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Volume 10 - 2020 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.01338">https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.01338</a>
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether former childhood cancer patients who developed a subsequent secondary primary neoplasm (SPN) are characterized by elevated spontaneous chromosomal instability or cellular and chromosomal radiation sensitivity as surrogate markers of compromised DNA repair compared to childhood cancer patients with a first primary neoplasm (FPN) only or tumor-free controls
Primary skin fibroblasts were obtained in a nested case-control study including 23 patients with a pediatric FPN
22 matched patients with a pediatric FPN and an SPN
Clonogenic cell survival and cytogenetic aberrations in Giemsa-stained first metaphases were assessed after X-irradiation in G1 or on prematurely condensed chromosomes of cells irradiated and analyzed in G2
Fluorescence in situ hybridization was applied to investigate spontaneous transmissible aberrations in selected donors
No significant difference in clonogenic survival or the average yield of spontaneous or radiation-induced aberrations was found between the study populations
two donors with an SPN showed striking spontaneous chromosomal instability occurring as high rates of numerical and structural aberrations or non-clonal and clonal translocations
No correlation was found between radiation sensitivity and a susceptibility to a pediatric FPN or a treatment-associated SPN
the results of this unique case-control study show genomic stability and normal radiation sensitivity in normal somatic cells of donors with an early and high intrinsic or therapy-associated tumor risk
These findings provide valuable information for future studies on the etiology of sporadic childhood cancer and therapy-related SPN as well as for the establishment of predictive biomarkers based on altered DNA repair processes
despite such correlations there is still a large variation in the individual susceptibility to treatment-induced SPN which has been attributed to genetic variation
the causalities for the vast majority of sporadic childhood cancers or an inherent susceptibility to iatrogenic SPN remain to be unraveled
to identify patients who are at high risk for a pediatric FPN or a therapy-related SPN based on such surrogate biomarkers of compromised DNA repair and genome instability is still a major and unsolved clinical challenge
we examined spontaneous chromosome aberrations as well as cellular and chromosomal IR sensitivity in primary skin fibroblasts obtained from a carefully matched case-control study nested in a cohort of childhood cancer survivors who were successfully treated for a sporadic FPN and either developed an SPN or not
Our findings will provide relevant clinical information whether sporadic and IR-induced chromosome aberrations and thus a limited DNA repair capacity in normal somatic cells can be used as a measure of risk assessment and stratification for the development of pediatric FPN or subsequent SPN
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Association of Rhineland-Palatinate [No
Clonogenic survival after X-ray exposure of fibroblasts in G1
To obtain primary human skin fibroblasts from cancer patients
biopsies were taken on the inside of the cubital region and for NN donors at the site of the planned surgery
Biopsies were dissected and kept in rich cell culture medium (Amniogrow
Germany) in a humidified incubator at 37&#x000B0;C and 5% CO2 to allow for outgrowth and expansion of primary fibroblasts
cells were cultured in Dulbecco&#x02018;s Minimal Essential Medium (Sigma-Aldrich
USA) containing 1% non-essential amino acids (Biochrom
Passaging was done using 0.05% trypsin with 0.1% ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetate (Biochrom
cells were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen
Only cells with &#x0003C;20 population doublings were used for experiments
To irradiate fibroblasts selectively in G1 for clonogenic survival and the cytogenetic G1 assay
cells were synchronized by contact inhibition
fibroblasts were seeded at a density of 9,000 cells/cm2 in cell culture dishes with a diameter of 10 cm (Greiner Bio-One GmbH
Germany) and were allowed to grow at least for 14 days with a medium change every 4 days
Synchronization in G1 was confirmed by flow cytometric cell cycle analysis revealing that more than 90% of the population was in G1 when the cells were exposed to X-rays
To irradiate and analyze cells selectively in G2 (G2 assay)
9,000 cells/cm2 were seeded in cell culture dishes with a diameter of 10 cm (Greiner Bio-One GmbH
Two days later exponentially growing cells were exposed to X-rays
Irradiation was performed with a D3150 X-Ray Therapy System (Gulmay Ltd.
UK) at 140 kV and a dose rate of 3.6 Gy/min at room temperature
kept at the same conditions in the radiation device control room
and survival curves were established considering the plating efficiencies of sham-irradiated controls
The average numbers of surviving cells per technical replicate counted as colonies with at least 50 cells after exposure to 0
and 6 Gy X-rays from all available samples were 59.3 &#x000B1; 39.3
and 25.6 &#x000B1; 20.7 (mean &#x000B1; standard deviation)
The fraction of tetraploid cells was calculated as the ratio of metaphases with 92 chromosomes divided by the total number of all analyzed diploid and tetraploid metaphases
To assess the proportion of tetraploid cells on average 506 metaphases were scored for each sample
For the analysis of chromatid aberrations in cells exposed to 1 Gy X-rays in G2, 2.25 h after irradiation 50 nM calyculin A (LC Laboratories, Woburn, US) was added for 45 min to the cultures to induce G2-PCC. Detached cells were collected and chromosome preparation and Giemsa staining were performed as described previously (<a href="#B38">38</a>)
Chromatid aberrations were scored as breaks
and exchanges (radials) in G2-PCCs with at least 46 chromosome pieces
which are usually considered to be achromatic lesions rather than true chromatid discontinuities
were included due to the obscure structure of chromosomes after G2-PCC
Chromatid exchanges were rare and scored as one aberration
Isochromatid breaks were scored as 2 chromatid breaks
100 G2-PCCs were analyzed for each control sample and 50 G2-PCCs were analyzed for each irradiated sample
The yield of spontaneous aberrations in sham-irradiated cells was subtracted from that in irradiated samples. If the desired number of metaphases or G2-PCCs was not achieved due to poor proliferation even in repeated experiments, all available metaphases or G2-PCCs were used for the analysis. The exact numbers of analyzed cells are provided in <a href="#T3">Tables 3</a>, <a href="#T4">4</a>
Spontaneous and radiation-induced chromosome aberrations per cell in first post-exposure metaphases collected 48 h after irradiation of fibroblasts in G1 with 3 Gy X-rays (G1 assay)
Spontaneous and radiation-induced chromatid aberrations per G2-PCC 3 h after irradiation of exponentially growing fibroblasts with 1 Gy X-rays (G2 assay)
basic aberration forms such as translocations (t)
or dicentric chromosomes (dic) are described
Chromosome fragments containing a centromere are indicated by an apostrophe
An uppercase &#x0201C;T&#x0201D; indicates a truncated centric element which has become visibly shortened
a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 1 and 2 is designated &#x0201C;t (1&#x02032;-2) (2&#x02032;-1).&#x0201D; Identical chromosome aberrations were termed clonal if they were present in at least two metaphases of one sample
For each sample 100 diploid metaphases were analyzed
The clonogenic survival after IR exposure was analyzed using a linear mixed model with the fixed variables dose, dose2, group (NN, FPN, or SPN) and intercept including the patient as a random effect. The model was fitted using the lmer function in lme4 R package (<a href="#B43">43</a>). Aberrations scored in the G1 and G2 assay were analyzed separately using the R package glmmTMB (<a href="#B44">44</a>)
Mixed models were fitted to estimate the effect of dose
and tumor entity on the number of aberrations
The negative binomial model with the patient as a random variable fitted best
Adding the matching group as an additional random variable did not improve the model
and tumor entity showed no significant impact on aberrations and were therefore excluded from the final model
The relationship between two variables was analyzed using Pearson&#x00027;s test and is provided as the correlation coefficient (r)
All levels of significance were set at p &#x0003C; 0.05
Average rates of chromosome aberrations or the fraction of surviving cells of pooled donors of the different study populations are provided as the mean &#x000B1; standard deviation
An overview of the summarized characteristics of cancer patients is provided in <a href="#T1">Table 1</a>
Total numbers of 23 cases with FPN only and 22 cases with the same FPN and a subsequent SPN as well as 22 NN donors were enclosed in the study
Hematopoietic and lymphoid cancers represented the majority of FPN (76%) and only a minor fraction of SPN (36%)
Information on oncologic therapies is provided to the best of our knowledge based on the documentation of treating physicians voluntarily and on patient-based self-reports during a medical interview
All FPNs except for two retinoblastomas were treated by CT
since no matching of oncologic therapies has been performed between the corresponding FPN and SPN cases
differences in the application of RT were noted as follows: Four SPN and two FPN cases received radiochemotherapy compared to their respective FPN and SPN counterparts treated with CT only
In at least two other cases RT was administered to different or unknown anatomic regions
One FPN donor was treated by surgery only for unilateral retinoblastoma whereas the matched SPN case received RT only for bilateral retinoblastoma
One FPN and six SPN patients received a bone marrow or stem cell transplant during therapy without preconditioning by total body RT
RT was administered locally to the site of a solid tumor
as cranial or craniospinal irradiation for leukemia
mainly at the thoracic and neck region for lymphoma or as radioiodine-therapy for papillary thyroid cancer
According to the common RT plans for the enclosed tumor entities
the treatment fields of partial-body RT did not involve the site of skin biopsy near the cubital region
Due to the retrospective nature of the study with an inevitable long follow-up
skin biopsies were collected from young adults on average 20 years after the diagnosis of the pediatric FPN and on average 10 years after the diagnosis of the adolescent SPN
The cellular IR sensitivity of primary fibroblasts was measured as clonogenic survival after X-ray exposure of cells in G1. The summarized results for FPN, SPN, and NN donors are presented in <a href="#F1">Figure 1</a> and raw data for each donor is provided in <a href="#T2">Table 2</a>
and SPN donors were similar with fractions of 6.4 &#x000B1; 3.9%
and 6.8 &#x000B1; 3.9% of cells forming colonies
no significant difference in the fraction of surviving cells was found between NN and FPN or SPN donors
Mean surviving fractions at 2 Gy (SF2) of NN
Clonogenic survival of primary skin fibroblasts from donors with no neoplasm (NN
n = 23) or an FPN and a subsequent second primary neoplasm (SPN
Error bars represent the standard deviation
All lines were fitted by a linear-quadratic function
Box and whisker plots of (A) spontaneous and (B) radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in primary skin fibroblasts from donors with no neoplasm (NN)
or an FPN and a subsequent second primary neoplasm (SPN)
Aberrations were scored in metaphases of the first cell cycle after exposure in G1 to 3 Gy X-rays
The inner line represents the median value
whiskers represent the minimum and maximum values
(C) Two representative Giemsa-stained complete metaphases from an SPN donor showing an abnormally high rate of spontaneous numerical and structural aberrations
Differences in the morphology of chromosomes between metaphases result from the different degrees of condensation
Structural aberrations are exemplarily indicated (arrow: dicentric chromosome
Representative metaphases of an SPN donor carrying the spontaneous clonal translocations (A) t (15&#x02032;-1) (1&#x02032;T) and (B) t (1&#x02032;-5) (5&#x02032;T) after Giemsa staining (left panel)
Translocations are indicated by red arrows in metaphase spreads after Giemsa staining and three-color FISH
After irradiation of fibroblasts with 3 Gy X-rays in G1 the mean yield of IR-induced chromosome aberrations in first post-exposure mitoses of a total of 61 donors was 0.650 &#x000B1; 0.129 per cell. Shown in <a href="#F2">Figure 2B</a>
the different sub-groups of donors had comparable average rates of IR-induced aberrations per cell of 0.642 &#x000B1; 0.114 in NN donors
0.683 &#x000B1; 0.148 in FPN donors and 0.628 &#x000B1; 0.124 in SPN donors
For a qualitative examination of the accuracy of DSB repair the average rates of RI interchromosomal exchanges scored as dicentric chromosomes were compared between the different donor groups
RI dicentrics occurred at similar frequencies per cell of 0.321 &#x000B1; 0.062 in NN donors
Box and whisker plots of (A) spontaneous and (B) radiation-induced chromatid aberrations in primary skin fibroblasts from donors with no neoplasm (NN)
Aberrations were scored in prematurely condensed chromosomes of G2 cells (G2-PCCs) 3 h after the exposure of exponentially growing cells to 1 Gy X-rays
With increasing success in tumor control due to the constant progress of diagnostics and therapeutic strategies in oncology, treatment-related adverse late-effects inevitably gain high clinical relevance. Iatrogenic high-grade toxicities and second primary malignancies are a major threat and cause of long-term morbidity for the continuously increasing number of cancer survivors, in particular for childhood cancer patients (<a href="#B1">1</a>, <a href="#B2">2</a>, <a href="#B6">6</a>)
The present study examined if a relation between the susceptibility to pediatric FPNs or therapy-related SPNs and impaired genome maintenance exists
measurements of sporadic chromosomal instability and cellular or chromosomal IR sensitivity in normal somatic cells were performed in matched SPN
We observed no significant difference for clonogenic cell survival after IR or the average yield of spontaneous and IR-induced chromosome aberrations between the study populations
Striking spontaneous chromosomal abnormities were found in two donors with SPN only
The results obtained in this study population indicate that the etiology of sporadic childhood cancer or the risk for SPN might underlie limited DNA repair capacities and provide useful information for future studies including the need for other biomarkers
Applying &#x003B3;H2AX fluorescence intensity measurements by flow cytometry as a surrogate marker for DSBs in patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines established on average 24 years after the diagnosis of the FPN
an association between higher rates of basal as well as IR-induced DSBs and the risk of SPN in childhood cancer survivors was demonstrated
no tumor-free controls were included in the study
our results do not support previous findings of overall elevated spontaneous or IR-induced chromosome aberrations in normal somatic cells of individuals with early and high cancer incidence
High-resolution cytogenetic analysis by FISH for all donors which allows much more sensitive detection of cytogenetic damage including transmissible aberrations that are missed by conventional solid-staining may sustain such findings in the future
testing the study population of this work for their proficiency to deal with replication stress-associated DNA damage induced by physical obstacles to the replication machinery is a future task to mimic and investigate the vulnerability to such pathophysiological processes related to cancer risk
Detailed questionnaires will provide information on lifestyle
socio-economical and anthropometric factors as well as on health
and medical radiation history including phantom based dosimetry to obtain distinct organ doses
Detailed analysis of genetic predispositions and other molecular-biological factors is already underway
Next-generation sequencing approaches and functional assays on DNA repair in a high-throughput design will be performed to unravel risk factors and potential predictive biomarkers for childhood cancers and treatment-related second malignancies for the most benefit of future cancer patients
All datasets generated for this study are included in the article/<a href="#h12">Supplementary Material</a>
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of the Medical Association of Rhineland-Palatinate [No
The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study
and JM: analysis and interpretation of data (e.g.
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version
This study was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
Disque-Kaiser for excellent technical assistance and cancer patients as well as healthy donors who have participated in this study
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2020.01338/full#supplementary-material">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2020.01338/full#supplementary-material</a>
G2 premature chromosome condensation; FISH
24-multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization; t
phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated
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Received: 19 November 2019; Accepted: 26 June 2020; Published: 07 August 2020
Copyright &#x000A9; 2020 Zahnreich, Poplawski, Hartel, Eckhard, Galetzka, Hankeln, L&#x000F6;brich, Marron, Mirsch, Ritter, Scholz-Kreisel, Spix and Schmidberger. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)</a>
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provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited
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A German-Israeli research group has gathered for three days to discuss which storage technologies may outperform lithium-ion batteries in the future
They concluded that there is no such a thing as a “post Li‐ion” era in sight
They recommended a “side‐by‐side” approach for multiple technologies in different applications
as well as the hybridization of technologies
The group highlighted the strong potential of redox flow storage
Researchers from Germany's Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) and the Technion &#8211; Israel Institute of Technology started their recent three-day discussion on the future of energy storage with a basic assumption: “In this report it is shown that the quest for post Li‐ion and Li battery technologies is incorrect in its essence.”
They talked about the kind of storage technologies that might be considered solid alternatives to Li‐ion storage
and their conclusion was unequivocal: There is no end in sight for the “post Li‐ion” era
the group concluded that the current vibe about the need of future technologies after the lithium era and
the quest for which new technologies can replace lithium‐based battery technology
are somewhat inappropriate and misleading (partially incorrect)
they have recommended a “side‐by‐side” approach for all storage technologies
They also identified the technologies that they see as more promising for the future
<a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/04/29/a-redox-flow-battery-for-grid-scale-solar-plus-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sodium‐oin batteries</a> (Na‐Ion)
which rely on the same ion storage principle of lithium-ion technologies
are considered an interesting alternative as they could provide an affordable solution
due to potential shortages of lithium and cobalt
They are also easy to ship and have strong potential for further raw material cost reduction
the cost and environmental friendliness of the layered oxide cathode materials proposed so far
appear to be the major advantages of sodium‐ion batteries,” the group stated
It added that Na‐ion batteries face similar safety issues as Li‐ion batteries in large-scale applications
but development is still limited and not enough is known about failure modes
Their use is recommended for stationary energy storage systems and light‐duty vehicles for short‐range transportation
The main advantages of <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/04/29/a-redox-flow-battery-for-grid-scale-solar-plus-storage/">redox flow storage</a> are the scalability of storage capacity
the ability to operate in most environmental temperatures
The storage capacity of commercial vanadium redox flow storage systems currently ranges from 4 MWh to 40 MWh
while overall costs are $550/kWh in comparison to more than $200/kWh for Li‐ion
Safety issues are mainly related to hazardous material spillage
The technology could also suffer from the non-homogenous deposition of metal ions
potentially leading to shape change and dendrite growth
high-polarization losses due to sluggish kinetics of the reactions
“Redox flow batteries are expected to outperform Li‐ion only for stationary applications where their key feature of storing the energetic chemicals in external reservoir enables large‐scale
energy storage from renewable sources during peak‐production times and supplying when production falls
developments of advanced materials and chemistries are said to be necessary to overcome the limitations of the current concepts and improve the system performances
which also analyzed metal air batteries and multivalent metal anode-based storage at the gathering
they concluded that lithium-ion battery technologies will remain crucial for many years to come
They said that the search for a post-lithium technology is conceptually incorrect
“The quest should be for multi‐technologies for different applications
as well as hybridization of technologies,&#8221; they explained
The results of the meeting were presented in <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aenm.202000089" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Side by Side Battery Technologies with Lithium‐Ion Based Batteries</a>
which was recently published in Advanced Energy Materials
<a href='https://www.pv-magazine.com/author/emilianobellini/'>More articles from Emiliano Bellini</a>
Problem is so many fake lithium ion batteries out there..dangerous fake batteries
Sinovoltaics has released its latest energy storage manufacturers ranking report
based on balance sheet assessments and publicly available financial information
followed by South Korean’s LG Energy Solution
along with US-based Solid Power in the top five
<a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/04/12/sinovoltaics-releases-financial-stability-ranking-of-pv-module-manufacturers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sinovoltaics</a>, a Hong Kong-based technical compliance and quality assurance service firm, has released its latest <a href="https://sinovoltaics.com/pv-manufacturer-ranking-report-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Energy Storage Manufacturers Ranking</a>
which is global in scope and covers 55 manufacturers
 Results are calculated from June 2020 until March 2024 to provide insight into the stability of the scores over time
The ranking uses a so-called Altmann Z-score
a quantitative formula to analyze multiple corporate income and balance sheet values to gauge the financial health of a company
It assesses a company’s financial strength based on publicly available information through a credit-strength test based on profitability
while a higher score of 2.6 or greater indicates a solid financial position
Sinovoltaics has published several other manufacturer rankings this year, including reports focused on <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/05/01/sinovoltaics-releases-inverter-manufacturer-financial-stability-ranking/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">inverter manufacturers</a> and <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/05/06/sinovoltaics-updates-financial-stability-ranking-of-pv-module-manufacturers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">module manufacturers</a>
It points out that although the reports do not assess the quality of the equipment
they can be used by buyers and other industry stakeholders
as an element of the due diligence process
or to help identify financially stable partners
An international research team has conducted a techno-economical comparison between lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries for stationary energy storage and has found the former has a lower LCOE and net present cost
which was performed assuming the use of the batteries in connection with a 10 kW
the scientists concluded that lithium-ion batteries are the most viable solution
A Belgian-Ethiopian research team has compared the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and net present cost (NPC) of <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/05/08/lithium-ion-storage-is-here-to-stay/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lithium-ion</a> and <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/02/25/recycling-lead-acid-batteries-for-perovskite-solar-cell-manufacturing/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lead-acid batteries</a> for stationary energy storage and has found that the former are
The analysis of both storage technologies was modeled through the <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/11/18/the-best-renewables-combination-for-off-grid-power-supply/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">HOMER software</a> and the Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM)
which describes the pure electrical behavior of a battery in terms of voltages
&#8220;The ECM model is built-in using electrical components
which respond to the battery electrically,&#8221; the scientists explained
HOMER is software used for the optimization of the components to be used in the grid-connected electrical power system.&#8221;
The analysis considered the charge and discharge rate influence on the performance of both kinds of batteries under typical application conditions assuming their use in a grid-connected photovoltaic system (PVGCS) with an inclination angle of 16 degrees and an azimuth angle of 0 degrees
&#8220;The system consisted of a 10 kWp photovoltaic array
a grid-connected converter of 5 kW capacity
and a li-ion battery of 167 Ah with a load having a 4-5 kVA rating,&#8221; the group explained
the grid electricity price was estimated at €0.084/kWh
lead-acid batteries have an average energy capital cost of €253.50/kWh and lithium-ion batteries
and that their total average power cost is €333.50/kWh and €2,210/kWh
the environmental impact of lead-acid is categorized as having a high impact
whereas li-ion has a medium/low environmental impact,&#8221; they also specified
the academics found that li-ion and lead-acid batteries have almost comparable charge and discharge properties but they also ascertained that the lithium-ion devices have the same discharge characteristics response as lead-acid batteries even with less capacity and a lower number of battery units
while also providing longer lifetime characteristics
they found that the micro-grid formed by the PV system and the lithium-ion batteries has a net present cost of €14,399
while that of the PV system with lead-acid batteries is around €15,106
the latter reached a value of €0.34/kWh and the former
&#8220;The reduced number of batteries affects the per-unit COE and therefore the COE of the micro-grid system with li-ion batteries is lower
as compared to lead-acid batteries,&#8221; they further explained
adding that li-ion batteries have lower lifetime costs when associated with PV and reduced losses if compared to lead-acid batteries
the PVGCS system with li-ion batteries requires 40% lesser batteries as compared to lead-acid batteries
and supporting in provision of reliable power supply with lower cost.&#8221;
The comparison between the two storage technologies can be found in the paper <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X21004783#!" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Techno-economic analysis of lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries in stationary energy storage application</a>
which was recently published in the Journal of Energy Storage
The research group comprises scientists from the Vrije Universiteit Brussels
In the beginning you write that Li is cheaper
but the numbers cited later seem to show the opposite
I don&#8217;t understand how they can say that lead acid batteries are more harmful to the environment than Lithium when 99% of a lead acid battery is recyclable
Recycling Lithium batteries is only now being talked about with scant little recycling being done
When Lithium batteries hit the $200/kWh price
I&#8217;ll certainly entertain the idea of switching over
the replace what I have in Lithium would cost me $40K
To replace my current lead-acid battery bank
The numbers just don&#8217;t make sense in this
I think that need to be more clear about the full lifecycle for both
Recycle it&#8217;s harder on Li-ion than on lead
If good management is present on recycle leas battery process
What is missing from the article is the # of charging cycles from lead-acid being much lower than li-ion
 What is claimed elsewhere is that lead-acid is good for only 500 cycles versus thousands for li-ion
 So that is where the arguing should commence