You can read this article in 5 minutesSabina Koll The Norderelbbrücke bridge on the A1 in Hamburg will undergo extensive work to relieve stress on its load-bearing structure In addition to a total closure lasting several days long-term regulations for truck traffic will come into effect Photo credits @ Autobahn GmbH / A1 Hamburg - Norderelbbrücke and distance regulations aim to ensure the bridge’s stability until the planned reconstruction is completed The Norderelbbrücke motorway bridge in Hamburg which has six lanes—three in each direction towards Bremen and Lübeck—will remain in use but with a reduced width traffic management measures will be implemented and the A1 motorway between the HH-Billstedt junction (33) and the Norderelbe motorway junction (36) will be closed in both directions Source: Google Maps / Junction (AS) HH-Billstedt (33) and the motorway junction (AD) Norderelbe (36) marked in red the following detour routes have been established: Drivers coming from the south intending to take the B75 “Wilhelmsburger Reichsstraße” towards Lübeck will be diverted via the B75 trucks over 7.5 tonnes are prohibited on this route and must instead take a detour via the Hamburg-Harburg junction instead of the A255 Trucks coming from the A25 towards Bremen should first head towards Lübeck at the Hamburg-Südost motorway junction To maintain the stability of the existing bridge until the planned reconstruction the following restrictions on heavy goods traffic will be implemented: Extended overtaking ban: The existing overtaking ban for northbound trucks will be extended from the Hamburg-Harburg junction (38) to the Hamburg-Moorfleet junction (34) Minimum distance requirement: Trucks must maintain a minimum distance of 50 metres Speed limit: A speed limit of 60 km/h will be enforced on the bridge Southbound viaduct closure: The viaduct from the A255 southbound to the A1 towards Lübeck will be closed for trucks over 7.5 tonnes These vehicles will be redirected via the Hamburg-Harburg junction These restrictions will remain in effect until the first of the two new Norderelbbrücke bridges is completed “Failure to comply with these traffic restrictions will be consistently penalised,” reads an official statement from the Hamburg police The Norderelbbrücke bridge is under continuous monitoring If the planned work cannot be carried out today due to weather conditions an alternative closure is scheduled for the weekend of 11–14 April 2025 the following closures are planned for road crossing replacements and asphalt repairs: Agnieszka Kulikowska - Wielgus Journalist Trans.info | 6.05.2025 Pölös Zsófia Journalist Trans.info | 5.05.2025 Fragrance on the Fly: Why Pocket Perfumes Are Perfect for Airplane TravelSponsored Article 6.05.2025 Die Polizei führte am Montag einen Schwerpunkteinsatz zur Kontrolle des bestehenden Waffenverbots im öffentlichen Nahverkehr durch (Archivbild) Foto: picture alliance/dpa | Marcus Brandt Seit Mitte Dezember gilt in Hamburgs ÖPNV ein Waffenverbot Am Montag hat die Polizei in Billstedt kontrolliert Schwerpunkte des Einsatzes waren die U-Bahnhöfe Billstedt und Mümmelmannsberg Rund 50 Polizistinnen und Polizisten waren im Einsatz insgesamt kontrollierten sie 249 Fahrgäste Bei einem Jugendlichen wurde ein verbotenes Messer entdeckt unter anderem wegen Schwarzfahrens und illegalen Aufenthalts Das könnte Sie auch interessieren: HVV-Waffenverbot: Alle Regeln (und Ausnahmen) im Überblick Die Polizei führte auch Gespräche mit den Bürgerinnen und Bürgern um über das neue Waffenverbot aufzuklären und das Bewusstsein dafür zu schärfen Parallel dazu führten Beschäftigte der Hochbahnwache Fahrkartenkontrollen durch zukünftig weitere Schwerpunkteinsätze durchzuführen Anmerkungen oder Fehler gefunden? Schreiben Sie uns gern. The dates displayed for an article provide information on when various publication milestones were reached at the journal that has published the article activities on preceding journals at which the article was previously under consideration are not shown (for instance submission All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. The canteen’s success among the pensioners — and increasing lack of popularity among city workers — has become a problem for the Hamburg authorities who plan to close the cafeteria at the end of June Germany — Ask the regulars seated at the sturdy rectangular tables in the Staff Restaurant Billstedt the cafeteria for workers in the basement of a municipal building in Hamburg “It’s all good,” insisted nearly a dozen patrons when asked about their favorite meal on a recent Wednesday sitting at a table along the back wall watching patrons arrive hang up their coats on a row of hooks beside the door and head past the tables for the rack of melamine trays at the counter near the back “I have been coming here every day for more than 20 years,” she added Many of the older people in this heavily immigrant district of Billstedt have come to depend on the cafeteria which although intended for city employees is also open to the public affordable prices and the willingness of the chef to cut slabs of meat into bite-size pieces for guests who have trouble managing a knife and fork patrons wait 30 minutes in line for plates heaped with slices of juicy roast pork and boiled waxy potatoes terrines of steaming semolina pudding topped with blueberries or silvery strips of Hamburg’s traditional herring fillets covered with a sauce of sour cream Some diners regularly ride several stops on the subway But the canteen’s very success among the pensioners — and increasing lack of popularity among city workers — has become a problem for Hamburg authorities They plan to close the cafeteria at the end of June citing the need for renovations estimated at around 1.7 million euros a lawmaker with the opposition Free Democrats in the Hamburg legislature asked the government about the decision to shutter the canteen The answer she received further provoked patrons’ ire; in a formal response the government said the cafeteria was intended as a place where municipal employees can enjoy each other’s company over a quick warm meal and suggested that “the missing atmosphere of a staff canteen given the many ‘foreign guests,’” may be a reason many city workers choose to stay away Billstedt has remained the port city’s poorest district with an average annual income of 21,400 euros less than half the pay in the city’s hip districts It is also home to a large number of immigrants whose culinary traditions are visible in the fast-food shops selling falafel “There are three Chinese and several Italians no one else offers traditional German food.” nodded as she cut bites of her green beans praising their tenderness and her meal’s affordability “We are all asking ourselves: Where are we supposed to go?” who would not give her age because “all of the men who keep asking me for it would be able to find it out,” are among the nearly 18 million Germans age 65 or older according to Germany’s Federal Statistics Office the number of older Germans is expected to increase to more than 23 million posing challenges to society and the government over how to provide for them under a social system that is already straining to meet their needs Many retirees live off ever smaller state pensions The number of older people applying for welfare benefits to pad their pensions more than doubled between 2003 and 2015 an independent social justice lobby group based in Berlin as more pensioners struggled to meet their basic needs Dutschke notes that older people are often misrepresented in public policy debates because of their reduced buying power and influence focusing on how to keep them active in public life will become increasingly important “We need to think more and harder about what we can do for older people,” Dutschke said from accessibility to mobility to supporting places like the cafeteria in Billstedt that provide social interaction that means offering city workers the right to skip the long line of pensioners waiting for their meals or providing a carryout option for those who would rather eat at their desks take anyone in a wheelchair their meal to their table He did not intend to become so popular among Billstedt’s older residents when he took over the place 22 years ago he said over a plate of feta cheese baked with tomatoes and peppers What hasn’t changed are the quality of his offerings he would like to continue running the place but does not have the money to put into the renovations himself “Either I stay here or I have to look for a new job,” he said brother and daughter — half his staff of six Reinhard Neuling is doing his utmost to prevent that The head of the “60 plus” group of the local chapter of the left-leaning Social Democrats he went table to table in the cafeteria to gather more than 1,000 signatures for a petition to urge the mayor to reconsider the decision to close a resident of Billstedt since the 1970s and self-proclaimed “cafeteria guy,” is steeped in the social history of staff canteens He worries that the tradition is dying out leaving a generation with nowhere to go for a square meal He points to the restaurant in the district’s municipal culture center the “Palace Kitchen,” and a new menu that Neuling describes as “three leaves of salad on a plate with a few other bits and bobs all of it organic,” for what he said was three times the price gesturing to the window sills lined with potted green plants and framed jigsaw puzzles on the walls Stay secure and make sure you have the best reading experience possible by upgrading your browser From estimated life expectancy in the city's poorer neighborhoods still trails wealthier neighborhoods by 13 years Researchers around the world hail Germany for its robust health care system: universal coverage low drug prices and minimal out-of-pocket costs for residents Unlike in the U.S., the prospect of a large medical bill doesn't stand in the way of anyone's treatment a health counselor at a clinic in one of the poorest neighborhoods in Hamburg But it turns out that tending to the health needs of low-income patients still presents universal challenges As an American health care reporter traveling through Germany So when I arrived here — in one of the country's wealthiest cities with one of its largest concentrations of doctors — economists and researchers directed me to two of the poorest neighborhoods: Veddel and Billstedt both home to high populations of recent immigrants Entering these areas felt like stepping into another city where even though people have universal insurance high rates of chronic illnesses such as diabetes Treatment and preventive care are difficult to access The challenges faced at both outposts ― Poliklinik Veddel and Gesundheit für Billstedt/Horn (literally "Health for Billstedt and Horn") ― underscore a point: Universal health care may be a first step toward increasing a community's health Life expectancy in these areas is estimated to trail that of Hamburg's wealthier neighborhoods by 13 years ― roughly equivalent to the gap between Piedmont the difference persists even though residents never skip medication or doctors' visits because of cost An array of other factors ― known collectively as the "social determinants of health" ― factor strongly into these populations' well-being They include big-picture items like affordable nutritious food and safe areas to exercise — as well as small ones like having the time and money to get to the doctor these are exceptionally difficult problems to treat Gesundheit für Billstedt/Horn has been visited by about 3,500 patients — 3% of the population in the two neighborhoods it serves And maybe half of the people who come for a first visit return for a follow-up people might not feel they can spare the time from chaotic lives with its patient rooms up front and a large meeting space in the back is situated in a bustling mall among shops that include an Afghan bakery who offer advice on healthy living and guidance on how patients can manage chronic conditions and communicate with patients' physicians as needed located in a separate neighborhood known as Veddel uses social and community events to get patients in the door shows up at local church events and holds local movie nights the brightly decorated waiting rooms are filled with patients waiting to see a doctor or other health professional a 20-minute bike ride from the city's downtown Poliklinik sees only about 850 unique patients every three months Another limit on the clinic's ability to meet need: a shortage of doctors willing to work in this part of town mental health specialists and pediatricians ― few of whom practice in the area one could take public transit to another part of the city to find a doctor but that involves time and money for the commute the environmental problems that plague these areas are in some ways more intractable is just off the autobahn and filled with old industrial warehouses and factories That creates lower air quality and higher risks of asthma and lung diseases Patients in all these neighborhoods confront housing shortages so families become overcrowded in small flats a cold or something more serious ― spread quickly While the clinics advocate for improved housing sometimes the best the staffers at the clinics can do is give advice on how to minimize housing-related health risks tries to help patients with diabetes and heart disease find and incorporate fruits and vegetables in their diets and teaches them strategies to replace sugary beverages She also encourages them to attend onsite exercise classes But nutritious food is harder to find in the areas these clinics serve than in one of Hamburg's wealthier neighborhoods And fresh produce costs more than fast food "People can get care in Germany if they need it," Dickel says That's the cause of the life-expectancy gap." The Arthur F. Burns Fellowship is an exchange program for German, American and Canadian journalists operated by the International Center for Journalists and the Internationale Journalisten-Programme Kaiser Health News a nonprofit editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation KHN is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente Become an NPR sponsor Volume 11 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.575349 Examining Associations Between Psychopathic Traits and Executive Functions in Incarcerated Violent Offenders A Corrigendum onExamining Associations Between Psychopathic Traits and Executive Functions in Incarcerated Violent Offenders by Delfin C, Andiné P, Hofvander B, Billstedt E, Wallinius M. Examining Associations Between Psychopathic Traits and Executive Functions in Incarcerated Violent Offenders. Front. Psychiatry (2018) 9:310. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00310 We recently discovered that one offender had participated twice in the study with the second participation while serving a new sentence for a violent crime within the same region but in the end of the inclusion period for the study This was discovered when we performed registry-based follow-ups using the offenders’ social security numbers The second participation of this offender was removed from the data the number of participants in our study is decreased from 214 to 213 All data have been re-analyzed using the new sample None of these differences affect the scientific conclusions in any way there was a typing error in the published article that incorrectly stated that the male offenders in the sample were aged 18-25 when it should correctly state that they were 19-25 “Two hundred and thirteen incarcerated male violent offenders were assessed with the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and completed tests of cognitive flexibility and planning and problem-solving using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.” “Participants (N = 213) were male violent offenders recruited from the Development of Aggressive Antisocial Behavior Study (DAABS) The DAABS recruited young adult male offenders (aged 18–25 years at inclusion) who were convicted of hands-on violent (including sexual) offenses and imprisoned in one out of nine prisons in the western region of the Swedish Prison and Probation Service between March 2010 and July 2012 All assessments were based on file reviews and neuropsychological testing were administered during a full day by a clinical psychologist with special training in the methods used Detailed descriptions of the cohort are provided in previous publications (50–52) 54 offenders did not participate in or complete all the neuropsychological assessments used in this study and psychopathy ratings were unavailable for two offenders the current study sample consisted of 213 male offenders aged 19–25 at the time of inclusion (M = 21.93 paragraph 1 “Psychopathic Traits”: Psychopathic traits were measured using the PCL-R (39) which consists of 20 items rated on a three-point scale (0 = does not apply We adopted the four-facet structure of the PCL-R in which possible scores for facets 1 (interpersonal traits) and 2 (affective traits) ranges from 0 to 8 and possible scores for facets 3 (lifestyle traits) and 4 (antisocial traits) ranges from 0 to 10 The offenders were rated by an experienced and for the task specifically trained psychologist based on all information available from interviews Training sessions with consensus ratings on participants were performed to ensure inter-rater reliability The mean PCL-R total score in the study sample was 17.51 (SD = 7.06) with Cronbach’s alpha (α) = 0.85 for the total score being slightly above pooled estimates from the PCL-R Technical Manual (53) indicating lower but adequate internal consistency The mean corrected item-total correlation for the total score was 0.47 also in line with the PCL-R Technical Manual Note that item N ranged from 204 to 213 for the total score The corrected Table 1 appears in this article The corrected Figure 1 appears in this article with most occurring on second decimal level (e.g. posterior probability of the correlation between SOC MITT and PCL-R lifestyle facet changes from 0.9 to 0.89) Figure 1 (A–D) Zero-order correlations (Pearson’s r) The dashed box contains the primary study variables Dotted lines indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05 (B) or a posterior probability > 0.50 (C) The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest The handling editor declared a past collaboration with the authors Billstedt E and Wallinius M (2020) Corrigendum: Examining Associations Between Psychopathic Traits and Executive Functions in Incarcerated Violent Offenders Received: 23 June 2020; Accepted: 19 August 2020;Published: 10 September 2020 Edited and reviewed by: Thomas Nilsson Copyright © 2020 Delfin, Andiné, Hofvander, Billstedt and Wallinius. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Carl Delfin, Y2FybC5kZWxmaW5AZ3Uuc2U= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker You don't have permission to access the page you requested What is this page?The website you are visiting is protected.For security reasons this page cannot be displayed Sometimes a routine construction job can turn into a rare discovery Excavators in the German city of Hamburg thought they were digging to just make way to build changes for a local sports club, when they suddenly hit a huge concrete swastika buried below the ground was buried nearly 16 inches beneath the Hein-Kling sports field in Hamburg's Billstedt district According to members of the Billstedt-Horn sports club the structure once served as the foundation for a Nazi-era monument that once stood at the site of the sports field The monument had been torn down and destroyed decades ago Hamburg's cultural heritage management was informed of the discovery and ordered the structure to be removed as soon as possible because it is too heavy for the excavator to lift it out of the ground officials will instead break it up with jackhammers and remove the smaller pieces This article originally appeared on DW.com Its content is published separately from USA TODAY.  The University of Hamburg presented a new transfer agency at this year's Hamburg Innovation Summit (HHIS) on May 20 Delegates viewed the agency in a virtual exhibition booth Knowledge "transfer" is set to become the university's fourth pillar after "Research as the arch over the university entrance reads oversaw the so-called "Captain's Lunch" giving 100 guests an opportunity to exchange ideas with ten hosts Discussions at the Captain's Table were held under the theme of 'Innovation transfer:creating exchanging and applying knowledge': "We do excellent basic research at the university who has been Vice President for Transfer and Equality at the University of Hamburg since October 2020 asked: "How can the knowledge acquired help pave the way for start-ups And what boosts the exchange of knowledge?"  The Transfer Agency's leitmotif  of "Innovating and Cooperating for a Sustainable Future" centres on four key divisions: Innovation and Foundation Social Engagement and Co-creative Research Frost pointed out: "Co-creative research involves from the very start those who will ultimately use the research." That means non-academic stakeholders in society scientists and interested parties must come together to make this happen "We are presently setting thematic priorities to ease matchmaking and to raise the visibility of scientists who are passionate about their particular field," said Dr Bakr Fadl a low-threshold offer was created in the form of the so-called health kiosk Patients receive advice there on all kinds of health issues in different languages as well as help with problems such as obesity Volume 10 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00911 Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are known to be associated with an increased risk of aggression and challenging behavior we have mapped the externalizing history of a nationally representative cohort of young violent offenders with ASD Two hundred and sixty-nine violent offenders were assessed for prevalence of ASD and participated in a thorough assessment of previous externalizing problems and criminal history Twenty-six offenders met consensus clinical DSM-IV criteria for ASD and they were compared to offenders without ASD from the same cohort we found a very high prevalence of externalizing and antisocial behaviors in the history of these offenders and there were few differences between the groups Placements in foster homes were overrepresented in the ASD group and the ASD-offenders had significantly more often been diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder (i.e ASD or ADHD) by a clinician before the study ASD offenders were overrepresented in sex crimes with a child victim Though offenders without ASD had more previous convictions we found no difference in terms of total number of prosecuted crimes Substance use disorders were more common among offenders without ASD The ASD offenders scored higher compared to the non-ASD offenders on the Affective facet of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) but there were no differences in terms of total PCL-R scores Our results provide important knowledge of the developmental history of offenders with ASD Though this is a small and atypical phenotype it poses significant challenges to the criminal justice system and we need to understand more of it to be able to prevent these individuals from committing crimes but also to provide a fair judicial treatment to assess exculpatory factors and improve our forensic treatment models we know that substance use disorder (SUD) rates can be substantial and that comorbid ADHD could be a contributing factor to increased SUD in ASD there has been a vivid debate on the criminal propensity of individuals with ASD and a striking difference in results between population-based studies and criminal cohort studies In cases where ASD is connected to criminal behavior there are different views as to which kinds of antisocial acts these individuals commit the present study compares violent offenders with and without ASD on a range of measures of externalizing and criminal behavior over their life-course in an effort to map the developmental history of aggressive and antisocial behaviors in ASD The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Lund University All inmates in the participating prison facilities received oral and written information about the study from a prison staff and those that agreed to participate in the study provided written informed consent Participants were consecutively assessed according to a pre-set protocol which were performed by experienced clinical psychologists who had a special training in the instruments used the psychologist had read all file information detailed reports on previous living circumstances and criminal history available from the Swedish Prison and Probation Service The participants were also given the opportunity to receive feedback on the preliminary results from the assessments Participants showing indications of severe psychopathology were given the opportunity to be referred to the prison’s psychiatrist for further assessment and treatment A small monetary compensation for time spent in the study was provided (SEK 200 26 participants (10%) met criteria for an ASD at the clinical assessment (Autistic disorder n = 2 Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified n = 6) The remaining 243 participants did not have an ASD and were used as a comparison group in this study There were no statistically differences between the groups in terms of age (ASD: 21.6 years (19.0-25.9) Two clinical assessments were prematurely ended because of the participants’ clinical conditions and on some variables there was insufficient or opposing information Participants were assessed for lifetime and current psychiatric disorders by a structured interview protocol based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the SCID-II. For the disorders not covered in the SCID (e.g. developmental disorders, impulse control disorders and sexual disorders), an amendment including a lifetime DSM-IV (39) symptom checklist of individual criteria or symptom definitions was added The DISCO was used in one ASD case (3.8%) and the ADOS in three cases (11.5%) Final diagnostic decisions were based on all the available information, provided by the files, registers, clinical and collateral interviews, self-rating questionnaires and the clinical impression of the respondent during the 6–7 hours assessment, in consensus by the clinical psychologist and a senior clinician and researcher (EB or BH), in accordance with the LEAD-principle (44) Comorbidity between ADHD and ASD was allowed in order to account for overlap between the two conditions age at onset for symptoms of CD was specified and categorized as early onset (age ≤10) or late onset (age >10) Detailed information on the psychosocial background and criminal history but also previous placements in foster homes and institutions was collected by a structured protocol out of home placements could be the result of either a destructive behavior of the child or serious maltreatment and abusive conditions in their homes The protocol also covered in-depth information on the index offence divided into the following categories; murder/manslaughter order of summary punishment and omission of prosecution All crimes included attempted and aggravated forms Psychopathy was measured through the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R, 49) consisting of 20 items rated on a three-point scale (0 = does not apply Though a cut-off score of 30 is often used for assessment and research purposes 2005) have proposed a cut-off of 25 point for European prisoners The offenders were assessed based on all information available from interviews Analyses utilized the four-facet structure (Interpersonal The level of significance was set at p < 0.05 Descriptive data were expressed in terms of mean values and standard deviations Between-group differences for categorical data were analyzed using χ2 with Fisher´s exact test when n < 5 Phi-values and odd ratios are also reported we calculated effect sizes using standard mean differences (Cohen’s d) for t-test comparisons Due to the exploratory nature of the study multiple comparisons were allowed with no adjustments placements in foster homes during upbringing were overrepresented in the ASD-offenders (OR = 2.275 The ASD-offenders had significantly more often been diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder (i.e ASD or ADHD) by a clinician before participating in the DAABS (ADHD: OR = 4.417 Table 1 Background and index crime characteristics only sex crime against a child victim differentiated ASD offenders from non-ASD offenders (OR = 4.200 p < .05) among the six violent index crime categories Among the early onset externalizing disorders identified at the DAABS assessment (Table 2) we found no differences between the groups p < .05) differed between the two groups and was less common in the non-ASD group Table 2 Externalizing disorders and previous convictions Table 2 also reports official data from the national Crime Register including the index conviction at inclusion in the study The non-ASD offenders had more convictions (SMD = 0.42 p < .05) but there was no difference in terms of number of crimes When looking at the specific kinds of crimes the only crime category that stood out was drug crimes (SMD = 0.48 where non-ASD offenders were more often represented The only facet where there was a significant difference (SMD = 0.53 Table 3 Scores on the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised which in turn is associated with elevated levels of hyperactivity Also, the ASD subjects, as well as the non-ASD subjects in this study, were characterized by massive comorbidity, in neurodevelopmental as well as clinical disorders. There are several studies that links the risk of offending in the ASD group to the simultaneous presence of ADHD (4, 60). In our cohort, three out of four ASD individuals (73.1%) met criteria for childhood ADHD, a finding which has been reported previously (36) perhaps the strongest predictor for future criminality was also very common among the ASD offenders (38.5%) and two-thirds of all ASD subjects (66.77%) had a combination of ADHD and CD It is noteworthy that many of the ASD offenders had previously been recognized for their abnormal developmental, and, in most cases, received an ADHD diagnosis, but in only 19% of the cases an ASD diagnosis. A late diagnosis of ASD have been linked to several contextual factors, including adversity (61) and low socio-economic status (62) We also know that an early identification of ASD is critically important to improve health level of functioning and wellbeing but we need more studies to find out if it affects the risk of criminality as well Lifetime prevalence of SUDs was very high in both groups. Almost 70% of the ASD offenders met criteria for a substance use disorder, though the risk for developing these disorders was even higher in the non-ASD group. As far as we know, the study by Långström and colleagues (3) is the only one that has linked SUDs to an increased risk of violent offending in ASD this study cannot replicate these findings but it is valuable to describe the high prevalence of SUDs among these young violent offenders with ASD it was evident that though the non-ASD group had more convictions (p < .05) no difference was found in terms of total number of crimes The non-ASD group was convicted of more drug crimes which correlates to their higher prevalence of substance use disorders This high score was not related to the amount of conduct problems in their group We still don´t know if cognitive impairments associated with ASD increase the risk of developing these traits perhaps in the presence of maltreatment and suboptimal parenting we did not measure the presence of alexithymia impaired ability to reflect on and report own emotions It is possible that alexithymia could mediate some of the variance in the Affective facet Conducting clinical assessments in a prison setting also presents certain challenges and in many cases parents were not able to give a developmental history of the participants We applied the LEAD principle in all our diagnostic assessments still considered to represent the gold standard for psychiatric assessments and used multiple sources of information about the health and functioning of the participants The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Research Ethics committee at Lund University (Dnr: 2009/405) The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study BH and EB conceived and designed the study BH drafted the initial manuscript with contributions from SB all the authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version This work was supported by the Department of Research and Development the Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic in Växjö and Region Skåne and Lund University under the ALF-agreement We gratefully acknowledge Lennart Palmgren and Svenolov Svensson for their generous support of the study all site managers for their hard work during the assessments Natalia Theander and Mattias Filipazzi for indispensable help during data collection Jan Wikdahl and Stefan Axelsson for their help with the data base we would like to express our gratitude to all participants The authors do not have any interests that might be interpreted as influencing the research The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Forensic Neuroscience CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Autism and Asperger syndrome: Preparing for adulthood CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Risk factors for violent offending in autism spectrum disorder a national study of hospitalized individuals J Interpers Violence (2009) 24:1358–70 Autism and convictions for violent crimes: population-based cohort study in Sweden J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry (2017) 56:491–7 Sex Differences in Antisocial Behavior: Conduct Disorder Delinquency and Violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study Cambridge University Press: Cambridge (2001) CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Autistic-like traits and their association with mental health problems in two nationwide twin cohorts of children and adults Oppositional defiant- and conduct disorder-like problems: neurodevelopmental predictors and genetic background in boys and girls Autistic symptoms in childhood arrestees: longitudinal association with delinquent behavior J Child Psychol Psychiatry (2012) 53:160–7 Social communication deficits in disruptive primary-school children Social communication deficits in conduct disorder: a clinical and community survey J Child Psychol Psychiatry (2004) 45:967–78 High rates of psychiatric co-morbidity in PDD-NOS J Autism Dev Disord (2007) 37:877–86 Family psychosocial characteristics influencing criminal behavior and mortality—Possible mediating factors: A longitudinal study of male and female subjects in the Stockholm Birth Cohort Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey Is it possible to assess the impact of abuse on children with pervasive developmental disorders CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Neurodevelopmental and psychosocial risk factors in serial killers and mass murderers Aggress Violent Behav (2014) 19:288–1 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Arch Gen Psychiatry (2009) 66:152–61 Depression and violence: A Swedish population study Psychiatric disorders and violent reoffending: a national cohort study of convicted prisoners in Sweden The 1% of the population accountable for 63% of all violent crime convictions Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol (2014) 49:559–71 Violent crime in Asperger syndrome: the role of psychiatric comorbidity J Autism Dev Disord (2008) 38:1848–52 Autism spectrum disorder and co-occurring sub- stance use disorder – a systematic review Increased risk for substance use-related problems in autism spectrum disorders: a population-based cohort study Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders An assessment of violence in a young man with Asperger’s syndrome J Child Psychol Psychiatry (1988) 29:351–60 Violence and Asperger’s syndrome: A case study Asperger’s syndrome in forensic settings Int J Forensic Ment Health (2002) 1:59–0 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Asperger’s syndrome: A clinical account PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Asperger’s disorder: A case report of repeated stealing and the collecting behaviours of an adolescent patient Acta Psychiat Scand (2003) 107:73–6 Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol (2004) 48:40–8 Cambridge University Press: Cambridge (1991) CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Sexual abuse and offending in autism spectrum disordes CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Autism spectrum disorder symptoms in juvenile suspects of sex offenses Pervasive developmental disorders and criminal behavior Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol (2008) 52:196–5 Risk and dynamics of violence in Asperger’s syndrome: a systematic review of the literature Aggress Violent Behav (2009) 14:306–12 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Current status of research on autism spectrum disorders and offending Res Autism Spectr Disord (2012) 6:79–6 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Neurodevelopmental disorders in young violent offenders: overlap and background characteristics Mental health among young adults in prison: the importance of childhood onset conduct disorder Offenders in emerging adulthood: School maladjustment childhood adversities and prediction of aggressive antisocial behaviors Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) Google Scholar The Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Interview (ASDI): a preliminary study of a new structured clinical interview doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00289.x Psychiatric telephone interview with parents for screening of childhood autism – tics attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and other comorbidities (A-TAC): Preliminary reliability and validity The diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders: background J Child Psychol Psychiatry (2002) 43:307–25 The autism diagnostic observation schedule—generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism J Autism Dev Disord (2000) 30:205–23 Psychiatric diagnosis: are clinicians still necessary Google Scholar Google Scholar In: Lag om straff för vissa trafikbrott Google Scholar Personer lagförda för brott: Stockholm (2018) CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Juvenile and young adult mentally disordered offenders: the role of child neuropsychiatric disorders J Am Acad Psychiatry Law (2001) 29:420–6 The childhood-onset neuropsychiatric background to adulthood psychopathic traits and personality disorders Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorder in juvenile court cases in Japan J For Psychiatr Psychol (2009) 20:974–87 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among longer-term prison inmates is a prevalent Neurodevelopmental disorders in prison inmates: comorbidity and combined associations with psychiatric symptoms and behavioral disturbance The risk factors for criminal behavior in high functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASDs): a comparison of childhood adversities between individuals with HFASDs who exhibit criminal behavior and those with HFASD and no criminal histories Res Autism Spectr Disord (2012) 6:949–57 Violent behavior in autism spectrum disorders: who’s at risk Aggress Violent Behav (2018) 39:53–0 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar High functioning autistic spectrum disorders offending and other law-breaking: findings from a community sample J Forens Psychiatry Psychol (2006) 17:108–20 Maltreatment risk among children with disabilities Child maltreatment in autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability: Results from a population-based sample J Child Psychol Psychiatr (2018) 60:576–84 Childhood Symptoms of ADHD Overrule comorbidity in relation to psychosocial outcome at age 15: a longitudinal study Delayed diagnosis and treat- ment among children with autism who experience adversity Age at first autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: The role of birth cohort J Dev Behav Pediatr (2014) 35:561–9 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Autism spectrum disorder and psychopathy: shared cognitive underpinnings or double hit Psychopathic traits in a representative sample of Finnish male prisoners Callous–unemotional traits in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity Wallinius M and Billstedt E (2019) Few Differences in the Externalizing and Criminal History of Young Violent Offenders With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorders Received: 13 August 2019; Accepted: 18 November 2019;Published: 17 December 2019 Copyright © 2019 Hofvander, Bering, Tärnhäll, Wallinius and Billstedt. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Björn Hofvander, Ympvcm4uaG9mdmFuZGVyQG1lZC5sdS5zZQ== Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish. Volume 11 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00058 Previous research has suggested that personality and cognitive functions are essential in the emergence of persistent aggressive antisocial behaviors and that character maturity could be an important protective factor against these behaviors The aims of this study were (1) to determine associations between personality traits and executive function in young male violent offenders and (2) to investigate differences in intellectual ability and executive function between groups of violent offenders with low A cohort of 148 male violent offenders (18–25 years of age) participated in this study The Temperament and Character Inventory was used as a self-report measure of personality traits and cognitive functions were measured with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Intellectual ability was negatively correlated to the temperament dimension Harm Avoidance and the character dimension Self-Transcendence and positively correlated to the character dimensions Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness and the temperament dimension Novelty Seeking Visual sustained attention correlated positively to the temperament dimension Persistence and negatively to the temperament dimension Harm Avoidance Spatial working memory correlated negatively to the character dimension Cooperativeness did not affect intellectual and executive functions to a statistically significant degree Our findings indicate that offender personality characteristics such as optimism and industry that would seem more favorable to positive intervention outcomes are related to better cognitive functioning Possible implications are that interventions in offender populations could be more effective if tailored to participants’ personality dimensions and cognitive proficiencies rather than offered as “one size fits all.” Better knowledge of the characteristics of this particular group is needed to develop specific treatment interventions and preventive strategies has been suggested to aid the understanding of development of persistent criminality The IPM-CSI considers previous research on antisocial development and describes the interplay between psychosocial factors a need for identification with a criminal group and suggests how an interplay between these factors contributes to the development of a criminal social identity there is a need to expand the current models and take interaction between factors known to increase the risk of aggressive antisocial behaviors into account and high) and found that higher levels of character maturity appeared to be associated with less aggressive antisocial behaviors and aggressive antisocial behaviors) were present in the offenders better understanding of the contributions of character maturity and cognitive functioning to aggressive antisocial behaviors may have important implications for treatment and rehabilitation interventions in correctional settings In response to the identified needs of better knowledge in the field this study was aimed to explore the extent to which personality and cognitive functions (intellectual ability executive functions) are associated in young male violent offenders Determine associations between personality (as measured by TCI) and cognitive functions (as measured by WAIS and CANTAB) Investigate differences in cognitive functions between groups of violent offenders with low and 119–133 who provided valid CANTAB protocols were included in the current study Personality was assessed using the TCI (Cloninger, 1994), based on Cloninger’s psychobiological model of personality (Cloninger et al., 1993). The TCI consists of 238 yes/no items measuring four temperament dimensions (NS, HA, RD, and P) and three character dimensions (SD, CO, ST). T-scores were calculated for each dimension based on Swedish normative data (Brändström et al., 1998) and the two character dimensions of SD (responsibility and goal-directed behavior) and CO (empathy and compassion) were used to identify character maturity and to divide the study group into three distinct groups; low The low character maturity (LCM) group scored more than 1 SD below the mean for both character dimensions and included 43 male offenders with a mean age of 22.1 years (SD = 1.9) The medium character maturity (MCM) group comprised offenders (n = 54) in whom one of the two character dimensions was 1 SD below the mean and the other dimension within the normal range The MCM group had a mean age of 21.7 years (SD = 1.9) The HCM group consisted of those with scores within or above the normal range for both character dimensions including 51 male offenders with a mean age of 21.6 years (SD = 1.9) and POI mean scores did not differ significantly from the corresponding WAIS mean scores in the total DAABS cohort when tested using Student’s t-test (data provided upon request) Subtests from the CANTAB were used to assess five different executive functions: cognitive flexibility, planning and problem-solving, working memory, response inhibition, and attention. The CANTAB is a computerized neuropsychological test battery that has previously been used in research on antisocial and violent behavior (Bergvall et al., 2001; Dolan and Park, 2002) The Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift (IED) a computerized analog of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test featuring visual discrimination and attentional set formation Participants were presented with two distinct types of stimuli: color-filled shapes and white lines They were then instructed to find out which stimulus was correct by trial and error Feedback allowed the participants to learn the underlying rule Outcome measures used were the number of stages reached (IED stages completed) the total number of errors made (IED total errors adjusted) and errors made at set-shifting (IED EDS errors) The IED median scores among the participants in the current study did not differ significantly from the corresponding IED median scores in the total DAABS cohort when tested with Mann–Whitney U test (data provided upon request) The Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) is a computerized version of the Tower of London task assessing the participants’ ability to engage in spatial planning and problem solving Participants were instructed to move colored balls in the lower part of the screen to copy the pattern of balls presented in the upper part Outcome measures used were the mean initial thinking time before attempting to solve a five-move problem (SOC MITT5; measured in milliseconds) the mean subsequent thinking time (SOC MSTT5; measured in milliseconds) and the number of problems solved in the minimum number of moves (SOC PS) The median scores for the SOC measures did not differ significantly between the participants in the current study and the total DAABS cohort when tested with Mann–Whitney U test except for SOC MSTT5 (p = 0.041; data provided upon request) where the participants in the current study had lower reaction times The Spatial Working Memory (SWM) requires retention and manipulation of visuospatial information; it also assesses heuristic strategy related to working memory Several colored boxes were presented on the screen and the participants were required to find a hidden token by using the process of elimination participants had to remember in which box they had already found one The number of boxes was gradually increased to eight Outcome measures used were SWM between errors (a summed measurement for all trials of four or more tokens) The SWM median scores among the participants in the current study did not differ significantly from the corresponding SWM median scores in the total DAABS cohort when tested with Mann–Whitney U test (data provided upon request) The Stop-Signal Task (SST) assesses the participants’ ability to inhibit a response when given auditory feedback and was used as a measure of response inhibition in this study The test consists of two parts: in the first the participants were told to press the left hand button when they saw a left-pointing arrow and the right hand button when they saw a right-pointing arrow the participants were told to continue pressing the buttons when presented with the arrows but to withhold their response if they heard an auditory signal (a beep) The main outcome measure was the stop signal reaction time (SST SSRT) which is a covert measure of inhibitory control The SST SSRT median scores in the current study sample were significantly lower than those in the total DAABS cohort in a Mann–Whitney U test (p = 0.030) with lower reaction times for the participants in the current study (data provided upon request) The Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) is a sensitive measure of visual sustained attention The participants were required to detect target sequences of three digits each among serially appearing digits which reflects the participant’s accuracy at detecting a target sequence of numbers and RVP mean latency (measured in milliseconds) as an indicator of sustained attentional function Both outcome measures differed significantly between the current study sample and the total DAABS cohort in Mann–Whitney U tests with higher RVP A’ scores (p = 0.027) and lower RVP mean latency scores (p ≤ 0.0001) (data provided upon request) Data were anonymized and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22 Two-tailed p-values and a significance threshold of p < 0.05 were used due to the explorative design of the study All data were assessed for normality using plots and statistics based on the distribution of data Correlations between cognitive measures and personality measures (Aim 1) were investigated using Pearson’s r or Spearman’s rho (rs) Differences in cognitive functions for offenders with different levels of character maturity (Aim 2) were investigated by a one-way between-groups multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) Level of character maturity was used as independent variable while the following four variables that showed significant associations with any of the personality dimensions were used as dependent variables: WAIS VCI Basic assumption testing was conducted for univariate and multivariate outliers homogeneity of variance-covariance matrices with no serious violations except for two outliers were identified in the univariate and multivariate analyses and removed from the multivariate analysis making a total of 145 offenders available for the MANOVA Pillai’s Trace was used as the multivariate significance test due to unequal number of individuals in the three groups of character maturity Descriptive statistics on the TCI personality dimensions and the CANTAB measures are provided in Tables 1, 2 T-scores for temperament and character dimensions in violent offenders (n = 148) General intellectual functioning (WAIS-III) and executive functions (CANTAB) in violent offenders Correlations between general intellectual functioning (WAIS-III) and temperament and character dimensions (TCI) in violent offenders (n = 148) and executive functions were investigated using Spearman’s rho A negative correlation between visual sustained attention and the temperament dimension HA was found (rs = −0.22 while visual sustained attention correlated positively with the temperament dimension PS (rs = 0.19 Spatial working memory correlated negatively with the character dimension CO regarding both retaining spatial information (rs = −0.17 When the two general intelligence functions of WAIS (VCI POI) and the two executive functions RVP A’ and SWM strategy were tested in a MANOVA no significant effect for level of character maturity was found: F(8,224) = 1.49 p = 0.16; Pillai’s Trace = 0.10; partial eta squared = 0.05 This study explored associations between personality dimensions and cognitive functions as well as differences in cognitive function between groups with different levels of character maturity in a nationally representative Swedish cohort of young male violent offenders Our main findings were that intellectual ability was associated whereas executive functions were associated with HA level of character maturity did not significantly affect the cognitive measures All findings should be considered as explorative When investigating personality traits in relation to intellectual ability we found that participants high in general intellectual ability were low in HA (usually associated with being courageous since intellectual ability in or above the normal range usually implies sufficient or increased ability to deal with whatever challenges life may present which may be related to these personality dimensions in interaction with favorable factors in the environment lead to the development of responsibility to adequate and satisfactory development toward a mature personality these speculations would need further investigations in future research it might be more likely for individuals with these favorable prerequisites to benefit more from treatment interventions and thus have more promising outcomes than their less fortunate peers A probable consequence of this kind of finding is to encourage more focus on offenders with less cognitive and personality resources through the design and provision of better tailored and more extensive interventions ST is considered a developmental process and thus potentially increases with age therefore the participants in this study might be too young for their spirituality and fulfillment in life to have developed An alternative interpretation is that low ST could reflect a low sense of coherence in which the individuals experience themselves and their relation to the outside world as less comprehensible It should also be noted that the current study sample did not differ from the total DAABS cohort in general intellectual abilities leading to the conclusion that our findings on this part were not affected by better general intellectual functioning in the participants who provided valid TCI protocols our results may have been affected by somewhat better executive functions in perseverance and sustained attention in our study sample This needs to be considered in designing future studies on similar groups where the inclusion of measures requiring moderate or high levels of perseverance and sustained attention likely will lead to attrition We found no significant results in our multivariate analysis of the possible effect of different levels of character maturity on cognitive functions although cognitive measures and personality dimensions were (weakly) associated on a bivariate level in this study group this pattern did not hold when employing a higher-order analysis using a composite measure of cognitive functions A possible conclusion is that character maturity may not affect intellectual and executive functions to such a degree that it is either statistically or clinically relevant the first investigation of these relationships replications are needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn it is possible that the participants might represent different developmental trajectories of aggressive antisocial behaviors affecting their levels of cognitive impairment and personality deviations Since the participants in both the total DAABS cohort and in the current subgroup are still young we have no abilities at the moment to determine different developmental trajectories to control for this; however we did report differences between the study subgroup and the total DAABS cohort the method for choosing dependent variables for the MANOVA from significant results from the bivariate analyses can be criticized since the choice of dependent variables should be made based on theoretical assumptions there was very limited literature available for theoretical assumptions to be stated clearly The reason for dividing character maturity in three groups and applying MANOVA instead of using character maturity as a continuous measure and applying correlation analyses was that the sparse literature that exist on this matter has divided character maturity in low and our results can thus be used for continued research with hypothesis testing due to the lack of previous findings to base hypotheses on the current study could only apply an explorative design since no female offenders were included in this study we were not able to demonstrate any associations between personality traits and levels of character maturity in the same study group the specific limitations of this study need to be considered since the area of associations between cognitive functions and personality dimensions is relatively under-researched continued research on this subject is needed in both (larger) offender and general population samples and with studies comparing offender samples to control groups do show that offender personality characteristics such as optimism which would seem more favorable to positive intervention outcomes Possible implications could be that interventions in offender populations could be improved by considering both personality dimensions and cognitive proficiencies tailoring the interventions to individual or specific groups and not assuming that “one size fits all.” This seems especially relevant in times when demands for cost-effective and efficient interventions are increasing such a conclusion continues to require further research was approved by the Regional Research Ethics Committee at Lund University The study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration All participants consented to participate after having received both written and oral information about the study Written informed consent was provided by all participants prior to participation Participants were given 200 SEK (equal to about US$25) to recompense the pay they lost through missed prison activity on the day of assessment small enough to not create an incentive that would compromise the voluntary participating in the study participants who showed signs of severe psychopathology were given the opportunity to be referred to the prison psychiatrist for further assessment and treatment whenever there was such an option and TN conceived and designed the study and did all the analyses all authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version This work was supported by the Region Sormland the Research Department at the Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic and funds for MW under the ALF-agreement between Region Skåne and Lund University The authors wish to thank Henrik Anckarsäter for excellent collaboration in the DAABS study; Lennart Palmgren and Svenolov Svensson for their generous support of the study; all site managers for their hard work during the assessments; Therese Olsson and Mattias Filipazzi for indispensable help during data collection; Monika Montell and Nicklas Pihlström for their help with the database; and Maria Råstam for excellent advice the authors would like to express their gratitude to all the young offenders for their participation Dimensions of personality disturbance after focal brain damage: investigation with the Iowa Scales of Personality Change Subtypes of acquired personality disturbances in patients with focal brain damage Temperament traits and psychopathy in a group of patients with antisocial personality disorder A deficit in attentional set-shifting of violent offenders Explaining the relationship between age and crime: contributions from the developmental literature on personality The integrated psychosocial model of criminal social identity (IPM-CSI) CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Brändström Swedish normative data on personality using the temperament and character inventory Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: a six-site The child is father of the man: personality continuities from childhood to adulthood Temperamental qualities at age three predict personality traits in young adulthood: longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A psychobiological model of temperament and character Personality and the perception of health and happiness Intelligence predicts scholastic achievement irrespective of SES factors: evidence from Brazil CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Medical costs and productivity losses due to interpersonal and self-directed violence in the United States Cool and hot executive function impairments in violent offenders with antisocial personality disorder with and without psychopathy Examining associations between psychopathic traits and executive functions in incarcerated violent offenders The neuropsychology of antisocial personality disorder Personality and trait aggression profiles of male and female prison inmates and persistent offenders from age 8 to age 48 Is the association between general cognitive ability and violent crime caused by family-level confounders The antisocial brain: psychopathy matters: a structural MRI investigation of antisocial male violent offenders Role of executive dysfunction in predicting frequency and severity of violence Mental health among young adults in prison: the importance of childhood-onset conduct disorder A meta-analytic assessment of Wechsler’s P> V sign in antisocial populations The protective effect of character maturity in child aggressive antisocial behavior CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Temperament and character and psychopathy in male conduct disordered offenders The stability of antisocial and delinquent child behavior: a review Early predictors of male delinquency: a review CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Explaining the relation between IQ and delinquency: class Review of research on child maltreatment and violence in youth Differences in executive functioning between violent and non-violent offenders Structural models of personality and their relation to antisocial behavior: a meta-analytic review CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females Males on the life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: follow-up at age 26 years A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function is related to twins’ cognitive abilities Aggressive antisocial behaviors are related to character maturity in young Swedish violent offenders independent of ADHD Prediction of differential adult health burden by conduct problem subtypes in males Neuropsychological measures of executive function and antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis O’Riordan Predicting adult involvement in crime: personality measures are significant CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Neurocognitive impairments in boys on the life-course persistent antisocial path Neural foundations to moral reasoning and antisocial behavior Performance and strategy indices of neuropsychological tests: relations with personality Personality disorder diagnosis by means of the temperament and character inventory A study of performance on tests from the CANTAB battery sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction in a large sample of normal volunteers: implications for theories of executive functioning and cognitive aging Intelligence and school grades: a meta-analysis “Cool” inferior frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus “hot” ventromedial orbitofrontal-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: a review Human lesion studies of ventromedial prefrontal cortex doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.09.035 Temperament and character as a function of psychopathy: relationships between the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised and the Temperament and Character Inventory in a sample of personality disordered serious or repeat offenders Investigating the Integrated Psychosocial Model of Criminal Social Identity (IPM-CSI) within a sample of community based youth offenders Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Clinical validation of Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery in a Norwegian epilepsy population Development of a general ability index for the wechsler adult intelligence scale—Third Edition Brain imaging research on psychopathy: implications for punishment Offenders in emerging adulthood: school maladjustment and prediction of aggressive antisocial behaviors Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—III Google Scholar Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial and psychopathic individuals: a meta-analysis Billstedt E and Wallinius M (2020) Personality and Cognitive Functions in Violent Offenders – Implications of Character Maturity Copyright © 2020 Seidl, Nilsson, Hofvander, Billstedt and Wallinius. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Märta Wallinius, TWFydGEuV2FsbGluaXVzQG1lZC5sdS5zZQ== By 2022-11-11T10:58:00+00:00 DT5 trainsets operating on lines U2 and U4 pass at Rauches Haus on the shared section of the cross-city route GERMANY: Hamburger Hochbahn has awarded a contract to Siemens Mobility for the installation of communications-based train control on the cross-city route shared by U-Bahn lines U2 and U4 Under a project branded as U-Bahn100 as it will deliver 100 sec headways Siemens Mobility will supply and install its Trainguard MT CBTC technology on the whole of U4 and the section of U2 between Christuskirche and Mümmelmannsberg The two routes share the cross-city core between Jungfernstieg and Billstedt via Hbf Nord which is the busiest section of the city’s metro network CBTC will also be installed on the U4 extension to Horner Geest which is now under construction for opening by the end of 2026 The introduction of moving block and automatic train operation to GoA2 is expected to increase line capacity by more than 20% as well as improving punctuality and reliability Switching to ATO will also reduce energy consumption and improve passenger comfort through smoother acceleration and braking A DT5 trainset stands at the U4 Elbbrücke terminus before working a service to Billstedt The Trainguard MT lineside equipment will be interfaced with the six existing Sicas ECC interlockings controlling the two lines Siemens Mobility will also supply the onboard equipment to be fitted to 163 DT5 trainsets starting with a pre-series batch of six trains to be modified at the operator’s workshops in Hamburg during 2023 Series conversion will be undertaken at Alstom’s Salzgitter plant where the trains were assembled with the programme expected to run from 2024 until the autumn of 2027 Total cost of the project is estimated at around €200m and the city government is reportedly seeking a contribution from the federal government Completion is anticipated by the end of 2029 we need powerful and reliable systems that create real customer benefits’ we’re creating a service for our passengers that is simply unbeatable: a train every 100 sec — on time GERMANY: Hamburg city transport operator Hamburger Hochbahn has signed a €2·8bn framework agreement for Alstom to supply up to 374 metro trainsets and communications-based train control equipment The deal announced on July 10 covers up to 120 DT6-A driverless trainsets for GoA4 unattended automatic operation on .. GERMANY: Berlin transport operator BVG has awarded Siemens Mobility a contract to supply communications-based train control to support Grade of Automation 2 attended semi-automated operation on metro lines U5 and U8 GERMANY: Hamburg’s Mayor Peter Tschentscher has formally launched the construction of driverless metro Line U5 with a groundbreaking ceremony exactly a year to the day after the granting of planning approval for the first phase Described by the city government as Germany’s largest inner-city transport project Site powered by Webvision Cloud 2019 by Bibbi Hagberg & Eva Billstedt] Intellectual disability (ID) is an important diagnosis Not only does it legally entitle individuals to aid through the Act concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments it also grants them the right to utilise the special school curriculum Being diagnosed with ID is often disheartening to both the affected individual and their family regardless of whether learning difficulties had already been recognised and accepted prior to diagnosis primarily during childhood but to some extent throughout adulthood as well Diagnosing ID requires both medical and psychological assessment to ensure that there are no other underlying causes behind the learning difficulties and/or to identify any other concurrent difficulties/conditions The psychological evaluation is crucial when diagnosing ID and includes both an assessment of the patient’s cognitive functions (through testing) and an assessment of whether these functions are in harmony with the patient’s adaptive function (everyday function and support needs) The patient’s circumstances at home and at school form a significant part of the basis for the assessment of the individual’s adaptive function test results alone can never be sufficient grounds for diagnosis; all the information gathered must be taken into account a follow-up examination within the following year is usually recommended Health care services diagnose ID and subsequently inform schools habilitation services and other relevant institutions to ensure that the patient gets whatever support they’re entitled to through the Act concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments sometimes the diagnosis isn’t “accepted” by one or more of these institutions even when the patient’s aggregated assessment score corroborates it This usually occurs when the testing profile is highly uneven where one function is shown to be operating at a level beyond the scope of ID When these disagreements occur between health care services and other social institutions patients and their families end up caught in the middle taking on an even greater burden than they’re already faced with Aside from the emotional charge associated with ID some might argue that diagnosing ID should be a relatively straightforward process Cognitive tests should make it fairly easy to conclude that someone has ID in many cases it isn’t much more complicated than that but there are cases that aren’t as clear-cut Some patients have unevenly distributed intelligence where their verbal function might clearly indicate ID while their non-verbal visuo-spatial function is somewhat higher and thus outside the typical scope for diagnosis The Wechsler scales are the most frequently used cognitive tests for assessment of ID and consist of subsections indexed according to which cognitive function is being tested It’s important to note that the Wechsler scales have been changed in recent years to include more indices but fewer subsections per index which in turn has caused greater statistical uncertainty studies have shown that full scale scores (which include subsections from all indices Full Scale IQ/FSIQ) are more stable over time (i.e Watkins & Smith 2013) and that the correlation between full scale scores and school performance is greater than that between index scores and school performance (Watkins et al 2007; Freberg et al 2008) The full scale score is also the Wechsler measure that best reflects general intelligence In a recent study of the latest version of the Wechsler scales (WISC-V) Dombrowski et al (2018) conclude that “Overall primary interpretive emphasis of the WISC-V should be placed upon the FSIQ with only secondary consideration given to the four index score areas for ages 6-14 and five index areas for ages 15-16”.  Other studies (Canivez et al 2019) have also emphasised the importance of full scale scores over index scores studies have shown the indices of the Wechsler scales to be uneven particularly among individuals with suspected ID speed index scores (measuring things like processing speed) tend to be higher than other index scores for people with ID (Bergeron & Floyd 2013) if one part of the cognitive profile deviates from the rest – for example if the result of one specific subsection greatly influences the index result – that should be viewed in a larger context Is the function covered by that particular subsection important in everyday life and might it serve to alleviate any other difficulties the affected individual has We as psychologists must consider each potential case of ID carefully we always aim to gather a full and comprehensive view of the child’s strengths and weaknesses In order to diagnose accurately and ensure proper intervention measures it is crucial that not only we who make these assessments but also those who receive our evaluations understand the tests that form the basis of ID diagnoses The purpose of the blog is to provide information and raise awareness concerning important issues All views and opinions expressed are those of the writer and not necessarily shared by the GNC.] Find organisation Great things are coming to the east of Hamburg Because our promise is: an underground every 100 seconds This will be made possible by the automation of the first Hamburg underground lines U2 and U4 in the east of the city In concrete terms: this means that we will be able to offer our passengers a great deal more in the future up to four trains will be able to run every ten minutes between Mümmelmannsberg/Billstedt and Horner Rennbahn two trains travel here and three trains from Billstedt towards the city centre the U4 will be extended to the Horner Geest up to two trains per ten minutes will be able to merge with the U2 line On the joint route of the U2 and U4 between Horner Rennbahn and the city centre up to six trains can then run in ten minutes: one underground train every 100 seconds in each direction By the way: The automation of the underground operation will not replace the drivers They will continue to be responsible for the passenger exchange and can intervene if necessary The journey itself will be fully automatic and computer-controlled This is the only way to achieve the 100-second interval the tightest possible regular cycle is 2.5 minutes The technical requirements for automated operation are created by our newly launched U-Bahn100 project the underground lines U2 (Mümmelmannsberg to Christuskirche) and U4 are being prepared signal boxes and vehicles have to be digitally equipped and upgraded With the digitalisation of our underground system we are creating the preconditions for a significantly higher transport capacity and a service that fits in with the goals of the Hamburg-Takt In addition to the digitalisation of track and rail which will enable automated journeys in GoA2 (Grades of Automation) mode we will use a completely new train control technology where following underground trains always have to travel in blocks with a fixed distance to each other the "Moving Block" system creates a system in which underground trains can communicate with each other and travel in a moving space distance The vehicles communicate constantly with the signal boxes and other vehicles via radio to exchange the current position and thus always travel at the optimal and safe distance The new system will reduce disruptions and enable more stable and reliable operation The investment volume for the U-Bahn100 project U5: HOCHBAHN is extensively expanding its underground network to ensure that the mobility revolution succeeds and people can get around the city more quickly The great zero-emission journey on Hamburg's roads: How HOCHBAHN is converting its entire bus fleet to environmentally friendly drives by the early 2030s Hamburg's south is getting a new hub for mobility and more With plenty of connections and shopping opportunities on site Autonom und emissionsfrei wird die HOCHBAHN schon bald mit On-Demand-Shuttles in Hamburg unterwegs sein Dafür wurde das Projekt ALIKE mit weiteren Partnern gegründet No more worrying about the right fare and the cheapest ticket - our hvv Any project promises nothing less than this ticket revolution customers will be able to check in quickly and easily via app when they start their journey in the hvv and travel straight away Bus depots for electromobility: After Alsterdorf a new HOCHBAHN location now follows in Meiendorf More will follow to bring Hamburg into step with zero emissions More than 90 percent of our 93 underground stops have now been refurbished have (partially) elevated platforms and a tactile guidance system for blind and visually impaired people Now a few more "heavyweights" are to follow on the road to accessibility A GIANT concrete swastika has been unearthed by builders renovating a German sports club. The Nazi symbol was found under the Billstedt-Horn sports club in Hamburg, north Germany. An excavator had been digging foundations for a new set of changing rooms on the sports field when his machine suddenly struck something solid. The head of district Falko Droßmann, 43, was said to have rushed to the site after being alerted about the discovery and ordered for it to be removed as soon as possible. City officials will now set about destroying the far-right symbol with a bunch of jackhammers as its sheer enormity left the excavator unable to move it. Despite the shock discovery club chairman Joachim Schirmer said the sports club would continue business as usual. It remains unclear how the giant but Schirmer said there used to be a large monument on the site which was demolished in the 1970s. The swastika was the official emblem of the Nazi Party and the Third Reich led by Adolf Hitler, who held power from 1933 to 1945. Earlier this month it was revealed Adolf Hitler's holiday camp had been turned into a luxury seaside resort We pay for your stories! Do you have a story for The Sun Online news team? Email us at tips@the-sun.co.uk or call 0207 782 4368 . We pay for videos too. Click here to upload yours Our journalists strive for accuracy but on occasion we make mistakes. For further details of our complaints policy and to make a complaint please click this link: thesun.co.uk/editorial-complaints/ A large scale investigation into young men who have been sentenced to prison for violent crimes shows that nearly all of them had some type of psychiatric or neuropsychiatric diagnosis at some point Psychology professor Eva Billstedt and psychologist and phd student of forensic psychology André Tärnhäll studied around 300 young men who were given jail sentences for violent crimes They found that 97 per cent of the men had or have had a psychiatric diagnosis Radio Swedenenglish@sverigesradio.se Simon Andrénsimon.andren@sverigesradio.se plus weekly summary on Fridays at 4.30pm on P2 (P6 89.6FM in Stockholm) Kontakta gärna Sveriges Radios forum för teknisk support där vi besvarar dina frågor vardagar kl