provided by duplication of the corresponding genes permitted a large diversification of these systems These features were instrumental in the adaptation of brain functions to the very variable way of life of vertebrates fostering an enormous interest for this neurotransmitter DA has now been shown to significantly contribute to the pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia Implication of DA in such a large range of otherwise unrelated functions its wide distribution in a number of brain nuclei and fast-growing knowledge about the differentiation of these DA neuronal groups strongly suggest that there is not a unique DA system It is thus of importance to trace back the origin of these different DA systems in the course of the evolution of chordate animals in order to gain clues of the adaptive constraints which led to select each of the DA systems and to understand better the nature of functions that DA exerts in the brain and how it can become maladaptive in neuropsychiatric diseases we integrate recent data with established features of DA systems to shed a new light on their origin and evolution in chordates Dopamine is derived from the aromatic amino acid tyrosine through two enzymatic stages. The first and limiting step is catalyzed by tyrosine hydroxylase [TH; an aromatic amino acid hydroxylase (AAAH)] and the second step is catalyzed by an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC; Figure 1A) Since the supply of tyrosine in food is short most of the tyrosine used for dopamine synthesis is derived from another aromatic amino acid Phenylalanine is transformed into tyrosine by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) Schematic representation of the metabolic (A) and catabolic (B) pathways of DA and other monoamines (A) The biosynthesis of DA is highly modular and shares several molecular components with biosynthetic pathways of other monoamines Catecholamines are synthesized from the aromatic amino acid l-tyrosine and indoleamines synthesized from the aromatic amino acid l-tryptophan but TH and TPH display many common characteristics including the same co-factor (tetrahydrobiopterin Tyramine and octopamine come from the same pathways than the other catecholamines AADC and vMAT are components shared by all the pathways responsible for the re-uptake of the monoamines are more specific of the different monoamine pathways based on their cell-expression pattern although their functional specificity is weak (B) The catabolic enzymes are also essentially shared by all the monoamines whose direct metabolites are rapidly transformed by aldehyde reductases (AR) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (AD) in compounds (5HIAA for serotonin and DOPAC for dopamine) easy to assay and which reflect the utilization of the transmitters provides metabolites assayable in body fluid such as CSF reflecting preferentially the utilization of monoamines at the periphery of the body 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-ethylene-glycol; DOPAC dopamine/tyramine β-hydroxylase; GCH 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-ethylene-glycol; NET phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase; SERT Dopamine is also a precursor of two other catecholamines, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Noradrenaline is produced through the action of the enzyme dopamine/tyramine β-hydroxylase (DBH). Adrenaline requires an additional step catalyzed by phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT; Figure 1A) Catecholamines are included in a larger category of intercellular transmitters which was initially defined by their property to be degraded by monoamine oxidases (MAO) Monoamines also comprise indolamines (e.g. the latter present in low amount in vertebrates Histamine is also often included into the monoamines although it is a diamine degraded by diamine oxidase extracellular DA is taken up by the dopamine transporter (DAT) located into the plasma membrane of nerve terminals DA is then degraded inside the cells by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) Many of the molecular components used in dopamine neurotransmission are shared with the other monoamine neurons (Figure 1) or serotonin neurons are members of the same gene/protein family It is thus important to discuss the evolution of these molecules together We here present the various molecular components such as synthesizing and catabolic enzymes which define the phenotype of the dopamine systems We also present and discuss the phylogenies of the molecular components of monoamine systems Evolution of the molecular components of the monoaminergic systems in chordates (A) Protochordates have all the basic molecular components of the monoamine pathways found in vertebrates both MAT and iDAT do not exist but since MAT is present in amphioxus it may have been lost specifically in urochordates The loss of iDAT may have occurred earlier since it is not present in amphioxus MAT has been duplicated to provide DAT and NET which are not thus orthologous to invertebrate iDAT but to invertebrate MAT SERT has been duplicated in jawed vertebrates vMAT and AADC have been specifically duplicated in the urochordate lineage But since no genomic data are available yet in agnathans it is currently impossible to known if this duplication took place before or after the emergence of jawed vertebrates TH2 and SERT2 have been lost in placental mammals aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (orange); iDAT and DAT and vertebrate form of dopamine transporter (light blue); MAT (B) The molecular phylogeny of monoamine receptor in bilaterian animals reveals that most classes of monoamine receptors predated the origin of chordates and vertebrates Classes of orthologous receptors in vertebrates and protostomes (most sequences come from ecdysozoan insects and nematodes) are transducing signals in cells via the same G protein (question marks correspond to the cases when the nature of G protein in not known) highlighting one of the major constraint on the conservation of the receptor sequences throughout bilaterian evolution α1 adrenergic receptors are orthologous to octopamine 1 receptors (Oct1) and α2 adrenergic receptors are orthologous to octopamine 2 receptors (Oct2) but both D1-like and D2-like receptors are also dopaminergic in protostomes The topology of the tree also shows that receptor classes that bind the same natural ligand (e.g. suggesting that each class of receptor acquired independently and convergently the ability to bind a given neurotransmitter a simplified version of the phylogenetical relationships of the D1 and D2 receptor is presented Three subtypes of receptor exist in each class and our observations are consistent with this hypothesis a bona fide AADC is present in both protostomes and deuterostomes indicating that this enzyme was probably ancestral to all the bilaterians It has been duplicated in insects (providing the paralogous amd gene) but not in deuterostomes including vertebrates Although a single ddc gene exists in all the vertebrates species analyzed so far alternative transcription provides at least two forms of transcripts in mammals one of them being specifically expressed in the nervous system both have several hundred orders of magnitude less affinity for serotonin SERT is expressed in DA-synthesizing cells of the sensory vesicle (Razy-Krajka et al. When the evolution of these gene families is taken into account these heterologous interactions may not be so surprising given the close relationships between many of these monoaminergic markers several of which are used simultaneously by several biosynthetic pathways Whether the duplication of the MAO gene in vertebrates occurred before of after the emergence of teleosts cannot be established presently it has to be stressed that MAO present in teleosts is mostly used in the 5HT system to regulate its metabolism and its precise role in the regulation of the metabolism of other monoamines The presence of MAO-A and -B is of importance for human pathophysiology since the neurotoxic MPTP is metabolized by MAO-A into MMP+ in non-dopaminergic neurons but it becomes toxic when taken up by DAT (and not NET or SERT) into DA neurons where it promotes mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and a syndrome close to idiopathic Parkinson’s disease different species have differential susceptibility to MPTP and primates being rather sensitive to the toxic Since MAO sequence has not been described yet in cartilaginous fish or in jawless vertebrates, it is not clear when the duplication of two MAO genes occurred. Since there is only one MAO gene in teleosts, it is possible that the duplication happened in the tetrapod lineage. In addition, the evolutionary origin of the vertebrate MAO is unclear since no ortholog of vertebrate MAO exists in protostomes (MacHeroux et al., 2001) a vertebrate-like MAO exists in protochordate genomes (amphioxus and ascidian it may be possible that an ancestral L-amino acid oxidase (another member of flavin-containing amine oxidoreductases) has been co-opted in the deuterostome lineage leading to protochordates and vertebrates Then this MAO has been conserved in chordates with the occurrence of MAO duplication in jawed vertebrates generated by different gene promoters and alternative translation initiation sites there is only one gene in the available genome sequences of jawed vertebrates Orthologous COMT sequences are present in protochordates but they are not found in sea urchin genome sequences or in the protostome genomes sequenced so far it is possible that a COMT was acquired only in the chordate lineage transformed from one of the numerous methyl transferase genes found in most living species To summarize our view of the evolution of the molecular components of the DA metabolic pathways it could be stressed that several of the corresponding genes have been duplicated in jawed vertebrates (TH These duplicated genes exhibit a clear differential expression in the vertebrate brain reflecting both subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization These derived characters drove the conservation of the duplicated genes and were probably used for adaptation of the DA systems to the large anatomical and functional changes that can be evidenced in the different groups of vertebrates it is quite remarkable that placental mammals have lost most of these duplicated genes It is very likely that placental mammals have found different ways of using highly adaptive DA systems than the other jawed vertebrates do This observation implicates that DA receptors have acquired independently (by convergence) the ability to bind DA as it was also the case for the other classes of monoamine GPCR recent findings changed our view of the D1 receptor relationships a phylogenic analysis suggests that the D1X receptor gene may be a paralog of the vertebrate D1B receptor gene (Yamamoto et al. the molecular phylogeny of the D1 receptors class may now be simplified to three subtypes; the D1A As for the molecular components of the DA metabolism it should be mentioned that mammals have reduced the genetic diversity of the dopamine receptors as compared to the other groups of jawed vertebrates could be more “complex” than the other vertebrates groups Similar overall statements could be made for the D2-class receptors The D2-class receptors comprise three subtypes in jawed vertebrates and D4 receptor subtypes (more logically to be named D2A These D2 receptor subtypes are found in most of the sequenced vertebrate species thus it is likely that the ancestral jawed vertebrates already possessed all of them Additional duplication within the subtypes occurred specifically in the teleost lineage While many fishes possess two to three paralogs of D2 and D4 receptor genes there is only one D3 receptor gene in all teleosts analyzed so far The timing of the duplication giving rise to the three D2-like receptor subtypes is unclear as only one D2-like receptor has been found in lamprey there is no D2-like receptor gene found in protochordates so far (in ascidians and amphioxus published genomes) very likely to be a secondary loss in the protochordate lineage since protostomes have D2 receptor orthologs Localization of comparable DA cells among in different groups of vertebrates and teleostean (zebrafish) brains showing comparable DAergic nuclei and their projection patterns Mammalian A9–A14 DA nuclei are shown in different colors (top) and corresponding colors in other vertebrate groups represent comparative (not necessarily being confirmed to be homologous) DA cell populations TH2 (green) and pretectal (brown) DA cell groups are commonly found in vertebrates except mammals and telencephalon in light gray in the brain of each species The approximate positions of prosomeres p1–p3 are indicated as segmentation within the diencephalon It is thus also possible that some of the discrepancy found for the phenotypes of the DA in the olfactory bulb reflects activity-related changes Most of the proposed homologs of A11–A15 in amniotes are based on the topology of TH (TH1) immunoreactive cells (Kiss and Peczely, 1987; Medina et al., 1994; Reiner et al., 1994) although the projections and functional aspects remain to be investigated One to one comparison with anamniotes is more difficult due to the variation of the brain morphologies Increasing knowledge of the neuropeptide content to compare the DA nuclei of amniotes and anamniotes The diencephalo-spinal DA projections are also found in lampreys but these cells are CSF-contacting neurons although diencephalo-spinal DA systems are commonly found throughout the vertebrates and it is probably an ancestral function of hypothalamic DA neurons in vertebrates Not much is known about the function A15 cell populations Their projections are mainly to other diencephalic areas A15 is the most rostral part of the diencephalic DA cells and they are located around the optic chiasm including the supraoptic nucleus in mammals DA cells are consistently found around the supraoptic/suprachiasmatic regions in various vertebrates and it is possible that they correspond to A15 The DA cell groups of the midbrain/basal diencephalon are characterized in most of vertebrate groups by their projection to the subpallial and pallial areas of the telencephalon and as in mammals they extend from the mesencephalon up to the basal part of the two first prosomeres it is likely that the role of DA in the basal ganglia motor control is conserved in tetrapods Midbrain DA input to a proposed nucleus accumbens are found in amphibians but the receptor distribution is not known This may play an important role for a sustained memory-related activity in these brain areas and DA is mainly captured by the noradrenaline transporter (NET) Since uptake velocity by NET is not as high as by DAT it may account for the slow uptake of DA in the PFC Neither the expression patterns of DAT nor that of NET are known in the avian NCL and this should be interesting to investigate the notion of a common genetic program governing DA cell differentiation is very unlikely to exist the molecular mechanisms and gene networks governing the differentiation of the DA systems are also different Gene expression is thus controlled in spatially and temporally defined manner and the combination of genes expressed in each of the neuromere influences the fate and differentiation of neural progenitors and new-born neurons The differentiation of all the DA cells takes place anterior to the MHB This highlights the key role of this structure in the process DAergic neurogenesis is regulated by distinct genetic networks depending on the position of the progenitors in the neural tube Variations around these genetic pathways are certainly at the center of the corresponding disparity of the organization and function of DA cell groups among vertebrate species For example, in the olfactory bulb, an anterior telencephalic area, the differentiation of DA neurons depends on the combination of at least three transcription factor encoding-genes, Etv1/ER81, Pax6, and Meis2, as key determinants of the DA phenotypes (Allen et al., 2007). In contrast, the gene networks used for the specification of DA cell groups are very different in the midbrain and diencephalic/hypothalamic cell groups (Figure 4) Distinct differentiation pathways for different DA cell groups in mouse The localization of the main DA-synthesizing nuclei is shown on a neuromeric representation of the mouse embryonic brain Signaling molecules and genes known to be involved in the differentiation of the A11 (first row) A8–A10 DA nuclei (in the midbrain and first basal diencephalic prosomeres; second row) and A13 DA nuclei (in the ventral thalamus; third row) are indicated as a table Note that DA cells in the three different areas depend on different signaling and transcription factors expression at each step of the cell differentiation although little is still known in the case of A11 and A13 This observation supports the hypothesis that different DA neuronal systems have been recruited independently The redundancy of FGF signaling is higher in teleost fish (due to an additional gene duplication) than in other species and the precise role of FGF signaling in the specification of DA progenitors anterior to the MHB remains unclear many of them are not specifically focusing on DA neurons to understand better the regulatory logic of the expression of the DA phenotypes in the many DA nuclei throughout the forebrain the DA nuclei or neurons located in the retina or the mesencephalo-diencephalic areas are each specified and differentiated upon essentially different combination of genes The antero-dorsal population 1 is located close to photoreceptors and it sends short projections ventrally to the central canal in a manner reminiscent of some hypothalamic neurons in vertebrates The population 2 is located more medially and laterally in the cerebral vesicle and it sends projections to the posterior brain and the spinal cord It could play a role in modulating the activity of the motor pattern generator in this animal The third population is located in the posterior cerebral vesicle and exhibits similarities with the area postrema of the vertebrate hindbrain they express the membrane transporter SERT enabling these cells to contain both 5HT and DA (no other member of the MAT are present in the ciona genome) Ciona has also lost D1-like or D2-like receptor genes DA acts via α2-like receptors located on DA cells themselves and on some of their probable targets (GABA and glutamate neurons) The very peculiar features of the ascidian DA cells stress the unexpected flexibility or adaptability of the monoamine systems It may be followed by many gene losses which have taken place in the urochordate lineage including DA receptor genes and MAT genes (DAT/NET) This flexible property gives robustness and adaptability to the systems as a whole and this would have been beneficial to many species during evolution These DA cells were probably multifunctional and able to modulate neural functions such as sensory input Schematic representation of the hypothetic evolution of DA systems at the protochordate–vertebrate transition The anterior neural tube of a chordate ancestor contained periventricular photoreceptor cells intermingled with neuroendocrine cells synthesizing dopamine and peptides such as vasopressin or somatostatin These cells could also be connected to other part of the CNS These cell types are lining the anterior neural ventricle and contact the CSF A reminiscent but derived situation is found in modern protochordates such as ascidia (superior right part of the schematics) where photoreceptor cells line the ventricle and are adjacent to the DA cells of the sensory vesicle and which are able to modulate the motor response to light the telencephalon has tremendously increased in size and the optic vesicle becomes separated from the anterior hypothalamus by bulging out of the neural tube Several “new” DA systems have been co-opted simultaneously mostly in the mesencephalon and the basal plate three first prosomeres These DA cells homologous to those of the SN/VTA project on the dorsal and ventral pallium representing a major innovation of vertebrates The retina comprised several cell types inherited from the protochordate ancestor Together with a better knowledge of the possible evolutionary history of the molecular components of DA neurons genetic networks controlling DA neuron differentiation and the new data obtained on the protochordate DA systems we propose renewed hypothesis of the evolution of DA systems in craniates has certainly played a crucial role in adaptation of animal behavior all along evolution the DA phenotype relies on the simultaneous expression of a molecular module consisting of the biosynthetic enzymes TH and AADC the action on DA relies on the presence of members of the D1 and D2 classes of receptors on target cells Many of these operational molecules are present in all bilaterian groups (TH as presented in Section “Molecular Components Defining the Phenotype of DA Neurons and their Phylogeny.” Thus all the components of the prototypic DA neurotransmission system found in modern vertebrates were on hand in ancestral chordates The coordinated cellular expression of these components was mandatory to make a neurotransmission system using DA It was certainly operant in ancestral chordates also based on our current knowledge of protochordates It is however rather difficult to figure out how the ancestral chordate DA system looked like from an anatomical and physiological point of view the ancestral DA neuron population of chordates could have been located in a protohypothalamic periventricular area at the anterior part of the neural tube The transition between protochordates and craniates corresponds to the emergence of the “new head,” to quote Gans and Northcutt (1983) which accompanied the major development of the neural crest as well as the emergence of the sensory placodes were major innovations that transformed the probably small and frail last common ancestor of protochordates and craniates into a much more efficient predator the DA neuronal systems may have followed the tremendous expansion of the forebrain in craniates the emergence of secondary organizers of the neural tube in the head primordium have certainly been crucial to promote both the spectacular expansion of the prosencephalon and its regionalization (prosomeres) under the influence of these new signaling networks of the head regulatory elements of the genes encoding the components of the DA markers should have been co-opted and selected for their expression in permissive The occurrence of duplication of a majority of the molecular components of the DA phenotype as a part of large genome duplications that took place early in craniate evolution gave the genes the opportunity to acquire new expression territories or DAT/NET transporter (see Molecular Components Defining the Phenotype of DA Neurons and their Phylogeny) early regionalization of the hypothalamus is still dependent on the Nodal and Shh signals together with the action of Wnts and BMPs This regionalization probably facilitated the segregation of different DA populations in antero-dorsal (A14 A15 for example) and postero-ventral domains (A12 for example) of the hypothalamus Dopamine cell populations have also been recruited in other regions due to the signaling innovations that pattern the craniate/vertebrate neural tube The DA population of the olfactory bulb derives from the anterior periventricular area (e.g. the subventricular zone of mammals) and its migratory property was probably secondarily acquired in the earliest craniates zona incerta in mammals) and the pretectal DA population are also probably ancestral features of craniates and represent the most prominent components of the alar domain of the diencephalon One of the major innovations among the DA systems of craniates would be the emergence of the DA system of the ventral plate of p1–p2–p3 and ventral mesencephalon (nigro-striato-cortical systems of amniotes Whether this system was modified from pre-existing hypothalamic DA neurons or it was a true innovation depending on the emergence of the MHB and its signaling properties remains impossible to decipher based on current data A distinct characteristic of this system is ascending projections to the telencephalon This allowed DA to act on the newly developed neural area which took a huge expansion in vertebrates As previously stated (Kapsimali et al., 2003) the basic role of DA systems has not significantly changed during vertebrate evolution as far as the molecular and cellular mechanisms are concerned DA modulates sensory information in the retina or the olfactory bulb regulates many neuroendocrine functions of hypothalamic areas It is due to the anatomical variations in the craniates/vertebrates accompanied by the quantitative changes of the organization of the CNS the expansion of the telencephalon and its connectivity with different brain areas determines how sensory perception and motor action are elaborated and how they are used for the adaptation of the life style of animals to their environment The duplication of genes encoding the molecular components of DA systems together with the “flexible” use corresponding to the molecular context (see Molecular Components Defining the Phenotype of DA Neurons and their Phylogeny) allowed a large degree of plasticity to the craniate DA systems The parallel advance of our knowledge on the molecular diversity and on the ontogeny of DA cells in protochordates and vertebrates led to a broader and more precise view of the evolution of DA systems A better understanding of the physiology and pathology of DA systems is anticipated from such a comparative approach The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest for his advices and discussion on the topic Gurchenkov for his critical reading of the manuscript and his help with Figure 3 Work in our laboratory is supported by grants from the CNRS and Université Paris-Sud the Agence Nationale de la Recherche and Fondation de France Kei Yamamoto was supported by ANR and the Région Île-de-France Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Pubmed Abstract | 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(2011) The evolution of dopamine systems in chordates Copyright: © 2011 Yamamoto and Vernier This is an open-access article subject to an exclusive license agreement between the authors and Frontiers Media SA provided the original authors and source are credited *Correspondence: Philippe Vernier, Neurobiology and Development (UPR3294), Institute of Neurobiology Alfred Fessard, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France. e-mail:dmVybmllckBpbmFmLmNucnMtZ2lmLmZy Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish An attorney representing Pawhuska Police Chief Lorrie Hennesy has received details about why the City is investigating her conduct and he warned against premature judgment of her by the public in a statement approved by City Manager Jerry Eubanks "issues being reviewed and under investigation have been conveyed to Chief Lorrie Hennesy through her attorney." Hennesy said shortly after the time of her suspension that the action had not been explained More: Pawhuska police, city manager at odds Vernier said the following: “In moments of controversy involving police officers and poorly informed social media posts often create false perceptions about the events Our men and women in uniform are too often given no presumption of innocence and are condemned in the court of public opinion before the full story comes to light "We remain steadfastly committed to presenting the full story of what has occurred within the city through the appropriate channels We stand unwaveringly in our support of Chief Hennesy and we are encouraged by the many members of the public who have voiced their support 30 that information about the investigation into Towers would probably be released to him in the coming week Since skateboarding first emerged in the 1940s and 50s The boards are more advanced and the tricks are bigger One thing that hasn't changed much over time though is the urge to put art on the bottom of the boards You can see this in the collection at the Geneva Skateboard Museum which showcases boards from different eras of skateboarding who has had the dream of this museum in mind for nearly 30 years The first iteration of the museum came in the early 2000s Hundreds of skateboards were displayed to show the intricate and unique art that has been a part of skateboarding culture for the last seven decades.  you'll find three floors where each inch of wall and ceiling space is covered with skateboards and skateboard paraphernalia The collection has everything from old used boards to new display boards to boards that belonged to famous skaters like Tony Hawk This makes the museum interesting even for those who have never touched a skateboard in their lives A fascinating museum near the birthplace of the greatest track and field athlete of all time This bullfighting museum is part of a bullfighting coliseum (plaza de toros) built in the 18th century This small museum celebrates the father of modern skiing as well as Norway's other notable contributions to skiing A home for skateboarders with sweeping views of the Atlantic Ocean in Morocco Curated with the cooperation of the passengers and their families this museum tells the story of the 29 victims and 16 survivors of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 This small museum inside a larger sports complex honors the first Native American to win an Olympic gold medal for the U.S. The childhood home of a Tampa sports legend now houses 135 years of baseball memorabilia The tennis legend became the best in the world (partly) thanks to practicing his strokes against this garage door as a kid