Rubi and Miguel Murillo opened Colima Tortilleria at 2213 Grant Road Their tortilla maker rolls out 2,800 tortillas per hour Fresh white corn and flour tortillas are rolling out at Colima Tortilleria daily Rubi and Miguel Murillo opened the tortilla bakery at 2213 Grant Road in April complimenting their adjacent Mexican store and bakery Rubi and Miguel Murillo have opened Colima Tortilleria at 2213 Grant Road The restaurant compliments the adjacent Mexican food store The Tortilleria has installed traditional corn tortilla equipment capable of producing 2,800 tortillas per hour The tortilleria boasts a newly installed tortilla-making machine capable of producing 2,800 tortillas per hour an imported piece of equipment rarely seen in the region “It’s something new here in Billings,” Murillo said The process requires three people to operate: one monitoring the machine’s temperature another handling the masa — corn flour dough — and a third collecting the tortillas Natalia Ramirez stacks tortillas for cooling at Colima Tortilleria The installation of their tortilla equipment is the culmination of Rubi’s desire to bring a piece of her hometown of Colima and recreate an authentic Mexican bakery shopping experience “It’s not the same when you buy like a package from the store you can go (to the bakery) every day and say or one pound of fresh tortillas.' When you sit down at the dinner table Baker Aldo Barrios checks dough at Colima Tortilleria That's an experience she hopes to share with dinner tables across Billings Murillo plans to make tortillas fresh every morning Colima Tortilleria will offer both corn and flour tortillas in various sizes: 6-inch corn tortillas taco-sized corn tortillas and flour tortillas in 6- Customers can purchase tortillas-by-the-pound at their store next-door Colima Tortilleria is open Monday through Saturday Fresh tortillas cool at Colima Tortilleria A variety of Mexican-made street food favorites are also on the menu at Colima Tortilleria including tortas with Colima-baked torta bread and raspados snow cones with authentic Mexican flavors The recent opening of Colima Tortilleria completes a trio of Murillo family-owned businesses on Billings’ West End Rubi’s husband Miguel Murillo opened Billings’ Fiesta Mexicana restaurant in 2019; a professional venture he entered with his brothers and cousin The Colima Mexican store started three years ago originally located next to Fiesta Mexicana at 980 S selling Mexican snacks and culinary spices Colima Mexican store moved to their current location on Grant Road a year ago Baker Aldo Barrios makes a variety of traditional pastries What started as a small snack store has become a comprehensive Mexican market with a bakery and tortilleria offering products from various Mexican regions like Jalisco Rubi shops for store products during trips to Mexico continually expanding their offering to bring authentic Mexican culinary experiences to the Billings community Get the latest local business news delivered FREE to your inbox weekly Email notifications are only sent once a day Big Sky Economic Development's retired director Steve Arveschoug and Visit Billings Director Aly Eggart disc… Gift cards will "unfortunately not" be refunded Heather Lamont’s first day as the new owner/operator of the Great Harvest on Poly Drive started in the early morning hours Randall said she plants frost-sensitive crops such as tomatoes and summer squash during the first week of June Food Truck Fuel: Summer is the season of food trucks and Pops Tots is kicking off a summer of food truck features Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device Account processing issue - the email address may already exist Invalid password or account does not exist Submitting this form below will send a message to your email with a link to change your password An email message containing instructions on how to reset your password has been sent to the email address listed on your account A high-ranking member of Mexico’s navy was killed in the port city of Manzanillo Gunmen on a motorcycle shot Rear Admiral Fernando Rubén Guerrero Alcántar as he traveled in his own private vehicle along Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas was not in uniform at the time of the attack according to sources cited by the newspaper Reforma The Associated Press reported that he would be one of the highest-ranking military officers to be killed in Mexico since 2013 when a vice admiral was murdered in Michoacán Mexico’s Naval Ministry (SEMAR) said in a statement that it “deeply” regretted the death of one of its members friends and colleagues of the fallen officer [the Ministry] will provide all necessary support to his loved ones and will collaborate with authorities to clear up the events,” SEMAR said The small Pacific coast state of Colima was Mexico’s most violent state in 2023 in terms of murders per capita Guerrero’s murder came 10 days after two navy personnel were attacked in Manzanillo, one of whom was killed, and three days after a member of the navy was murdered in Iguala, Guerrero Another member of the navy was killed in Manzanillo in August With reports from Reforma, El Universal and AP ADVERTISE WITH MND COMMUNITY GUIDELINES Subscription FAQ's Privacy Policy Mexico News Daily - Property of Tavana LLC 43,000+ global companies doing business in the region 102,000+ key contacts related to companies and projects news and interviews about your industry in English An image of Hueytlatoani Colimotl features on the obverse side recognizing the threat presented by the conquistadors Hueytlatoani Colimotl or Rey Coliman is perhaps a mythical or possibly historical figure who is considered a symbol of the Mexican state of Colima he was the last emperor of the Tecos people who inhabited the region which became Colima until the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire The indigenous forces initially won battles at Trojes but in 1523 they lost a decisive battle against Gonzalo de Sandoval at Caxitajn Sandoval immediately established a Spanish settlement Don Francisco Cortés de San Buenaventura arrived and became the city’s first mayor San Buenaventura moved the Spanish settlement to its current located and changed the name to San Sebastián de Colima the construction of a royal road between Colima and Mexico City gave easier access to the village and quickly made Colima a vital centre of commerce with its central location on the Pacific coast also played a key role in gathering and transporting goods for the Spanish crown When the fight for Mexican independence began in 1810 it was the Colima priest Jose Antonio Diaz who led a group of revolutionaries in support of Miguel Hidalgo A relatively small number of royal troops occupied the region when hostilities began and they were easily defeated by the rebels the Plan of Iguala established the basis for an independent Mexico and when Spain signed the Treaty of Córdoba later that year Colima and the other Mexican territories formally gained their independence Colima was made a Mexican state and less than ten years later moved the seat of government to Colima from 1864 to1867 until the French were driven from power and the capital returned to Mexico City Colima is a small state of western Mexico on the central Pacific coast a group of four volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean located 434 to 679 miles west of Manzanillo Mainland Colima shares borders with the states of Jalisco and Michoacán the main cities are Manzanillo and Tecomán Colima also has the smallest population numbering 731,000 but has one of Mexico's highest standards of living and the lowest rate of unemployment The 2023-dated circulation quality 20 peso twelve-sided bi-metallic coins are produced bytheCasa de Moneda de Mexico at their facilities located in San Luis Potosí and on behalf of the Banco de Mexico they are the oldest continuing and functioning mint in North America The obverse side depicts an image of the King of Coliman based on the King of Coliman Sculpture created by sculptor Juan F Olaguibel in 1955 and located at the traffic circle on Avenida Rey Colimán esq To the right is a replication of the Colima dancing dogs statue a clay figurine of the Mesoamerica period depicting two dogs and were often placed in tombs to accompany souls on their journey to heaven In the background is the silhouette of the Colima volcano and to the left is a latent image 20 and the micro-text COLIMOTL Surrounding the primary design is the text 500 AÑOS DE LA FUNDACIÓN DE LA PRIMERA VILLA DE COLIMA (500 years of the foundation of the first village of Colima) placed along the rim The denomination $20 as well as the years 1523 and 2023 are placed below the design along with the distinctive mintmark of the Mexican Mint °M shown to the right of the year of minting The coins include the standard reverse side design which depicts the National Coat of Arms comprising a Mexican golden eagle perched on a prickly pear cactus devouring a rattlesnake in its talon Above the crest is the text ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANOS (United Mexican States) The coins are released in accordance with the Decree published in the Official Gazette of the Federation on the 22nd March 2024. The Banco de Mexico or theCasa de Moneda de Mexico do not retail collector coins directly to the public but do have a wide network of distribution internationally. For additional information, please visit the website of the Banco de Mexico Download the Greysheet app for access to pricing Subscribe to RQ Red Book Quarterly for the industry's most respected pricing and to read more articles just like this The Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda release new silver coins remembering an important step towards democracy The Royal Mint remembers VE-Day with commemorative coins featuring a special design first seen in 1995 The FNMT - Real Casa de la Moneda launch their annual face-value silver commemorative coins Email: support@greysheet.com Keep up with information updates and partner information. Enter your e-mail and subscribe to our newsletter. the smell of cempasúchil fills the air.Yamely Chavez Kennedy decorates her ofrenda with balloons at Colima Market in Bend Yamely Chavez Kennedy placed her grandmother on her ofrenda for the first time this year the blaze orange flower also known as marigold It’s also an essential part of Día de los Muertos when constructing an ofrenda Día de los Muertos began as an Indigenous celebration the Purépecha and Mayan people celebrated until Spanish colonizers arrived and forced Catholicism onto the existing civilizations the celebration is a syncretic blend that has spread from Mexico and the Mayan kingdom throughout the rest of the Americas Cempasúchil flowers for sale at Colima Market in Bend Cempasúchil are the traditional flowers used in Día de los Muertos celebrations Chavez Kennedy owns Colima Market in Bend and two other locations in Redmond and Madras She’s been the owner of the Bend store for 10 years but it’s her Madras store that she’s concerned about A larger supermercado is set to open there and she’s worried about competing with a bigger store Customers shop while Yamely Chavez Kennedy buils her ofrenda at Colima Market in Bend approached Chavez Kennedy about carrying cempasúchil in her stores Flowers are a risky investment because they don’t keep for a long time and can be a big expense the vendor made her a good offer: She would only have to pay for what she sold Different types of pan de muerto for sale at Colima Market in Bend The frosted version is also known as "la catrina." she had 500 bunches of cempasúchil in Colima Market and another 500 spread out between the other stores This is the first time Chavez Kennedy is selling the flower and the brilliant buckets spread throughout the store carry a deeper meaning “I felt like that was just my grandma saying “‘I’m going to be with you through each store sits on the top of the ofrenda inside Colima Market in Bend Salinas' favorite flower was cempasúchil A few days before the main celebration days of Día de los Muertos Colima Market’s door was swinging open regularly Maria Elena Fuentes of Terrebonne picks out a bouquet of cempasúchil at Colima Market in Bend Maria Elena Fuentes of Terrebonne came in to grab a bouquet as did Anton Gonzalez Jennings with his daughter Tenaya Sinforosa Avelino bought a handful of bouquets carefully selecting the best looking bundles Chavez Kennedy set up her ofrenda with the help of her employees corn tortillas and a big caguama of beer — all things her relatives loved in their waking life Sweets and a caguama of beer are on Yamley Chavez Kennedy's ofrenda at Colima Market in Bend She wasn’t going to make an ofrenda at the store Yamely Chavez Kennedy makes sure the ofrenda is just right at Colima Market in Bend As the song “La Llorona” played in the background Chavez Kennedy placed a large photo of a woman with salt-and-pepper hair wearing a sash and crown A glass of water sat near the photo to quench Salina’s thirsty soul after her long journey back to Colima Market Chavez Kennedy hopes to build a community ofrenda and sell hard to get items like sugar skulls or papel picado and Yamely Chavez Kennedy's ofrenda at Colima Market in Bend Angel and Sinforosa Avelino leave with their bouquets of cempasúchil purchased from Colima Market in Bend El Dia de los Muertos events and community ofrendas in Bend Tags: Holiday, Business Stand with OPB and protect independent journalism for everyone Listen to the OPB News live stream (opens new window)Streaming Now {{{ data.post_type_label }}}{{{ data.meta }}}{{{ data.post_date_formatted }}} {{{ data._snippetResult['content'].value }}} We use both persistent and session cookies on our website to be sure promotions are not re-displayed to users who have already seen them We also use cookies set by a third party analytics service to measure traffic and collect statistics about users’ devices and browsers This page is also available in Español Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) A group of journalists hold a protest to demand justice following the murders of two of their colleagues in Colima and Michoacán outside of the Attorney General’s Office in Chilpancingo This statement was originally published on cpj.org on 31 October 2024 Mexican authorities must immediately and transparently investigate Wednesday’s killing of journalist Patricia Ramírez González the Committee to Protect Journalists said Thursday “The brutal killing of Paty Bunbury is especially shocking as it comes less than a day after her colleague Mauricio Cruz was killed,” said Jan-Albert Hootsen “The killings demonstrate the urgent need for President Sheinbaum to take steps to protect the press from violence.”  According to a statement by the Colima state prosecutor’s office (FGE) in the eatery she runs in Colima’s state capital as a side job to her work as a journalist The FGE has not stated whether they’re investigating whether her reporting was a possible motive and did not answer several telephone calls for comment by CPJ the vice president of local journalists’ association Periodistas Colimenses told CPJ via telephone that Ramírez did not cover politics or security and had not reported having received threats The Facebook page “Noticias Chiapas al ROJO” published the names of 17 journalists active in Tapachula of working for the alleged leader of a local gang Breach began receiving threats and pressures due to her reports on violent displacements in the Sierra Tarahumara and her investigations into the connections between drug trafficking groups and local politicians “It is unacceptable that the authorities in the country with the highest rate of deadly violence against the press on the continent allow digital harassment of journalists.” Get the latest free expression news delivered straight to your inbox disclose or otherwise provide your data to any outside organisation You can change your subscription preferences or unsubscribe at any time add info@ifex.org to your safe senders list IFEX publishes original and member-produced free expression news and reports Some member content has been edited by IFEX We invite you to contact media@ifex.org to request permission to reproduce or republish in whole or in part content from this site Mexico has issued a new circulating commemorative 20-peso coin to mark the 500th anniversary of the founding of the first Villa de Colima.  The obverse shows Mexico’s coat of arms with a legend indicating the country of issue The reverse carries an inscription translating to “500 years since the foundation of the first village of Colima.” The coin weighs 12.67 grams and measures 30 millimeters in diameter The center is struck from a copper-nickel-zinc alloy with the ring around it an alloy of copper Connect with Coin World:  Sign up for our free eNewsletterAccess our Dealer Directory  Like us on Facebook  Follow us on X (Twitter)Keep in touch on MyCollect - the social media platform for collectibles  Whether you’re a current subscriber or new, you can take advantage of the best offers on magazine subscriptions available in digital, print or both! Whether you want your issue every week or every month, there’s a subscription to meet your needs World Coins BILLINGS — A local Billings business is speaking out after it was unknowingly caught up in an AI voice scam and the owners said they are often the targets of scams themselves Last week, MTN reported about a Billings mom who was scammed in early October through an AI voice scam believing her daughter was being held hostage She was instructed by the scammers to wire several hundred dollars at a local business to a bank in Mexico to get her daughter out of danger visited to transfer money was a local Mexican grocery store The store and bakery sells Mexican items such as food It also has an international money transfer Store owner Rubi Murillo remembers Graham coming in for the transfer I didn’t ask her a lot of questions when you send less than $500 we don’t have to do that kind of questions," said Rubi Their computer system will trigger a warning past $500 and will ask questions like where the money is coming from Since the amount was only a few hundred dollars the transfer seemed like a typical transaction for Murillo were shown the Facebook post Graham had made warning others about the scam They were surprised upon learning that their business was named The Murillos filed their own police report soon after They learned that the scammers had likely searched for money transfers in Billings online and found the store as Colima is one of the first to pop up on Google They expressed remorse for Graham and said that they took the matter seriously scams are something they are familiar with You get them from not paying the electrical bill all the way to accounting The scam calls to the store are usually in Spanish and will say that they owe money for their electricity or even attempt to have them download computer software that is needed to "upgrade" the Maxi “Scamming is a multilingual global industry that is targeting anybody who's willing to play,” said Dale Dixon the chief innovation officer for Better Business Bureau's Great West Pacific Region “Just because they can speak fluent Spanish does not mean that they're calling out of Mexico or another Central or South American country There's a good chance that that is an artificial intelligence generated voice that has been taught how to speak that language so that they can target the person that they're contacting.” Scams that target businesses are all too common. According to the Better Business Bureau the top three scams that businesses face are worthless problem-solving services the median dollar loss by businesses through scams is $523 “The scam artists know that somebody is most likely going to answer a phone They know that there's probably an employee who is responding so the scam artist uses that psychology in order to steal money and steal information from a business," said Dixon Scammers will often pose as the company's owner or CEO and ask employees to help them with a favor usually to send money for them to "clients" or as a gift There are ways that businesses can stay alert about potential scams employees should never give any confidential business information over the phone and that owners should communicate to their staff that they will never ask for funds over the phone it's really important that you independently verify where that message is coming from," said Dixon Teach employees how to just cut the conversation short the moment they suspect that it's not a real customer." Dixon also said it is never a good idea to give out the name of managers or owners “There's those types of customer service conversations that can take place but don't just willingly give up information because somebody calls and asks for it on the phone like that," said Dixon The Murillos practice these tips every day when scammers call and educate all employees about scam scenarios They know that if a caller asks for the manager under the name that is not their own The Murillos were innocent bystanders in Graham's case but it's put them under a negative spotlight that they hope to overcome I saw a lot of bad comments on Facebook because the people assumed that we work together with this person who called her," said Rubi They want the community to know that they would never want something like this to happen and will continue operating with caution "We've been living in Montana for so many years We don't want people to get that idea about us We're not like that and we just want to welcome everybody to here We're sorry for what happened," said Miguel “We're sorry for how people take advantage of other people and there's some problems we just need to be more alert and figure out a way so nothing happens to you.” Four men died in the Mexican state of Colima after police officers confronted a group of civilians who opened fire at a clandestine cock fighting ring in the city of Manzanillo. Among those dead was José Isabel "N," the alleged plaza boss for the Sinaloa Cartel in the region Local reports detailed that the confrontation took place on Dec. 15 in the residential neighborhood of Las Parotas, just north of Manzanillo Witnesses say that a group of armed civilians entered the ring and started shooting at the crowd authorities were able to locate the assailants thanks to a joint operation mounted with the help of local and state law enforcement the group of civilians started another shootout that ended up with two of them dead Trasciende que cuatro personas fueron asesinadas y tres más resultaron heridas en una balacera registrada esta tarde en un palenque clandestino en el fraccionamiento Las Parotas, en Manzanillo, municipio gobernado por la morenista @BayardoRosi pic.twitter.com/iH1HzTIlXR Among those dead was a man identified as "El Chabelo," who authorities believe was a plaza boss for the Sinaloa Cartel in the city of Manzanillo Although no supplemental information has been released "El Chabelo" allegedly had an arrest warrant for qualified homicide The Colima Prosecutors Office said that apart from being a plaza boss in Manzanillo "El Chabelo" was one of the biggest generators of violence in the region authorities are yet to release any new information regarding arrests nor the number of people injured during the shootouts According to data from the National Public Security System (SESNSP), the small entity located along Mexico's Pacific coastline has seen 623 intentional homicides between January and October of this year Colima —a state smaller than Delaware— has one of the highest murder rates not only in Mexico but in the world Data from SESNSP indicates that 105 murders take place per every 100,000 inhabitants Colima's murder rate is almost five times higher than the average murder rate in all of Mexico (22 per 100,000 people) With November and December data still to be taken into account the National Public Security System reports that 26,019 people have been victims of intentional homicides or feminicides surpassing the 25,756 such homicides reported by the agency in all of 2023 The nation of Mexico is home 130 million people across 31 states (Mexico City is a separate entity but not a state in itself Mexican cities are often host to a violent crimes including homicide we'll detail the most dangerous cities in Mexico and give some info about their history In the past 20 years, the Mexican economy has trended downward while organized crime has expanded to supply illicit drugs to the United States and other foreign markets, leading to gang violence and other violent crimes Drug cartels tend to operate in cities where they can establish drug trafficking routes meaning port cities along the coast and border towns neighboring the U.S While researching, we used a national heat map created by Mexican data scientist Diego Valle-Jones which details the homicide rates of individual cities based on statistics compiled from the Mexican Justice System over the past twelve months We then filtered this data to only select for local populations over 100,000 because towns with small sample sizes over a short period of time can create statistical outliers Manzanillo is one of the most active shipping ports in Mexico as well as a hub for domestic air travel, making it a likely site for trafficking through local drug markets as well as internationally. This area is known frequently as the most dangerous city in Mexico, as well as one of the most dangerous cities in the world The current homicide rate stands at 134 for a population only hovering around 200,000. Manzanillo was previously known as a tourist destination thanks to its beaches and accessibility, but foreign governments have more recently warned travelers against visiting the state of Colima due to the severe violence present in the region San Luis lies just south of Yuma city makes it a prime operating base for local criminal enterprises Its violent crime rate is currently 128.5 with a population of 209,000 Unlike many dangerous cities in Mexico, Apatzingán is located inland away from the sea or the northern border as it was where Mexican independence from Spain was officially declared in 1814 Unfortunately, Apatzingán today is the home of competing drug cartels and a major producer of methamphetamine in the region The current homicide rate 128.3 with 129,000 residents Temixco is a local manufacturing hub with 126,000 people and was once the site of an internment camp for Japanese immigrants during World War II The city is also near historical monuments including the architecture of local indigenous tribes It's also become a hotbed for drug-related violence with a homicide 115 per 100,000 residents Villa de Álvarez neighbors the Colima capital (listed below) and faces many of the same problems with drug gangs as its sister city This municipality is one of the most dangerous neighborhoods in the region with a homicide rate of 114 for a population of 158,000 The local economy is primarily centered around growing and shipping of fruits Cuatla, Morelos, was a significant place during the Mexican revolution of the 1910's as many battles were fought in the surrounding region between Emiliano Zapata's forces and the federal army Zapata's body was also buried in the city after his assassination in 1919 with a homicide rate 113.1 across a population of 192,000 In historic times, this former Aztec city was a common point of travel for Catholic missionaries Yautepec also features some of the most moderate climates in Mexico so it is a frequent site of local festivals and is popular destination for swimming The rate of violence stands at 97.2 with a population of 108,000 Like Tijuana, Tecate is a popular entry point into Mexico from California and is host to a variety of manufacturing industries including textiles this city has issues with drug trafficking and violent crime The current population is 112,000 with a homicide rate of 95.2 with a homicide rate of 91.6 across a population of 108,000 Tijuana is Mexico's second most populous area after Mexico City Its placement near the border has also made it consistently one of the most violent cities in the country jobs in industries like automotive manufacturing keep people flocking to Tijuana and many Americans are likely to pass through the city if entering Mexico by land This beach town south of Mexico City was once ranked among the top tourist destinations in Mexico thanks to its lavish resorts and cruise ship docks Its position on Mexico's Pacific coast has also made it a staple of the shipping industry Unfortunately, recent years have been hard on Acapulco with cartels installing local criminal markets and would-be tourists warned away from visiting the port city The homicide rate stands at 74.7 for a population of 789,000 This capital of the state of Colima features shipping ports as well as nearby agricultural industry These things make the city relevant economically but also make it an opportune place for criminal activity and drug cartel battles The current homicide rate is 72.2 for a population of 163,000 To track instances of homicide in certain locations statisticians have come up with a standard known as the homicide rate which is the number of homicides reported per 100,000 residents over a given period of time On a national scale, Mexico's homicide rate has pinged up and down falling throughout the 1990s to a rate roughly comparable to that of the United States possibly coinciding with increases of opioid and methamphetamine use in the U.S The rate reached its peak in 2018 with 29.58 homicide deaths per 100,000 and now appears to be slowly dropping once again over the past five years Violence against women is also a particular concern for the Mexican government, as female victims have proportionally increased 135 percent since 2015 The most likely problems connected to these homicide trends are drug trafficking money laundering operations and corrupt police forces which are alleged to be under control by organized crime groups cities in Mexico are often witness to gang violence Mexico also contains hundreds of more rural areas which are relatively free of local criminal gangs and drug cartel conflict Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: `;return t.byline_authors_html&&(e+=`By: ${t.byline_authors_html}`),t.byline_authors_html&&t.byline_date_html&&(e+=" | "),t.byline_date_html&&(e+=t.byline_date_html),e+=`\n\t\t\t\t The largest drug bust of the current government recently occurred when the Mexican Navy seized 5.6 tonnes of suspected cocaine and arrested 15 people after a high-speed chase off the coast of Colima A video released by the navy shows go-fast boats speeding across the water before the suspected smugglers were detained That quantity of seized narcotics “represents the biggest confiscation in a single event during the president’s administration,” SEMAR said in reference to the 2018-24 period of government. Photos of the illicit haul were posted to the navy’s social media accounts SEMAR said that 1,100 liters of fuel were also seized and 15 “alleged lawbreakers” were detained The suspects and their illicit cargo were taken ashore and turned over to the Federal Attorney General’s Office It didn’t identify the detainees or disclose their nationalities In a “second event” outlined in the same statement the Navy Ministry said that navy personnel seized an additional 32 packages of “presumed” cocaine adrift in the Pacific Ocean southwest of Lázaro Cárdenas Those packages — seen toward the end of the navy video — weighed approximately 1.6 tonnes Navy personnel also seized a “small vessel” with three outboard motors SEMAR didn’t specify when the two drug seizures took place saying only that they occurred in recent days Organized crime groups use a variety of transportation modes to move cocaine from South America to Mexico and then into the United States According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime “cocaine is typically transported from Colombia to Mexico or Central America by sea and then onwards by land to the United States and Canada.” In a 2021 report the Organization of American States outlined seven maritime drug trafficking routes between South America and Mexico or Central America Weather forecasts from the United States’ National Hurricane Center (NHC) and the National Meteorological System warn of continuous rain in the coming days along the Pacific coast, especially in the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Michoacán, and Colima, as well as in the central and much of the south-eastern regions of the country. Hurricane John – 1st Pacific Coast Impact Oaxaca authorities activated 110 temporary shelters, while Guerrero opened 299. Damage assessments to infrastructure and homes are ongoing. The National Civil Protection Coordination declared emergencies in the municipalities of Cuajinicuilapa, Copala, Marquelia, and Florencio Villarreal in Guerrero, as well as Santiago Pinotepa Nacional in Oaxaca, activating resources from the Emergency Response Program for Natural Threats. Teams are working to restore essential services like electricity, telecommunications, air and sea transport, education, and access to health services in the hardest-hit areas. However, heavy rains and the reactivation of Hurricane John’s remnants along the Pacific coast are creating additional challenges for response efforts. The northern states of the Yucatán Peninsula reported no serious damage or fatalities from the hurricane, and activities in the region are gradually returning to normal. Hurricane John – 2nd Pacific Coast Impact State authorities along the Pacific coast are responding to the cumulative effects of John’s two landfalls, with support from federal agencies in the National Civil Protection System, the Red Cross, civil organizations, and the private sector. Volume 9 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.735914 and associated pyroclastic flow hazards are among important volcanological studies we analyze the influence of the magma viscosity and discharge rates on the lava dome morphology at Volcán de Colima in Mexico during a long dome-building episode lasting from early 2007 to fall 2009 without explosive dome destruction Camera images of the lava dome growth together with recorded volumes of the erupted lava have been used to constrain numerical modeling and hence to match the history of the dome growth by nudging model forecasts to observations Our viscosity model incorporates crystal growth kinetics and depends on the characteristic time of crystal content growth (or CCGT) and the crystal-free magma viscosity and the rate of lava extrusion influence the morphology of the growing dome Several model scenarios of lava dome growth are then considered depending on the crater geometry These rates are determined either empirically by optimizing the fit between the morphological shape of modeled domes and that of the observed dome or from the recorded lava dome volumes The maximum height of the modeled lava dome and its horizontal extent are in a good agreement with observations in the case of the empirically-derived extrusion rates It is shown that the topography of the crater at Volcán de Colima is likely to be inclined toward the west The viscosity of the modeled lava dome (∼1012 Pa s) is in a good agreement with the effective viscosity estimated experimentally from lavas of Volcán de Colima Due to the interplay between the lava extrusion and the gravity forces and after that a horizontal gravity spreading starts to play an essential role in the lava dome evolution The model forecasts that the dome carapace of higher viscosity (∼1014 Pa s) influences the dome growth and its morphology during long dome-building episodes by retarding horizontal advancement and developing steep-sided eastern edge of the dome at the volcano The developed model can be used in assessments of future effusive eruptions and lava dome growth at Volcán de Colima or elsewhere History matching modeling of lava dome growth sheds a light on dynamic processes inside the dome and may assist in assessing stress state in the dome carapace and in forecasting the dome failures this modeling study deals with a slow dome-building process without explosive dome destruction In this paper we present the results of the numerical study of the long lava dome-building episode during 2007–2009 which is characterized by an uninterrupted dome extrusion This removes complications associated with lava dome destruction by explosions or collapses which are difficult to incorporate in a single mathematical/numerical model and permits to analyze a dome extrusion evolving over several years with permission of Nova Science Publishers) FIGURE 2. The cumulative volume of the growing lava dome (A), average discharge rate (B), and the number of explosive events (C), where the maximum likelihood regression lines (blue) present variations in the number of explosions. Source data: Zobin et al. (2015; 2017) immiscible fluid flow approximating an extrusion of lava (one fluid phase) into the air (another fluid phase) on the surface of the crater of Volcán de Colima (A) The sketch of the model domain Ω=Ω1∪Ω2 in exps The bold black line (Γ2) presents the base of the crater and the vertical boundaries of the model conduit; the dashed black line is the observed rim of the crater; the red line (Γ1) is the part of the model boundary where a new magma enters into the conduit (sub-domain Ω1) filled by an older magma (gray-shaded) and the red arrow indicates the direction of the new magma ascent within the conduit The blue line (Γ3) marks the upper boundary of the domain through which the air escapes from the model; blue arrows show the direction of the escape The geometry of boundary Γ3 depends on the size of an evolving lava dome (B) The sketch of the model domain in experiments 5 The green bold line presents the base of the modeled crater in exp and the purple dashed line is a modified part of the crater in exp A lava dome growth is described mathematically by the Navier-Stokes equations (Eq. 1) with the initial condition u(t = 0, x) = u0, the continuity equation (Eq. 2), and the advection equation (Eq. 3) for the interface between the air and the lava: where x=(x1,x2)∈Ω are the Cartesian coordinates; t is the time; u=(u1(t,x),u2(t,x)) is the velocity; ρ is the density; η is the viscosity; p=p(x) is the pressure; g=(0,g) and g (=9.81 m s−2) is the acceleration due to gravity; α(t,x) takes the value of one for the lava and zero for the air at each point x and time t; ∇ and 〈⋅,⋅〉 denote the gradient operator We consider that the model density and viscosity are presented as ρ=ρLα(t,x)+ρA(1−α(t,x)) and η=ηLα(t,x)+ηA(1−α(t,x)) where ρA = 1.225 kg m−3 and ηA = 10−3 Pa s are the density and viscosity of the air; ρL = 2,500 kg m−3 and ηL are the lava density and viscosity At the initial time, the sub-domain Ω1 (the model conduit) is filled by an older magma with high volume fraction of crystals (ϕ=0.8), and hence α(t=0,x)=0 for x∈Ω2 and 1 for x∈Ω2. The initial velocity field u0 is chosen so as to generate a laminar flow in the entire model domain, including the part filled by the air (see Appendix A1) we neglect the dependence of the density on temperature and/or phase transformation due to crystallization or volatile exsolution we vary the model extrusion rate and choose one that provides the best fit between the morphological shapes of modeled and observed domes at specified times A no-slip condition u = 0 is prescribed at Γ2 The outflow conditions are determined at Γ3 (the blue curve) by removing the air from the model domain proportional to the lava discharge rate and to guarantee the condition of incompressibility: uout=uoutn and uout=−|Γ3|−1 ∫Γ1〈uext,n〉dΓ where n is the outward unit normal vector at a point on the model boundary The volume fraction of crystals ϕ is determined from the evolutionary equation describing the simplified crystal content growth kinetics of degassing-induced crystallization (e.g., Tsepelev et al., 2020): which is required to reduce the difference between the actual (ϕ) and equilibrium (ϕeq) values of the volume fractions of crystals by a factor of e with respect to the difference (ϕen−ϕeq) where ϕen is the volume fraction of crystals in the magma entering the model conduit at Γ1 (in the modeling we assume that ϕen=0.4) To solve this problem numerically, we employ the Ansys Fluent software, where the finite volume method is used to solve numerical models on multiprocessor computers. The software is based on the volume of fluid (VOF) method (Hirt and Nichols, 1981) allowing for computationally inexpensive treatment of a moving interface between two fluid phases The cells containing the interface between the lava and air have α values between zero and one depending on the lava proportion in the cells Because of the large discontinuity between the lava and air viscosity the interface of the two fluids does not represent a sharp boundary and some smearing can be observed during computations More detail about the numerical approach can be found in Appendix A1 We have performed a number of numerical experiments, and the experiments with relevant values of model parameters are listed in Table 1 Numerical experiments and their model parameters We develop initially a series of numerical experiments of lava dome growth varying the model parameters to understand how each of them influences the morphological shape of the lava dome (e.g. we have performed a sensitivity analysis with respect to the crystal-free magma viscosity η∗ the crystal-free magma viscosity controls the height and extent of lava domes The dashed line presents the crater’s rim 1.3) present the morphological shape at the time t = 70 days for the crystal-free magma viscosity η∗=1.6×105 2.4) present the morphological shape at the time t = 150 days for CCGT of 5 3.3) present the morphological shape at the time t = 150 days for the extrusion rate 5×10−6 and 5×10−5 m s−1 Experiments 2: These experiments explore the influence of CCGT on the morphology of lava domes. The crystal-free magma viscosity is prescribed to be η∗=1.6×105 Pa s. All other parameters are the same as in experiments 1. Figure 4B shows the dome morphology for the four CCGT The greater CCGT the more the lava dome advances horizontally and less vertically To better fit the shape of the observed lava dome Experiments 3: These numerical experiments explore the influence of the lava extrusion rate on the dome morphology. Figure 4C illustrates the morphological shapes of lava domes at various effusion rates The higher the rate the larger the dome as it accommodates the larger volume of the extruded lava Based on the sensitivity analysis, we have constrained the model parameters to get a better fit between the observed and modeled heights of the lava dome at Volcán de Colima. We present here the results of three numerical experiments, which are consistent with the observations on the dome growth from February 1, 2007 to October 20, 2009. The model parameters are listed in Table 1; the model experiments differ from each other by their geometry 7.5×10−6 m s−1 from day 301 to day 455 and 2×10−5 m s−1 from day 456 until day 1,020 The crystal-free magma viscosity is assumed to be 1.6×105 Pa s for 150 days, and it has been increased by a factor of 5 (8×105 Pa s) after that and kept unchanged until the end of the experiments. This increase of the model viscosity can be attributed to the increased degassing at the initial stage of the lava dome growth evident from seismic records (Figure 2B) We note that the effects of volatiles and bubbles on the magma rheology are not considered explicitly in the model This would complicate the model by additional equations volatile exsolution is not equilibrium in high viscosity magmas and faster extrusion rates lead to higher amounts of dissolved volatiles This increase of the model viscosity favors upward growth of the dome compared to horizontal spreading of the extruded lava Experiment 4: The morphological shapes of the modeled lava dome are presented in Figures 6A,D. The results show that the extruded lava develops a dome structure, which fills the volcano crater (Figure 6A) Due to the interplay between the extrusion rate and the lava viscosity the dome grows up and advances horizontally While dome dynamics is dominated by vertical growth for at least 480 days a horizontal advancement becomes dominant later due to gravitational spreading of the erupted lava FIGURE 6. Lava dome growth in experiment 4 (A and D), 5 (B and E), and 6 (C and F). (A–C) The dome morphology at day 150 (the curve marked by 1), 300 (2), 434 (3), 480 (4), 700 (5), 852 (6), 912 (7), and 1,020 (8). The white dashed line is the crater’s rim. (D–F) Comparison of the morphological shapes of the modeled (curves with index m) and observed (dashed curves with index o; see Figure 1E) lava domes at day 300 The black dashed line is the crater’s rim The black bold line presents the base of the crater and the black dotted line is the top of the conduit we have modified the geometry of the crater and performed two other experiments FIGURE 7. Comparison of the maximum heights of the lava dome at Volcán de Colima (Bretón-González et al., 2013) with those of the modeled domes Experiment 5: This experiment differs from exp. 4 by the geometry of the computational domain (Figure 3B) The topography of the crater is assumed to be flat on its right side and inclined on its left side The location of the conduit is shifted to the right of the model domain (to the west) by the size of the conduit’s diameter (14.5 m) The model parameters are the same as in exp Figures 6B,E illustrates the model dome evolution in exp. 5. Since initiation of the lava dome growth, the dome moves easily toward the west (to the right side of the model domain) because of the slope of the crater’s topography on the left side of the model domain. Once the lava reaches the western border of the crater, the dome builds up in the west and extends horizontally to the east (Figure 6B) the morphological shapes of the domes in experiments 4 and 5 show similarity Figure 6E shows that the morphological shapes of the observed and modeled lava domes fit well enough at least until May 1, 2008 (day 480), and the maximum heights of both domes are close to each other (see also Figure 7) Although the shapes of both domes on the western part of the crater converge better in exp there are still discrepancies between the shapes on the eastern side of the crater the eastern side of the observed dome is steeper than that of the modeled dome More complex geometry of the crater on its eastern side as well as an increasing viscosity could explain the observed morphology of the dome later the maximum heights of the modeled lava dome are smaller than those of the observed lava dome Comparing the maximum heights of the modeled domes 4 and 5 agree well with the observed data especially for the time interval from 480 to 704 days 6 do not match well those of the observed dome except the time closer to the end of 2009 4-6 are the same except the model geometry we consider that the best fit of the modeled dome height and width to the observations is achieved in exp where the crater floor is inclined westward on the left of the vent and the floor is horizontal on its right The modeled crystal content at times of 2007/11/01 (upper panels) and 2009/04/01 (lower panels) in experiments 4 (left column) The velocity field shows higher flow rates in the conduit and near the vent oriented almost vertically and the rates decay with the increase of the dome height The modeled viscosity and velocity (arrows) at times of 2007/11/01 (upper panels) FIGURE 10. Lava dome growth in experiment 7 (A, D), 8 (B, E), and 9 (C, F). See Figure 6 for notations A thickness of the thermal boundary layer (κt), which is associated with a rigid part of the lava dome carapace, ranges from ∼1 to ∼10 m for dome growth time t from 10 days to 3 years, respectively (assuming the coefficient of the thermal diffusivity to be κ=10−6 m2 s−1). Tsepelev et al. (2020) showed that at high discharge rates and for a short time duration of lava extrusion this lava generates a thin carapace due to cooling which influence only slightly the morphology of a dome promoting a steeper slope similar to that observed during the dome growth at Volcán de Colima To simulate a thermal carapace development during lava dome growth, our mathematical/numerical model should be supplemented by the heat equation, which would complicate the model and computations. Therefore, to keep the same numerical model, we modify the lava dome viscosity by introducing a higher viscous layer at the interface between the dome and its surrounding in order to simulate a dome carapace (see Appendix A1) In experiment 10, we assume that the crater geometry and the model parameters are the same as in exp. 5, except for the extrusion rate. This numerical experiment starts at day 481 of the model dome growth as in exp. 5. A higher viscosity carapace of ∼6 m thick is introduced in the model at day 481 simultaneously with a decrease of the extrusion rate by 15% compared to the rate in exp. 5 (see Figure 5) This decrease in the extrusion rate has been introduced to reduce the volume of erupted lava and to better fit the observed morphological shapes 10 provides much better fit between the model and observations FIGURE 12. The lava dome morphology at Volcán de Colima (left panels; images from Bretón-González et al., 2013) and the modeled viscosity and velocity (arrows) in exp 10 (right column) at times of 2007/11/01 (upper panels) We have presented a plausible numerical model for lava dome growth at Volcán de Colima during the long dome-building episode lasting from early 2007 to fall 2009 without explosive dome destruction This numerical study has allowed for estimating the influence of the model geometry (the crater topography and the conduit’s location) and a high-viscous carapace on the morphology of the lava dome Three geometries of the crater have been explored with the different locations of the vent and it has been shown that the crater topography is likely to be inclined toward the west as shown in experiments 5 and 10 The numerical results show that the extrusion rates calculated empirically from 2-D images of the morphological shapes of the lava dome at different times lead to a better fit between the observed and modeled shapes The best fit provides the reduced extrusion rates as shown in exp 10; the extrusion rates calculated using the erupted lava dome volumes yield to underestimation of the maximum height of the observed lava dome As a lava advancement within the dome depends on the surface topography of the crater as well as the conduit geometry two-dimensional (2-D) models cannot capture complexity of the three-dimensional (3-D) lava dome growth Using recorded dataset from Volcán de Colima we have shown that solidification and rheological stiffening within a lava dome are controlled in part by cooling and degassing-induced crystallization. While the crystallization due to degassing is a dominant process in dome-building eruptions (e.g., Melnik and Sparks, 1999), especially during short dome-building episodes (e.g., Tsepelev et al., 2020) the model forecasts indicate that a high-viscous carapace significantly influences the dome growth process during long lava dome-building episodes A carapace of higher viscosity (about 1014 Pa s) prevents a rapid dome advancement to the east and promotes the development of a steep slope on the dome’s eastern side Further studies related to the influence of temperature on the viscosity of the carapace during long lava dome-building episodes can refine the current results The problem of a search for the best fit between the morphological shapes of observed and modeled lava domes tuning the parameters of the lava viscosity belongs to the class of inverse problems. The solution to the inverse problem can be non-unique; for example, different discharge rates and different CCGT can produce similar lava dome shapes (Starodubtseva et al., 2021) this rate can be considered as a known characteristic of the lava dome dynamics constraining the model In our numerical modeling the optimization of the misfit between the modeled and observed morphologies has been based on tuning CCGT and the crystal-free magma viscosity at the times of available observations Matching the timing of lava dome growth at Volcán de Colima to its morphology is challenging because the estimation of the volume of the erupted lava is restricted to analysis of camera images and hence uncertain; the existing 3-D temporal coverage of the extrusion process is not complete; the location of the vent is not precisely documented; and the determination of the extrusion rate in 2-D models is complicated with more observations 3-D numerical models of lava domes should provide additional information on lava dome growth and their eventual collapse The developed model in this work and similar models can be used to analyze future effusive eruptions and lava dome growth at Volcán de Colima or elsewhere after proper calibration based on history matching of dome growth by nudging model forecasts to observations (i.e. minimizing misfits between the modeled and observed morphological shapes of domes) The model can be used to assess a stress localization in the dome carapace and its potential failure which may lead to pyroclastic flow hazards every potentially hazardous volcanic eruption should be accompanied by its virtual numerical model that is constantly tuned by a history matching procedure and gives short- and long-term forecasts of the eruption dynamics and associated hazards This will require increasing the accuracy of monitoring techniques and considerable investment in geophysical studies of volcanic systems The data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors and VZ contributed to the conceptualization of the paper VZ provided data on the dome growth and also an insight into the development of the dome at Volcán de Colima during 2007-2009 and assisted NZ in numerical modeling and data processing IT contributed to the numerical statement of the problem All authors contributed to the interpretation of numerical results AIZ and NZ performed writing–original draft preparation and figures All co-authors performed writing–review and editing The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher This is a contribution to the research project funded by the Russian Science Foundation’s grant (project RSF 19-17-00027) NZ thanks also Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (project DFG IS203/14-1) for support We are grateful to Frank Schilling for providing helpful insight into physical properties of lavas and two reviewers for careful reviews of the initial manuscript and constructive comments “The Development and Distribution of Surface Textures at the Mount St Helens Dome,” in Lava Flows and Domes; Emplacement Mechanisms and Hazard Implications CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Studying the Influence of a Solid Shell on Lava Dome Growth and Evolution Using the Level Set Method CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Bretón-Gonzalez “The 2007-2012 lava dome growth in the crater of Volcán de Colima derived from video monitoring system,” in Complex Monitoring of Volcanic Activity Google Scholar “Lava Dome Eruptions,” in Encyclopedia of Volcanoes CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Mechanisms of Lava Dome Instability and Generation of Rockfalls and Pyroclastic Flows at Soufrière Hills Volcano CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Crystal Size Distribution (CSD) Analysis of Volcanic Samples: Advances and Challenges CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Lava Flow Rheology: A Comparison of Morphological and Petrological Methods CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar An Eulerian Technique for Thermomechanical Modeling of Lithospheric Extension CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A Model for the Rheology of Particle-Bearing Suspensions and Partially Molten Rocks CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar and Rheology of Lava Domes: Insights from Laboratory Models CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Using the Level Set Method to Model Endogenous Lava Dome Growth CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Lava Dome Growth and Evolution with an Independently Deformable Talus CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Numerical Modelling of the Growth Dynamics of a Simple Silicic Lava Dome CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Presentation and Analysis of a Worldwide Database for Lava Dome Collapse Events: the Global Archive of Dome Instabilities (GLADIS) CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Using a Discrete Element Approach to Model Lava Dome Emplacement and Collapse CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Temporal Trends in Lava Dome Extrusion at Santiaguito 1922-2000 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Hydrothermal Alteration of Andesitic Lava Domes Can lead to Explosive Volcanic Behaviour PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Viscosities of Hydrous Leucogranitic Melts: a Non-arrhenian Model Google Scholar Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method for the Dynamics of Free Boundaries CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Influence of Conduit Flow Mechanics on Magma Rheology and the Growth Style of Lava Domes CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Morphologic Variation of an Evolving Dome Controlled by the Extrusion of Finite Yield Strength Magma CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Influence of Extrusion Rate and Magma Rheology on the Growth of Lava Domes: Insights from Particle-Dynamics Modelling CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Data-driven Numerical Modeling in Geodynamics: Methods and Applications Google Scholar Google Scholar “Lava Domes Modeled as Brittle Shells that Enclose Pressurized Magma Helens,” in Lava Flows and Domes; Emplacement Mechanisms and Hazard Implications CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Identification of structural controls in an active lava dome with high resolution DEMs: Volcán de Colima CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Rheological Properties of Suspensions of Rigid Particles CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Quantitative Reconstruction of thermal and Dynamic Characteristics of Lava Flow from Surface thermal Measurements CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Lavallée Seismogenic Lavas and Explosive Eruption Forecasting PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Lavallée Magmatic architecture of dome-building eruptions at Volcán de Colima CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Rheology of crystal-bearing Silicate Melts: An Experimental Study at High Viscosities CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Petrological Monitoring of Cyclical Eruptive Activity at Volcán Colima CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Viscosity of Suspensions and the Einstein Equation CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Controls on Conduit Magma Flow Dynamics during Lava Dome Building Eruptions CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Numerical Approach to Problems of Gravitational Instability of Geostructures with Advected Material Boundaries CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Numerical Models of a Subsidence Mechanism in Intracratonic Basins: Application to North American Basins CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Mass and Momentum Transfer in Three-Dimensional Parabolic Flows CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Challenging Retrieval of the Displacement Field from InSAR Data for Andesitic Stratovolcanoes; Case Study of Popocatepetl and Colima Volcano CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Textural Insights into the Evolving Lava Dome Cycles at Santiaguito Lava Dome CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Experimental Constraints on Plagioclase Crystallization during H2O- and H2O-CO2- Saturated Magma Decompression CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Viscosity of Suspensions of Rigid Spheres CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Handbook of Computational Fluid Mechanics (New York: Academic Press) Google Scholar Satellite radar data reveal short-term pre-explosive displacements and a complex conduit system at Volcán de Colima CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Similarities and Differences in the Historical Records of Lava Dome-Building Volcanoes: Implications for Understanding Magmatic Processes and Eruption Forecasting CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Classification and Idealized Limit-Equilibrium Analyses of Dome Collapses at Soufrière Hills Volcano during Growth of the First Lava Dome: November 1995-March 1998 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<1601:utotoo>2.0.co;2 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A Method for Magma Viscosity Assessment by Lava Dome Morphology CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Fumarole monitoring with a handheld infrared camera: Volcán de Colima CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Lava Dome Morphology Inferred from Numerical Modelling CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Crust Development Inferred from Numerical Models of La V a Flow and its Surface Thermal Measurements CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Instability and Collapse of Hazardous Gas-Pressurized Lava Domes CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Imaging the 2013 explosive crater excavation and new dome formation at Volcán de Colima with TerraSAR-X CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Growth Patterns and Emplacement of the Andesitic Lava Dome at Soufrière Hills Volcano CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Growth Rates of Lava Domes with Respect to Viscosity of Magmas CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Dynamics of the January 2013-June 2014 explosive-effusive episode in the eruption of Volcán de Colima México: insights from seismic and video monitoring CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Overview of the 1997-2000 activity of Volcán de Colima CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Seismic signals of rockfalls as indicators of the origin of lava fragments emplaced during the 2010 endogenous and exogenous growth in the crater of Volcán de Colima CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Precursors to intra-eruptive reposes during the 1998-2019 lava dome-building eruption at Volcán de Colima CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar where the relaxation parameters are chosen to be 0.015 and 0.3 for the velocity and pressure We assign 0.5 to the relaxation parameter for the function α Considering a discontinuity between the lava and air viscosities the choice of the relaxation parameters is critical and sometimes it was lowered to ensure the solution’s stability A time step is chosen in the range of 0.1–40 s depending on the stability and optimization of the velocity to assure a convergence of a set of linear algebraic equations (SLAE) which is obtained after the discretization of the Navier-Stokes equations The implicit scheme results in stable computations with a relatively large timestep We note that an employment of explicit schemes in the model led to unstable numerical results even for the small Courant number we employ the conjugate-gradient method to solve SLAE The numerical accuracy attains 10−3 for the velocity and pressure and 10−6 for the function α and the volume fraction of crystals Numerical experiments were carried out on the multi-processor high-performance computer (bwHPC) of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 1 day of the lava dome evolution takes about 4 min of the computational time depending on the time step size In this modeling the viscosity jump at the lava-air interface is significant (many orders of the magnitude) and this generates indeed smearing at the interface a finer mesh can be introduced around the interface At the initial time t = 0 the conduit (sub-domain Ω1) is filled by the old magma To determine the initial velocity in the entire model domain x) = 0 and small time step (10−1 - 10−3 s) and perform a numerical experiment for 100 to 1,000 time steps The velocity obtained at the end of this experiment we take as the initial velocity u0 to run further computations with larger time steps We note that the Reynolds number for the lava dome dynamics is small for the slow flow and the high lava viscosity the influence of the inertial terms in the Navier-Stokes equations is insignificant the initial condition for velocity influence insignificantly the dynamics of lava flow and dome growth evolution the Reynolds number is large for the air dynamics and the inertial terms play a significant role The described approach yields to a laminar flow in the air subdomain ensuring the stability of further calculations The influence of the air phase on lava dome growth is negligible because of a large density and viscosity contrast between the magma and the air A layer (red) of the higher viscosity introduced in numerical experiment 10 to simulate a dome carapace Since January 2007 a slow endogenous growth of the lava dome continued until the end of 2009. Figure 2 presents the values of the lava dome volume and the discharge rates Udis (m3 s−1) for the time intervals, where the data on the dome lava volumes have been available (Figure 2A) When solving numerically 2-D models of the lava extrusion difficulties arise with the calculation of the model extrusion rate which will correspond to the observed effusion rate Below we derive the formulas for conversion of the observed discharge rate Udis into the model extrusion rate uext (measured in m s−1) This approach is applicable in the case of endogenous lava dome growth Geometry of the half-spheroid (left and central panels) and the 2-D cross-section of the half-spheroid (right panel) We approximate a lava dome shape by a half-spheroid with the equal a- and b-semi-axis (a = b) and height c (Figure A2). In Figure A2 r + x* is the radius of the lava dome dx and dz are the increments of the radius and height of the lava dome for the time t2 - t1 We calculate the difference between the volume V2 of the outer half spheroid (the volume of lava at time t2) and the volume V1 of the inner half-spheroid (the volume of lava at time t1) This difference will characterize the volume of the lava extruded for time interval t2 - t1 The volume of the extruded lava for time interval t2-t1 can be found using the discharge rate as Udis(t2−t1). Hence Equation (A1) can be re-written as: we calculate the difference between the area of the cross-section through the center of the outer half spheroid S2 at time t2 and the area of the cross-section through the center of the inner half-spheroid S1 at time t1 This difference will characterize the area of the lava which was extruded during time interval t2 - t1: The lava area extruded for time interval t2-t1 equals to 2uextr(t2−t1), and Equation (A3) can be re-written as: Inserting (t2 - t1) from Eq. (A2) into Eq. (A4) we can get the conversion formula from the observed discharge rate to the model extrusion rate: The parameters x*, z*, dx, and dz are accessed from the images of the 2-D morphological shapes of the growing lava dome (see Figure 1E; Bretón-González et al., 2013). The extrusion rate uext is then calculated using Equation (A5), where the discharge rate Udis is presented in Figure 2B This extrusion rate is used in numerical experiments 7-9 Tsepelev I and Zobin V (2021) Lava Dome Morphology and Viscosity Inferred From Data-Driven Numerical Modeling of Dome Growth at Volcán de Colima Received: 03 July 2021; Accepted: 28 October 2021;Published: 25 November 2021 Copyright © 2021 Zeinalova, Ismail-Zadeh, Melnik, Tsepelev and Zobin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Alik Ismail-Zadeh, YWxpay5pc21haWwtemFkZWhAa2l0LmVkdQ== Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish The Naval Ministry (SEMAR) will oversee the 64-billion-peso (US $3.15 billion) expansion of the Port of Manzanillo in the central Pacific Coast state of Colima between 2024 and 2030 The Nuevo Manzanillo project will transform Mexico’s largest port into a major international logistics hub as installations are extended by 303% to cover 4,487 acres Financing will consist of 15.06 billion pesos ($741 million) in public investment and 48.56 billion pesos ($2.4 billion) in private funding The port’s TEU (container) capacity is expected to increase from 3.7 million in 2023 to 10 million in 2030 positioning it in first place in Latin America and displacing Panama’s seaport in Colón and Brazil’s Santos Port from the top spots “We are currently in position 53 in the world ranking of ports We would be talking about the port of Manzanillo being positioned in 15th place in the international ranking,” Julieta Juárez Ochoa Marketing Manager of Mexico’s National Port System Administration (ASIPONA) Manzanillo The port is currently the third largest in Latin America for shipping and is the principal commercial route to Asia across the Pacific Ocean Authorities said they aim to develop the port sustainably and have conducted an environmental impact study that identified mitigation measures to reduce the project’s impact on the area In addition to expanding the port’s operational capacity the project will improve efficiency and competitiveness in the region It is expected to create 11,132 direct and 28,626 indirect jobs and boost the local economy Greater digitalization will enhance efficiency and improve safety while artificial intelligence will be used to support operations and monitor personnel President Claudia Sheinbaum will tour the site on Nov with the project expected to be completed in 2030 Safety concerns surround port development plans given that three cartels – the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG) the Independent Cartel of Colima and the Sinaloa Cartel – are fighting for control of the Port of Nuevo Manzanillo Manzanillo is Mexico’s only Pacific port authorized for the entry of substances or chemical precursors including those used in the production of synthetic drugs such as fentanyl The rivalry between the cartels has led to a wave of violence in Manzanillo and a 17% increase in the city’s homicide rate so far this year. Some of the victims have included members of the navy and Colima state police Other crimes that have gone up include drug trafficking and extortion including the extortion of officials and customs workers authorities detained the Sinaloa Cartel’s main operator in the area identified only by officials as Itania Noemí ‘N’ This was part of larger local and federal operations that led to a string of arrests and drug seizures authorities have reinforced security in and around the port Port services company Contecon Manzanillo has announced plans to invest US $300 million by 2025 to expand its operations at the port of Manzanillo “We are excited about our expansion project which will strengthen our operations and contribute to the state’s economic growth,” head of the company José Antonio Contreras said in a statement Contecon Manzanillo develops and operates the Container Terminal Specialized II (TEC II) in the port’s northern zone It is a subsidiary of the Philippine company International Container Terminal Services With a handling capacity of 1.4 million containers per year TEC II carries out around 910 monthly services The new upgrades will allow Contecon Manzanillo to increase the number of annual containers to over 2 million “Years of experience in the port industry in Mexico have made this important achievement possible,” Contreras said combined with the company’s latest acquisitions will increase the port’s operational capacity With a total investment of US $230 million Contecon Manzanillo recently acquired two ship-to-shore gantry cranes (STS) and five rubber-tired gantry cranes (RTGs) Contreras said the company is “a fundamental pillar in foreign trade and a benchmark in the port sector.” In Q1 the company saw a 29% increase in cargo handling with a total movement of 466,000 containers compared to 360,000 the previous year it reported that export merchandise grew by 39% “We are proud of our achievements and look to the future with optimism and determination being part of the engine of development and progress,” Contreras added Contecon Manzanillo has operated in Mexico since 2010 The main shipping companies that arrive at Contecon’s terminal include CSL Manzanillo is Mexico’s largest port. Its managers came under fire recently after Mexican customs authorities had to close the port to tractor-trailers for over 24 hours between August 1 and 2 causing a 63-kilomter traffic jam around the port One truck driver died as a result of the delays when he suffered a heart attack at the wheel of his vehicle and could not access medical attention The city is also the state of Colima’s main tourist destination making it a popular destination for deep-sea sport fishing Delta recently announced it will operate weekly flights to Manzanillo from Los Ángeles starting on Dec and a nonstop service from Atlanta starting on Nov Aeroméxico will also operate flights from Manzanillo to Los Angeles from Dec With reports from Milenio a 22-year-old surfer from the Pacific Coast state of Colima is about to make history — again — as the first Mexican to compete on the worldwide Championship Tour (CT) The 12-event tour run by the World Surf League (WSL) kicks off its 2025 season on Monday in Oahu with the Lexus Pipe Pro event presented by YETI Competitions from Brazil to South Africa to Australia will continue through the finals in Fiji near the end of summer Being promoted to the WSL’s top-level tour comes on the heels of an already historic past 20 months for Cleland, starting in 2023 in El Salvador when he became the first Mexican to win the International Surfing Association’s World Surfing Games Then in 2024, he represented Mexico in the Paris 2024 Olympic Games making it to the third round (one level shy of the quarterfinals) before being eliminated The competition was held on the famed waves of Teahupo’o 16,000 kilometers from Paris but part of French Polynesia Less than a month after that, Cleland made history again as the first Mexican to win the U.S regarded as the world’s largest surfing competition “The first Mexican to win a Challenger [a lower-level WSL event], the first Mexican to surf in the Olympics, to now this,” Cleland told Surfing Magazine. “It’s been a huge rollercoaster It’s been a great year and a great learning experience “It’s crazy to think that I’m going to be on the CT now Cleland’s promotion to the elite tour follows the decision of three-time world champion John John Florence to sit out the 2025 season to focus on other projects leaving a vacancy that Cleland eagerly steps into Cleland was born to a Mexican mother and an Irish father in Boca de Pascuales, a remote fishing village — and surfing hotspot — in the municipality of Tecomán put his son onto his first surfboard when he was only 2 years old he qualified for the Summer Olympics in Paris — but it wasn’t necessarily an easy ride spending nearly a year without a major sponsor and questioning his future in the sport After learning of his CT spot, Cleland told Stab magazine, “It’s really hard to process right now … It’s been so much time and hard work but the real hard work actually starts now It’s been my whole life waiting for this.” Cleland brings a well-rounded skill set and a competitive edge honed through years of surfing some of the world’s most challenging breaks He is particularly excited about competing in Hawaii comparing the waves at Banzai Pipeline (often called “Pipeline” or just “Pipe”) on the North Shore of Oahu to his “home” waves in Boca de Pascuales it feels really similar to Pascuales,” Cleland told Stab “I feel at home with all the water moving around.” Cleland has committed to an intense training regimen blending physical conditioning with meditation Cleland’s debut on the CT might be a turning point for Mexican surfing a sport that has seen steady growth in recent years His accomplishments have begun inspiring a new generation of surfers in Mexico “I’m ready to show the world what I can do,” said Cleland What is the best time of year for birding in Big Bend It depends on what bird you are looking for Discover the best locations in the park for birding Find out how you can contribute to our knowledge of birds Download the NPS app to navigate the parks on the go My father and his six siblings grew up in Comala I spent childhood summers visiting but had returned only once since my parents split in 2010 I recalled Colima mostly in senses: the sweet scent of ripe guava the croak of white-lipped frogs and itch of mosquito bites but I remember her hugs and the way she’d let my brother and I splash in the dish basin in her open-air kitchen grassy courtyard in the heart of her house I was in college when word came that she’d passed I regretted that I’d never really known her and over time I felt myself longing to better understand her world I downloaded the Duolingo app and logged lessons day after day for years building upon several semesters of middle school Spanish other reasons kept me from returning to Colima and I wasn’t sure how his side of the family would receive me My Mexican relatives represented a whole swath of new—very Catholic—people to come out to I messaged my dad’s younger sister Raquel on Facebook I mentioned my girlfriend and did not mention my dad The thought surprised me the first time it occurred as I fastened a hoop earring below my slicked-back bun It dangled above the collar of my oversized white button-down I hadn’t seen Raquel since I was 11, and I couldn’t quite picture her face. But I recognized in the ensemble touches of the casually glamorous style that I envied as a child. And it seems other people see it, too. When I step into Mexican-owned businesses—fruterías, coffee shops—dressed like her people seem to see my white American mother more than my Mexican father They say “Good morning” instead of “Buenos días.” It makes me curious who I really resemble At Raquel’s large, modern house in Colima’s capital city of the same name I finally have a chance to search her face I try not to be frustrated that I can’t yet ask everything I want to know about her childhood the sort of person my grandmother really was and she shows me a picture of her daughter Celeste and a young woman I don’t recognize I realize she paved the way for that unblinking “of course.” Raquel digs out old photo albums, showing me my abuela at 6 or 7, looking solemn in a school photo, then my uncle Reyes, Raquel’s husband, who’d died of Covid. It’s hard with the language barrier, but I can see shades of it: her enormous grief and I realize I’ve lost one of my hoop earrings I search the house and Raquel’s car. I file a report with the airline. But it doesn’t turn up, and I comfort myself with the departed jewelry’s narrative power: a thing symbolizing my link to this place, left behind somewhere in Mexico I ’d love to tell you that Comala hasn’t changed, that, when we visit, I’m able to slip back into the world of my childhood memories. In some ways, I am. There’s still the picturesque town square bordered by little shops hawking local sea salt and fragrant leather huaraches The white-and-yellow chapel where I was baptized stands as proud as ever The people still wave hello to one another in the cobblestone streets cartel activity has increased in recent years Colima now has one of the highest crime rates in Mexico but there’s a newly anxious undercurrent here Spiny weeds have overtaken her once-verdant courtyard I dip my fingers in and remember her lifting me up so I could peer at the water’s surface We didn’t need words for me to know she loved me When I was small, my family and I used to pass entire days at Las Hamacas del Mayor a beachside restaurant in the agricultural region of Tecomán I recognize it the moment we pull up: the giant clamshell at the entrance After lunch, Celeste and I walk down the beach, its sand charcoal-black from the nearby volcano. In the distance, I think I see a rainbow flag. I figure it must mean something different here—after all, a gay bar? In rural Mexico? But as we get close, I spot drag queens dancing on a makeshift stage in Rockette bodysuits We stand and watch for a while. I want to tell Celeste what it means to me to share this with her. Though my mother’s family welcomes my girlfriend during the holidays, I’d always felt the unspoken difference of my queerness My father lives in Comala, but I don’t see him. He remains a casual elephant in the room—I don’t talk about him, and neither does anyone else. Finally, over breakfast on my final day Raquel spends a long time typing something on her phone “How are things with your dad?” the screen reads “We haven’t spoken in years,” I admit in Spanish You come first.” Even after all this time goes unspoken when I hug her tight and promise to come back soon seeking a pair to replace my now-lonely hoop—only to find its errant twin Then I let down my hair and look in the mirror A beautiful green territory dwarfed by neighbors Jalisco and Michoacán Colima has the smallest population in Mexico Once home to a number of pre-colonial civilizations the state is known for charming red pottery figures of round-bellied dogs Two volcanoes—referred to as “fire and ice” because one is active and the other is dormant—perch at Colima’s border and lush rainforests and orchards cover much of its land Colima is Mexico’s primary producer of limes and visitors may see reptile species like crocodiles a garden-flocked hacienda showcasing the artist’s furniture designs and slightly surreal lithographs of children in traditional dress shop for artisan creations and sample local eats in the friendly little town of Comala Amelia Rodriguez is San Diego Magazine’s Associate Editor The winner of the San Diego Press Club's 2023 Rising Star Award and 2024 Best of Show Award and other national and regional publications you can find her hunting down San Diego’s best pastries and maintaining her three-year Duolingo streak By clicking subscribe you're confirming that you agree with our Terms and Conditions Email: [email protected] By clicking Subscribe you’re confirming that you agree with our Terms and Conditions Email: [email protected] © Copyright 2023 San Diego Magazine 1230 Columbia Street January 17, 2004JPEG The current eruption is a continuation of a longer eruptive phase the volcano erupted almost continuously and has burst forth with several smaller eruptions since that time In one of Colima’s quieter moments, on January 17, 2004, the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) aboard NASA’s Terra satellite captured the above false-color image (Bands 3-2-1) The large snow-covered mountain to the north is Nevado de Colima This older edifice dwarfs the younger and historically active Colima volcano to the south Several lava flows from previous eruptions can be seen emanating from the Colima volcano summit area roughly coincident with the appearance of new lava on February 14 and the last alert of the main 2002-2003 eruptive phase was on January 25 when lava effusion was beginning to diminish represent the periodic explosive activity that has followed the 2002-2003 lava effusion at Colima was acquired within hours of a large explosion on August 28 which produced a series of pyroclastic flows down Colima’s flanks To read more about the use of MODIS to monitor volcanoes, please read Sensing Remote Volcanoes Eruption information from the Global Volcanism Network. Satellite data provided by the HIGP Thermal Alerts Team, University of Hawaii Manoa. ASTER image courtesy NASA/GSFC/MITI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team. View this area in EO Explorer The Nicaraguan volcano erupted for the first time in more than a century Tanzania&#rsquo;s Ol Doinyo Lengai Volcano erupted sending a cloud of ash into the atmosphere The charcoal-colored stains on the volcano’s flanks appear to be lava but they are actually burn scars left behind by fires that were spawned by fast-flowing narrow rivers of lava ejected by the volcano a volcano erupted in the Erta Ale Range in northeastern Ethiopia Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience We're always trying to bring you more amazing hotels But not every hotel can immediately connect their reservation system with ours we provide real-time rates and availability via a partnership with Booking.com You'll still enjoy the full fabulous MICHELIN Guide experience when you book including our legendary service and delightful style Our 20-point scale is based on post-stay ratings from verified MICHELIN Guide guests and plays a role in helping us decide whether or not a hotel should remain in our selection This hotel offers rates & availability on request only Submit a request below and a travel specialist will assist We’re not currently taking reservations for this hotel Please explore other hotels in our selection Non-members can add the privileges at checkout through our 30 day free trial By continuing I accept the Terms & Condition and Privacy Policy. I would like to receive Newsletter from MICHELIN Guide Save lists of your favorite restaurants & hotels In today's world, safety can be a significant concern, particularly in certain urban areas where high levels of violence prevail. Colima, Ciudad Obregon, and Port-au-Prince are currently the three most dangerous cities in the world each experiencing elevated homicide and crime rates The reasons for these extreme levels of violence vary Click Here To See: Most Dangerous Cities From 2014 to 2024 With a staggering homicide rate of 140.32 per 100,000 people Colima is currently the most dangerous city in the world are largely responsible for Colima’s extreme levels of violence engaging in bloody turf wars in order to exert control over the city’s fentanyl production which has more than doubled in production since 2016 is a prime port city involved in numerous smuggling routes making Colima’s nearby position heavily contested by the three cartels street homicides have tragically become a part of daily life Ciudad Obregón has a homicide rate of 117.18 per 100,000 people the high level of violence and homicides is largely due to cartel activity and New Generation Jalisco Cartel are particularly powerful in the Sonora region accompanied by the murders of several minors prompting social activists to plead for help and compelling the Mexican government to reanalyze how to reduce this bloodshed Recording 105.13 homicides per 100,000 people last year Zamora Mexico sits as the fourth most dangerous city in the world The Jalisco New Generation Cartel exerts control in the city alongside a local crime group alliance known as 'United Village' or 'United Cartels.' This alliance includes Los Caballeros Templarios and Los Viagras Citizen security specialist Lorena Cortés Villaseñor reports a rise in forced disappearances and clandestine graves in the region as well with Zamora being part of an area known as the Triangle of Death resulting in violent turf battles from both the Sinaloa and the Jalisco New Generation cartels who are eager to have control of the area Tijuana is the world’s sixth most dangerous city recording 91.76 homicide rates per 100,000 people While this is an improvement from the city’s 105.15 homicide rate in 2022 violence is still a disturbingly routine part of daily life for Tijuana’s inhabitants Much of this heightened violence is due to organized crime groups from Jalisco and Sinaloa such as Jalisco New Generation and the Tijuana Cartel battling for control over the area’s smuggling routes and local drug sales human rights activists are calling for the state to allow municipal officers to investigate homicide cases in addition to state officers as officers are currently inundated with cases city-wide Registering 88.99 homicides per 100,000 people Zacatecas is the seventh most dangerous city worldwide with 81% of these homicides tied to organized crime Due to its geographic location near several major highways the city is a crucial hub for communication and trafficking routes used by organized crime groups and cartels cartels have begun establishing fentanyl factories in the city over the past few years further increasing contention and violence The governor in recent years has reiterated the importance of having a military presence in the city to reduce crime stating that Zacateca’s citizens feel safer in their presence this military intervention has not been well received by the cartels resulting in many morbid death threats to the governor’s office with 90% of the country's illegal drugs being exported through shipping containers at the port Bloody turf wars have broken out as a result in attempt to control the area Although the government claims to be reducing the number of homicides Organized gangs have been targeting prosecutors tasked with bringing justice with six public prosecutors killed in less than two years Mandela Bay, South Africa is the 9th most dangerous city in the world The high levels of danger in the city are primarily due to the widespread availability of firearms and a rise in gang violence police found two firearm dealers to be responsible for supplying the majority of guns to city criminals The Department of Community Safety emphasizes the importance of focusing on youth education and talking to young people in schools through summit events paired with strengthening police visibility community members remain skeptical of the government’s plans many stating they are yet to see a successful strategy All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2025 worldatlas.com Volume 3 - 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2017.00034 This article is part of the Research TopicMega Quakes: Cascading Earthquake Hazards and Compounding RisksView all 20 articles This study develops a novel computational framework to carry out probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment for the Pacific coast of Mexico The new approach enables the consideration of stochastic tsunami source scenarios having variable fault geometry and heterogeneous slip that are constrained by an extensive database of rupture models for historical earthquakes around the world The assessment focuses upon the 1995 Jalisco–Colima Earthquake Tsunami from a retrospective viewpoint Numerous source scenarios of large subduction earthquakes are generated to assess the sensitivity and variability of tsunami inundation characteristics of the target region Analyses of nine slip models along the Mexican Pacific coast are performed and statistical characteristics of slips (e.g. coherent structures of slip spectra) are estimated The source variability allows exploring a wide range of tsunami scenarios for a moment magnitude (Mw) 8 subduction earthquake in the Mexican Pacific region to conduct thorough sensitivity analyses and to quantify the tsunami height variability The numerical results indicate a strong sensitivity of maximum tsunami height to major slip locations in the source and indicate major uncertainty at the first peak of tsunami waves it is important to take into account various earthquake rupture scenarios as part of disaster risk reduction strategy there are many PTHA studies but the comparisons with historical records are limited For benchmarking tsunami hazard predictions with past experience and future development of PTHA research it is important to compare PTHA results to historical observations which is an online database of finite-fault rupture models of past earthquakes source parameters can be predicted by taking into account uncertainty and dependency of other parameters (note: source parameters are physically inter-related and thus prediction errors of these parameters are correlated) stochastic tsunami simulation is valuable for assessing the regional tsunami impact due to future large earthquakes in the Guerrero region a summary of the finite-fault rupture models for Mexican subduction earthquakes is presented; nine source models are obtained from the SRCMOD database Based on the characteristics of the source models a generic fault model for stochastic source modeling in the Guerrero region is developed new scaling relationships are implemented in the Monte Carlo tsunami simulation a numerical procedure of the stochastic tsunami simulation is described for the Guerrero region an application of the stochastic tsunami simulation for the 1995 Colima Earthquake is presented which facilitates the retrospective investigation and comparison with observed tsunamis during the historical event The dip angles of the source models are typically in the range of 12–14° Figure 1. Finite-fault models, along the Mexican Pacific coastline, available in the SRCMOD database (see details of parameters in Table 1) Summary of the finite-fault source parameters for the Mexican subduction earthquakes Model 6 was regarded as unsuitable for spectral analysis of the source model and thus excluded from further investigations in this study Based on the geometry of the Mexican finite-fault models, a generic fault model for the Guerrero region is defined for the synthetic source generation (Figure 2) It covers the offshore region of the Pacific Mexican coast The length and width of the Guerrero source zone are 930 and 170 km The top edge of the fault plane is positioned at a depth of 3 km The fault plane has a constant strike of 293° and a constant dip of 13° For stochastic source modeling and Monte Carlo tsunami simulation the Guerrero source zone is discretized into 10/10 km sub-faults slip values that are consistent with the considered spatial slip distribution characteristics are generated Tsunami source zone model and tsunami propagation domain for the Guerrero region (B) Tsunami computational domain (810 m–270 m–90 m) The stochastic source models are synthesized based on a set of new scaling relationships of source parameters developed by Goda et al. (2016). Equations 1–6 are the relationships for W, L, Da, Dm, Az, and Ax, respectively, and are given as a function of Mw. The error terms of the source parameters are correlated; Table 2 lists the linear correlation coefficients of the prediction errors for Eqs 1–6 Linear correlation coefficients of regression residuals of the scaling relationships for the six earthquake source parameters The prediction errors of the Box–Cox parameter/Hurst number are considered to be uncorrelated with those of other source parameters Comparison of the estimated source parameters for the eight finite-fault models of the Mexican subduction earthquakes with the corresponding scaling relationships A series of numerical simulations for tsunami propagation from the source to coastline is performed by non-linear shallow water equations by Goto et al. (1997). The governing equations are evaluated using a leap-frog staggered-grid finite difference scheme. The nesting grid systems that are implemented considering the size of continental shelf for the Guerrero region and nearshore bathymetry have three levels as shown in Figure 2B regions overlap with the nearby (same-resolution) regions This is to ensure that the solutions of tsunami waves in simulation are propagated across different regions properly The duration of each simulation is set to 2 h and the time step for the simulation is 0.25 s to satisfy the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewys condition which is a necessary condition of time and space discretization for convergence when partial differential equations are numerically solved by the finite difference method The plate boundary between the Cocos Plate and the North American Plate coincides with the Trench based on the GEBCO2014 data Bathymetry data for the Guerrero region (GEBCO2014 (B) Target region of stochastic simulation The integration of bathymetry data and elevation data are not trivial because the spatial resolutions of these data are very different the resolutions differ by a factor of 30 (i.e. The effects of the interpolation are expected to be significant at shallow depths near the shoreline In developing the “depth” data for tsunami simulation (i.e. combined elevation data for a given region) The points in the “combined” data are spaced neither regularly nor uniformly the corresponding GEBCO2014 data between 0 and 200 m in elevation are replaced by the counterparts of GDEM2 data the SWBD shoreline data are overlaid as zero elevation data points new bathymetry data (probably compiled from local sources) should be incorporated to improve the reliability and accuracy of the tsunami simulation especially in the very shallow water environment Stochastic tsunami simulation can be conducted by generating multiple stochastic source models for a given earthquake scenario and by performing tsunami forward modeling repeatedly. A computational flowchart of stochastic tsunami simulation is shown in Figure 5. The detail of stochastic tsunami modeling is available in Goda et al. (2014, 2016) but it will be explained briefly in the following Flowchart of stochastic tsunami simulation The first step of the method is to define a suitable tsunami source zone model. For the Guerrero region, the model shown in Figure 2A is adopted The scenario magnitude should be selected according to the objective of the analysis together with the required slip concentration range the asperity zone works as crude constraints of the generated source model regarding the slip concentration within the fault plane It requires that a certain amount of slip must be concentrated within the target region One example is that more than 50% of the total slip should be concentrated in the shallow part of the fault plane (e.g. The asperity zone parameters should reflect the seismological knowledge of earthquake rupture in the target region Second, the macro earthquake source parameters, such as W, L, Da, Dm, λ, Az, Ax, and H, are generated using the scaling relationships. Uncertainty as well as correlation associated with the regression models should be taken into account in sampling the values of the source parameters (Eqs 1–6 and Table 2) random variables for these residuals can be sampled from the multivariate normal distribution consistency among the simulated values of W and Da can be tested by comparing the target seismic moment (as specified by the given scenario magnitude) and the simulated seismic moment (Mo = μWLDa and Da values is resampled until the scenario magnitude is satisfied Third, using the generated spatial slip distribution parameters, a random slip field is generated using a Fourier integral method (Pardo-Iguzquiza and Chica-Olmo, 1993). To achieve slip distribution with realistic positive skewness, the synthesized slip distribution is converted via Box–Cox transformation (Goda et al., 2014) The transformed slip distribution is then adjusted to achieve the target mean slip Da and to avoid very large slip values exceeding the target maximum slip Dm the position of the synthesized fault plane is determined randomly within the source region To ensure that the synthesized slip distribution is realistic with respect to the seismotectonic characteristics of the region two criteria/constraints are implemented to determine the final acceptance of the generated source model The first constraint requires that the asperity area ratio of the candidate slip distribution falls between 0.2 and 0.3 The second constraint requires that the simulated earthquake slip is more concentrated in the designated asperity region Multiple slip distributions are simulated repeatedly until an acceptable source model Fourth, for a given acceptable source model, the initial water surface elevation (i.e., initial boundary conditions for tsunami simulation) is evaluated based on formula by Okada (1985) and Tanioka and Satake (1996). Tsunami wave propagation is evaluated by solving non-linear shallow water equations (Goto et al., 1997) The run-up of tsunami is considered by the model but it is incomplete due to coarse grid size in this study the above simulation procedure is repeated until a sufficient number of acceptable source models are generated and their tsunami inundation heights/depths at locations of interest are evaluated The results from the Monte Carlo tsunami simulation are useful for evaluating variability of tsunami simulation results at different locations and for developing stochastic tsunami hazard maps along the coast Our aim in setting up the case study is to compare the results of stochastic tsunami simulations with the past survey data of the 1995 Colima Earthquake The moment magnitude of the event was Mw 8.0 and occurred near the junction of the Cocos–Rivera–North American Plates (Model 5 in Figure 1). Borerro et al. (1997) reported that the observed run-up heights along the Colima coast line (longitudes between 104 and 105°W) were mostly 2–3 m and was ranged up to 5 m (note: at one particular point the observed run-up height reached 10.9 m; this high run-up was likely to be caused by the very local topographical effect) Stochastic source models for the 1995 Colima Earthquake scenario by considering prediction errors of the scaling relationships (A) Mendoza–Hartzell model for the 1995 Colima Earthquake and the other slip characteristics due to the uncertainty terms ε in Eqs 1–6 L/W) become variable even when the same magnitude is considered To discuss the tsunami heights along the coast probabilistically and to investigate the uncertainty effects on earthquake source modeling the tsunami simulation results are presented in two sections sensitivity of tsunami simulated heights and effects of accounting for parameter uncertainty in earthquake source generation Besides the southern end of the computational domain the mean maximum tsunami height by the stochastic models are more uniformly distributed along the coast compared with other sites although the wave deformation from the offshore to onshore are different especially in the middle of the domain The SD of maximum tsunami heights along the coast is large outside of bays facing the Pacific but is not significant inside of the 1995 Colima Earthquake Tsunami based on the Mendoza–Hartzell model by the stochastic models considering prediction errors of the scaling relationships It can be concluded that the source characteristics are the main cause of the observed spatial inhomogeneity of mean maximum tsunami height rather than the tsunami propagation processes Ratio of average maximum surface elevation by the stochastic model considering prediction errors of the scaling relationships to maximum surface elevation calculated based on the Mendoza–Hartzell model Figure 10. Spatial distribution of h−1/4 around target area (the areas correspond Figure 4B) the recording location 2 is in Tenacatita Bay whereas the recording location 3 is in Manzanillo Bay The depths at the recording locations 1–3 are 1.3 Site locations (1–284) and wave recording locations (1–3) for the analysis of time series of tsunami surface elevation It emphasizes that the Mendoza–Hartzell source model is not based on the tsunami data; therefore disagreement between the observed and the simulated tsunami results is not unexpected Figure 12. Maximum tsunami wave height profile along the coastal line for the stochastic models with and without considering prediction errors of the scaling relationships [red solid line: mean, red dashed line: upper and lower 16%, gray line: individual stochastic run, blue solid line: historical run, circle: observed run-up height by Trejo-Gómez et al. (2015)] (A) Considering prediction errors of the scaling relationships (B) Without considering prediction errors of the scaling relationships become quite large and are related to the increase of the maximum slip due to the uncertainty by Eq the estimation of scaling relationship for the maximum slip and its uncertainty by analyzing inversion slip models are important for tsunami hazard assessment The impact of stochastic modeling on time series of tsunami profile at the recording locations 1–3 (from north to south) are illustrated in Figure 13 The tsunami waveforms at the recording locations 1–3 show that the wave amplitudes are generally higher at the recording location 1 than those at the recording stations 2 and 3 The simulated tsunami waveforms for the recording locations 1–3 also exhibit large variations in the temporal tsunami profiles indicating that tsunamis having amplitudes up to 5 m may be expected at offshore locations for the Mw 8.0 earthquake scenario The largest variability due to different stochastic source models is found at the first peak of tsunami waves; such large variability is also observed for a few subsequent waves after the first one the signs of the first wave do not change over the stochastic simulations and the first waves always begin with positive change edge waves following continental shelf are mainly affected by large-scale nearshore bathymetry which is independent of slip source modeling there is less influence due to the stochastic source models on the later parts of the simulated waves Tsunami waveforms at the recording locations: top to bottom: location 1–3 (B) stochastic models by considering prediction errors of the scaling relationships and (C) stochastic models without considering prediction errors of the scaling relationships (solid line: mean Mexico has been carried using the novel stochastic tsunami simulation method The method takes into account uncertainty of the key source parameters and randomness of slip heterogeneity over the fault plane and is capable of quantifying the tsunami hazard probabilistically Such a methodology has not been implemented in the previous PTHA studies for Mexico The scaling relationships used in the stochastic earthquake source generation have been developed based on extensive statistical analyses of the source models parameters estimated from the SRCMOD database The bathymetry and elevation data for the region were compiled based on the GEBCO2014 and GDEM2 to develop the nesting grid systems that are suitable for regional tsunami simulation studies the developed stochastic tsunami simulation method was applied to the 1995 Colima Earthquake scenario The results indicated that the effects of the source model characteristics on the simulation results are important It was also found that the tsunami simulation results using the stochastic source models exhibit significant variability of tsunami profiles while the results overall agree with the tsunami run-up survey results for the 1995 Colima event The extension of the source zone model to the Guerrero region by varying earthquake scenario magnitudes will be the focus of our future study. Such investigations have been carried out for Japan using the similar stochastic tsunami simulation method (Goda et al., 2017) It is also important to simulate tsunami inundation and run-up and to assess tsunami damage to structures based on the stochastic tsunami simulations along the Pacific Mexican coast He wrote bathymetry setup part of this manuscript He wrote another half part in this manuscript AR-A analyzed historical slips and tsunamis who ensured that the process nevertheless met the standards of a fair and objective review The part of this research is supported by The Project for Hazard Assessment of Large Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the Mexican Pacific Coast for Disaster Mitigation This work was also supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/M001067/1) JICA/JST SATREPS 1500601 research program on earthquake and tsunami hazard assessment and implementation in Mexico Logic-tree approach for probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis and its applications to the Japanese coasts An updated digital model of plate boundaries CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Field survey of Mexican tsunami produces new data CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment for Western Australia The 14 September 1995 (M=7.3) Copala earthquake: a source study using teleseismic Google Scholar Tsunami inundation from heterogeneous earthquake slip distributions: evaluation of synthetic source models Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale and estimates of current plate motions The tsunami threat on the Mexican West coast: a historical analysis and recommendations for hazard mitigation CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Stochastic analysis and uncertainty assessment of tsunami wave height using a random source parameter model that targets a Tohoku-type earthquake fault GDEM2 data. (2011). GDEM2: ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model Version 2. Summary of Validation Results. Available at: https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gdem.asp Google Scholar Earthquake mechanism and seafloor deformation for tsunami generation CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Complex earthquake rupture and local tsunamis CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Source processes for the probabilistic assessment of tsunami hazards CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar General Bathymetric Chart of Oceans (GEBCO) Dataset. (2014). Gridded Bathymetry Data (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans) GEBCO2014 Dataset. Available at: https://www.gebco.net/ Google Scholar Probabilistic tsunami damage assessment considering stochastic source models: application to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake Sensitivity of tsunami wave profiles and inundation simulations to earthquake slip and fault geometry for the 2011 Tohoku earthquake Uncertainty modeling and visualization for tsunami hazard and risk mapping: a case study for the 2011 Tohoku earthquake “Tsunami simulations of mega-thrust earthquakes in the Nankai-Tonankai Trough (Japan) based on stochastic rupture scenarios,” in Tsunamis: Geology Google Scholar New scaling relationships of earthquake source parameters for stochastic tsunami simulation CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment at seaside “Numerical method of tsunami simulation with the leap-frog scheme,” in IOC Manual Google Scholar Hayes, G. (2012). Preliminary Result of the March 20, 2012 Mw 7.4 Oaxaca, Mexico Earthquake. Available at: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/archive/product/finite-fault/usp000jghj/us/1486510843869/p000jghj.html Google Scholar A probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment for Indonesia An earthquake-event-based method for mapping tsunami hazards A large silent earthquake in the Guerrero seismic gap Probabilistic hazard for seismically induced tsunamis: accuracy and feasibility of inundation maps A spatial random field model to characterize complexity in earthquake slip CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar SRCMOD: an online database of finite source rupture models CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Tsunami threat in the Indian Ocean from a future megathrust earthquake west of Sumatra Coseismic slip of two large Mexican earthquakes from teleseismic body waveforms: implications for asperity interaction in the Michoacan plate boundary segment Finite-fault analysis of the 1979 March 14 Petatlan CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Slip distribution of the 19 September 1985 Michoacan earthquake – near-source and teleseismic constraints Google Scholar Fault-slip distribution of the 1995 Colima-Jalisco Google Scholar “Recent process in probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis (PTHA) for mega thrust subduction earthquakes,” in Reconstruction and Restoration after the 2011 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: Insights and Assessment after 5 Years (Berlin: Springer) Google Scholar Survey of 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami inundation and run-up CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space Google Scholar Seismicity and state of stress in Guerrero segment of the Mexican subduction zone CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Fourier integral method: an efficient spectral method for simulation of random fields CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Probabilistic assessment of near-field tsunami hazards: inundation depth Horizontal subduction and truncation of the Cocos Plate beneath central Mexico Rapid estimation of fault parameters for tsunami warning along the Mexican subduction zone: a scenario earthquake in the Guerrero gap Unearthing earthquakes and their tsunamis using multiple proxies: the 22 June 1932 event and a probable fourteenth-century predecessor on the Pacific coast of Mexico Extreme wave deposits on the Pacific coast of Mexico: tsunamis or storms Google Scholar Tsunami flooding extension for coastal zones of Mexico CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Evidence for great tsunamigenic earthquakes (M 8.6) along the Mexican subduction zone CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar SWBD of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). (2008). SRTM Water Body Data (SWBD) Shoreline Data. Available at: https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/srtm_water_body_dataset Google Scholar Tsunami generation by horizontal displacement of ocean bottom CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Probabilistic analysis of strong ground motion and tsunami hazards in Southeast Asia 1995 Jalisco-Colima Tsunami as constrained by field survey reports and on the numerical simulation of the tsunami Wei, S. (2012). March/20/2012 (Mw 7.4), Oaxaca, Mexico Source Models of Large Earthquakes. Available at: http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/slip_history/2012_Mexico/index.html Google Scholar determined by joint inversion of teleseismic body-wave and near-source data Triggering of tremors and slow slip event in Guerrero Yasuda T and Ruiz-Angulo A (2017) Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis of the Pacific Coast of Mexico: Case Study Based on the 1995 Colima Earthquake Tsunami Received: 12 March 2017; Accepted: 23 May 2017; Published: 13 June 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Mori, Muhammad, Goda, Yasuda and Ruiz-Angulo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited *Correspondence: Nobuhito Mori, bW9yaUBvY2VhbndhdmUuanA= Some 5,000 tractor-trailers and other vehicles were stranded for as long as 24 hours between Wednesday and Thursday due to congestion on highways leading to the port in Manzanillo One tractor-trailer driver reportedly died of a heart attack while stuck in traffic while the occupants of many other vehicles endured hunger and thirst during the lengthy delay Federal Security Minister Rosa Icela Rodríguez told a security cabinet meeting on Friday morning that “failures in the customs system” at the port in Manzanillo caused traffic to come to a standstill She said that more than 5,000 freight trucks faced lengthy delays Entrances to the port area were opened at 7 p.m The newspaper Reforma reported that Mexico’s National Customs Agency was forced to close the port to tractor-trailers at 5 p.m on Wednesday due to failures in its system after a storm in Manzanillo on Tuesday caused power outages However, the Manzanillo Port Community (Copoma), which represents the companies that use Mexico’s largest port, said in a statement on Thursday that all Customs systems as well as other information systems in the port were working correctly and had not experienced “any kind of failure or problem.” The Naval Ministry (SEMAR), which manages the port, also said in a statement on Thursday that all systems were working “without any kind of problem.” The news magazine Proceso reported that freight truck drivers and others accused port authorities of causing the traffic chaos asserting that they were unable to access a large truck holding yard because it had been leased to private interests the delays proved costly for transport companies an official with the national trucking association Canacar estimated the losses at 100 million pesos (US $5.2 million) In addition to reporting on failures in the customs systems at the Manzanillo port Reforma said that some cranes used to handle containers were out of action a representative of the Manzanillo Freight Truckers Union said that a broadband internet outage at the port prevented the operation of cranes at two port terminals Reforma reported that the traffic jam caused by problems at the port extended around 63 kilometers from Manzanillo to Tecomán a coastal municipality that borders the state of Michoacán Federal Highway 200 runs between the two cities Reforma also said that a few secondary highways in Colima were clogged with traffic #BreveEnContexto | Debido a fallas en el sistema por el clima, todos los acceso al puerto de Manzanillo desde la autopista se encuentran colapsados y saturados desde hace 12 horas. Se recomienda a las personas tomar acceso alternos a esta ciudad. pic.twitter.com/24Ty5lO58T — Contexto Colima (@ContextoColima) August 1, 2024 some of which were transporting tourists to Manzanillo president of the western Mexico branch of the Mexican Business Council for Foreign Trade said that it is currently “high season” and as a result 20-25% more containers are arriving at the Manzanillo port placing additional pressure on customs and port authorities “They didn’t anticipate that a situation like this could occur … The appointments given by the [port] terminals couldn’t be attended to and trucks began to accumulate,” he said Proceso said it received a document from truckers freight brokers and logistics operators in which they accused the National Port System Administration (Asipona) of causing the traffic jam in Colima They claimed that Asipona leased to private interests a 170-hectare holding yard where trucks were previously directed to park before entering the port Stranded truckers told the newspaper El Universal that it was the “worst highway congestion” they had ever experienced Manzanillo Mayor Griselda Martínez attributed blame to various agencies she said that “this emergency situation was caused by the lack of capacity of terminals inside the port the lack of logistics on the part of Asipona and the lack of capacity of the National Guard to operate highways.” The mayor said she would file a complaint with the Colima Human Rights Commission “against those who repeatedly cause these highway collapses.” said that entrances to the port precinct were “free” and terminals inside the port were “empty.” The navy called on operators of “external” holding yards to “speed up” the entry of freight trucks in order to clear the highway more quickly “The highway collapse is … outside the port,” the navy said before calling on municipal authorities to “take coordinated actions with the National Guard” and Asipona “that contribute to the clearing of highways.” The Manzanillo Port Community also said that “the main problem” is on highways outside the port Copoma also said that the entrances to the port were clear and terminals were empty Various media reports said that a truck driver suffered a heart attack at the wheel of his vehicle and died before he received medical attention The traffic prevented the rapid transfer of the driver to the hospital Some reports said the victim was “foreign,” but no further details were given Security Minister Rodríguez acknowledged the reports of the driver’s death at the Friday morning security cabinet meeting Many other people stranded on the highway endured long periods without food or water Manzanillo authorities eventually dispatched Civil Protection personnel to hand out food and beverages to truckers and other motorists Some motorists took to social media to request food and water and at least one person called on Manzanillo residents to go out to the highway — on motorbikes including my brother,” the person wrote on social media May 2017 was Mexico’s deadliest month on record.[1] 2,200 people were reportedly murdered nationwide that month bringing the country’s death toll to nearly 10,000 since the beginning of the year 2017 will become Mexico’s most murderous year since the federal government began releasing homicide data in 1997 surpassing its previous annual homicide record of 23,000 murders in 2011 Mexico has struggled with elevated violence for over a decade since the government launched an aggressive campaign against the country’s drug cartels in 2007. Deploying federal troops to communities particularly affected by drug violence has done little to stem criminal organizations’ drug trafficking operations[2] or curb violent crime Mexico’s murder rate had more than doubled and while homicides declined moderately between 2012 and 2014 violence picked up once more in 2015 and has continued to rise since (see Figure 1) While homicides are on the rise throughout much of Mexico nowhere was the escalation of violence been as dramatic as in the Pacific coast state of Colima between 2015 and 2016 Once considered one of Mexico’s safest and most peaceful areas Colima suffered a more than three-fold increase in murders—by far the largest jump in homicides experienced by any other state Colima is Mexico’s least populous state but registered the highest murder rate in the country last year with 71 homicides per every 100,000 people (see Figure 2) Colima’s deteriorating security situation is a telling reflection of how violence in Mexico has evolved and intensified since 2015 Mexico’s most recent spike in homicides is not only the result of increased violence in areas traditionally vulnerable to cartel in-fighting but it also reflects violence spreading to previously peaceful areas One likely explanation for the renewal and spread of violence is that the United States and Mexican security forces have succeeded in breaking up Mexico’s major organized crime groups by killing or arresting their leadership  In several cases the loss of leadership has led criminal groups to splinter into smaller criminal networks that are now battling for power and territory destabilizing Mexico’s organized crime landscape and shifting trends in the country’s violence Combatting rising violence in Colima and elsewhere will therefore require a fresh approach, starting with evaluating the specific local and regional dynamics driving up homicide rates in these areas and tailoring crime reduction strategies to each community’s unique needs.  "Mexico has never developed a truly local approach to fighting crime and violence,” says the Mexico Institute's Eric L Each area’s security challenges require a specific strategy that begins locally but is supported by state and federal authorities the state’s dramatic increase in violence since 2015 may be attributable to a restructuring of the Pacific coast’s organized crime landscape since Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán—leader of the so-called Sinaloa Cartel—escaped from prison in the summer of 2015 and the increased appeal of Colima’s methamphetamine trafficking routes among criminal groups as demand for synthetic drugs increases in the United States.  Shifts in the Pacific coast's organized crime landscape While not all homicides in Mexico are related to drug trafficking and organized crime, the latest University of San Diego-based Justice in Mexico annual report entitled, Drug Violence in Mexico: Analysis through 2016 finds that “the timing and direction of shifts in Mexico’s violence appears to be a function of the dynamics between major criminal organizations.”   Understanding rising violence in Colima therefore requires an assessment of the state’s organized crime landscape explained that increased violence in Colima is likely due to cartel restructuring in nearby Sinaloa that has been underway since Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán’s escape from prison in July 2015 While violence remained stable following El Chapo’s  capture in February 2014 his escape over a year later is what “shook up Mexico’s underworld.” As seen in Figure 3 homicides in Colima did not start to pick up until September 2015 may have triggered an increase in homicides is unknown but could reflect the kingpin’s ability to maintain control of his people and routes during his imprisonment and his decision to go after perceived traitors once he escaped Following the infamous drug lord’s recapture in January 2016 increasing by 87 percent in Colima within the first three months of his re-imprisonment Shirk believes El Chapo’s recapture created deep rifts within the Sinaloa Cartel’s peripheral criminal landscape his capturers were more determined than ever to keep him isolated from his criminal enterprises and he was no longer able to maintain control of his empire or preserve Sinaloa’s dominance over rival organizations Homicides in Colima then peaked in January 2017 when he was extradited to the United States and transferred to a high-security federal jail in Manhattan which further isolated him from his organization According to Justice in Mexico increased violence in the region is also the result of defectors within the Sinaloa organization “transfer[ing] their loyalties to rival organizations including the Beltran Leyva organization and the CJNG (New Generation Jalisco Cartel in English),” the latter of which is “apparently combatting elements of the Sinaloa Cartel in Colima.” Increased appeal of Colima's methamphetamine trafficking routes among criminal groups While Colima had not previously been contested terrain for the Sinaloa and Jalisco cartels Shirk says recent violence in Colima “shows that whatever arrangements there were are now up for grabs and are being renegotiated.” Deeper analysis of what is driving the dispute between these two dominant criminal organizations with operations on the Pacific coast will be essential if efforts to reduce violence in Colima are to be successful Nearly a third of Colima’s homicides occurred in the port city of Manzanillo last year, which ranked as the third most violent city in the country a battle for control of this lucrative port is likely behind the recent violence between the two cartels Strategically situated on Mexico’s Pacific coast the port of Manzanillo connects Mexico to markets from around the world and moves over 2.5 million cargo containers each year making this bustling west coast port Mexico’s busiest Such high volume traffic and access to global shipping routes makes Manzanillo an ideal location for traffickers looking to smuggle illicit products hidden within millions of shipping containers If a battle for control of Manzanillo and the methamphetamine trade is indeed behind the Sinaloa-CJNG dispute, it makes sense that it comes at a time when demand for the drug is increasing in the United States. The DEA’s 2016 National Drug Threat Assessment (NDTA) Summary indicates that the percentage of the DEA’s National Drug Threat Survey (NDTS) responding agencies across the U.S reporting “high” methamphetamine availability in their areas has risen each year since 2013 31.8 percent of responding agencies classified methamphetamine as their area’s greatest drug threat reaching from Texas and Oklahoma to Southern California this percentage rose to 71 percent last year “Domestic (U.S.) production continues to occur at much lower levels than in Mexico and seizures of domestic methamphetamine laboratories have declined most likely due to the high availability of high-purity On June 17, 2017, Mexican security forces sought to regain control of Mexico’s 103 seaports in an effort to halt the importation of illegal substances into the country and It is important to note that while this may weaken criminal control of important port cities it will not necessarily contribute to a decrease in violence and may not prove to be a long-term solution to drug trafficking activity in and through Mexico.  Such efforts must be accompanied by more sustainable strategies more should be done to reduce the seemingly insatiable demand for drugs in the United States Drug trafficking organizations in Mexico will continue to find ways to meet demand for methamphetamines and heroin north of the border as long as U.S communities struggle with abuse and addiction The United States has to look seriously at its own consumption problems Imprisoning people for consuming drugs has not significantly lowered demand and drug treatment centers are a much better approach Second, violence in Mexico will almost certainly persist until corruption is reduced and police and judicial systems are strengthened. Less than one percent of crimes in Mexico result in sentencing As long as criminal organizations and traffickers enjoy the support and complicity of corrupt officials and as long as weak institutions allow criminals to murder without fear of consequence organized crime groups will continue to terrorize communities with impunity Reducing violence in Colima and elsewhere will not be easy It will require a combination of short-term and long-term strategies that are focused on the specific needs of the region Bilateral efforts to develop and implement creative strategies that go beyond the eradication and imprisonment strategies of the past are urgently needed to avoid prolonging the suffering of local communities in Mexico and the United States.  [1] The Mexican National Public Security System (Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública SNSP) has maintained monthly and annual municipal and federal level data on common law offenses handled by law enforcement investigations since 1997 All homicide data cited in this article come from the SNSP’s “Common Law Criminal Incidence” (Incidencia Delectiva del Fuero Común) reports It is important to note that for the sake of consistency the data cited here reflects the number of homicide investigations (including those that include more than one victim) rather than the number of individual victims because SNSP has only reported victim-level data since 2014 [2] According to data from the Department of State’s International Narcotics Strategy Report approximately 95 percent of cocaine entering the United States passed through Central America and Mexico in 2010 and approximately 90 percent in 2016 with percentages dipping and rising in intervening years Metrics details The main objective of this work is to show that Shannon Entropy (SE) calculated on continuous seismic signals can be used in a volcanic eruption monitoring system We analysed three years of volcanic activity of Volcán de Colima recorded between January 2015 and May 2017 and intense activity of less energetic explosion In order to confirm the success of our results we used images of the Visual Monitoring system of Colima Volcano Observatory Another of the objectives of this work is to show how the decrease in SE values can be used to track minor explosive activity helping Machine Learning algorithms to work more efficiently in the complex problem of distinguishing the explosion signals in the seismograms We show that the two big eruptions selected were forecasted successfully (6 and 2 days respectively) using the decay of SE We conclude that SE could be used as a complementary tool in seismic volcano monitoring showing its successful behaviour prior to energetic eruptions giving time enough to alert the population and prepare for the consequences of an imminent and well predicted moment of the eruption the big amount of labelled database required usually obstructs the development of a simple Seismic records may exhibit increasements of the energy that scientists use to forecast eruptive episodes Through both energy-based methods and automatic earthquake classification systems vulcanologist have achieved numerous forecasting successes the uniqueness of every volcano and the variety of its type of eruptions makes of these methods non-universal tools tested in different volcanic systems (Bezymianny Helens) and in different eruptive episodes of the same volcano This approach applies advanced signal analysis techniques to extract a set of underlying parameters of the seismic signal and study their temporal evolution These authors developed a short-term volcanic early-warning tool working efficiently and successfully in these scenarios They observed how the decrease in Shannon Entropy (SE) generated stable pre-eruptive signs from around 5 days prior to a large explosion to tens of hours in the case of lava fountains its implementation in volcanic surveillance systems could be crucial to determining a possible reactivation of this volcanic system The seismic analysis is complemented with the images of the Visual Monitoring system that the Colima Volcano Observatory has obtaining confirmation of how the eruptive episode was We were able to visually confirm the volcanic origin of more than 70% of the SE minima considered as potential eruptive episodes In the remaining 30% of the potential false cases night and clouds affected to not being able to identify volcanic activity in the visual records (a) Map of the seismic stations (squares) and visual cameras (cameras) monitoring Volcán de Colima, Mexico. Black triangles show the old Nevado volcano and the active Volcán de Colima. Red squares are the representing seismic stations in this work. Map made with Surfer 16 (https://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer) (b) Pictures of eruptive episodes analyzed; from upper to lower: path of the pyroclastic flow occurred on July 11th 2015; vulcanian eruption started on October 1st 2016 After signs of reactivation in January 2013 Volcán de Colima gradually increased its effusive and explosive activity including the growing of a dome in the summit area in this manuscript we will pay our attention in the analysis in detail of three different periods: the collapse of the dome produced a first pyroclastic flow that reached 9.1 km in length and lasted 52 min lasting 1 h and 47 min and reaching 10.3 km in length This episode finalized with a moderate volcanic explosion but no important pre-eruptive seismicity was recorded Explosive stage during January–February 2017 with a set of moderate volcanic explosions culminating with an explosion whose ash cloud reached up 5 km over the submit crater occurred the 3 of February of 2017 After this moment no seismicity neither other external volcanic activity is measured in the volcano with the exception of moderate fumarolic emission and thermal anomalies In this manuscript we will show results obtained for stations SOMA and INCA due to their temporal completeness SOMA and INCA are the closest stations to the crater where \(P\left({S}_{i}\right)\) is the probability density function of the seismic record According to Eq. (1) since the analysis is done in the frequency domain SE is associated to the homogeneous frequency contains of the signal When seismograms are composed by random signals (e.g. or by a set of non-homogeneous volcanic signals In case of the occurrence of a continuous arrival of homogeneous signals with same or coherent frequency content since the probability to find similar signals moves toward 1 The main advantage of this parameter compared to other methods is that this SE excursion to zero is independent of the type of recorded seismicity and its energy if the pre-eruptive seismicity is composed of VT earthquakes (dominated by high frequencies) the SE will move to zero since VTs dominate over the rest of seismicity and P(Si) will be moved toward 1 This behavior will be the same if the pre-eruptive signal is a volcanic tremor (dominated by low frequencies) The necessary condition for SE to move towards zero is that the seismic signal is homogeneous the variation of SE is not dependent on the type of signal but on the self-order of the frequency content of the seismic signal prior to eruptive processes Our hypothesis is the majority of the elastic energy recorded in the seismogram is associated with this eruptive process and must be similar to itself when there is no imminent eruptive process the volcano can show different seismic signals that do not reflect homogeneity of the seismogram we identified those intervals where there are decays of the SE below the threshold and analysed the images recorded by the CUEV cameras system to confirm whether there is an eruptive event we evaluated the length of the pre-eruptive interval of each eruptive event We apply advanced signal analysis techniques to use the SE as a short-term volcanic eruption forecasting tool for three purposes: To measure SE temporal evolution prior to a set of energetic eruptions determining the time interval to alert the population and prepare for volcanic hazard To test if SE is able to distinguish between high and low energy episodes and determine if the pre-eruptive interval is associated to the energy of the explosions To introduce SE to redefine the label associated with eruptions in classifications models Temporal evolution of the SE between January 2015 and May 2017 analysed at SOMA (blue) and INCA (green) seismic stations using window lengths of 10 min overlaped 50% We represented the envelope of the SE values Vertical red line represents the two selected eruptive episodes occurred on July 11th 2015 and October 1st 2016 Shadow red areas represent the two intervals selected to analyzed smaller volcanic explosions White spaces represent periods without data Pictures from left to right show three explosive episodes recorded by the CUEV cameras occurred on 11 July 2015 1 October 2016 and 3 February 2017 respectively Red lines show the moment of the two pyroclastic flows occurred in July 11th Red shadow areas are the periods used to evaluate how SE can be used to monitor volcanic explosions Green area is the confirmed short term forecasting period (5 days) obtained from the decay of the SE (b) Plot of the STA/LTA ratio during June and July 2015 Period in which values are over 70% of decay are highlighted in red (c) Zoom of 11 of July showing as the SE reached zero when the pyroclastic flows happened associated to the high explosivity period of 3–20 June 2015 we identified local minima and compared them (if available) with the images obtained by the visual monitoring Network As observed all identified minima are linked low energy explosive activity associated to period of 3 January-5 February 2015 In this with period we identified local minima and compared them (if available) with the images obtained by the visual monitoring Network As observed all identified minima are linked to explosive activity This study shows that SE could be a useful tool for volcano monitoring and provide in many cases evidences to be used as short-term volcanic eruption early warnings The temporal analysis of SE shows interesting behaviour whenever the volcanic activity changes to an eruptive state in both cases for high and low energetic episodes The volcanic system self-organises prior to an eruption This self-organization is reflected through a homogeneous composition of the seismic signal We can interpret this self-similarity as a way out of the trend that the volcanic activity was following they offer new information about the eruptive state of the volcano when SE moves toward zero the most probable interpretation of this variation is an energetic eruptive episode of the volcano This study makes an approach to a better understanding of the activity and the processes underlying in a volcanic system close to an eruption when a high energy explosion is approaching SE starts to decrease from days before in a homogeneous way until reaching absolute minimums when the volcanic eruption happens we have observed that SE is as a reliable feature for the improvement of ML automatic classification systems and the identification of low energy explosions To improve the training of ML approaches with additional data of volcanic eruptions is crucial in the case of Volcán de Colima we demonstrated the two big eruptions selected could be forecasted with a few days in advance (6 and 2 days respectively) using the homogeneous decay of the SE We showed SE was sensible to another previous eruptive episode occurred at the end of 2014 (very low SE values) and also to the end of the eruptive stage and beginning of a quiescence period (high and stable SE values) The SE has coherent decreasing behaviour prior to energetic eruptions Caudron, C., Chardot, L., Girona, T., Aoki, Y. & Fournier, N. Towards improved forecasting of volcanic eruptions. Front. Earth Sci. 8, 45. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00045 (2020) Manga, M. et al. Volcanic Eruptions and Their Repose, Unrest, Precursors, and Timing (The National Academies Press, 2017). https://doi.org/10.17226/24650 Sparks, R. S. J., Biggs, J. & Neuberg, J. W. Monitoring volcanoes. Science 335(6074), 1310–1311. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1219485 (2012) Brenguier, F. et al. Towards forecasting volcanic eruptions using seismic noise. Nat. Geosci. 1(2), 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo104 (2008) In The Encyclopedia of volcanoes 2nd edn (ed Girona, T., Realmuto, V. & Lundgren, P. Large-scale thermal unrest of volcanoes for years prior to eruption. Nat. Geosci. 14(4), 238–241. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00705-4 (2021) Seismovolcanic signals at deception Island volcano Antarctica: Wave field analysis and source modeling Chouet, B. A. & Matoza, R. S. A multi-decadal view of seismic methods for detecting precursors of magma movement and eruption. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 252, 108–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.11.013 (2013) Dempsey, D. E., Cronin, S. J., Mei, S. & Kempa-Liehr, A. W. Automatic precursor recognition and real-time forecasting of sudden explosive volcanic eruptions at Whakaari, New Zealand. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17375-2 (2020) White, R. & McCausland, W. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes: A new tool for estimating intrusive volumes and forecasting eruptions. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 309, 139–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.10.020 (2016) Kilburn, C. R. Forecasting volcanic eruptions: Beyond the failure forecast method. Front. Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00133 (2018) Boué, A., Lesage, P., Cortés, G., Valette, B. & Reyes-Dávila, G. Real-time eruption forecasting using the material failure forecast method with a Bayesian approach. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 120(4), 2143–2161. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011637 (2015) Boué, A. et al. Performance of the ‘material Failure Forecast Method’in real-time situations: A Bayesian approach applied on effusive and explosive eruptions. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 327, 622–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.10.002 (2016) Caudron, C. et al. A quest for unrest in multiparameter observations at Whakaari/White Island volcano, New Zealand 2007–2018. Earth Planets Space 73(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01506-0 (2021) Ardid, A., Dempsey, D., Caudron, C. & Cronin, S. Seismic precursors to the Whakaari 2019 phreatic eruption are transferable to other eruptions and volcanoes. Nat. Commun. 13(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29681-y (2022) Benítez, M. C. et al. Continuous HMM-based seismic-event classification at deception Island, Antarctica. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 45(1), 138–146. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.882264 (2006) The classification of seismo-volcanic signals using Hidden Markov Models as applied to the Stromboli and Etna volcanoes Cortés, G. et al. Parallel system architecture (PSA): An efficient approach for automatic recognition of volcano-seismic events. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 271, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.07.004 (2014) Manley, G. F. et al. Understanding the timing of eruption end using a machine learning approach to classification of seismic time series. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 401, 106917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.1069 (2020) Ren, C. X. et al. Machine learning reveals the seismic signature of eruptive behavior at piton de la fournaise volcano. Geophys. Res. Lett. 47(3), e2019GL085523. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085523 (2020) Detection and classification of continuous volcano-seismic signals with recurrent neural networks Bueno, A., Benitez, C., De Angelis, S., Moreno, A. D. & Ibáñez, J. M. Volcano-seismic transfer learning and uncertainty quantification with Bayesian neural networks. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 58(2), 892–902. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2019.2941494 (2019) Bueno, A., Titos, M., Benítez, C. & Ibáñez, J. M. Continuous active learning for seismo-volcanic monitoring. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 19, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2021.3121611 (2022) Titos, M., Bueno, A., García, L., Benítez, C. & Segura, J. C. Classification of isolated volcano-seismic events based on inductive transfer learning. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 17(5), 869–873. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2019.2931063 (2019) Manley, G. F. et al. A deep active learning approach to the automatic classification of volcano-seismic events. Front. Earth Sci. 10, 78. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.807926 (2022) Martínez, V. L. et al. Advanced signal recognition methods applied to seismo-volcanic events from Planchon Peteroa volcanic complex: Deep neural network classifier. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 107, 103115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103115 (2021) Reyes-Dávila, G. A. et al. Volcán de Colima dome collapse of July, 2015 and associated pyroclastic density currents. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 320, 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.015 (2016) Arámbula-Mendoza, R. et al. Seismic monitoring of effusive-explosive activity and large lava dome collapses during 2013–2015 at Volcán de Colima, Mexico. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 351, 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.12.017 (2018) Whitehead, M. G. & Bebbington, M. S. Method selection in short-term eruption forecasting. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 419, 107386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107386 (2021) Seis Siglos de Actividad Eruptiva (1523–2010) (Universidad de Colima Summary of the historical eruptive activity of Volcán de Colima Historical and morphological evidence for multi-stage growth of El Volcancito Lesage, P., Carrara, A., Pinel, V. & Arámbula-Mendoza, R. Absence of detectable precursory deformation and velocity variation before the large dome collapse of July 2015 at Volcán de Colima, Mexico. Front. Earth Sci. 6, 93. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00093 (2018) Zobin, V. M. et al. Overview of the 1997–2000 activity of Volcán de Colima, Mexico. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 117(1–2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00232-9 (2002) Reyes-Dávila, G. A. & De la Cruz-Reyna, S. Experience in the short-term eruption forecasting at Volcán de Colima, México, and public response to forecasts. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 117(1–2), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00240-8 (2002) Palo, M. et al. Analysis of the seismic wavefield properties of volcanic explosions at Volcan de Colima, Mexico: Insights into the source mechanism. Geophys. J. Int. 177(3), 1383–1398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04134.x (2009) Petrological monitoring of cyclical eruptive activity at Volcán Colima Petrology and mineralogy of lava and ash erupted from Volcán Colima Explosive multiples preceding the growth of a new lava dome: Volcán de Colima Post-emplacement dynamics of andesitic lava flows at Volcán de Colima revealed by radar and optical remote sensing data Luhr, J. F. Petrology and geochemistry of the 1991 and 1998–1999 lava flows from Volcán de Colima, México: Implications for the end of the current eruptive cycle. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 117(1–2), 169–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00243-3 (2002) Zobin, V. M., Orozco-Rojas, J., Reyes-Dávila, G. A. & Navarro, C. Seismicity of an andesitic volcano during block-lava effusion: Volcán de Colima, México, November 1998–January 1999. Bull. Volcanol. 67(7), 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-005-0413-y (2005) Lamb, O. D. et al. Seismic and experimental insights into eruption precursors at Volcán de Colima. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44(12), 6092–6100. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073350 (2017) Capra, L. et al. The anatomy of a pyroclastic density current: The 10 July 2015 event at Volcán de Colima (Mexico). Bull. Volcanol. 80(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-018-1206-4 (2018) Global Volcanism Program, 2017. Report on Colima (Mexico) In Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network (eds Crafford, A.E., Venzke, E.) 8 (Smithsonian Institution) https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201708-341040 Zobin, V. M. et al. Dynamics of the January 2013–June 2014 explosive-effusive episode in the eruption of Volcán de Colima, México: Insights from seismic and video monitoring. Bull. Volcanol. 77(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-015-0917-z (2015) The 2007–2012 lava dome growth in the crater of Volcán de Colima In Complex monitoring of volcanic activity: methods and results Malfante, M. et al. Machine learning for volcano-seismic signals: Challenges and perspectives. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 35(2), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2017.2779166 (2018) Content based audio classification and retrieval using joint time-frequency analysis In Proceeedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Automatic recognition of volcanic–seismic events based on Continuous Hidden Markov Models VOLcanoes: Understanding Subsurface Mass MoveMEnt (eds Bean Dávila, N., Capra, L., Ferrés, D., Gavilanes-Ruiz, J. C. & Flores, P. Chronology of the 2014–2016 eruptive phase of Volcán De Colima and volume estimation of associated lava flows and pyroclastic flows based on optical multi-sensors. Remote Sens. 11(10), 1167. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101167 (2019) Short term probabilistic eruption forecasting at Whakaari volcano Phreatic and hydrothermal eruptions: from overlooked to looking over Destruction of a lava dome observed with photogrammetry acoustic and seismic sensors at Volcán de Colima Approximate entropy and sample entropy: A comprehensive tutorial Malfante, M. et al. Automatic classification of volcano seismic signatures. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 123(12), 10–645. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB015470 (2018) van Ruitenbeek, F. J., Goseling, J., Bakker, W. H. & Hein, K. A. Shannon entropy as an indicator for sorting processes in hydrothermal systems. Entropy 22(6), 656. https://doi.org/10.3390/e22060656 (2020) Download references This study was partially supported by the Spanish FEMALE (PID2019-106260GB-I00) and PROOF-FOREVER (EUR2022.134044) projects Rey-Devesa was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España (MCIN) and Programa Estatal de Promoción del Talento y su Empleabilidad en I+D+I Ayudas para contratos predoctorales para la formación de doctores 2020 (PRE2020-092719) We would like to thanks the Mexican projects “Monitoreo Visual Volcánico y el Monitoreo de la Sismicidad” both from Centro de Estudios Vulcanológicos de la Universidad de Colima We would like to thanks the invaluable contribution of the editor Dr and the high quality and complete revision of Dr Department of Theoretical Physics and Cosmos Centro Universitario de Estudios Vulcanológicos (CUEV) Félix Ortigosa & Raúl Arámbula-Mendoza The authors declare no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36964-x Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing: AI and Robotics newsletter — what matters in AI and robotics research Sandwiched between Jalisco and Michoacán on the Pacific coast Colima is one of the smallest states in Mexico The semicircle-shaped region is about the size of Delaware and boasts 100 miles of coastline has grown this past decade alongside its glitzy northern neighbor Puerta Vallarta virtually unknown—though it probably won’t be that way for long Part of Colima’s appeal is that it’s so compact—the city and the beach are all within an hour’s radius But the city is merely an urban speck on the raw and rugged landscape Drive just a few miles and you’re among fields punctuated by two massive volcanoes rising above historic villages and you’re at one of the region’s best surf spots Famous local painter Alejandro Rangel Hidalgo found inspiration in Colima and his estate is now a museum in the town of Comala Come along as we explore more of what Colima has to offer Sean Farley, World Champion Kitesurfer and owner of the adventure tour company Elevate in Colima, describes his hometown as the “poor man’s Hawaii.” Of course, Colima is not an island—nor could one confuse Mexican and Polynesian cultures—but Farley makes a good point: Like Hawaii and an abundant coastline that offers plenty of fishing and whale watching it was destroyed (but safety evacuated) during the 2005 eruption The relocated town was evacuated again during an eruption in 2016 and it remains fully intact and safe to visit today and museum—occupies an entire block in the Nogueras neighborhood in Comala The estate showcases his living quarters and gardens his collection of traditional Colima ceramics is known for its traditional ceremonial masks life in Colima revolves around the abundant parks and squares throughout the city and cafés; Piedra Lisa Park is named for a large stone that was thrown there by the Colima Volcano thousands of years ago The sparsely developed southern coast of Colima is only 35 miles from the city of Colima. Surf haven Boca de Pascuales is known internationally for its booming barrels; beginners can take lessons at less aggressive breaks with Surfing Pascuales whale-watching and fishing tours run out of Manzanillo known as the “sailfish capital of the world” and also home to myriad beaches local life revolves around the town square supporting another modern trend: craft beer in Mexico is available at restaurants and stores around the city but it’s worth visiting the outdoor tap room for the selection of draft beers and its rooms feature paintings by Alejandro Rangel Hidalgo and historic charm make it the place to stay in the city While Manzanillo is becoming increasingly popular with cruise lines Colima has miles of coastline with secluded beaches >>Next: The Mexican Obsession With Guinness World Records AFAR participates in affiliate marketing programs, which means we may earn a commission if you purchase an item featured on our site.© 2025 AFAR LLC MexicoChevron Mexico CityChevron Ideal for travelers who desire the perks of a boutique hotel but the hands-off experience of a home rental, Colima71 in the desirable Roma Norte neighborhood is a refined, minimalist respite that celebrates the city’s top contemporary artists. Designed by Alberto Kalach — perhaps the most renowned Mexican architect for his use of sustainable, natural materials like steel, clay, and concrete — this former townhouse is now the neighborhood’s latest boutique hotel, now replete with 16 residential-style rooms and works by Mexico’s top contemporary artists. A blend of a home rental and boutique hotel, Colima 71 doesn’t have a restaurant but does offer a morning treat: The property’s barista drops by each guest suite to deliver coffee sourced from Chiapas along with a basket of pastries like almond croissants and ricotta-and-guava-stuffed rolls sourced Panadería Rosetta, an acclaimed bakery by chef Elena Reygadads. For evenings, there’s an honesty bar for guests to explore Mexico’s top agave distillates, from tequilas to mezcals. Roma Norte is one of the most energetic areas of Mexico City, alive with the city’s top shops, restaurants, and bars. Staying here is being in the heart of it all and having immediate access to some of the city’s top nightlife and even parks, as Plaza Rio de Janeiro is just around the corner. Available 24 hours a day, the hotel’s front desk team is on standby to guide travelers on where to explore, eat, and drink in the neighborhood and beyond. Each room offers handcrafted wooden toys made by local Mexican artisans, as well as a sampling of Mexican candies for the entire family to try. The hotel operates 70% on solar panels and reuses 50% of its water with the goal of achieving 100% water reuse by 2026. The entire hotel is wheelchair accessible, including the entrance, rooms, bathrooms, showers, and more. Because the hotel has no restaurant, that means you’re dining out for almost every meal except breakfast. But guests can buy groceries and keep them in their rooms and cook on the nights they need a rest from the bustle of the city. All listings featured on Condé Nast Traveler are independently selected by our editors. If you book something through our links, we may earn an affiliate commission. up-to-the-minute voice in all things travel Condé Nast Traveler is the global citizen’s bible and muse We understand that time is the greatest luxury which is why Condé Nast Traveler mines its network of experts and influencers so that you never waste a meal or a hotel stay wherever you are in the world Renowned Mexican architect Alberto Kalach designed the 16-room hotel which celebrates Mexico's acclaimed architecture Colima 71 debuts welcoming guests to its entirely new hotel experience steeped in Mexico City's distinct creative spirit Located on Colima Street in the bohemian-chic district of Colonia Roma Norte the boutique hotel offers residentially-inspired living set against a backdrop of Mexico City's unique architecture Colima 71 artfully balances modern design and amenities with authentic Mexican hospitality bringing forth a new era of hospitality in the increasingly-popular global destination Celebrated architectural team T.A.X. by Alberto Kalach designed the property which is emblematic of Kalach's design aesthetic Kalach has designed and built a variety of projects ranging from residential to cultural buildings with a focus on integrating architecture with nature Colima 71's contemporary design effortlessly blends sharp lines and unyielding materials like metal and stone with Mexico City's elegant natural beauty; private balconies overlook the stunning interior courtyard and the sunken lounge embodies an exclusive moody ambiance while high windows allow natural light to flit across the space steadily throughout the day Interior design led by Nomah Studio and Karla Celerio creates a sophisticated atmosphere spotlighting Mexico City's plethora of thought-provoking artists Natural materials like marble and wood are paired with sumptuously curved furniture in rich fabrics like velvet and French tapestries Other key installations include an amazing photography collection from contemporary artist Iñaki Bonilla as well as a sculptural installation by Darío Escobar cascading alongside the show-stopping glass and metal escalator and central staircase guests are welcomed by a latticework art installation designed by artist Sofía Taboas a hollow steel structure emulating the art deco-style of the window grates found in the classic houses in Colonia Roma as well as a cozy hand-carved fireplace perfect for enjoying a casual beverage with friends The 16 studios offer bespoke design with either floor-to-ceiling windows or private balconies overlooking bustling Colima Street or the hotel's serene courtyard organic lines are juxtaposed by striking Mexican materials like marble All rooms feature a full kitchen as well as a dining area allowing travelers to feel at home in the space Each studio also features a King sized bed outfitted with Portuguese bedding for a tranquil night's sleep All guests can enjoy an exclusive "Morning Coffee" service where a Colima 71 barista hand delivers each guests' preferred coffee or tea order directly to the room, along with pastries from nearby Panaderia Rosetta one of Roma Norte's most beloved panaderias In-room amenities were hand crafted with a Yucatan honey producer resulting in a nourishing artisan line of products that are also available for purchase Colima 71 encourages guests to enjoy its various public spaces Mexico City is known for its specialty-coffee scene which is on full display at the hotel's all-day coffee bar guests can order drinks and small bites to enjoy in the courtyard The front desk team is available 24/7 to guide travelers on an ideal itinerary through one of the most fascinating areas of Mexico City Roma Norte is home to some of the best restaurants historic architecture and gastronomic richness in the area shares a similar charm and electric atmosphere The Colima Fire Volcano has erupted more than 30 times and is one of the most active volcanoes in the world I received a curious request from a friend in Colima living under the shadow of the Volcán de Colima “The fire volcano is starting to act up and we need volunteers to carry monitoring equipment to the top and into the crater The Colima fire volcano is Mexico’s most active volcano and one of the most active in the world: somehow my friend knew that our little caving club wouldn’t say no today an eminent volcanologist at the University of South Florida Connor regaled us with cheerful tales of the unpredictability of volcanic eruptions We slowly made our way to the crater floor Connor was soon busy installing his gear while the rest of us amused ourselves by placing sheets of paper in front of hot air vents and watching them burst into flame most of us were groggy from breathing in who-knows-what-kind-of-vapors I noticed for the first time that my nylon windbreaker had a huge hole in it: apparently a rock I had leaned against was hotter than it looked Because sitting is impossible in an environment where your shoes are liable to melt if you don’t watch carefully where you are standing vaporizing all that expensive equipment we had brought and the volcano shifted from semi-dormant to active mode The Volcán de Colima is located in western Mexico about 80 kilometers from the Pacific coast According to the United States Geological Survey the Colima Volcanic Complex is a melding of two volcanoes: the older Nevado de Colima to the north more historically active Volcán de Colima the south the Volcán de Colima is slightly shorter than its sibling rising 3960 meters to the Nevado de Colima’s 4330 both volcanoes are mostly located within the state of Jalisco The Colima Volcano has erupted more than 30 times since 1576 Geographer Tony Burton says that the volcano first erupted about five million years ago although some say it was more like 15 thousand years ago the volcano’s eruptions have taken a cyclical pattern with periods of activity lasting about 50 years interspersed with periods of relative quiet “the first results of renewed activity force new lava into the existing crater any additional lava is ejected from the crater and flows down the volcano’s flanks and the volcano enters another dormant phase a plume of hot gas often billows out from the volcano.” and I returned to Colima with the hope of photographing “el Fuego” in all its glory “where we’ll have a clear view of the action.” La María is a charming little lake with cabins and plenty of space for camping Although the monstrous volcano is only 10 km away you can’t see it from La Maria itself because high walls surround the lake We started down the rustic road heading north toward the now-abandoned village of Yerba Buena The first thing we ran into in the darkness was a cow Just a few more steps down the road we heard an ominous and very deep rumble which seemed to awaken a primal urge in us that said “The gods are angry— run for your lives!” Another rumble and suddenly a bright red spray lit up the not-so-distant sky followed by the appearance of what looked like a river of lava streaming down one side of the volcano.“This is a perfect spot,” I said “I’m going to set up the tripod.”  the rumbling stopped and so did the pyrotechnics The sky was now dead black and there was no way I could be sure I had the entire volcano centered in the viewfinder and each time a red-hot stream appeared in a different place I assumed at the time that these were rivers of lava but I later learned they were actually incandescent rockfalls Only a week later did I discover that I had indeed pointed the camera at the right spot and was rewarded with a spectacular image of the Volcán de Fuego bathed in fire but if you have an itch to photograph it in all its fiery splendor you may wonder: how long will you have to wait I put this question to volcanologist Nick Varley who is based in Colima city and regularly monitors the volcano but past events tell us this volcano typically ‘sleeps’ for between five and thirteen years suggesting that it may soon be rumbling and spitting lava again.” If and when the fire volcano of Colima comes back to life, you can safely watch the show from just outside the hidden lake of La María, which you can easily reach by asking Google Maps to take you to Centro Ecoturistico Laguna La María Driving time from Guadalajara is about three hours The writer has lived near Guadalajara, Jalisco, since 1985. His most recent book is Outdoors in Western Mexico, Volume Three. More of his writing can be found on his blog As the city of Colima, Mexico barefoot men tie soda bottles behind their backs and scramble up 66-foot-tall palm trees without a safety net They place the balls of their feet in slits chopped at intervals into the trunks of the palms they slice a sliver off each palm flower and dump some liquid into their bottles that had dripped out the night before These are Colima’s tuberos and their job is to extract tuba Modern Colimenses drink the sweet sap straight with their morning bolillo bread and sip it chilled with sweet apples and strawberries to quench their afternoon thirst Tuba has been a part of Colima’s cuisine and history for nearly 500 years It was once a major economic commodity and a key source of alcohol While the unfermented version of tuba is a typical beverage in Colima and a point of regional pride and identity its alcoholic counterpart has faded into obscurity the palm-ridden capital of the eponymous state distiller Jorge Velasco Rocha is employing a group of tuberos in hopes of reviving vino de cocos a spirit that may have been Mexico’s original distillate rather the distilled spirit of fermented palm sap But no one in Colima has produced the drink for nearly three centuries Paulina Machuca, professor and researcher at Colegio de Michoacán and author of El Vino de Cocos en la Nueva España (to be translated into English this year) argues that vino de cocos was the “first distilled beverage that was produced and commercialized in New Spain.” She notes that the spirit emerged in the 16th century vino de cocos fell out of favor as it was replaced by mezcal from southern Jalisco as well as distilled sugarcane spirits.“I think that the vino de cocos had a disadvantage due to the raw material,” she says harvesting tuba from palm trees was—and still is—a challenge Even if vino de cocos disappeared after that the Filipino sailors likely introduced Mexico to the technology of distillation “The primitive still that they used in the 16th century is the same still that the regional mezcal of Western Mexico comes from,” Velasco Rocha “I believe that distillation in all of Mexico began here in the West and it began because of the Manila galleon.” Reviving vino de cocos may sound simple, but Velasco Rocha has no illusions about the difficulty of his project. He has had to scrape together historical references to recreate accurate fermentation and distillation techniques. More than that, he has struggled to get enough tuba to support his operation. Veslasco Rocha’s tuberos work according to an exacting schedule, harvesting tuba from about 200 palm trees from 2 or 3 p.m. to 10 p.m. “There’s no other way to guarantee that the tuba ferments uniformly,” he says. “To extract 100 to 150 liters of tuba is not simple.” Beyond a ticking clock, there’s also the challenge of manpower and available trees. “An army of tuberos does not exist,” Velasco Rocha adds. “They are families. And generally they aren’t the owners of the palms.” Another big part of that price is compensating the tuberos for an exceptionally demanding job. “The work of the tubero is to show up 365 days of the year,” says Ismael de Jarano, another tubero in the de Jarano family. “The palm is very delicate and if you skip a day, it won’t give you the same amount. It’s as if you have cattle,” he adds, patting a palm trunk with a caring hand, “but they aren’t cattle, they’re plants.” After scaling five palms effortlessly in Colima’s Jardín de San Francisco de Almoloyan, Ismael opens up about the dangers of the job, too. Rain makes the palms slippery, and the ladder slits must be recut for traction each year before the rainy season. Wind. Thunder. Height. The treachery of loose or dry fronds in the canopy. The occupational hazards of the tubero are astronomical—and may scare some folks away from the trade. “The future of the tuberos—it’s a question I have asked my uncles because there really aren’t that many tuberos,” Ismael says. “Even with my cousins, they prefer to start a business or continue in their studies. Practically, we are losing it. These palms are tall. Many tuberos now only climb short trees because they say the short ones give the same tuba as the tall ones.” We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the world’s hidden wonders. Consider supporting our work by becoming a member for as little as $5 a month. Follow us on Twitter to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. Clip: Season 22 Episode 29 | 2m 40sVideo has Closed Captions | CC Check out Timothy Gordon's appraisal of a Colima pottery dog figure in ROADSHOW's Special: Somethings Wild Problems with Closed Captions? Closed Captioning Feedback Funding for ANTIQUES ROADSHOW is provided by Ancestry and American Cruise Lines Additional funding is provided by public television viewers Link Copied to ClipboardHow to Watch Antiques RoadshowAntiques Roadshow is available to stream on pbs.org and the free PBS App, available on iPhone, Apple TV, Android TV, Android smartphones, Amazon Fire TV, Amazon Fire Tablet, Roku, Samsung Smart TV, and Vizio. Clip: S22 Ep29 | 1m 1s | Appraisal: 1883 Whiting Sterling Silver Trophy Bowl Appraisal: Cartier Lion Brooch, ca. 1960 Clip: S22 Ep29 | 33s | Appraisal: Cartier Lion Brooch from ROADSHOW's Special: Somethings Wild Appraisal: Fish Trade Sign, ca. 1855 Clip: S22 Ep29 | 2m 4s | Appraisal: Fish Trade Sign Appraisal: Steiff White Clown Bear, ca. 1920 Clip: S22 Ep29 | 2m 49s | Appraisal: Steiff White Clown Bear Copyright © 2025 Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization Sign in with EmailNew to PBS? Create an account Are you sure you want to remove null from My List? The hotel integrates local artistry into its design Dominique Jackson•Dec 8 Mexico City is a destination that ignites all five senses The city sparks exploration through its vibrant streets While attractions like the hot air balloons and pyramids initially draw visitors the city’s picturesque streets and architecture conceal a hidden world of captivating art and design During a recent visit, the canvas of Mexico City came alive for me at Colima 71. Colima 71 is a culturally forward boutique hotel in the Roma Norte neighborhood on Colima Street This unique establishment seamlessly integrates local artistry into its design creating an immersive experience for guests “This is a very special project for Mexico City we aim to take our guests on an immersive journey through the neighborhood’s unique culture and lifestyle that begins as soon as they set foot in our hotel,” said Ana Ongay the managing director of Colima 71 Art Community Hotel Immerse yourself in the architectural masterpiece of Colima 71 contemporary design merges sharp lines and robust materials like metal and stone with the natural elegance of Mexico City Picture private balconies that offer views of a stunning interior courtyard and a lounge high windows welcome the gentle caress of natural light throughout the day cozy home feeling with 16 rooms featuring floor-to-ceiling windows The design philosophy at Colima 71 is meticulous; everything in the rooms serves a purpose and has a story Authentic dinnerware is crafted from black clay sourced from Oaxaca Luxury bathrobes are fashioned from the finest Portuguese cotton Intricate handmade shower tiles lend an air of sophistication and charm making guests feel like they’re in an intimate spa.  epitomizes the essence of a boutique hotel experience known for its vibrant atmosphere and artistic spirit provides an ideal backdrop for Colima 71’s fusion of contemporary design and local artistry the hotel seamlessly integrates into the community This hotel offers guests an immersive journey through Mexico City’s cultural richness Its prime location positions Colima 71 as a gateway to the city’s hotspots ensuring a perfect blend of tranquility and accessibility for those seeking a culturally enriched stay The hotel is only steps away from galleries providing guests with convenient access to culture and cuisine Colima 71 distinguishes itself through a thriving artist community transforming the hotel stay into a familial experience rather than a typical accommodation the hotel showcases the works of Sofía Taboas with a complimentary breakfast and an honesty bar in the lounge By embracing the spirit of collaboration and creative exchange Colima 71 stands as a unique haven where guests seamlessly integrate into a vibrant community of artists and fellow travelers This integration enhances the overall experience making a stay at Colima 71 more than just accommodation but an immersion into the heart of Mexico City’s artistic and cultural tapestry a free daily newsletter that features the best of travel and guides to the cities you love from a new point of view — yours you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy Queen Elizabeth Once Stepped In To Prevent Snoop Dogg From Being Banned From The UK United Airlines Flight Attendant's Armrest Announcement Sparks Social Media Frenzy ‘Basketball Wives’ Star Mehgan James Speaks Out About Popular Bahamas Island With Flesh-Eating Bacteria After Friend Loses Leg Chaos Erupts After Ethiopian Airlines Passenger Forced To Give Up Seat For Minister Yemen's Houthi rebels launched a missile attack on Ben Gurion International Airport causing temporary closure of Israel's main aviation hub In each location where Black dandyism took root and social conditions shaped its expression A Simi Valley plane crash involving a small aircraft resulted in the deaths of its two passengers Check out these filming sites that have added to this harrowing story of creative survival in two popular cities Paramount+'s 'MobLand' has rapidly garnered a wide audience thanks to its fascinating characters and gorgeous scenic backdrops January 22, 2011JPEG Colima Volcano, Mexico’s most active, has been erupting since 1998. The eruption began with several months of earthquakes beneath the volcano, followed by explosions and rockfalls at the summit lava dome as it began to grow Dome growth was accompanied months later by a series of lava flows which cascaded down the southwestern flank of the mountain stretching up to 3,100 meters (10,000 feet) from the summit with a few periods of actively flowing lava the dome was growing about 2,000 cubic meters (70,000) cubic feet a day leading to frequent small rockfalls and occasional ash plumes local newspapers reported “dust plumes” rising over Colima likely pulverized lava stirred up by landslides at the summit dome The image shows evidence of four types of volcanic activity: lava dome growth The active lava dome nearly fills Colima’s summit crater The top of the dome is higher than the crater rim and material occasionally tumbles down the volcano’s western and southern slopes probably the result of rockfall on the dome The summit crater is the remnant of an explosive eruption in 1913 which knocked 100 meters (300 feet) off the top of the mountain To the north of Colima’s summit is the rim of a 4 kilometer (2 mile)-wide caldera formed about 4,300 years ago in a massive flank collapse: similar to the May 18 Modern Colima Volcano rises near the center of this caldera Older lava flows (erupted in the 1800s and earlier) are covered in green vegetation NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, using ALI data from the EO-1 team. Caption by Robert Simmon View this area in EO Explorer A series of explosive eruptions has rained ash and rock over the Colima Volcano Mexico's most dangerous and active volcano A small plume of ash and/or steam is blowing west from the summit of Mayon Volcano in this image from December 15 A volcanic plume rises above Japan’s Shinmoe-dake Volcano while a lava dome grows within its summit crater Slow growth of a lava dome characterizes the current eruption of Shiveluch Volcano Our Response to COVID-19 → I have been given the opportunity to work from Mexico for two months I am in my third week and already I have had two medical experiences The city I am in is called Manzanillo in the state of Colima which is about four hours away from Guadalajara located on the Pacific Ocean and is the home of one of Mexico's busiest ports I am fortunate enough to be staying right on the beach called La Audiencia.‍ On my lunch break one day I decided to accompany a friend while he took his boss an elderly woman from Texas to the dentist I really wanted to see what a dental office in Mexico looked like His boss and her husband came here on their honeymoon 50 years ago and decided to retire here She told me that the decision was easy because it was beautiful and they could afford a full time caretaker (which her health requires) and maid for her.‍ We entered a two story building that did not have an elevator so getting her up the stairs was a challenge Once we entered the small but well equipped dental office there was air conditioning and two friendly dental assistants Her appointment this day was to have a root canal Once the procedure began she became very scared so the dentist to my surprise starting talking to her in English and asked the assistant to hold her hand the entire time Once the appointment was over I asked the dentist where she learned to speak English and if she had to do it often with her job She informed me that several of her patients are retirees from the U.S and they live here six months out of the year so she gets to practice her English often She also told me that most of them pay in cash and then request a letter from her dental practice which is used for reimbursement in the U.S I found this very interesting because I was hearing firsthand about people retiring abroad so they can afford the care and style of living that they need which is a highly discussed topic in medical tourism I was impressed with this medical experience and would have no concerns about having dental work done there myself.‍ Click here to read an article about baby boomers and retiring abroad My next medical experience happened when I was going to a local clinic to try and get a prescription all packed in the waiting room with no air conditioning It was so long I didn't even wait I just left meaning everyone gets healthcare at some level so I starting asking around if this was a clinic that mostly treated patients who had healthcare through social security and the answer I got was yes children and several pregnant women standing in line to be treated I can imagine a lot of people putting off going to the doctor because of the wait and the heat After doing some research and asking around I found out that I could just go to the pharmacy and pick up the medicine I needed Farmacia Guadalajara (which I believe is a franchise) and showed them the pill bottle that I brought from the U.S.; luckily they carried the same type of medicine I needed I paid $60 pesos which is roughly $5 USD and I was out the door The medicine I needed was for something very common and that I didn't really need to see a doctor for In order for me to get that same prescription in the U.S I have to request time off of work because no doctors offices are open on Saturdays pay the $40 USD co-pay for my appointment and finally pay around $20 USD to get my prescription filled Whether this is the right or wrong way to do things But I do know that this simple and common medicine that I needed was given to me quick and inexpensive known as the “voice” of the medical tourism industry provides members and key industry experts with the opportunity to share important developments topics and trends that make the medical tourism industry the booming market it is today