Kallien and his team are pleased to announce the Aalener Foundry Colloquium 2025 The event enjoys cult status among experts and consistently attracts a large audience Kallien has succeeded in putting together a highly interesting program focusing on light metal casting and valuable networking opportunities – mark your calendars now 14:00 Welcome and Opening of the Table Top Exhibition Prof Megacasting – Transforming Component Development Dipl.-Ing Albert Handtmann Metallgusswerk GmbH & Co 14:45 The Growth of Die Casting in Body-in-White: Current Technology and Future Directions Alessandro Benini 15:15 Introduction to the Activities of the Bocar Tech Center Dr 15:45 Coffee Break and Table Top Exhibition 16:30 New Approaches in Gigacasting – From Ingot to Shot Sleeve Artur Seltenreich 17:00 Design and Prediction of Local Mechanical Properties in Structural Components Dr 17:30 Gas Injection for the Production of Media-Carrying Cast Parts M.Sc 19:00 Foundry Evening with Dinner in the Foundry Laboratory 08:45 Magnesium Thixomolding on Aluminum Cold Chamber Die Casting Machines Christian Platzer Thixotropic Piston Injection Technology GmbH 09:45 X-Ray and CT in Mega- and Gigacasting Dipl.-Ing 10:15 Coffee Break and Table Top Exhibition 11:00 New Applications for Die Cast Parts Using Friction Stir Welding Dr Current and New Research Topics at Aalen University: I would like to receive the bi-weekly Foundry-Planet newsletter with all latest news Plus the special newsletters – all can be cancelled anytime and at no cost Department of Geography & Anthropology LSU Department of Geography & Anthropology227 Howe-Russell-Kniffen Geoscience ComplexLouisiana State UniversityPhone: 225-578-5942 Copyright Louisiana State University The Adelaide Thunderbirds will welcome an additional training partner in 2025 with male netballer Aalen Davis selected for the first time The inaugural position was a key component of a Memorandum of Understanding between Netball SA/Adelaide Thunderbirds and the South Australian Men’s and Mixed Netball Association to elevate male participation in netball Netball SA CEO Bronwyn Klei said the position would increase exposure for men and boys in the netball community while creating another significant development opportunity and this position shines a light on the growth of male participation in netball,” Ms Klei said “Aalen will be a role model for male netballers coming through the pathways and we hope this will encourage others to engage with our sport and we’re committed to ensuring young boys have the opportunity to not only enter our sport but to thrive and develop into elite netballers “The growth of the Men’s Super League is a testament to the quality of men’s netball and I encourage everyone to come out and see these athletes in action.” SAMMNA’s Director of High Performance Jake Taylor said the Board was thrilled to see Davis become the first male training partner for the Thunderbirds “Whilst our male athletes have been involved in the Thunderbirds environment in recent years this official appointment is a historic moment for South Australian netball,” Taylor said “It marks a significant step forward in our commitment to providing opportunities for boys and men to grow and thrive in netball “This is a fantastic opportunity for Aalen and we know he will add great value to the environment.” Davis joins the Thunderbirds environment with an array of experience in the men’s netball space having represented his state and country in recent years The dynamic WA/GA earned his first selection in the South Australian 23 and Under Men’s side in 2022 as a fresh 18-year-old before being elevated to the Open Men’s side in 2023 He made his first appearance in the green and gold in 2022 when he represented Australia in the 20 and Under Men’s Side in the Trans-Tasman Cup and has been a part of the 23 and Under Australian program ever since As the inaugural Men’s Super League was born at the end of the 2023 he became the second-ever male player to sign with Garville Netball Club Thunderbirds Head Coach Tania Obst said the club was excited to welcome Davis as an official training partner in 2025 “Aalen has been a regular invitee to our environment previously and has provided a positive point of difference during that time,” Obst said “We have also seen growth in Aalen’s game which is pleasing to see.” Davis joins existing training partners Sophie Casey The Men’s Super League competition is hosted at Netball SA Stadium on Monday nights from November to February With great sensitivity to the local architectural history a+r Architekten integrates historical building fragments into present-day architecture while developing a cultural center for the 21st century Kulturbahnhof Aalen has recently been awarded a 2023 International Architecture Award by The Chicago Athenaeum: Museum of Architecture and Design and The European Centre for Architecture Art Design and Urban Studies the area now known as Aalen’s Stadtoval was occupied the Kulturbahnhof takes a central position: the building high-quality function halls for cultural events is intended to have a radiant effect throughout the region fragments of several historical groups of buildings with distinctive sandstone façades and short cross gables could still be found on the site The guiding idea behind the design was to carefully preserve this heritage and to further develop it into a forward-looking cultural center for the 21st century The extensively destroyed façade was replaced in a stylized manner using colored fair-faced concrete — and where possible The roofs of the short-side gables were also rebuilt according to the historical design followed a different concept: it was replaced by an elongated cuboid-shaped volume clad in folded perforated plate thereby creating a spatial reference to the urban edges of the neighboring area to the south In contrast to the historical sandstone façade the superimposed cuboid is simple and restrained The historical façade provides the shell of a generous space New boxes were placed inside this completely gutted space These boxes also support and brace the new load-bearing structure The large halls and the public uses are housed in the old building The rooms of the music school and the theatre workshops are housed in the new volume These rooms “serving” cultural production and education symbolically arch over the show stages for the culturally interested public It was important to us to create an authentic and independent ambiance for the different cultural venues with historical components such as materials the now shared building for the diverse cultural venues which were previously spread across several locations is expected to contribute to optimizing resources and ensuring cost savings in the long term Project: Kulturbahnhof AalenArchitects: a+r ArchitektenDesign Team: Hellmut Schiefer and Stefan HofmannLandscape Architects: G+H Ingenieurteam GmbHGeneral Contractor: Otto Heil GmbH & Co KGClient: Town of AalenPhotographers: Brigida González Input your search keywords and press Enter You can see how this popup was set up in our step-by-step guide: https://wppopupmaker.com/guides/auto-opening-announcement-popups/ Abortion was a somewhat theoretical issue in those days before the Roe v. Wade Decision in 1973 the year after I graduated But in an ethics class I learned it was morally wrong and just put the issue in the forbidden bucket It was a purely theoretical issue for me at the time "If you have not lived through something it is not true." But there is a problem regarding the truth on issues of abortion for me. I am not female.  And in my personal experience no woman I've ever known in my circle of family or friends has had the procedure or asked my advice; I have never had to make a judgment. That is until now with the absolutist Amendment 2on the Nov More:On Election Day, you'll decide whether to ban abortion in Kentucky. Here's what to know Current Kentucky law forbids abortion on all grounds (including rape and incest) with legal procedure only in life threat to the mother Should my daughter face a pregnancy because of a criminal act we have the means to whisk her to another state or country for a procedure: not so for a poor woman in Kentucky today I cannot accept the finality of this legislation in good conscience or sound reason Many women and men in the U.S. Catholic Culture have made the decision to hold tension on the issue of abortion: More:Jewish women sue to block Kentucky abortion ban, say it violates religious freedom Overall, about three-quarters of U.S. Catholics (76%) say abortion should be illegal in some cases but legal in others. Just one-in-ten say abortion should be illegal in all cases, with no exceptions, while a similar share (13%) take the position that abortion should be legal in all cases, without exceptions. Pew Research, May, 2022 I deeply honor a side of the debate holds a profound reverence for human life; I am with you And I stand steadfast with those who seek to protect individual rights of women in the experimental and delicate system called democracy; especially in protecting the economically marginalized It is not inconceivable in Kentucky’s future the unbending legalize an adopted amendment would allow a well-meaning political majority to take away the current allowance for termination of pregnancy when life threatening to a mother Since in my opinion none of us have all the answers on this issue I will be voting "No" on Amendment 2 I have discovered in my 73 years that as I have opened my heart mind and conscience on some dense questions I have traveled from the illusions of truth and feelings of certainty to the certainty of past illusion and impermanence of emotions It is rarely pure and never simple and not child’s play Jim Aalen's marketing and advertising career left Louisville forty-five years ago with stops in Dallas Jim and his Wife Lyn moved back to Louisville to retire here eight years ago Lyn taught humanities and directed plays for JCPS at Waggener and Moore High Schools FC Schalke 04 booked their place in the second round of the DFB-Pokal on Saturday (17/8) with a 2-0 win away at VfR Aalen in front of 10,805 fans at the CENTUS ARENA Kenan Karaman (31’) and Tobias Mohr (68’) scored S04’s goals Karel Geraerts made five changes to his team from last weekend’s game away at 1 As announced at the pre-match press conference Ron-Thorben Hoffmann started in goal in place of Justin Heekeren and thus made his competitive debut for the club Centre-backs Martin Wasinski and Felipe Sanchez also made their first appearance in a competitive game for S04 replacing Ibrahima Cissé and Marcin Kaminski who made his professional debut on the final day of last season played at right-back in a 4-2-3-1 formation The 2023 U17 European Championship winner deputised for Adrian Gantenbein (rested as a precaution) The other alteration saw Mehmet Can Aydin come in for Emil Højlund who was suffering from muscular problems in his thigh It was a slow start to proceedings at the CENTUS ARENA Although Schalke quickly took control of the game The fifth-division side were compact and afforded S04 little space in the final third Mehmet Can Aydin had the game’s first shot after 11 minutes Taylan Bulut teed him up in the box and Schalke’s number 23 fired just over the bar Aalen looked to play a lot of long balls up the pitch a tactic that rarely came off in the first half VfR goalkeeper Andreas Wick was called into action for the first time after half an hour Bulut chested down a cross from Murkin and then tried his luck from a tight angle Wick was beaten as Tobias Mohr’s free-kick was headed in by captain Kenan Karaman (31’) Replays showed that the striker was actually in an offside position with no VAR in the first two rounds of the DFB-Pokal Moussa Sylla had a chance to make it 2-0 less than two minutes after the opening goal Aydin controlled the ball with his chest and then played it to the striker Schalke otherwise struggled to create opportunities in the first 45 minutes The second half also began with little action to speak of Felix Brych was forced to issue several yellow cards as it became heated at times It took the Knappen until the 61st minute to create another decent chance Tobias Mohr’s accurate cross found Moussa Sylla but his header from close range was saved by Andreas Wick Wick conceded a second goal seven minutes later VfR substitute Mussa Fofanah’s back pass from the halfway line was misplaced and that allowed Tobias Mohr to steal in and race in behind He then slotted the ball through the goalkeeper’s legs to double S04’s lead (68’) A short corner from Derry John Murkin almost produced a third goal with 10 minutes left to play Kenan Karaman could only hit the underside of the bar Ron Schallenberg forced Wick into a good save with a curling effort on his left foot from the edge of the box (86’) S04’s number six had another opportunity too but his shot from close range was blocked by defender Ali Odabas Janik Bachmann looked to have scored in injury time from a Murkin free-kick until the referee blew up for a foul by Felipe Sanchez FC Schalke 04’s next game is also away from home Karel Geraerts’ team are in action on Sunday (25/8) at 1 Kick off at the Avnet Arena will be at 13:30 CEST The 2024/25 DFB-Pokal season will officially get underway for FC Schalke 04 on Saturday afternoon as they take on Oberliga side VfR Aalen in the first round Kick-off at the CENTUS ARENA will be at 15:30 CEST The German Football Association released the schedule for the first round of the DFB-Pokal on Thursday morning (13th June) Schalke’s first-round tie with Oberliga side VfR Aalen will take place on Saturday The first round of the 2024/25 DFB-Pokal has been drawn with FC Schalke 04 pitted against Oberliga side VfR Aalen The draw for the first round of the 2024/25 DFB-Pokal will take place at 18:00 CEST this Saturday (1/6) Former Germany international Nils Petersen will conduct the draw with DFB vice-president Peter Frymuth at the German Football Museum © 1904-2024 FC Gelsenkirchen-Schalke 04 e.V the MAXX Hotel Aalen team celebrated the official opening of its hotel together with Frederick Brütting the new hotel building features three conference rooms as well as the hotel's own fitness and wellness area The FROQ restaurant rounds off the culinary service MAXX Hotel Aalen is the sixth hotel under the midscale brand name MAXX by Deutsche Hospitality and is operated by Augsburg-based Scoop Hotels GmbH Located directly at Aalen's main train station the city's new hotel welcomes its guests in a modern ambience and a charming atmosphere The city center with its numerous shopping opportunities and sights is just a few minutes away by foot The surrounding environs have inviting excursion possibilities in abundance Hotel website Brand OwnerDeutsche Hospitality Metrics details data can be modeled using either a multiplicative hazards regression model (such as the Cox model) or an additive hazards regression model (such as Lin’s or Aalen’s model) While several diagnostic tools are available to check the assumptions underpinning each type of model there is no defined procedure to fit these models optimally the two types of models are rarely combined in survival analysis we propose a strategy for optimal fitting of multiplicative and additive hazards regression models in survival analysis This section details our proposed strategy for optimal fitting of multiplicative and additive hazards regression models with a focus on the assumptions underpinning each type of model the diagnostic tools used to check these assumptions The proposed strategy draws on classical diagnostic tools (Schoenfeld and martingale residuals) and less common tools (pseudo-observations The proposed strategy is applied to a dataset of patients with myocardial infarction (TRACE data frame) and clinical heart failure) on the hazard of death are analyzed using multiplicative and additive hazards regression models The proposed strategy is shown to fit the data optimally Survival analysis is improved by using multiplicative and additive hazards regression models together but specific steps must be followed to fit the data optimally By providing different measures of the same effect our proposed strategy allows for better interpretation of the data which is a particular case of Aalen’s model regression functions are constant except for the baseline hazard and multiplicative hazards regression models are preferred in all other situations the two models have rarely been combined in survival analysis no procedure has been defined to perform optimal fitting of the two models which allows obtaining models that fit the data while respecting the assumptions underpinning each type of model The aim of this study is to propose a strategy for the optimal fitting of multiplicative and additive hazards regression models in survival analysis The structure of the article is as follows The Methods section begins by detailing our strategy for optimal fitting of multiplicative and additive hazards regression models The section ends by summarizing the differences between multiplicative and additive hazards regression models our proposed strategy is applied to a dataset of patients with myocardial infarction (TRACE data frame) to analyze the effects of 5 covariates (age and clinical heart failure) on the hazard of death the Discussion section provides an interpretation of our findings along with concluding remarks The main model in our strategy is the popular Cox proportional hazards model [1] Two assumptions underpin this model: the proportional hazards assumption and the assumption of log-linearity the hazard is written mathematically as \( {\lambda}_i\left(t|{x}_i\right)={\lambda}_0(t){e}^{x_i^T\beta } \) where β is the vector of k parameters β = (β1 βk)T measuring the effects of the covariates on the hazard The parameter β is estimated by maximization of the partial likelihood The exponential of the estimated parameter \( \hat{\beta} \) and a smooth curve is then superimposed on the plot The obtained curve represents the variation of parameter β (i.e the log-hazard ratio of the covariate effects) over time The proportional hazards assumption is considered satisfied if the curve is horizontal When the proportional hazards assumption is respected for a given covariate the Cox proportional hazards model is fitted with this covariate When the assumption is not satisfied, an extended Cox non-proportional hazards model is fitted with a function of the time-dependent parameter β(t) [4] the hazard is written as \( {\lambda}_i\left(t|{x}_i\right)={\lambda}_0(t){e}^{x_i^T\beta (t)} \) where β(t) is defined based on knowledge of the variation or on the results obtained with either of the diagnostic tools above The above process is repeated until the proportional hazards assumption is satisfied for each covariate the Cox proportional hazards model assumes the log-linearity of continuous covariates for a continuous covariate x and two subjects i and j the hazard ratio is written as \( \frac{\lambda_i\left(t|{x}_i\right)}{\lambda_j\left(t|{x}_j\right)}=\frac{\lambda_0(t){e}^{x_i\beta }}{\lambda_0(t){e}^{x_j\beta }}=\frac{e^{x_i\beta }}{e^{x_j\beta }}={e}^{\left({x}_i-{x}_j\right)\beta } \) and depends only on the difference between xi and xj the relative risk between a 25- and a 26-year-old is the same as that between an 80- and an 81-year-old then the assumption of log-linearity is satisfied When the assumption of log-linearity is satisfied for a given covariate the Cox proportional hazards model is fitted with the non-transformed covariate The best functional form is then selected using a model selection criterion - for instance the Akaike information criterion (AIC) for non-nested models The above process is repeated until the assumption of log-linearity is met for each continuous covariate The assumption of log-linearity must be checked with another diagnostic tool presented below the pseudo-observation \( {\hat{S}}_i(t) \) is defined as the difference between n times the survival \( \hat{S}(t) \) estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method on the whole sample and n minus one times the survival \( {\hat{S}}^{-i}(t) \) estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method after leaving out the ith individual One pseudo-observation is thus obtained for each individual at each event time To check the two assumptions simultaneously the pseudo-observations are transformed to obtain a linear expression between survival and covariate effects the hazard is written as λ(t| z) = λ0(t)ezβ such that survival is S(t| z) = exp(− ∫ λ(t| z)dt) = exp(− ∫ λ0(t)ezβdt) = exp(−Λ0(t)ezβ) where \( {\varLambda}_0(t)={\int}_0^t{\lambda}_0(t) dt \) With the cloglog transformation of the smoothed curves of pseudo-observations we obtain log(− log(S(t| z))) = log(Λ0(t)) + zβ The effects of the covariate on survival are represented by plotting the cloglog-transformed smoothed pseudo-observations against the continuous covariate Because covariate effects can vary over time pseudo-observations are usually plotted at selected time points (e.g 9 curves corresponding to 9 deciles of the event times distribution) The two assumptions are satisfied if the obtained curves are parallel straight lines with the same slope β When the two assumptions are satisfied for a given covariate When neither of the assumptions is satisfied an extended Cox model with time-varying effects and non-log-linear effects is used the hazard is written as \( {\lambda}_i\left(t|{z}_i\right)={\lambda}_0(t){e}^{f\left({z}_i\right)\beta (t)} \) The model is fitted with functions of the time-dependent parameter and with functional forms of the continuous covariate The above process is repeated until both the proportional hazards assumption and the assumption of log-linearity are satisfied for each continuous covariate This method known as Arjas plots consists in plotting the observed number of patients with the event against the number of patients with the event estimated with the model If the observed number and the estimated number of patients with the event are close and the obtained curve roughly matches the diagonal line Note that in the case of continuous covariates groups of individuals are defined by dividing the continuous covariate distribution into several strata (e.g 4 strata according to the quartiles of the continuous covariate distribution) The model has no goodness-of-fit when the curves systematically deviate from the diagonal for some groups of individuals indicating an excess or a lack of predicted events the proportional hazards assumption and the assumption of log-linearity must be checked again for each covariate (as described above) until goodness-of-fit is achieved The proportional hazards assumption is checked for the multiplicative model fitted with all covariates by testing the correlation between the Schoenfeld residuals and the rank order of event times The goodness-of-fit of the multivariate model is then assessed using Arjas plots The entire process is repeated until the proportional hazards assumption is satisfied for all covariates and the multivariate model has goodness-of-fit Check the assumption of log-linearity for each continuous covariate using the martingale residuals (or the plot of the cloglog-transformed smoothed pseudo-observations against the time-dependent continuous covariate) select the best functional form of the continuous covariate using an extended Cox model Repeat this step until the assumption of log-linearity is satisfied for each continuous covariate Check the proportional hazards assumption for each covariate by testing the correlation between the Schoenfeld residuals and the rank order of event times model a function of the time-varying parameter in an extended Cox model Repeat this step until the proportional hazards assumption is satisfied for each covariate Check simultaneously the proportional hazards assumption and the assumption of log-linearity by plotting the cloglog-transformed smoothed pseudo-observations against each continuous covariate In case of non-log-linearity and non-proportional hazards and 3 until both assumptions are satisfied for each continuous covariate Assess the goodness-of-fit of the multiplicative hazards regression model for each covariate using Arjas plots and 4 until the model has goodness-of-fit for each covariate Check the proportional hazards assumption for the multiplicative model fitted with all covariates using the same procedures as in Step 2 and 5 until the multivariate model has goodness-of-fit The only assumption of this model is that continuous covariates are linear The diagnostic tools used to check this assumption are presented below Lin’s model [7] is a particular case of Aalen’s model in which all regression functions except the baseline hazard are constant over time the hazard is written as \( {\lambda}_i\left(t|{x}_i\right)={\lambda}_0(t)+{x}_i^T\gamma \) where γ is the vector of k parameters γ = (γ1 γk)T measuring the effects of covariates on the hazard the parameter γ is estimated by maximization of the partial likelihood In addition to assuming the linearity of continuous covariates Lin’s model assumes that covariate effects are constant over time The assumption of constant effects is checked for each covariate by plotting the cumulative hazards estimated with Lin’s and Aalen’s models against time The assumption is satisfied if the obtained curve has a constant slope If the effects of all covariates are constant over time the assumption of linearity of continuous variables is checked not with the martingale residuals as in the extended Cox model Lin’s model (based on the assumptions of linearity and constant effects) is used to model the functional form of the continuous covariate after a transformation of the pseudo-observations the hazard is written as λ(t| z) = λ0(t) + γz such that survival is S(t| z) = exp(− ∫ λ(t| z)dt) = exp(− ∫ λ0(t) + γzdt) = exp(−Λ0(t) − γzt) After log-transformation of the pseudo-observations we obtain \( \frac{-\log \left(S\left(t|z\right)\right)}{t}=\frac{\varLambda_0(t)}{t}+\gamma z \) The effect of the continuous covariate on survival is represented by plotting the log-transformed smoothed pseudo-observations against the covariate and then superimposing smooth curves on the scatter plot Note that because covariate effects can vary over time the pseudo-observations are usually plotted at selected time points The shape of the obtained curves gives the functional form of the continuous covariate and indicates which model to use then the assumption of linearity is respected: in that case Aalen’s model or Lin’s model is used (depending on whether or not covariate effects are constant If the obtained curves are not straight lines and are not parallel then neither the assumption of linearity nor the assumption of constant effects is satisfied: in that case an extended Aalen’s model is used (see below) if the obtained curves are not straight lines and are parallel (with the same slope γ) then the assumption of linearity is not satisfied but the assumption of constant effects is respected: in that case an extended Lin’s model is used (see below) the cumulative sum of the martingale residual processes is the difference between the observed number of events and the number of events estimated with the model fitted for this group If the obtained p-value is statistically significant the functional form is rejected and another functional form is tested The above process is repeated until the assumption of linearity is met for each continuous covariate when the continuous covariates are non-linear and the covariate effects are constant over time the hazard is written as\( {\lambda}_i\left(t|{x}_i\right)={\lambda}_0(t)+f\left({x}_i^T\right)\gamma \) where f(x) is the functional form of the covariate x Note that the functional form of the continuous covariate is modeled directly using special functions like fractional polynomials or regression splines Note that this procedure is not necessary in the case of categorical covariates because in Aalen’s model the observed number of events is always equal to the estimated number of events at all time points The assumption of linearity is checked for the additive model fitted with all covariates by assessing the variation of the martingale residual processes over time the goodness-of-fit of the multivariate model is assessed using Arjas plots The entire process is repeated until the assumption of linearity is satisfied for all covariates and the multivariate model has goodness-of-fit Check the assumption of linearity for each covariate using log-transformed smoothed pseudo-observations select the best functional form of the continuous covariate by assessing the variation of the martingale residual processes over time Repeat this step until the assumption of linearity is satisfied for each continuous covariate If the assumption of linearity is satisfied check the assumption of constant effects for each covariate by plotting the cumulative hazards estimated with Lin’s and Aalen’s models against time If the effects of all covariates are constant Assess the goodness-of-fit of the additive hazards regression model for each continuous covariate using Arjas plots and 3 until the model has goodness-of-fit for each continuous covariate Check the assumption of linearity for the additive model fitted with all the covariates using the same procedure as in step 1 Repeat this step with another functional form of the continuous covariate until the assumption of linearity is satisfied for all covariates the hazard is written as λ(t| z) = λ0(t)ezβ The effect of the covariate on the hazard is measured by the hazard ratio which is written as \( HR={e}^{\beta }=\frac{\lambda \left(t|z=1\right)}{\lambda \left(t|z=0\right)}=\frac{\lambda \left(t|z=1\right)}{\lambda_0(t)} \) The importance of the effect of the covariate on the hazard depends on the baseline hazard: when the baseline hazard is very low the hazard remains low for the exposed subject even if the hazard ratio is important the effect of the covariate is interpreted using a single parameter - the hazard ratio - which is constant over time In the case of the extended Cox model with time-varying effects and so the interpretation requires plotting hazard ratios against time the hazard is written as λ(t| z) = λ0(t) + α(t)z the effect of the covariate is measured by the cumulative hazard which is written as α(t) = λ(t| z = 1) − λ(t| z = 0) The cumulative hazard highlights the importance of the effect of exposure over time It represents the attributable fraction due to exposure it can be plotted to show the evolution of the effect over time each type of model allows for a different interpretation of the effect of the covariate on the hazard Estimating procedures for multiplicative and additive hazards regression models are available in the major statistical software (SAS, STATA, and R). At the moment, however, some of the diagnostic tools used in our strategy are only available in R. All of our analyses were therefore performed using R software (script provided in Additional file 1) Martingale residuals plotted against the continuous covariate age with a a null Cox proportional hazards model and with b a Cox proportional hazards model fitted with the exponential of age/100 A lowess smooth curve is superimposed on each plot (solid line) After dividing age by 100 to avoid too large values, a Cox proportional hazards model is fitted with an exponential of age/100. Figure 1b shows the plot of the martingale residuals. The smooth curve is a horizontal straight line, indicating that the exponential of age/100 is an appropriate functional form. A Cox proportional hazards model is then fitted with a quadratic effect of age/100. The smooth curve obtained after plotting the martingale residuals (Figure not shown) is also a horizontal straight line. The AIC of the two models is calculated to determine which of the last two functional forms is more appropriate. The AIC of the Cox proportional hazards model fitted with the quadratic effect of age/100 (13,533.73) is greater than that of the Cox proportional hazards model fitted with the exponential of age/100 (13,531.83). The latter functional form is selected. Schoenfeld residuals plotted against the rank order of event times for a the exponential of age/100, b sex, c chf, d dia, and e vf. A lowess smooth (solid line) corresponding to the parameter β with its 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines) is superimposed on each plot For the covariate chf, the smooth curve decreases with a roughly constant slope, indicating a linear time-dependent effect. The covariate chf is thus modeled as follows: \( \lambda \left(t| chf\right)={\lambda}_0(t){e}^{chf\times \left({\beta}_{chf}+{\beta}_{chf t}\times t\right)} \). The Schoenfeld residuals test indicates that the assumption of proportional hazards is satisfied for the parameters βchf and βchft (p-values of 0.85 and 0.41, respectively). cloglog-transformed smoothed pseudo-observations against age/100 for the 9 deciles of the event times distribution (in years) Arjas plots for the Cox proportional hazards model fitted with a the linear effect of age and b the exponential effect of age/100 Arjas plots for the Cox proportional hazards model fitted a without time-varying effect of chf and b with a linear time-varying effect of chf Adjusted hazard ratio (solid line) with its 95% confidence interval (dashed lines) against an increase in 1 year of age Adjusted hazard ratios (solid lines) with their 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines) against time for the binary covariates chf, dia, and vf Log-transformed smoothed pseudo-observations against the continuous covariate age for 9 deciles of the event time distribution Martingale residual processes (solid lines) with their confidence bounds (dashed lines) in 4 strata defined according to the quartiles of age distribution obtained with an extended Aalen’s model fitted with a the exponential of age/10 and b the exponential of age/10 with a cut-off at 70 years Cumulative hazards with their 95% confidence intervals (dotted lines) estimated with Aalen’s model for 6 covariates. The dashed straight lines represent the cumulative hazards estimated with Lin’s model For the covariates exponential of (age-70) × (age > 70) and sex, the estimated cumulative hazards are negative. This is not an unusual finding in additive hazards regression models. Arjas plots for Aalen’s models fitted with a age without transformation and b the exponential of age/10 with a cut-off at 70 Cumulative hazards with their 95% confidence intervals (dotted lines) estimated with the multivariate Aalen’s model for 6 covariates. The dashed lines represent the cumulative hazards estimated with the multivariate Lin’s model Cumulative hazards with their 95% confidence bounds (dotted lines) estimated with the multivariate Lin’s model for the continuous covariate age at 1 year This work proposes a strategy for optimal fitting of multiplicative and additive hazards regression models in survival analysis The proposed strategy has been shown to fit the data optimally the effect of the covariate on the hazard of death is rarely known in advance the choice between the two types of models is usually made based on whether one wants to obtain a relative risk – e.g the hazard ratio – or an absolute risk – e.g the cumulative hazard – as a measure of the effect of a covariate on mortality the hazard ratio measures the multiplicative effect of a covariate on the baseline hazard; it is interpreted as a relative risk by practitioners and is frequently reported in clinical and epidemiological studies The cumulative hazard measures the actual effect of the covariate on the hazard of death the importance of mortality due to this covariate the cumulative hazard is interpreted as the difference in outcome incidence due to exposure In an epidemiological or prevention context the cumulative hazard is interesting because it accounts both for the importance of the effect of an exposure and for the prevalence of this exposure Additive hazards regression models seem to us superior because they allow to directly represent the variation of covariate effects over time which corresponds to the non-parametric estimation of regression function in the case of multiplicative hazards regression models the assumption of constant effects must be checked by plotting the Schoenfeld residuals; and when this assumption is not satisfied an extended Cox model must be performed to model the variation of covariate effects and can consequently result in overfitting Our approach limits the risk of overfitting by requiring the definition of the functional form and that of the covariate effect – though it should be noted that this can sometimes be time-consuming The limitation of this approach is that it requires a sample size of at least 1000 subjects to perform satisfactorily goodness-of-fit tests do not give the same information as graphical tools: while the first provide quantitative measures of fit the second allow for selecting the best functions and functional forms for the multivariate model the multiplicative and additive hazards regression models allow for different interpretations of the same data while the effects of the covariates are significant in both models they do not act in the same way on the baseline hazard and important then null in both the multiplicative and additive hazards regression models and ventricular fibrillation is given as a relative risk both models show a constant effect over time until age 70 and an increasing effect with ageing but this increasing effect is much greater when given as a cumulative hazard than as a hazard ratio the additive hazards regression model better highlights the importance of age as a cause of mortality the effect is constant in the extended Aalen’s model and increasing in the extended Cox model the extended Cox model shows that the relative risk of death increases over time for patients with diabetes whereas the extended Aalen’s model indicates that mortality due to diabetes is constant over time The reason for this discrepancy is that diabetic patients initially have higher mortality compared to other patients which results in a sligh decrease of the proportion of diabetic patients relative to the total sample to keep the risk of death from diabetes constant The above suggests that the additive hazards regression model is a better choice for the analysis of our dataset survival analysis is improved by using multiplicative and additive hazards regression models together Our proposed strategy allows for better interpretation of the data The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the timereg R package repository, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/timereg/index.html Cai Z, Sun Y. Local linear estimation for time-dependent coefficients in Cox’s regression models. Scand J Stat. 2003;30(1):93–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9469.00320 Dietz Institut für Medizinische Biometrie Universität Tübingen Westbahnhofstrasse 55 D-72070 Tübingen German Aalen OO. A linear regression model for the analysis of life times. Stat Med. 1989;8(8):907–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780080803 Aalen OO. Further results on the non-parametric linear regression model in survival analysis. Stat Med. 1993;12(17):1569–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780121705 Lin DY, Ying Z. Semiparametric analysis of the additive risk model. Biometrika. 1994;81(1):61–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/81.1.61 Additive hazard regression models: an application to the natural history of human papillomavirus Lim HJ, Zhang X. Semi-parametric additive risk models: application to injury duration study. Accid Anal Prev. 2009;41(2):211–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.07.015 Stevens J, Truesdale KP, Wang CH, Cai J, Erber E. Body mass index at age 25 and all-cause mortality in whites and African Americans: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. J Adolesc Health. 2012;50(3):221–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.06.006 Aydemir Ü, Aydemir S, Dirschedl P. Analysis of time-dependent covariates in failure time data. Stat Med. 1999;18(16):2123–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/81.3.515 Schoenfeld D. Partial residuals for the proportional hazards regression model. Biometrika. 1982;69(1):239–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/69.1.239 Therneau TM, Grambsch PM, Fleming TR. Martingale-based residuals for survival models. Biometrika. 1990;77(1):147–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/77.1.147 Singer JD, Willett JB, Willett JB. Applied longitudinal data analysis: modeling change and event occurrence: Oxford university press; 2003. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001 Sasieni PD, Winnett A. Martingale difference residuals as a diagnostic tool for the Cox model. Biometrika. 2003;90(4):899–912. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/90.4.899 Perme MP, Andersen PK. Checking hazard regression models using pseudo-observations. Stat Med. 2008;27(25):5309–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3401 Andersen PK, Klein JP, Rosthøj S. Generalised linear models for correlated pseudo-observations, with applications to multi-state models. Biometrika. 2003;90(1):15–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/90.1.15 Arjas E. A graphical method for assessing goodness of fit in Cox's proportional hazards model. J Am Stat Assoc. 1988;83(401):204–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478588 Jensen GV, Torp-Pedersen C, Hildebrandt P, Kober L, Nielsen FE, Melchior T, et al. Does in-hospital ventricular fibrillation affect prognosis after myocardial infarction? Eur Heart J. 1997;18(6):919–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015379 Dynamic regression models for survival data Aalen OO, Borgan O. Gjessing H. Survival and event history analysis: a process point of view. Springer Science & Business Media, 2008, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68560-1 Volume II - The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies Rockville: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1987 Scheike TH, Zhang MJ. An additive-multiplicative Cox-Aalen regression model. Scand J Stat. 2002;29(1):75–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9469.00065 Semiparametric analysis of general additive-multiplicative hazard models for counting processes Cortese G, Scheike TH, Martinussen T. Flexible survival regression modelling. Stat Methods Med Res. 2010;19(1):5–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280209105022 Abrahamowicz M, MacKenzie TA. Joint estimation of time-dependent and non-linear effects of continuous covariates on survival. Stat Med. 2007;26(2):392–408. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2519 Martinussen T, Scheike T. A semiparametric additive regression model for longitudinal data. Biometrika. 1999;86(3):691–702. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/86.3.691 Goodness-of-fit tests for additive hazards and proportional hazards models Download references The authors thank Arianne Dorval for the revision of the final draft of this manuscript François Lefebvre and Roch Giorgi wrote the article The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations R codes used in the proposed strategy for optimal fitting of multiplicative and additive hazards regression models applied to the dataset of patients with myocardial infarction (TRACE data frame in the timereg R package) unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-021-01273-2 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page Kallien and his team invite people to the Aalen Foundry Colloquium it is always a celebration for international experts in the field of light metal casting when over 240 participants took part in a lively exchange on current topics in the foundry industry accompanied by numerous exhibitors from the supply industry Aalen University always succeeds in creating an interesting mix of basic research innovation and industrial practice while also offering enormous networking potential The advantages and disadvantages of so-called giga/megacastings sustainability requirements for foundries and suppliers the targeted use of peripheral equipment and much more can be discussed on site with customers colleagues and representatives of OEMs and Tier 1 companies the event was rounded off with current contributions on research topics at Aalen University and a proper foundry evening The event has become an integral part of our calendar and we are already looking forward to next year About the lecture series in detail:.  Klaus Hansen from Volvo Cars in Gothenburg opened the lecture series with his presentation on "Lessons learned optimising casting flow for Megacastings" Volvo is currently commissioning the first large die casting machines for large aluminium castings in Europe A second factory is currently being built in Kosice The second factory next to Gothenburg will have a building footprint of approximately 300,000 square metres and will produce 250,000 cars per year It is important to note that further potential space could be used to mirror the entire plant to produce 500,000 cars per year particular emphasis was placed on material flows In contrast to the "just in time" strategy Volvo has integrated an extraction buffer that allows thorough inspections of the produced parts was to abandon the traditional idea of "we've always done it this way" and embrace new things Marcel Pfitzer from Mercedes-Benz AG in Sindelfingen then spoke on the topic of "Sustainable use of materials in the body" The sustainable corporate strategy of Mercedes-Benz AG is made up of the areas of ecology lightweight construction and therefore cast aluminium are becoming increasingly important The supply chains are also to be adapted towards sustainability by 2039 using a three-stage approach Dr Pfitzer highlighted the topic of topology optimisation: this allows the component weight to be further reduced which was also presented in a short film presentation using various components called BioniCast® Stefan Prockl from Bühler AG in Switzerland spoke about "Megacastings: A Suitability Analysis" In view of global warming and the resulting environmental disasters there is growing pressure from regulatory authorities and interest groups to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the automotive industry An LCA study conducted by Bühler compares die-cast aluminium and stamped steel parts for the production of a rear underbody in terms of their respective impact on global warming All emissions up to Scope 3 are recorded using a new calculation approach The study shows how important environmentally friendly produced raw materials the energy required for production and an increased proportion of recycled material are in order to reduce the CO2 footprint Megacasting can be used to create more sustainable lighter castings that enable a further reduction in CO2 Werner Fragner from AMAG Austria Metall AG also gave a presentation on the topic of "Recycled casting alloy with a low CO2 footprint for safety components" The newly developed recycled casting alloy AlSi7.REC which is going into series production at AUDI for safety-critical components and also has to fulfil high design requirements A recycling content of > 70 % plays a central role here The recycled alloy clearly shows what happens when the tolerance limits of materials that have been established for decades are scrutinised and adapted The alloy used by Audi for wheel rims passes all load tests from the "curb test" to the "kerb test" and fulfils the requirements for strength and corrosion spoke on the subject of "Innovative concept and materials for die casting moulds" Test series on "High Temperature Die Casting" were presented a graphite mould heated to a high temperature is used to produce thin-walled parts at a slow mould filling speed a case study was carried out on a PC monitor holder which led to the following results: reduced pressures and melting speeds are possible Christoph Dörr from TRUMPF Laser- und Systemtechnik GmbH explained the "Advantages in die casting using carbon steels from the 3D printer" near-contour cooling are low surface temperatures which enable micro-spraying and thus an increased service life of the inserts Cycle time savings can also be achieved through near-contour cooling of the sprue distributor homogeneous and immediate temperature control of the runner surface can be realised Steels containing carbon are particularly suitable for use in die casting as they can withstand the abrasive behaviour of aluminium and the high process temperatures Andreas Mertz then presented the topic of "Gigacasting - targeted use of peripheral equipment" The FX VAC vacuum system can reduce the amount of gas/air in the mould cavity and casting system by up to 95% if set correctly hot spots can be cooled by evaporative cooling The flexible squeeze system FX-Squeeze performs localised replenishment of die-cast parts Current research topics at Aalen University: Heidi Willing gave a presentation on the "Influence of hydrogen ingress on the galvanic coatability of zinc die castings and development of measures to prevent it (ZiBe3)" It was found that no hydrogen permeation occurred in zinc foils (99.9 %) and Zamak (Z410) over 200 hours Tests using hot gas extraction showed that untreated and high-quality copper-plated samples contained hardly any hydrogen samples with poor casting quality showed significant differences in hydrogen content A significant hydrogen content was detected in nickel-plated samples in particular which was also confirmed by the GDOES analysis The investigations showed that the hydrogen is deposited in the copper and nickel layers particularly in samples with poor surface quality Various measures were proposed to prevent the formation of hydrogen: optimisation of the casting parameters to reduce surface defects mechanical post-treatment to reduce cold spots and an adapted rinsing technique after electrolytic degreasing and activation during electroplating Max Schütze reported on the use of multi-layer sand cores in die casting funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG - 505145110) is being carried out in collaboration with the utg at the Technical University of Munich In order to be able to precisely determine the loads on the sand core a test rig was developed that simulates liquid aluminium with water The results of the first series of tests on the surface quality of the die-cast parts have also already been presented Video recordings of the decomposition of the core with molten aluminium in the die-casting machine are planned Annike Bossert presented "Innovative hybrids made of wood and die-casting" and discussed the project process as well as ecological and economic aspects The advantages of these hybrids include the lightweight construction potential the low-cost raw materials and the CO2 storage effect The aim is to develop a wood-cast hybrid construction method as an efficient enabler technology for wood in vehicle structures Marcel Becker and Thomas Weidler spoke about "Vacural® die casting for the production of innovative lightweight components made of aluminium and magnesium" the lightweight construction potential of aluminium and magnesium was demonstrated as part of the Indructec-E research project the component weight could be reduced by 34% for aluminium and 51% for magnesium the costs could be reduced by > 40 % and the CO2 footprint by > 60 % Valentin Ziegler explained "Properties of a secondary alloy depending on the alloy composition - AlSi10MnMg" The strength is positively influenced by the increase in the recycled content but the elongation decreases to some extent at significantly higher contents The corrosion resistance decreases with higher copper and zinc contents and the thermal conductivity is partially superimposed by the heat treatment a CO2 footprint of 1.2 kgCO2/kg was achieved and a recycling rate of 85 % was simulated This project was carried out in co-operation with Handtmann Axel Kansy concluded the series of lectures with his presentation "Investigation of the cyclic properties of zinc die casting" It was found that the process parameters have no clear influence on the quasi-static material behaviour and that the tensile strength and elongation at break of the thicker samples is higher A higher stress amplitude was found for ZP0430 compared to ZP0410 there is a significant correlation between wall thickness and average grain size Mildura's Aalen Davis has become the first ever male training partner for the Adelaide Thunderbirds for the 2025 Super Netball Season Davis plays with the Southern Dragons in South Australia Picture: Emma Hoppo / Snapshot Photography A FORMER Mildura athlete will make history with netball heavyweights Adelaide Thunderbirds Editorial [email protected] Advertising [email protected] Admin [email protected] Classifieds [email protected] opened the first speech session by welcoming the participants from industry and research Lothar Kallien presented the German university ranking under the motto "Research Strong University" the University of Aalen was ranked first in Germany in research Highly Integral Lightweight Components for E-Mobility who spoke about "Intelligent lightweight construction through the use of cast components" With the motto "The right material in the right place" a component was used to show that high wall thicknesses are counterproductive for crash-relevant large cast components the lightweight potential can be optimally used and the vehicle frame can be produced on an existing die-casting machine the BMW AG representatives demonstrated that the central electric drive train can be manufactured as "single pieces" by injector casting This enables functionally highly integral lightweight components for e-mobility with maximum strength New opportunities in times of transformation Foundry Manager at Volkswagen AG in Kassel spoke about "New developments and new challenges at Volkswagen" The entire foundry industry is confronted with risks such as multiple crises competitive pressure and a shortage of qualified personnel new opportunities arise in times of transformation through innovative products and processes as well as high-performance teams and digitalisation The production of large castings on existing die casting machines for body construction enables the substitution of assemblies from numerous individual parts Considering innovative process technologies and throughput times in vehicle construction can be reduced Environmental issues are being tackled at the foundry in Kassel with a "goTOzero strategy" The use of secondary aluminium and green hydrogen in the remelting plant from the largest electrolyser currently under construction will make an immense contribution to reduce the CO2 footprint in the manufacturing of products in the years ahead The goal is to produce climate neutrally by 2039 Denis Hopp from Handtmann spoke about "Alloys and sustainability: innovation in die casting" The goal is to produce climate-neutrally by 2039 Primary aluminium alloys have the highest impact with 6.8 kg CO2 per kg (EU average) to produce structural and chassis components By using secondary aluminium with a recycled content of 90% the CO2 footprint can be reduced to less than 1 kg CO2 per kg aluminium The presenters outlined a joint research project with Aalen University in which alloys were investigated with an increased recycled content Another approach to decarbonisation at Handtmann is lightweight construction This requires topology and structural optimisation of components and their influence on the foundry industry must be known Relevant trends for Handtmann are globalisation The challenge here is to focus on the right technology to ensure long-term protection and strengthening of the market position in the future TANDEM casting of structural components in die casting Roberto Trevisan from Vetimec presented an innovative tool concept with the title "TANDEM casting of structural components in die casting: a concrete example" a very high clamping force is required to compensate for the high casting pressures in large-area die-cast components A new approach by the company Vetimec shows that two components can be produced simultaneously on one machine The clamping force is not doubled in the process this was demonstrated on a concrete component in which a punching process takes place in the mould itself to separate the sprue system of the second cavity the implementation of such mould concepts for GIGA die casting systems is planned Rheocasting and die casting for lightweight construction introduced the topic "Rheocasting and die casting for lightweight construction" which requires upstream process steps compared to die casting is the laminar flow due to thixotropic properties it was shown that the process can reduce porosity compared to classic die casting Another advantage is the lower temperature of a semi-solid melt there was the opportunity for an intensive personal exchange during the foundry evening in the laboratory at Aalen University Numerous visitors from the foundry and supplier industry took this opportunity to discuss current topics Lothar Kallien welcomed the auditorium to the second day of the Aalen Foundry Colloquium Achim Keidies from BDGuss informed the audience in his lecture about the activities of BDGuss in the field of die casting In 2022 the approximately 70,000 employees of the German foundry industry generated a turnover of around 14 billion euros which is an increase of 19 % compared to the previous year Based on a capacity utilisation of 85 % and a range of order backlogs of slightly more than five months the order situation of the existing foundries is good Martin Lutz introduced Wollin GmbH's products and minimum quantity spraying (MQL) for die casting on the other even less is better" characterises the variants of the Wollin EcoSpray which reduces the application of release agent from more than one litre to a few millilitres per casting cycle In addition to the reduced spray mist impact on the employees' working environment a 100% reduction in wastewater caused by the application of release agent as well as a shortening of the spraying cycle time and a reduction in the temperature difference before and after the spraying process have to be emphasised In the GISS technology (Gas Induced Superheated Slurry) presented by Tommaso Botter (Mambretti Tech) thinly spread nuclei are produced in the aluminium melt immediately before casting This is achieved by introducing nitrogen gas bubbles The casting temperature of the superheated slurry is significantly lower than the conventional casting temperature The increased solid phase content of the slurry results in improved mould filling conditions and replenishment conditions whereby the proportion of gas and shrinkage porosity in the die-cast part is reduced even at low holding pressure Savings potentials through innovative release agent technology Jochen Caster (Quaker Houghton Sales B.V.) showed potential savings in terms of energy and costs through innovative release agent technology The water-free mould release agent Lubrolene can be used in a wide temperature range and is applied by an electrostatic spray process The electrostatic wrap-around effect achieves an optimum surface wetting at a spray pressure of less than one bar a larger area is covered even with a complex mould geometry than with a nozzle in conventional minimum quantity spraying This is particularly advantageous for ribs and side wall sections the foundry laboratory staff provided information on the status of current research and development topics Christos Mangos presented the problem of hydrogen input in the coating of zinc die-cast components During the project period of the ZiBe3 project (AiF/IGF project no and the casting and coating process must be optimised accordingly spoke about the use of multi-layer sand cores in die casting which is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG - 505145110) is carried out in cooperation with the utg of the TU Munich Producibility of hybrid components made of CFRP in the die casting process Daniel Schwarz presented the contents of his PhD project on the manufacturability of hybrid components made of CFRP using the die casting process As part of the InDimat project (Innovative joining processes and stress-appropriate design concepts for hybrid lightweight CFRP multi-material composites; BMBF-FKZ: 03FH4I03IA) Schwarz investigated the joint strength of CFRP in aluminium and magnesium die casting as a function of the casting wall thickness and insert geometry as well as the corrosion properties of the joint efforts are being made to further develop the process with encapsulated wooden structures Max Schütze informed about the Indrutec-E project (BMWi-FKZ: 03LB2004A) The main component of the project is the comparison of mechanical characteristics of components which were produced in different die casting processes with primary and secondary alloys Thomas Weidler spoke about the development and advantages of fibre-reinforced magnesium components in die casting (Magweb the yield strength and elongation at break were affected Christos Mangos presented the project of Zynk-Guss (AiF/IGF-project no 29100 N) for the analysis of the cyclic material performance for the evaluation of modern zinc die casting alloys for cyclically highly stressed components the data basis and a design concept for cyclically stressed components are to be determined Florian Mäuser spoke about the status of the European Union-funded Fast Track to Innovation project MAGIT (H2020-EIC-FTI-2018-2020 Gas injection technology in die casting allows producing hollow structures in the die casting process for media conduction and for the implementation of integrative lightweight design The recently developed gas injection technology makes it possible to use it in an industrial environment The final lunch in the foundry laboratory of Aalen University once again offered the chance for an intensive professional exchange on the topics of the presentations Kallien from the University of Applied Sciences Aalen was once again able to invite students on an excursion Students of the Foundry Technology 2 lecture visited the Schüle plant in Schwäbisch-Gmünd today to see the production of transmission components for ZF from the inside in which a gearbox pot is produced from the aluminium melt in a very short time without manual intervention The volatile energy supply was the topic of the subsequent discussion Schüle has already reacted and is able to convert the entire production to LPG Let’s assume that developers would be approved 60-70% of the time by the Planning Commission, some builders missing the mark because of weak proposals failing tenets of Plan 2040 and the Land Code Several concerned neighbors pulled together to analyze 65 rezones in 2021 that 95% were approved Statistically this implies what is going on is way beyond a level playing field More:New Housearama initiative hopes to bring new home buyers back to the West End With an effective date of 2019 it is a 118 page document with high aspirations for the future that is connected Underneath these lofty ideals are dozens of goals the number of which rival the count of bourbon barrels in Kentucky This allows a given case to be made by cherry picking elements Plan 2040 has some commendable goals but logical holes An example is when evaluating for a development in an areas like mine it is supposed to be “compatible.” (Page 41 3.1.3) A sentence or two later the governmental sacred text waxes eloquent about the delight of housing “diversity.”  Diversity and compatibility are diametrically opposed which opens the door to anything goes This type of inconclusive wording allows the Planning Commission to throw out traditional guidelines of compatibility: the day of fragmenting the look of neighborhood landscapes in Louisville is here Our neighborhood team met before the Planning Commission on January 19 to present our case based on guidelines from Plan 2040 stated goal in Plan 2040 document is to engage residents in the process with developers On the Planning Commission staff website it suggests that consensus be garnered between these parties a totally defined plan was presented as a done deal We also challenged the proposed development with Plan 2040 guidelines that did not allow dense plans on existing residential street (Page 41 3.1.3) Another serious breach to Plan 2040 included non-compliance with mandated storm water rendition on site (page 90 policy 28) the development is adjacent to a critical watershed that continues to flood homes downstream because of poor governmental oversight anything goes and one’s due process rights are submerged And we presented a petition of 469 citizens opposed that was summarily ignored Building an oppositional case is not easy: one has to become skilled with three clunky databases After investing more than 200 hours of effort I think it appropriate not to allow residents to participate in the process Let’s end the charade which the Metro Planning Commission feels compelled to stage like a theatrical event It is certainly boring for the commissioners and it only breeds cynicism toward local government in residents More:Timeline: How Louisville Collegiate School has expanded within its historic neighborhood It seems a call has been made to update Plan 2040 by their staff How about an objective and outside intervention first to explore how this process is serving the community and why there is such an unbelievable rate of approvals We need and deserve an audit of what is working and what is failing the larger good Call Louisville Mayor Greenberg at 502-574-2003 who has renewed the call for governmental transparency Or contact your Metro Council Person 502-574-1100 and demand an audit into auto-pilot approvals of the Planning Commission and disregard for the ability of residents trying to save their neighborhoods from fragmentation and worse We need new housing but it can be smartly and fairly achieved Jim Aalen's marketing and advertising career left Louisville forty-five years ago after he created advertising for Falls City Beer Churchill Downs and award winning communications for Metro United Way A long list of national clients included Chili's Jim and his Wife Lyn moved back to Louisville to retire here nine years ago Please press and hold the button until it turns completely green If you believe this is an error, please contact our support team 147.45.197.102 : 93d043ac-d030-436a-9be7-362523d7 Cavalry FC forward and first-ever goalscorer Jordan Brown has departed the club and signed with VfR Aalen of Germany’s fourth tier who was out of contract with the Cavs at the end of the 2020 CPL season a product of English club West Ham United’s famed academy finished joint-third in The Island Games scoring race with three goals helping the Cavs advance to the second round of the truncated 2020 Canadian Premier League campaign including the club’s inaugural goal in a home match against York9 FC and the opening goal in their historic Canadian Championship victory over Vancouver Whitecaps “We wish Jordan Brown all the best with this move to Vfr Aalen,” Cavalry coach Tommy Wheeldon Jr “It is the best thing for him as a player to get additional games in the European calendar in a country he has played in before Jordan scored our first ever goal for us as a club so his name will go down in the history books with us.” Brown has experience in Germany’s fourth tier last representing Hannover 96 II for two seasons in 2016-17 and 2017-18 told CanPL.ca it’s “highly doubtful” that Brown will return to Cavalry for the 2021 season VfR Aalen sits 15th in the Regionalliga Südwest division with a record of 3-2-4 136 eine Belobigung.","url":"https://www.schwaebische-post.de/ostalb/aalen/stadt-aalen/aalen-sonderpreise-fuer-vier-schueler-mit-schnitt-am-dualen-berufskolleg-93170729.html"};c&&a.navigator.canShare(d)&&(c.style.display="",c.addEventListener("click",b=>{b.preventDefault(),a.setTimeout(function(){a.navigator.share(d)},0)}))}})(window,document); Die Berufsschule und das dreijährige duale Berufskolleg der Technischen Schule Aalen verabschieden 482 Absolventen Bei der Berufsschule und dem dualen Berufskollegs der Technischen Schule Aalen wurden nach drei Jahren Auszubildende in den Berufsfeldern Metalltechnik Farbtechnik und Körperpflege verabschiedet Die Sonderpreise des Fördervereins erhielten Julian Kostov (Elektroniker für Automatisierungstechnik Johanna Wettemann (Technische Produktdesignerin Maschinen- und Anlagenkonstruktion Carl Zeiss AG Oberkochen) und Johannes Gschwender (Maurer Martin Stegmaier (B) und Christian Walkum (B) Marc Schampel (B) und E2FS1T: Jonathan Pfeifer (B) Dieser Inhalt"+t(a)+"kann aufgrund Ihrer Datenschutz-Einstellungen nicht geladen werden English striker Jordan Brown has signed for German fourth division side VfR Aalen, signaling the end of the striker’s history-making time with Cavalry FC He began training with the side on Monday, with German press leaking the striker’s imminent arrival The former West Ham and Arsenal academy product made history in the Canadian Premier League by becoming Cavalry FC’s first-ever goalscorer and by securing the go-ahead goal for the Alberta-based club’s historic win over MLS opposition Brown departs Cavalry FC after having scored 8 goals in 42 appearances with Cavalry FC head coach Tommy Wheeldon Jr stating that it was ‘highly doubtful’ that the striker would return to the Canadian Premier League side next year the English striker’s contract with the Regionalliga Sudwest side runs through to June 2021 with the 23-year-old having spent two years with Hannover 96 II following the end of his time with the West Ham academy system We wish Jordan Brown all the best with this move to Vfr Aalen It is the best thing for him as a player to get additional games in the European calendar in a country he has played in before so his name will go down in the history books with us Brown mostly played as a central striker during his time with Cavalry FC occasionally opted to play him out on the left wing He was one of the Cavalry FC players to accuse Forge FC’s assistant coach of racial misconduct, triggering an investigation which took more than a year to conclude The club expects to be without teenage forward Aribim Pepple next season as well with the youngster currently on trial with English Premier League side Leicester City Two of the club’s five other forwards (Oliver Minatel and Nico Pasquotti) are recovering from long term injuries while the potential re-signings of Marcus Haber Cavalry FC finished top of the regular season table at the Island Games, with Brown contributing three goals in seven appearances to help the side finish top of the regular season for two seasons running. However, both years of the club’s existence saw it falter in the postseason, with Cavalry FC crashing out of the group stage this year as rival side Forge FC hoisted back-to-back championships Brown posted a heartful thank you message to the Cavalry FC supporters and his former teammates suggesting that there’s still plenty of good energy between him and the Canadian Premier League side Lovise Aalen receives funding from Research Council of Norway: the Young Research Talent scheme (2015-2018) and the Norglobal programme for development research (2019-2022) View all partners Until the war in Tigray started in November 2020, Ethiopia was a favoured investment destination. It had experienced strong economic growth for the previous decade The country gave foreign investors preferential access to American and European markets Labour costs were also low – around half of what they were in China The Ethiopian government had invested US$1 billion annually in industrial parks since 2010 – almost one-third of its total net foreign aid started industrial production in these parks creating job opportunities for thousands of citizens And most of them were women who entered the labour force as never before. Before the COVID-19 crisis in 2020, firms in the new industrial parks in Ethiopia employed about 86,000 workers – around 80% of them women Employers saw women as diligent and disciplined The entry of women into Ethiopia’s work force provided a rare opportunity to study the impact of jobs on women’s empowerment A study I conducted with colleagues yielded unexpected results that have implications for the understanding of political agency in a non-democratic and developing context Research in democratic and developed countries shows a strong correlation between increased female labour force participation and women’s political participation Wage labour tends to boost the status of women This influences their effectiveness in getting power in other realms of society It also increases the number of women with professional experience and resources to mount credible campaigns and challenge negative voter attitudes towards women We wanted to know whether this trend would be the same in a developing country but also one as authoritarian as Ethiopia The 2020 Human Development Report shows that gender inequalities persist in Ethiopia denying women the opportunity to participate in development projects A lot more needs to be done to increase women’s empowerment in the country we collected data from 27 large factories that make shoes and garments across five industrial parks in Ethiopia The firms agreed to randomly assign 1,498 applicant women to two groups One group of women was offered jobs and a control group was not offered jobs This unique research design made it possible to compare groups and identify the impact of employment We asked both groups of women the same questions to measure a variety of indicators of women’s empowerment These questions were around economic decision making (bargaining power) their influence on number of children they would have and their levels of political interest and participation The study followed up with participants at intervals of six 18 and 36 months after they had applied for the job We combined this with extensive qualitative data and phone surveys conducted with women’s partners Our study investigated if women’s status as workers made them more interested in politics – and more likely to participate in politics – than women who did not work our research found no evidence to suggest that the job offers had any positive effect on political participation We saw no effect of employment on women’s bargaining power or gender equality norms We even found a reduction in women’s participation in community meetings We see this as an outcome of female factory workers’ long working hours poor working conditions and lack of labour rights A gendered division of labour in factories and the belittling and derogatory attitudes of factory owners and supervisors towards women women said they had no time to attend political meetings They often had to work long hours to reach production targets There was no minimum wage and attendance bonuses were lost on the first day of an absence Almost all women had experienced abusive behaviour from their supervisors insulted or subjected to physical force to get them to work faster or as a punishment for mistakes The opportunity to unionise was nearly non-existent The investors and factory owners we interviewed expressed their resistance to such unions Government officials and representatives of the national labour union told us that labour laws were not enforced for fear of investors leaving the country Most factories were in practice exempted from basic labour regulations Even if inspectors uncovered health and security violations they would be unlikely to take these cases to court Our findings correspond with studies of women’s political participation in other African autocracies, such as Rwanda and Uganda Income and job status have less of an impact on women in authoritarian contexts than in advanced democracies especially if the job does not come with labour rights doesn’t give an individual the kind of power it would in an advanced democracy The Ethiopian government and the investors creating employment have a long way to go to offer Ethiopian women what the International Labour Organisation terms decent work Our research shows that the main actors determining labour conditions in Ethiopian factories have little concern for the potential damage that poor working conditions can have on their reputations But recent developments may support a change. In 2021, Ethiopia’s preferential access to American markets through the African Growth and Opportunity Act was terminated This has been a big blow for investors and the government Being more open to unionisation could have benefits for industries. Better working conditions might improve manufacturers’ image among western consumers. The Confederation of Ethiopian Labour Unions told us in research interviews that unionising would facilitate more peaceful industrial relations. It is already seeing progress in industrial parks If this leads to better working conditions for female factory workers the country may see positive changes in women’s political interest and participation Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page.