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2025 at Park View Haven Nursing Home in Coleridge
A Memorial Mass of Christian Burial will be held on Monday
at Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Hartington with the Rev
Burial of his cremated remains will be at St
The family will receive friends and relatives from 9:00 a.m
Arrangements are under the direction of the Wintz Funeral Home in Hartington
Leroy Anthony was born May 14th 1947 to Gerald and Mary (Lammers) Burbach
Leroy graduated from Cedar Catholic High School in 1965
While in high school he worked at the Neu cheese factory in Hartington
He attended Wayne State College after graduation
Then he worked in Hartington and Yankton at various jobs
While in Yankton he married Terry Ann Erickson
Then they moved to Omaha and he worked for Wilson Foods Packing House
While in Omaha they had a daughter Heather Ann
LeRoy returned to Hartington and their married dissolved
He moved to Crofton and worked for his brother Al
Leroy met Sharon Guthmiller and were married in November of 1983
Soon after they moved to Loveland Colorado and Leroy worked for the school district
Leroy was a very avid motorcycle rider and unfortunately his love for riding caused him to be involved in a bad accident on July 6th 1991
Leroy moved back to Hartington and struggled for some time with his leg but in September of 1994 the leg was removed
He then worked for First National Bank of Omaha in Wayne until his retirement
Leroy struggled for many years with phantom pain where he wasn’t able to do much as the pain from his missing limb was severe
he lived in his house in Coleridge with his birds which he loved
They became his friend’s and his favorite was a cockatiel bird named Clyde
Leroy moved to Parkview Haven in 11-30-2022 where he received good care and enjoyed his last days there
Leroy is survived by his daughter Heather and (Crystal) Zimmerman of Yankton
SD; two Grandchildren Cebrina Kruse and Colby Clouse both of Yankton
Pat (Donna) Burbach of Hartington; one sister Geralyn (Rod) Flink of Lincoln: and many nieces and nephew
Leroy was preceded in death by his parents Gerald 3-22-2007; Mary 4-1-2008; his brother Alfred 2-9-2015; and his best friend and companion for almost 20 years Clyde-a Cockatiel bird
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GRAND FORKS – The best way to go about doing anything
is to organize around the good thing that you want
every point of view has an organizing principle,” Burbach said
delivered a mediation on journalism and the values that undergird it for UND’s annual Hagerty Lecture
named for former Herald editor Jack Hagerty
features notable journalists (or communications professionals
in less auspicious years) speaking on a wide variety of topics
began his career as an undergraduate at UND
lower middle class kid” took a reporting class and was directed by his professor to the Dakota Student
“Six states and eight newspapers later,” including a stint at the Herald
Burbach was hired as the Pioneer Press’ editorial page editor in 2006
His remarks largely focused on questions of perspective
which he illustrated with examples from his personal and professional life
Burbach said it's “helpful to know where someone is coming from,” and related his experience suffering a heart attack in 2018
but one that journalists ought to aspire to anyway
“It means we work hard to recognize our own biases and assumptions
and we work hard to account for them and counter them,” Burbach said
“Listening to understand rather than just hear can be challenging
Interrupting our own patterns of perception and bias can be hard.”
It’s best to take things with a grain of salt and a grain of sugar
deploying “purposeful skepticism” without falling into cynicism
A keen sense of interest was another essential value
using the Herald’s legendary editor Mike Jacobs as an example
“Some people may think North Dakota is in the middle of nowhere,” Burbach said
wherever he is is the middle of somewhere interesting.”
The state of the news industry recurred throughout Burbach’s remarks and subsequent question-and-answer session with an audience of around 50
Burbach noted early on he’d led the Pioneer Press through a time of shrinking staff and rising competition between newspapers and other forms of media for consumers' attention
He noted how local newspapers had lost their stature as the center of civic life and how limited resources meant newsrooms could no longer cover communities in as comprehensive a manner as they once had
“We have to make more choices about what we do and do not do,” he said
Addressing the destructive impact of the internet on local news’ revenues
he said he is hopeful that market demand for reliable information will help find a new business model for the industry
He also noted some interest groups’ perennial efforts to make public information less accessible to journalists and citizens
saying it's the responsibility of civil society to “argue for the good thing we want.”
Asked toward the end of the session about the most vital form of communication
“The thing I worry about is ‘can we redevelop enough respect for each other to have a democratic republic?’” he said
So you’ve got to hope enough people work for that.”
They struck out nine batters between them as North Arlington (8-6) extended its winning streak to four games
Burbach started in the circle and pitched four hitless innings
striking out five with no walks in three innings to complete the no-hitter
Isabella Buccheri was the offensive catalyst
reaching base in all four plate appearances and scoring three runs
drove in three runs and added two singles while also stealing two bases
North Arlington jumped ahead early with two runs in the first inning and added another in the third
The Vikings broke the game open with three runs in the fifth inning and tacked on an insurance run in the sixth
The Vikings were aggressive on the basepaths
stealing six bases in the contest while collecting eight hits
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Sight Sciences (Nasdaq: SGHT) has appointed Gerhard (Gary) F
Burbach to its Board of Directors as a Class II director
with a term expiring at the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders
Burbach brings extensive medtech industry experience
where he led the development of mechanical circulatory assist devices
He currently serves on the Board of Directors of BWX Technologies and as Chairman of Procyrion Inc
His expertise will support Sight Sciences' focus on maintaining leadership in surgical glaucoma and achieving market access in the dry eye segment
The appointment comes at a strategic time as both glaucoma and dry eye markets are shifting towards interventional care
representing significant growth opportunities for the eyecare technology company
Sight Sciences (Nasdaq: SGHT) ha nominato Gerhard (Gary) F
Burbach nel suo Consiglio di Amministrazione come direttore di Classe II
con un mandato che scade all'Assemblea Annuale degli Azionisti del 2026
La nomina è stata effettuata il 21 aprile 2025
Burbach porta con sé una vasta esperienza nel settore medtech
dove ha guidato lo sviluppo di dispositivi meccanici di assistenza circolatoria
Attualmente è membro del Consiglio di Amministrazione di BWX Technologies e Presidente di Procyrion Inc
La sua competenza sosterrà l'obiettivo di Sight Sciences di mantenere la leadership nel trattamento chirurgico del glaucoma e di ottenere l'accesso al mercato nel segmento della secchezza oculare
poiché i mercati del glaucoma e della secchezza oculare stanno evolvendo verso cure interventistiche
rappresentando significative opportunità di crescita per l'azienda tecnologica nel settore della cura degli occhi
Sight Sciences (Nasdaq: SGHT) ha designado a Gerhard (Gary) F
Burbach como miembro de su Junta Directiva en la categoría Clase II
con un mandato que finalizará en la Reunión Anual de Accionistas de 2026
El nombramiento se realizó el 21 de abril de 2025
Burbach aporta una amplia experiencia en la industria medtech
destacando su papel como ex CEO de Thoratec
donde lideró el desarrollo de dispositivos mecánicos de asistencia circulatoria
Actualmente forma parte de la Junta Directiva de BWX Technologies y es Presidente de Procyrion Inc
Su experiencia apoyará el enfoque de Sight Sciences para mantener el liderazgo en cirugía de glaucoma y lograr el acceso al mercado en el segmento de ojo seco
El nombramiento llega en un momento estratégico
ya que los mercados del glaucoma y del ojo seco están evolucionando hacia cuidados intervencionistas
representando importantes oportunidades de crecimiento para la compañía tecnológica del cuidado ocular
Sight Sciences (나스닥: SGHT)은 2025년 4월 21일자로 제2급 이사로 Gerhard (Gary) F
Burbach는 기계적 순환 보조 장치 개발을 이끈 전 Thoratec CEO로서 의료기기 산업에서 폭넓은 경험을 갖고 있습니다
현재 BWX Technologies 이사회 멤버이자 Procyrion Inc.의 회장을 맡고 있습니다
그의 전문성은 Sight Sciences가 녹내장 수술 분야에서 리더십을 유지하고 건성안 시장 진입을 달성하는 데 기여할 것입니다
이번 임명은 녹내장과 건성안 시장이 점차 중재적 치료로 전환되는 전략적 시점에 이루어졌으며
Sight Sciences (Nasdaq : SGHT) a nommé Gerhard (Gary) F
Burbach au sein de son conseil d'administration en tant qu'administrateur de Classe II
pour un mandat se terminant lors de l'Assemblée générale annuelle des actionnaires de 2026
Burbach apporte une vaste expérience dans l'industrie medtech
notamment en tant qu'ancien PDG de Thoratec
où il a dirigé le développement de dispositifs mécaniques d'assistance circulatoire
Il siège actuellement au conseil d'administration de BWX Technologies et est président de Procyrion Inc
Son expertise soutiendra l'objectif de Sight Sciences de maintenir son leadership dans la chirurgie du glaucome et de conquérir l'accès au marché dans le segment de la sécheresse oculaire
Cette nomination intervient à un moment stratégique
alors que les marchés du glaucome et de la sécheresse oculaire évoluent vers des soins interventionnels
représentant d'importantes opportunités de croissance pour cette entreprise technologique spécialisée dans les soins oculaires
Sight Sciences (Nasdaq: SGHT) hat Gerhard (Gary) F
Burbach als Direktor der Klasse II in seinen Vorstand berufen
mit einer Amtszeit bis zur Hauptversammlung der Aktionäre 2026
Burbach bringt umfassende Erfahrung aus der Medizintechnikbranche mit
insbesondere als ehemaliger CEO von Thoratec
wo er die Entwicklung mechanischer Kreislaufunterstützungsgeräte leitete
Derzeit ist er im Vorstand von BWX Technologies und Vorsitzender von Procyrion Inc
Seine Expertise wird Sight Sciences dabei unterstützen
die Führungsposition im chirurgischen Glaukombereich zu festigen und den Marktzugang im Segment der trockenen Augen zu erreichen
Die Ernennung erfolgt zu einem strategisch wichtigen Zeitpunkt
da sich sowohl der Glaukom- als auch der Trockenaugensektor hin zu interventionellen Behandlungen entwickelt
was bedeutende Wachstumschancen für das Unternehmen im Bereich Augenpflege-Technologie darstellt
an eyecare technology company focused on developing and commercializing innovative
interventional technologies that elevate the standard of care
Burbach was appointed to the Company’s Board of Directors on April 21
Burbach will serve as a Class II director with a term expiring at the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders
“We are very excited to add Gary to our Board of Directors,” stated Paul Badawi
Co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Sight Sciences
“He brings a strong medtech industry background with a proven track record of success in commercial and operational leadership at multiple private and public medical device companies
Gary’s prior experience as CEO leading the growth of Thoratec Corporation
a company that pioneered the development of mechanical circulatory assist devices for the heart and created a new standard of care in the treatment of advanced heart failure
is particularly relevant to Sight Sciences
As we focus on maintaining our leadership position in the surgical glaucoma segment and executing on our strategy to achieve equitable market access in our dry eye segment
Gary’s substantial market development and growth expertise will be invaluable to our executive team and our Board of Directors
We look forward to his strategic insights and guidance as we continue our mission to build a leading interventional eye care business.”
“I am thrilled to join the Board of Directors of Sight Sciences at this pivotal time as both glaucoma and dry eye
are poised for a transformation towards interventional care and represent significant growth and market development opportunities
I look forward to collaborating with this top-tier executive team and Board to help the Company achieve its full potential.”
Burbach is a member of the Board of Directors and Chair of the Compensation Committee of BWX Technologies (NYSE: BWXT)
a publicly-traded company that provides innovative nuclear technology solutions including medical isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals
and Chairman of the Board of Directors of Procyrion Inc.
a private medical device company focused on the treatment of chronic heart failure
He previously served as a member of the Board of Directors of Fluidigm Corporation (now Standard Bio Tools (NAS: LAB))
a public company manufacturing and marketing innovative technologies for life sciences research
as Chairman of the Board of Directors of Artelon
a private company specializing in biomaterial development for tendon and ligament reconstruction
from 2020 until its acquisition by Stryker Corporation in 2024
and as a member of the Board of Directors of Vascular Dynamics
a private medical device company that developed innovative solutions for heart failure and hypertension
Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors of Thoratec Corporation
manufacturer of proprietary medical devices for circulatory support that was acquired by St
he held executive leadership positions at Digirad Corporation
Burbach also spent six years at McKinsey &amp; Company
focused primarily on the firm’s healthcare practice
Burbach holds a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering from Stanford University and a Master of Business Administration from Harvard Business School
SmartHub and SmartLids are trademarks of Sight Sciences registered in the United States
OMNI and SION are trademarks of Sight Sciences registered in the United States
together with other statements and information publicly disseminated by the Company
contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933
and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
which statements are subject to considerable risks and uncertainties
The Company intends such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and includes this statement for purposes of complying with these safe harbor provisions
Any statements made in this press release that are not statements of historical fact
including statements about our beliefs and expectations
are forward-looking statements and should be evaluated as such
Forward-looking statements include all statements other than statements of historical fact
including statements concerning the Company’s focus on maintaining its leadership position in the surgical glaucoma segment and executing on its strategy to achieve equitable market access in the dry eye segment
the Company’s ability to build a leading interventional eye care business
the Company’s growth and market development opportunities
and the expectations and perceived benefits of the appointment of Gerhard F
Burbach to the Company’s Board of Directors
These statements often include words such as “anticipate,” “expect,” “suggests,” “plan,” “believe,” “intend,” “estimates,” “targets,” “projects,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “may,” “will,” “forecast” and other similar expressions
We base these forward-looking statements on our current expectations
plans and assumptions that we have made in light of our experience in the industry
as well as our perceptions of historical trends
expected future developments and other factors we believe are appropriate under the circumstances at such time
Although management believes these forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions at the time they are made
management cannot guarantee their accuracy or completeness
Forward-looking statements are subject to and involve risks
uncertainties and assumptions that may cause the Company’s actual results
performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results
assumed or implied by such forward-looking statements
Some of the risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to materially differ from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements are discussed under the caption “Risk Factors” in the Company’s filings with the SEC
as may be updated from time to time in subsequent filings
These cautionary statements should not be construed by you to be exhaustive and are made only as of the date of this press release
Sight Sciences undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements
Media contact:<a rel="nofollow noopener" href="https://www.globenewswire.com/Tracker?data=eO-n7cCeS5AP8b3N3Wu5wIEj0zMozx42OJx63SOyId3A_755TewJ_UvgwMiIKTfZqKVfvBfxBNE8azOIGF4goBxWcFl8Uz4SakZgxdhkuoc=" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">pr@SightSciences.com</a>
Investor contact:Philip TaylorGilmartin Group415.937.5406<a rel="nofollow noopener" href="https://www.globenewswire.com/Tracker?data=4348TGVfsqCW90HNTgvkN7cSZEqh3w8_iVANYfS0I3NQUOnVbQknK5JuzOaRto2IWiOPl5hR0h0dux08iqowdVAI2sBDrlpYKVtiMcJt9OU8ouWM0qaiHpOonXINFKOValbJnF55m0b0qp_tfa-SlA==" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Investor.Relations@Sightsciences.com</a>
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Foley &amp; Lardner LLP partner Edward Burbach is quoted in the Corporate Counsel article, &#8220;<a href="https://www.law.com/corpcounsel/2025/04/11/texas-ag-using-states-formidable-new-privacy-law-to-tame-corporate-titans-/">Texas AG Using State&#8217;s Formidable New Privacy Law to Tame Corporate Titans</a>,&#8221; sharing insight on Texas&#8217; enforcement of consumer protection and data privacy laws
who co-chairs Foley&#8217;s State Attorneys General and FTC Consumer Practices
said the Texas Data Privacy and Security Act
gives enforcement authority exclusively to the Texas Attorney General’s Office
“That was a very big tool that was handed to the AG’s office,&#8221; Burbach added
&#8220;He has a lot of tools available to him
We look beyond the law to focus on the constantly evolving demands facing our clients
Images of people may not be Foley personnel
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Northeast/North Central Nebraska’s most trusted
with burial at Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery in Norfolk
with a vigil service to follow at Stonacek Funeral Chapel in Norfolk
of Norfolk are pending at Stonacek Funeral Chapel in Norfolk
of Howells are pending at Minnick Funeral Home in West Point
Home for Funerals in Norfolk is in charge of arrangements
are pending at Stonacek Funeral Chapel in Norfolk
GRAND ISLAND — A celebration of life for Elaine L
at Peace Lutheran Church in the life center in Grand Island with the Rev
at the United Methodist Church in Meadow Grove
at Trinity Lutheran Church in Madison with the Rev
Burial will be at Crown Hill Cemetery in Madison
Stonacek Funeral Chapel is in charge of the arrangements
Burial will follow at New Lutheran Cemetery in Norfolk
at Sacred Heart Catholic Church-Olean with burial at Ss
Peter and Paul Catholic Cemetery in Howells
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2025 Women in the Law &#8211; Megan Drury – Burbach &amp; Stansbury
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Donna Jean McClain (Burbach) joined her Savior and her beloved Doug
at 10:30AM with visitation starting at 9:30 at Roper and Sons Midtown Chapel (4300 O St.) Interment at Wyuka Cemetery
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We understand that grieving doesn’t end after the service
We offer Aftercare for grief support as you process and heal from your loss
— Head to the NSAA Wrestling Championships
either duals in Kearney or individuals in Omaha
you will see Central City green - plenty of it
taking the state by storm with the intensity he brings to the mat
you will learn very quickly how much representing the Bison means to him
Central City has always been there for me,” Burbach said
after winning his bout in the NSWCA All-Star Dual
being able to represent them one more time is really special to me.”
Burbach has high praise for a program that has very high standards
but also coached Tristan to a pair of state titles
“[Burbach] found that in our own room,” Coach Garfield said
and the Kuhns boys - all of them two time state champions.”
Burbach said he had “never worked that hard in [his] entire life,” being “zoned in” and “focused,” through it all
It led to being just like Drew Garfield and the Kuhns
It’s why honoring those who came before him is so important
“I grew up in this program my whole life,” Burbach said
“Seeing all these different leaders it influenced me a lot.”
Burbach getting his “butt kicked,” as Burbach described
ready to work even harder at his next stop: UNK
that’s been part of a championship culture at Central City
and has wrestled under a championship coach
From one championship winning program to another
“[Burbach] could not be in better hands,” Garfield said
“Dalton Jensen over there is as quality a coach as they come.”
the kid that has grown into a quality young man
“I’m ready to get my butt kicked my couple years,” Burbach said
Burbach’s first action with the Lopers will come in the fall
and it can involve an array of players — local stakeholders
local governmental boards and sometimes the government of a neighboring state.&nbsp;
success in addressing irrigation regulation
nitrate regulation and other water issues not only requires a solid understanding of relevant science
but leadership skills that build consensus.&nbsp;
“Having the skill to appreciate each person’s perspective and get everyone working collaboratively to solve these very complex problems is more important than ever,” said Mark Burbach
a geoscientist in the University of Nebraska–Lincoln’s School of Natural Resources.&nbsp;
Burbach has a scientific background in agrichemical contaminants and water resource management
as well as a doctoral degree in leadership development
“We need to increase our leadership capacity to be able to match the increasing complexity of the natural resources and the environmental changes that are going on,” he said.&nbsp;
The Nebraska State Irrigation Association has long recognized this need, and to address it the association partnered with the university in 2011 to create a multidisciplinary training program known as the <a href="https://waterleadersacademy.org/">Nebraska Water Leaders Academy</a>
the academy brings together 15 to 25 early- to mid-career Nebraska professionals from a range of fields
Participants attend six two-day sessions throughout the year that cover different aspects of the “three pillars” of water management: natural resources science
The program’s Nebraska-specific natural resources topics include climate/weather
Participants learn about Nebraska water law
Natural Resource District history and interstate water compacts.&nbsp;
with the School of Natural Resources’ Conservation and Survey Division
has worked with the academy since its inception
He developed and oversees the academy’s leadership training components
risk communication and leadership skills to facilitate innovation.&nbsp;
Burbach has coordinated with more than 50 faculty members from University of Nebraska campuses
including Nebraska Extension educators from across the state
as they prepare presentations for academy sessions.&nbsp;
“There’s a need to have leaders who can appreciate that scientific and legal complexity and work collaboratively with others within that very complex context,” Burbach said.&nbsp;
multidisciplinary instruction and provides trips across Nebraska so participants can learn firsthand about different regions’ water needs
The experience facilitates networking and concludes with team projects that address real-world Nebraska water issues.&nbsp;
“That was such a rewarding experience for me,” said academy alumna Marie Krausnick
assistant general manager for the Upper Big Blue NRD
“It gave me the opportunity to network with a group that held similar and different points of view surrounding water
The academy experience “taught me the complexity and diversity involving all water uses across the state of Nebraska,” said Matt Lukasiewicz
general manager of the Loup Basin Reclamation District
Farwell Irrigation District and Sargent Irrigation District
“This made me recognize the value of this resource and the importance to work with others within the water industry
The visits around Nebraska to learn about the state’s varied water management needs were eye-opening
“I had never been to the Panhandle to see how surface and groundwater work together to keep the economy going,” she said
“Or to Omaha to see how Papio-Missouri NRD works to protect against flooding or how the Metropolitan Utilities District handles stormwater runoff and about the challenges with urban development on their systems.”
the academy develops a list of projects that participants can focus on in teams
“We reach out to alumni for ideas so the class can work together collaboratively on a real-world issue
to fill a gap that isn’t being filled for lack of resources or whatever,” said Burbach
who worked as a scientist with the Nebraska Water Center for 15 years.&nbsp;
one team identified possible rehabilitation options besides dredging for Lake Babcock at Columbus
The academy shared the information with the Loup Power District
Another team prioritized areas for wellhead protection delineation and shared the information with the Nebraska Department of Environment and Energy.&nbsp;
A third team compiled climate data resources on the Platte River watershed
Audubon Great Plains and other stakeholders received the information.&nbsp;
facilitating constructive networking and consultation
Many of the alumni hold leadership positions in local
state and national organizations involving natural resources management.&nbsp;
When the yearlong academy session is complete
Burbach always asks the participants how they intend to use what they have learned to move forward.&nbsp;
“It’s always fun to hear what their plans are
Many of the alumni step up to serve on local civic boards and commissions in addition to their work on water issues.&nbsp;
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Family Law Power List &#8211; Carlton Stansbury &#8211; Burbach &amp; Stansbury
Tuesday, April 2, 2024 10:00 AM to 11:00 AM CDT Maresh-Meredith &#038; Acklam Funeral Home Racine Location 803 Main St. Racine, WI 53403 <a data-atrk='a:vs-phone' href='tel:+12626347888' target='_blank'>(262) 634-7888</a> <a data-atrk='a:vs-driving-directions' href='//lsfhs.com/3qvMaX4' target='_blank' >Driving Directions</a>
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the first of 6 children of the late Peter and Elizabeth (Nee: Turner) Burbach
he was united in marriage to Barbara Shelmidine who preceded him in death December 18
he was united in marriage to Patricia (Nee: Ebben) Brown
Peter was employed by American Motors Corp for 7 years
retiring from Twin Disc in 2001 after 35 years
He was a member of Racine Assembly of God and a devout Christian who enjoyed watching and listening to the Gaither Vocal Band
Peter was quoted “I love Jesus with all of my heart”
yardwork or just fixing things around the house
Peter treasured the time spent with his family
father and grandfather who will be dearly missed
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Volume 3 - 2020 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2020.00045">https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2020.00045</a>
Today the majority of people uses online social networks not only to stay in contact with friends
but also to find information about relevant topics
While a lot of research has been conducted into opinion formation
only little is known about which factors influence whether a user of online social networks disseminates information or not
we created an agent-based model and simulated message spreading in social networks using a latent-process model
and we varied between a model that includes a personality model for its agents and one that did not
We found that the network type has only a weak influence on the distribution of content
whereas the message type has a clear influence on how many users receive a message
Using a personality model helped achieved more realistic outcomes
While this makes the search for information on the Internet and in social media easier for users at first, this selection of information can also have negative consequences. In the past, for example, the number of voices that view social networks as something negative has increased due to the fact that political opinions have been deliberately influenced and political results manipulated (<a href="#B71">Stark et al., 2017</a>; <a href="#B69">Shang, 2019</a>)
research does not tell us how much opinion-forming processes actually take place in social networks and we can not predict those processes
it is very important to consider the impact that the use of social networks has on user opinion formation
Users share information targeting to convince other users of their opinion
Social media simplified that users can convey one&#x00027;s opinion to other individuals
users need to be connected with the users that they want to convince
Each user&#x00027;s network is individual and different from the network of other users
and they themselves can expand or shrink the network
which in turn can affect the accessibility of users
To understand how the dissemination of information and thus also the formation of opinion in social networks takes place
it is necessary to first consider what motivates users have to express their opinion in social media and which personality traits the users have that publish their opinion in social media
It is further relevant to look at different network structures
as they can also influence how content is spread and to whom&#x02014;to friends or other users
we consider what influences how messages are spread in online social networks using an agent-based simulation
we explain what is known in theory about the spread of information and the formation of opinions in this section
We further introduce the latent process model
on which we built our simulation and explain further aspects that are important for the agent-based simulation
The consideration of the spread of news in social networks is based on a complexity. We can also speak of a complex social system. In other words, a system consisting of several ontological levels. This system can be divided into its micro- and macro-level, which represent interacting subsystems (<a href="#B19">Conte et al., 2012</a>)
it is not enough to look at the individual parts and understand them
but the overall system is more than the sum of all individual parts
If a system or a behavior cannot be described by the individual parts or subsystems alone
but in the overall system more becomes visible
one also speaks of emergence or emergent behavior
that whether or not information is spread in a social network using the technological infrastructure
is independent from the spread of an opinion in the users minds
it makes sense to model both sides of this process
first information dissemination and second opinion formation
Research speaks of information dissemination, information spread, or information diffusion when a person or a group of people sends information in a network (<a href="#B51">Li et al., 2017</a>). Information dissemination has already been analyzed in many ways and it has been considered which aspects influence information processing as well as which information is processed how fast and in what manner (<a href="#B18">Christakis, 2007</a>; <a href="#B80">Zhang and Wu, 2011</a>)
There are a number of dissemination models and other methods that are used to understand the diffusion phenomenon
The spread of information in networks is similar to the spread of disease in contact networks
while the latter requires a face-to-face interaction&#x02014;thus have relatively low limit on the edge-degree of nodes&#x02014;the former can spread much faster due to the fact that online social networks allow for thousands of followers
When the president of the United States retweets a post from a user
several million other users are immediately exposed to this type of information
Since the spread of information does not equate the spread of opinions
we must understand how opinions are formed
Opinions are typically voiced&#x02014;they are public
opinions may differ from the attitude of a person
The internal attitude may differ from the external opinion
there is agreement that attitude is a tendency to evaluate an object positively or negatively and to react to it if necessary
we are also guided by this notion of attitude
which also corresponds to the definition of Oskamp and Schultz
We used the latent process model by <a href="#B48">DeFleur and Westie (1963</a>) as the theoretical basis for the simulation
whose state should be considered as unknown
DeFleur and Westie see the attitude as a process variable within the opinion forming process
The opinion forming process is a preceding process to the reaction as a following process
The three processes form together the latent attitude
The latent attitude of a person is visible due to an observable reaction of the person
reading a post about the Iranian missile launch on American Forces in Iraq on January 8th 2020
claiming that no damage was done to American soldiers
The reader could change their belief about the severity of the conflict situation between USA and Iran; they could perceive an emotional relief about the severity
yet cognitively perceive the threat as equally strong; or they could post contradictory or agreeing information online
the affective and cognitive component are relatively independent of one another
The behavioral component is governed by both cognitive and affective processes
The basis for the latent process model was the emergence of the critique of the Consistency Theorem and the Separate Entities Model
The three models are connected by the fact that they all try to explain how attitudes arise
While the Consistency Theorem assumes a consistency between attitude and behavior
DeFleur and Westie criticize exactly this assumption of consistency
an inner process takes place between the appearance of an external stimulus and a behavior
This inner process cannot be observed directly (through visible behavior)
but the Consistency Theorem and the Separate Entities Model aim to explain this inner process
Other Researchers (e.g., <a href="#B78">Xiong and Liu, 2014</a>) have investigated opinion formation using latent internal opinions
to our knowledge none have investigated the differences in processes underlying the disparity between opinion and behavior using a process model
We consider personality traits of users of online social networks and how users behave in social networks as a basis for the most truthful possible design of agents in our model
we use the Big Five personality model to design our social network users
because it is the most established model to describe the personality of individuals
we first describe the Big Five personality model and then how these personality traits are correlated with the use of or behavior in online social networks
They found that all the personality traits correlate with each other and also that all of them
there are other models that describe the personality of individuals
but in this study we focus on the model of the Big Five personality traits as the most established model to describe personality
In addition to the agents of a simulation, the environment must also be simulated. In the environment&#x02014;the area in which the agents &#x0201C;live&#x0201D;&#x02014;the agents interact with each other (<a href="#B67">Serrano and Iglesias, 2016</a>)
For modeling social networks in simulation environments the structure of the network has to be mirrored into an artificial environment
This can be done by either replicating a real social network or by referring to artificial network topologies that has similar characteristics to real social networks
Agent-based models also enable to examine a large number of networks with similar characteristics and thus to simulate real network behavior
An important basis to model message spreading is the structure of the network. The real social affiliation can also be seen in the structures of social online networks (<a href="#B81">Zheleva et al., 2009</a>)
we also used different social network structures to connect our agents with each other in the environment
Network topologies serve as a structural basis of social networks as they make it possible to understand the formation of node and link distribution and to describe effects that occur depending on the structure (see <a href="#F1">Figure 1</a>). Network topologies can be classified into three types of networks: (1) Random Graph, (2) Scale-free, and (3) Small-World Networks that follow their own particularities (<a href="#B3">Albert and Barab&#x000E1;si, 2002</a>)
In general it is important to know that several measurements can be provided to describe a network such as its centrality
The clustering coefficient is an important value for examining the extent to which a network consists of local
Different sample network topologies for 1,000 vertices: (top left) real Facebook data
All Networks are displayed using a force-based layout
The Watts-Strogatz Model addresses this approach by extending the Erd&#x00151;s&#x02013;R&#x000E9;nyi model with an algorithm to create local clustering and triadic closure
It constructs a network with a regular ring lattice and rewires in a next step the vertices with a probability &#x003B2; for each edge while avoiding self-loops.This results in a graph with high local clustering and compared to a regular random network significantly reduced average path lengths through randomly rewired links
A minor drawback of this network is its weakness in producing realistic degree distributions as no hubs or scale-free distributions can be created
Such a network requires two main features considering its evolution process: it has to grow over time and the addition of nodes has to follow a preferential attachment strategy so that the probability for connecting a new node to the existing ones is higher for nodes who already have a high node degree than for those with low degree
The Bar&#x000E1;basi-Albert model describes a typical scale-free network topology
The algorithm serves for a power-law distribution of node degrees
resulting in a little amount of very well-connected hubs and a majority of nodes with only few connections to other nodes
The Stochastic Block Model (<a href="#B60">Mossel et al., 2012</a>) assumes that not all nodes stem from the same class
The probability of nodes being attached to other nodes may now differ depending on class
nodes from the same class are highly interconnected
while only few connections are formed between classes
Using a stochastic block model community structures in the data can be explained
as found in real networks such as Facebook
The Stanford Social Network Project provides a dataset for a Facebook Network consisting of 4,039 nodes and 88,234 edges. This data makes it possible to obtain a non-algorithmic, realistically grown network (<a href="#B55">McAuley and Leskovec, 2012</a>)
Stanford researches used this dataset to identify different types of social circles in online social networks such as friends or family members
We include this network dataset to compare the effects occurring in the other topologies to a realistic network
what increases or decreases the spread of messages in social networks
we focused on three different aspects and wanted to find out
how the three aspects influence the agents willingness to share a message
we considered four different types of content
we considered five different network types and lastly we either considered the personality of the agents or did not
Many other types of random graphs, such as multi-type(<a href="#B68">Shang, 2016</a>), bi-partite graphs, or stochastic block models exist. Some of these graphs might even be more suitable for the simulation of social networks. However, many of the properties about large scale components and their connectedness are similar to simple models anyways (<a href="#B46">Kang et al., 2015</a>)
To study the effects of a dual-process model in different network settings we created an agent-based model to simulate message sending in networks using the Julia language (<a href="#B9">Bezanson et al., 2017</a>)
The simulation is written completely in Julia and available in a public GitHub Repository
the data analysis is written in R using R Markdown and also openly available on GitHub
To simulate how messages are sent in a network
we need to find ways to artificially instantiate the components that play a role in such a process
In our case we must simulate the individuals (the agents)
by assuming that only one message exists at a time
By running multiple simulations we can investigate the effect of different messages
We use a very simplified type of a message model
of which one describes the affective stimulus and the other marks the cognitive stimulus of a message
Both are drawn from four different options
which can be represented as a tuple [val = (affective
We have chosen four message types that represent different the affective and cognitive values in different forms
that is mostly affective [affective content
that is mostly cognitive [cognitive content
The core idea of our study was to investigate the effect of the dual-process model in message sending
Thus our agents have virtual representations of the dual process model
agents remember their affective and cognitive attitude toward a message
These attitudes are both drawn from the uniform distribution between 0 and 1 [U(0
They are assumed to be statistically independent
which is reasonable as people may have different attitudes toward a subject on a cognitive or affective level
the behavior of the agents follows two individual thresholds
1)) determines how much affective stimulation it requires to notice the content
By comparing the noticing threshold with the affective value of the message
it is determined whether the message is plainly ignored or evaluated further
These variables were drawn from a uniform distribution to simplify the opinion space to a domain of [0;1]
we tested using normally distributed data N(0
To match these variables to a domain of [0;1] we used a arctanh(x)-transformation
agents evaluate whether or not to forward a message
The posting threshold is compared with the full dual-process evaluation following a tripartite approach
The affective value of the message and the affective attitude both form the affective process variable by taking their mean
This entails that it requires both parts (attitude and message activation) for the process to play a role
a weak activation can already trigger a relatively strong response (because we take the mean of both)
The same is done for the cognitive process
take the mean of cognitive attitude and cognitive value of the message
Both processes are then combined using the geometric mean
making it necessary to have a strong activation on both processes to start the behavioral process
This last process is compared against the posting threshold
If the process value is higher than the threshold
Simulating this process allows giving agents internal attributes and opinions that are not acted on unless a message activates them
We differentiate between two different agent models
simply draws these thresholds from a uniform distribution [U(0
This sets the expected threshold to 0.5 with strong variation in the sample [E(SD) &#x02248; 0.289]
The other agent we call personality agent, because we base this agent on a personality model. The underlying model is the Big Five personality model, from which we use three dimensions (<a href="#B34">Goldberg, 1990</a>)
Agents can vary with regard to extraversion
There is evidence (see section 2) toward these measures that indicates that they influence behavior in social networks
For example, higher extraversion of an individual increases its likelihood to have many connections on Facebook (<a href="#B52">L&#x000F6;nnqvist and Itkonen, 2014</a>). Further, a higher openness makes it more likely for users to notice new content on social media (<a href="#B2">Alan and Kabaday&#x00131;, 2016</a>). Lastly, a higher conscientiousness decreases the likelihood to post content without thoughtful consideration (<a href="#B40">Gumelar et al., 2018/07</a>)
we derive the following: The noticing threshold in the personality agents is the mean of a random value from U(0
1) and the inverse of the openness of the agent
This leads to a lower threshold for more open agents
The posting threshold is the mean of a random value from U(0
This increases the threshold for more conscientious users
The extraversion of an agent is later used in the network formation
To create realistic personality values we draw these values from a multivariate normal distribution that is generated using the correlation (<a href="#T1">Table 1</a>)
To ensure that our values are in the domain of [0;1] we take the tangens hyperbolicus [which yields a domain of (&#x02212;1;1)]
Big Five Personality traits and relations to each other
This personality agent should behave more realistically than the completely random agent
To measure the effect different random networks have on message spreading we generate six different network types. For this purpose we use the respective network generators supplied in the LightGraphs package (<a href="#B11">Bromberger et al., 2017</a>) and the SNAP Dataset (<a href="#B49">Leskovec and Krevl, 2014</a>). The scale free network uses the LightsGraphs implementation by <a href="#B17">Cho et al. (2009)</a>
therefore also referred to as &#x0201C;Cho.&#x0201D; The stochastic block model assumed 20 communities and randomly divides the agents to these communities
This is achieved by choosing 20 random numbers from a uniform distribution and dividing the by the sum
These numbers are then multiplied with the intended agent size
The weight matrix for the generator is randomly created by limiting the diagonal entries to values between 0.01 and 0.05 times the clustersize
and all other entries between 0.0001 and 0.01
For 60% of the non-diagonal entry we randomly also select 0
This achieves similar community structures as the facebook data used here as well
We designed a latent dual process model to simulate opinion formation
whether an agent even perceives the contribution
This is determined by affective value of the message (amessage)
If it surpasses the noticing threshold (tnoticing)
the openness has an influence on this threshold&#x02014;more open agents will have lower thresholds
The second process simulates opinion formation based on the latent process model
Each message has two components an affective (maffective) and a cognitive value (maffective)
The geometric mean of those values with the agents existing internal affective (aaffective) and cognitive attitude (acognitive) is then compared against a behavioral threshold
If the process evokes a stronger &#x0201C;reaction&#x0201D; than the threshold the user adapts the attitude and will now forward the message once to all neighbors
the conscientiousness of the agent determines this threshold&#x02014;more conscientious agents will have higher thresholds
The noticing algorithm determines how a message gets noticed
The sending algorithm determines whether or not an agents forwards the message
Using the aforementioned model components we ran 30,000 different simulations
and the agent type (personality or random)
The node with highest vertex centrality was chosen as the starting node
simulating the behavior of an opinion leader that introduces novel content to their &#x0201C;sub-network&#x0201D;
We then ran the simulation until no more active senders were in the network
will not resend the message in later simulation steps
To reduce the impact of randomness we replicated each experiment 1,000 times using different random seeds
All experiments used a Mersenne Twister pseudo-random number generator
Initialization between different configurations of the experiments received the same random seed
we analyzed whether three different initial settings lead to different outcomes
we first used different content types (affective content
We see that the network generators behave relatively stable regarding network size (see <a href="#F2">Figure 2</a>)
Both clustering coefficient and community count are stable
There are differences between the networks though
Real data from facebook shows the largest cluster coefficient in all settings
Only the stochastic block model seems to capture a high clustering coefficient equally well
The Bar&#x000E1;basi Albert model only leads to one large community
as in our case we used a preferential attachment generator
Clustering coefficients and community counts for all network generators
we compared whether the use of a personality model for the creation of the agents in our simulation leads to a different outcome than the simulation runs without the personality model
Using these three different initial settings
The results of our simulation runs are depicted in <a href="#F3">Figure 3</a>
The figure shows for each simulation step how many of the agents who saw the message also forwarded it
The number of forwarding agents is also visible for the six different network types (horizontal); for the agents with and without the use of the personality model (vertical); and the different content types (color)
The first aspect we look at in the following is when the number of forwarding agents or online social media users in our simulation is highest or lowest
Differences in content type become apparent in the spread of information
never all agents have seen and forwarded the message
The number of forwarding agents was highest in the simulation (which is shown above right)
where the agents have an according to the Big five factors designed personality
and where the agents are located in the Watts Strogatz network
more than 75% of the agents did forward the seen content
the lowest number of forwarding agents occurred in the simulation (which is shown above left)
where the content is weak or mostly cognitive
where the agents are designed according to the personality model and where the agents are located in a Bar&#x000E1;basi Albert network
The agents stop forwarding the message at the latest at the fourth simulation step and until then almost no agent has forwarded the message
when the proportion of forwarding agents is highest or lowest
we look at the single factors that could have an influence on the proportion of forwarding agents
starting with the four different content types
that are highlighted in different colors in the figure
In every network type apart of the Bar&#x000E1;basi Albert network
where we used the personality model (upper row)
did in the end more than 75% forward the seem content
In the Bar&#x000E1;basi Albert network still more than 50% forwarded the content
still more than 60% forwarded the content in the four other network types and in the Bar&#x000E1;basi Albert network did more than 30% forward the content
The agents forward the mostly affective content the second most and significantly more frequently than the other two contents
The weak content as well as the mostly cognitive content are almost never forwarded at all
The agents also always stop forwarding the message before the eighth simulation step
Only with the Facebook network and without using the personality model
the mostly cognitive content is forwarded somewhat more frequently
but still forwarding does not exceed the eighth step of the simulation
After considering the influence of the content type, we now look at the different network types and how they influence the number of forwarding agents (horizontal). As can be seen in <a href="#F3">Figure 3</a>
the proportion of forwarding agents differs only slightly between the Random
Hardly any difference can be seen between the red and blue lines of the forwarding agents located either in the Random or in the Scale-Free network
The lines also look very similar for the agents in the Watts Strogatz network
While in the Random and in the Scale-Free network many agents already forward the both content
the number of forwarding agents for the Watts Strogatz network is a bit higher
If we look at the mostly affective content
the number of forwarding agents in the Watts Strogatz network differs more for the individual simulations than for the two previously mentioned networks
Slightly larger differences can be seen for the Bar&#x000E1;basi Albert and the Facebook network
In the Facebook and the Bar&#x000E1;basi Albert network
the number of agents that forward the both content and the mostly affective content is more similar
fewer agents forward the two most forwarded contents
Lastly, we compare the message spread in our simulations based on whether the personality of our agents followed a personality model or was randomly generated. <a href="#F3">Figure 3</a> shows that the proportion of forwarding agents of the mostly affective content and the affective and cognitive content was always higher when they were equipped with a personality model in the simulation
The biggest deviation occurs when the agents are located in the Bar&#x000E1;basi Albert Network or in the Faceboook Network
While in the Bar&#x000E1;basi Albert Network around 20% of the agents forward the affective and cognitive content
when their personality is randomly generated
more than twice as many (around 44%) forward the affective and cognitive content
when their personality was designed through the personality model
comparing the different ways of shaping the personality of the agents in the Bar&#x000E1;basi Albert Network
the number of forwarding agents is almost identical for the other three contents
the number of forwarding agents (with an intentionally created or random personality) is different for all contents
This type of network is also the only case where more agents with random personality forward the (weak and mostly cognitive) content than agents with an intentionally created personality
around 2% of the agents forwarded the weak content and around 3% forwarded the mostly cognitive content
around 10% of the agents forwarded the weak content and around 11.5% of the agents forwarded the mostly cognitive content
around 75% agents with a randomly generated personality forwarded the affective and cognitive content
the number of forwarding agents was around 87%
Around 62.5% of the agents with a random personality forwarded the mostly affective content and around 75% agents with an intentionally created personality forwarded the mostly affective content
When the personality of the agents was randomly generated and the Random
Scale-Free and Watts Strogatz network was used
the number of forwarding agents (of the cognitive and affective content) remained below 75%
the number was higher than 75% when we used the personality model
the agents with an intentionally created personality forward the mostly affective content more often (around 44%)
than the agents with random personality (around 25%)
Regardless of how the personality of the agents is designed
no agent forwards the mostly cognitive and the weak content
Overall, <a href="#F3">Figure 3</a> shows that the proportion of forwarding agents mostly depends on the content type and if the agents have a personality designed according to the personality model or not. Even when looking at the standard error of the mean of proportions of agents that have seen or sent the message we see little deviation between the different graphs (see <a href="#F4">Figure 4</a>) In contrast
the network type showed a lower influence except for Bar&#x000E1;basi Albert and Facebook networks
The deviation from the mean spread of message is low across all simulation
Lastly, <a href="#F5">Figure 5</a> shows the results of a general linear model using agent type
network type and content type as predictors
As the predicted variable we used the number of agents that have sent the message until the last iteration step of each simulation
The model was significant with a null deviance of 473,939,679 on 11,999 degrees of freedom and a residual deviance of 93,791,997 on 11,990 degrees of freedom
The Akaike information criterion (AIC) for the final model was 141,644
This strengthens the importance of the message content in our model
but also highlights that the personality-based model contributed to modeling message spreading in our model
The only two factors not significant here were the network type being Cho or Watts Strogatz
As the null level of the network type the random graph was chosen
Our stochastic block model underestimated message spread compared against a real facebook model
Plotting the coefficients of a general linear model to determine the influence of network and agent type
The first result of our study was that the generators that we have used did not behave exactly as real world network data
The focus in our study was not to perfectly simulate the network
but investigate the effect a dual process model in such networks
We found that all synthetic networks shows lower clustering coefficients
which may be derived from the processes and parameters we used
The ratio of nodes to edges was by far higher for real world data then for our synthetic networks
Tweaking of these parameters in the future will provide additional insights regarding the network generators
Interestingly, the qualitative behavior of all networks was similar, yet with different ultimate levels of spread. The stochastic block model, chose for its ability to reproduce community like data in facebook, shows by far lesser spread then the real facebook data. The scale-free network using the algorithm proposed by <a href="#B17">Cho et al. (2009)</a> behaves rather non-intuitive
The implementation was used without verification from the &#x0201C;LightGraphs&#x0201D; package
Future studies should check for faults in this implementation as well
we did not look fully into different network sizes
The slices we have used have no inherent value except for their readability
This is important to understand as the behavior of the graph limits is very well-understood
Our models are still far from the graph limits
and thus future work should verify the impact of network size in this model as well as phase-transitions in the network (critical states)
The results of our study show that in no simulation all agents saw the content in the end
In no case did more than 80% of the agents see the content
This means that the forwarding of the content inevitably stopped at some point
but what caused the agents to stop forwarding the content
The results of our study indicate that the personality of an online social network user and the type of content have the greatest influence on the spread of messages
it makes almost no difference whether the agents interact in different network types
that varying the network type would effect the distribution of content depending on how individuals are connected
we were not able to observe this in our study
it may be less crucial to explore how users are connected in social networks and
more important to consider how users perceive different types of content and whether and how this depends on their personality
the personality also influences how many people a user is connected to in social networks
a user can only see a content if he is connected in some way to a person who is sending it
which means that the importance of different network types should not be neglected
Network generators have additional parameters that can be changed to create different node to edge ratios
In our configuration we always had far fewer edges than the real-life representation of facebook
it is interesting to see that also mostly cognitive appealing content was spread further in the network
Boundaries between content types are not as clear in this case
In a network that is based on the Bar&#x000E1;basi Albert network topology
A possible explanation for this can be seen in the structure of this network
Because of the preferential attachment of Bar&#x000E1;basi Albert
few users exist who are connected to a lot of other users and if one of these well-connected users chooses to reject a message
this has a greater effect on the whole forwarding process than a rejection of a single user in the other network types
By providing better interconnectedness between all nodes
this effect is diminished in other network types as there is still a good chance that the other users will receive the message from another user with whom they are also connected
Confirmatory to the study of Xiong et al. the message spread of the scale-free networks and the Watts-Strogatz network as representative for small-world topologies is similar to each other (<a href="#B79">Xiong et al., 2015</a>)
It has been shown that affective content is more likely to arouse readers&#x00027; interest and also leads individuals to react to the content and forward it, for example (<a href="#B63">Oskamp and Schultz, 2005</a>)
Our results have also shown that the affective content is seen and shared much more frequently by social media users
the combination of affective and cognitive content seems to increase the willingness to share a contribution the most
we also designed the personality of the agents
In order to make the personality of the agents as realistic as possible and to resemble the personality of people or users of online social networks
we based our research on the results of the Big Five personality traits and how they relate to each other (see section 2.5.1)
we designed the personality of the agents on the basis of the traits openness
we see that including a personality model increases the reach of the message in all cases
This is partly due to the correlation of extraversion and openness in our model
More central nodes are more open and thus interact with more content
but not sufficiently so to contain the spread of messages in a network
Integrating the personality perspective highlights the reach of both cognitively and affectively appealing messages
These show a very similar spread in many of the simulations
By focusing this study on designing agent personality using three relevant features of the Big Five personality model
we omitted other features of the Big Five personality model and features of other personality models
This allowed us to design the relationships between the personality traits in a simple way and to design the personality of the agents in the model
which is always a simplification of the real world
the personality of the agents can be designed more comprehensively
we would like to use the agreeableness and neuroticism of the Big Five personality model as well as other personality models to describe the personality of agents
Using malicious agents/users or social bots in our simulation would have resulted in more spreaded weak content
but in this study (,as mentioned above,) we just concentrated on the influence of the three Big Five personality traits to keep the personality model relatively simple
In further studies we will extend the personality model not only by further personality traits
that try to manipulate the other agents in the simulation
With using an agent based model we found that the content type
the personality of a social media user and the type of network in which an individual is located have an influence on whether users see a contribution in the social network and whether they forward it
the willingness to forward a content depends more strongly on the content type and the personality of the agents than on the network type
This effect could even increase by using malicious agents or social bots
there are special network types that have a great influence on how many users are reached by a content
The network type should therefore not be neglected in further research
Since we saw that a network in which few users are connected to a lot of other users lead to a lower number of seeing and forwarding users
we want to consider network types with individual users connected to many other agents in the future
Here it could be particularly interesting to consider an agent of these well-connected agents as malicious
that combines affective and cognitive content increases the willingness to share the message the most
social media users really do not want to share weak and mostly cognitive content no matter how the network is structured in our case
In the future it would also be interesting to take a closer look at the different forms of content
to compare different affective content to find out whether all affective content has a high probability to get forwarded or only content that appeals to certain emotions
It would also be interesting to look at different cognitively appealing contents or harmful content&#x02014;e.g.
etc.&#x02014;to find out what would make individuals forward that type of content more often than in our simulation or whether they actually never forward that content
The integration of a personality model increases the willingness to forward content
we are not sure which other personality traits have the same effect and which personality traits could lead to the opposite effect and thus reduce the willingness to forward a contribution
that more conscientious persons would be even less likely to pass on harmful content
It is also conceivable that self-confident and extroverted social media as well as malicious users are more likely to forward content than people who fear negative feedback
we will design the personality of our agents or social media users more comprehensively by including further personality traits other types of agents
All datasets generated for this study are included in the article/supplementary material
All authors listed have made a substantial
direct and intellectual contribution to the work
This work was funded by the State of North Rhine-Westphalia
Germany under the grant number 005-1709-0006
project Digitale M&#x000FC;ndigkei and project number 1706dgn017
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
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Received: 31 October 2019; Accepted: 25 May 2020; Published: 02 July 2020
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&#x0002A;Correspondence: Laura Burbach, <a id="encmail">YnVyYmFjaEBjb21tLnJ3dGgtYWFjaGVuLmRl</a>
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who is the social and environmental justice lead at the London Jesuit Centre
Her research focuses on using Pope Francis’ teachings to navigate difficulties in the Church’s encounter with transness
emphasising that “gender ideology” is “something other than” trans people
and that his rejection of the former does not mean a rejection of the latter
it is also staggeringly naïve: when we look at what it means to institutionalise the vision of Dignitas Infinita
it quickly becomes apparent how its attack on ‘gender ideology’ leads to an attack on trans people ourselves
it is helpful to understand what Dignitas Infinita says about both human dignity and transness
The Declaration begins by breaking down the idea of “dignity” into four different types
The first is “ontological” dignity: the inherent value we all possess by virtue of our being created by God and objects of God’s love
which is attained when we act in such a way as to respect the values that flow from the ontological dignity of creation
Our lives possess social dignity when the ethical demands that flow from our ontological dignity are fulfilled; when they are free from exploitation
Our lives have existential dignity when we experience them as possessing the value entailed by our ontological dignity (§7-8)
If someone feels their life is not worth living
or even just less valuable than it really is
Dignitas Infinita claims that transness is rooted in a “gender theory” or “ideology” that rejects our essential nature as sexed beings
denies the ontological dignity of our sexed nature; what might be described as an existentially undignified view of the self
The Declaration also claims that this leads us to disregard the ontological dignity of our bodies by doing things which damage them (surgery
etc); acts which we might thereby describe as morally undignified (§58-60)
Dignitatis Infinita situates this within what it sees as a broader trend of detaching human freedom from the limits and obligations presented by the truth of human dignity
society today often acts as though people should exercise their freedom for its own sake; that it is enough for humans to act freely
without any reference to the intrinsic value of human life and the moral demands that flow from it
is harmful in part because it is a mistaken view of freedom itself
human freedom finds its fulfillment in enabling us to pursue good
It also attributes this mistaken view to the disorder that sin creates in the world
making us desire to exercise our freedom contrary to moral truth
we need to be rescued from sin’s corruption of our desires
giving us the authentic freedom of being able to use our freedom properly &#8211; i.e
in ways that respect the truth of human dignity
This “pastoral reflection on gender” identifies itself as being “in line” with Dignitas Infinita (p
sharing the same broad view of transness in relation to human dignity
Intricately Woven reveals the problems of Dignitas Infinita in its directions for how Catholic organisations ought to respond to transness
These directions include a broad-brush rejection of all trans healthcare as harmful to the body; as well as of social transition (when someone changes their gendered social role)
which it claims fails to respect “the truth and vocation of each man and each woman.” It also states that Church institutions should avoid adopting “the language of gender ideology.” It does not go on to define what this language includes
citing only Dignitas Infinita’s statement that gender theory “cancels differences in its claim to make everyone equal” (p
this vagueness lends itself to a more expansive interpretation &#8211; at the very least
we can see how this might be taken as ruling out any language that implies people can change gender
rather than (for example) simply being uncomfortable with their social role and body
Intricately Woven continues to stipulate that trans people should be met with a model of pastoral “accompaniment” that seeks to “help them rediscover and cherish their humanity as it was conceived and created by God
It is hard to see how these directions leave any space for trans life within Catholic institutions and organisations. All they really offer is the opportunity to undergo damaging <a href="https://cgshe.ca/app/uploads/2020/02/SOGIECE-Dialogue-Report_FINAL_Feb1820.pdf">gender identity change efforts (or GICE)</a> &#8211; whether through the pressures of an institutional context that resists transness at every turn until you are forced into desistance
or through a deliberate effort to ‘accompany’ you to cisnormativity
while both Dignitas Infinita and Intimately Woven are concerned with affirming human dignity in its various forms
they ultimately advocate for the neglect and abuse of trans dignity in several senses
First, being subject to this level of exclusion and policing is hardly compatible with a socially dignified life. Nor, as the <a href="https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-020-01563-8">stories of victims of GICE</a> attest
and the demand of their own dignity to supply this
Prefect of the Vatican&#8217;s Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith
holding up a copy of the declaration &#8220;Dignitas Infinita&#8221;
Recognising this fact reveals that living our trans lives is vital to our freedom: The Church teaches that humans
are “at once impelled by nature and also bound by a moral obligation to seek the truth”
and to shape our lives in accordance with it once it is known (Dignitatis Humanae
the activity of seeking moral truth is necessary to what Dignitas Infinita calls moral dignity: part of respecting moral truth is trying to discover it in the first place
and shaping our lives in accordance with what we find
Exploring our transness and living our trans lives in response to a moral or spiritual conviction is a part our search for and response to (what we have found to be) truth
it is part of the process whereby we pursue a morally dignified life
in accordance with our nature and obligation as free beings
the Church also teaches that we cannot exercise our freedom in accordance with our nature and duty if we are coerced in doing so
And this is the case even if human freedom might also need to be ‘freed’ to stop it making mistakes in that search
This is the principle that underpins the Church’s affirmation of religious freedom (Dignitatis Humanae
§2) &#8211; which applies even to bad and/or mistaken people
If living our trans life is part of the process whereby we seek and attempt to conform our lives to moral truth
then creating a society in which we are policed in our transness prevents us from living a morally dignified life by subjecting us to coercion in this process
And this would be the case even if we were misdirected in our search by the effects of sin
while both Dignitas Infinita and Intimately Woven explicitly affirm trans people’s ontological dignity (indeed
their whole point is to do so for all people)
their vision for society would deny us the various forms of dignity our nature demands
To realise this vision would thereby be an offense against our ontological dignity
Let me be clear: I do not think either of these two documents were written maliciously
It is all well and good to distinguish between “gender ideology” and trans people in theory
the more concrete directions of Intricately Woven show that defending human dignity from ‘gender theory’ as Dignitas Infinita understands it leads to the abuse of trans dignity
it is not so easy to make this distinction on a practical basis
where attacking ‘gender ideology’ means attacking trans people
emphasizing that “gender ideology” is “something other than” trans people
and that his rejection of the former does not mean a rejection of the latter.&#8221;
a troubling &#8220;distinction.&#8221;  It&#8217;s just a rehash of the old saying
but love the sinner.&#8221;  I&#8217;m sorry
Splitting a person somehow into &#8220;boxes&#8221; like that is false to the my understanding of the UNITY of the person
but the document is very flawed&#8230;again
I appreciate both the methodical discussion of human dignity as well as your take on Pope Francis&#8217;s clarification
and website in this browser for the next time I comment
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Burbach Park is one of the parks in northeast Fort Worth that is getting a new playground
Miranda joined Community Impact as an editor in August 2017 with the Grapevine-Colleyville-Southlake edition
In 2019 she transitioned to editor for the McKinney edition
She began covering Frisco as well in 2020 and was promoted to managing editor in 2024
Miranda served as managing editor for The Prosper Press
The Anna-Melissa Tribune and The Van Alstyne Leader; and before that
she reported and did design for The Herald Democrat
She graduated with a degree in journalism from Oklahoma Christian University in 2014
and he attended Auburn Elementary and graduated from Kenston High School in 1956
1963; they enjoyed 60 beautiful years of marriage
Jack and Betty resided in West Farmington for 50 years
where they raised their three children &#8212; Jacqueline (Tim) Mitton
Kathryn Amato (Jim Baginy) and Steven (Jody) Burbach
Steven (Elizebeth) Burbach and Michael Burbach
Jack leaves 10 beautiful great-grandchildren
He was preceded in death by both his parents; his in-laws; and his aunts and uncles
Jack had many occupations throughout his life: joining the Ohio Army National Guard; owning a gas station in Welshfield
He also was an avid farmer and worked in the oil and gas drilling business
Jack and Betty owned and operated Burbach Family Concessions for over 50 years
beginning in 1973; they traveled throughout Ohio
North and South Carolina and Florida with their mobile food concession business
Jack&#8217;s most rewarding titles were husband
&#8220;Papa&#8221; or &#8220;Grandpa Jack.&#8221;
Jack received many awards throughout his concession career: in 2011
he was presented with the Outstanding Achievement in Food through the Greater Ohio Showmen&#8217;s Association; in 2013
Jack and Betty were the Farmington Festival Grand Marshals; and in 2015
Jack and Betty were inducted into the Lake County Hall of Fame
Jack had met many friends along his travels that became family; he gave a lot of people their first job or opportunity
working with him and Betty in their concession business
He loved everything his family was involved in
attending his yearly Auburn Alumni Banquet and looked forward to seeing many friends from throughout his life; whatever the event
they would be able to catch up where they left off
Jack donated his body to the Cleveland Clinic body donation program for the advancement of medical science for ALS / Kennedy Disease
donations may be made to the ALS Association in Independence
Ohio; the Animal Welfare League of Trumbull County; The Ashtabula
Lake and Trumbull County fairs; or The Geneva Grape Jamboree
A celebration of life will be announced at a later date by his family
| https://www.tribtoday.com | 240 Franklin Street SE
September 22, 2022 | <a href="https://couleecremation.com/lynn-george-burbach/#respond">16 comments</a>
returned to his Father in Heaven after a long
to John George and Kathryn Eleanor (Terpstra) Burbach
Lynn was a 1952 graduate of Onalaska High School
and they were later sealed for time and all eternity in the Provo Utah Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on August 18
seeking out in-depth conversations about sports
He was known for the entertaining stories he would tell and the laughter he would share with others
He made many lifelong friends through church and his many hobbies including golf
He was a loyal lifetime fan of Onalaska High School sports
and could recall games in vivid detail from over the past 70 years
He enjoyed watching birds in the backyard and working in his garden and was well-known for his canned dill pickles
He served in many capacities in his church including leadership roles
His favorite times were days spent with his family
His faith in Jesus Christ and eternal life were unwavering and he strived to share his testimony with friends and family
his loving wife and best friend of 41 years; their two daughters Sara (Matt) Redd and Amy (James) Drysdale; his three daughters from his first marriage: Lori (Greg) Marnach
Paula Burbach and Valerie Ellenz; and his grandchildren: Anastasia
his brothers Gerald “Toby” (Cordelia) Hansen and John (Beverly) Burbach
After many health issues throughout his life
he was looking forward to no longer being in pain and reuniting with family members and friends who have passed on
2022 at 11:00am at The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 A visitation will be held one hour prior to the services at the church
Coulee Region Cremation Group will not be attending the service
 We will look forward to see you again in heaven
To Paula and the entire Burbach family my deepest sympathies
I send my confolences to the Lynn Burbach family
was a hard worker and really cared about his family
To all of the Burbach girls: my deepest sympathy to you and your families
I&#8217;m sure there&#8217;s a lot of us looking forward to a reunion someday
May God bless the Burbach family in grief and goodbye
My condolences to you Mary and all the family
I’ve especially cherished the time watching and discussing Hilltopper boys basketball with you and Lynn over these past many years
My belief is that we all will be reunited in Heaven some day
You&#8217;ll have to cheer in the Onalaska hilltoppers for Lynn
He loved watching the teams over the years
 I will maybe contact you when I get working on his genealogy again
Remerberıng the many years that I bowled on the same tıme wıth İynn
Lynn hasn&#8217;t been able to bowl for about 5 years
 I was sadden to hear about Lynn&#8217;s passing and express my deepest sympathies and gratitude
Lynn was a father figure to me in my childhood years
I remember the numberless amount of Onalaska basketball games he would take me too
During those countless hours together he would always take time to talk
and share things that have stuck with me all my life
With out question after ever game we go to the late night walk up at Mr
D&#8217;s and he would get me a blueberry donut
It was priceless to me then and is priceless to me now
Thank you for being there when I needed it most
I’ve known Lynn since 1978 when I started at the G
I have many fond memories of him and will cherish them
She married Conrad William Burbach and they had two sons
Melody Bonniwell; grandchildren: Maurecia (Jordan) Groce
Eva Burbach and Landon Burbach; great-grandchildren: Zaidyn
Jackson and Brielle; the Kolodziej cousins; and many other family and friends
Kathy is preceded in death by her parents; husband
A memorial service for Kathy will be held on Saturday
with visitation from 11 AM until the time of the service
HARTINGTON &mdash; Services for Loni Lee Burbach, 56, Norfolk, will be on Monday, June 1, at 10 a.m. at Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Hartington, with the Rev. Jim Keiter officiating. Services will be limited to 100 people and face masks will be required. You may watch a live stream of the funeral at <a href="https://www.facebook.com/WintzRay/live/">https://www.facebook.com/WintzRay/live/</a>
Burial of his cremated remains will be in the Sacred Heart cemetery in Wynot
Visitation will be one hour prior to services on Monday from 9 to 10 a.m
The vet ran his hand along the horse&rsquo;s neck and under the coarse drape of its mane
The gelding was an eight-year-old Friesian cross
one of a matched pair of cart horses their owner brought to Terlingua late last fall
and he conveyed his nervousness by the mincing fidget-steps he took in the dust
The thirty-six-year-old Burbach is Big Bend&rsquo;s only mobile large-animal veterinarian
his practice is typically limited to cattle and equines
Towed behind the vehicle is a folding stock that creates a chute to safely contain an animal for examination
but they keep regular office hours at stand-alone clinics with staff and boarding facilities
Burbach keeps images of interesting cases on his phone
like the horse that rammed a piece of wood through her nasal cavity and transformed
He particularly enjoys dealing with the mechanics of horses&rsquo; feet and teeth
&ldquo;You&rsquo;re putting together a puzzle,&rdquo; he said
but I can&rsquo;t see what&rsquo;s going on internally.&rdquo;
Burbach checked the black horse&rsquo;s respiration and heart
He secured the gelding inside the stock and administered a light sedative
then set out vaccinations and tools while the drug kicked in
but they up and move or decide they&rsquo;re not going to ranch anymore,&rdquo; said Burbach
Burbach and the owner conferred about vaccines: rabies
Burbach inserted a finger into the horse&rsquo;s ear searching for ticks
then slid a hand into its mouth and felt for rough points along the teeth
Irregular edges can make sores inside the cheek that lead to infection or create pain for a horse ridden with a bit
Burbach cleansed the mouth with a syringe of water and strapped a medieval-looking speculum on the horse&rsquo;s head to hold its mouth open
He produced a cordless drill whose long-armed attachment held a paddle at the end
and Burbach filed the teeth&rsquo;s pointy edges
The gelding&rsquo;s eyes widened at the noise
which was louder than a human-scale dental drill
Dust plumes puffed from the horse&rsquo;s mouth as Burbach filed
and moved the tongue to the side to address problem spots
He paused and fished around again inside the mouth
&ldquo;My favorite story is when a lady saw the dust flying out from the drill,&rdquo; he said
&lsquo;Is his mouth on fire?&rsquo; I wished I&rsquo;d have said
but he&rsquo;ll build up enough saliva to put it out.&rsquo;&#8202;&rdquo;
He removed the speculum and swung open the gate
The tipsy black horse walked out and shook like a dog after a bath
Burbach&rsquo;s visits usually involve one owner&rsquo;s animals
but sometimes neighbors pile on when he&rsquo;s in the vicinity
After the black horse came another black gelding
Two sun-worn women shambled up with a couple of old horses
Burbach shared advice about feeding and dispatched Colby to trim the horses&rsquo; feet
accompanied by a fudge-colored donkey that was maneuvered directly in front of the stock to help keep the horse calm
Burbach is six three but seems taller wearing his hat
His horseshoe mustache extends a couple of inches below his chin
and a belt buckle with his initials fashioned into a brand
This punchy look retains no hint of Burbach&rsquo;s suburban upbringing in The Woodlands
&ldquo;If I went to a high school reunion,&rdquo; he says
Burbach grew up a sports-playing kid with two siblings
The only thing I ever rode was a bike.&rdquo;
Burbach studied mechanical engineering at Texas A&amp;M
he worked a job tending far-flung natural gas compression stations
He abruptly ditched the natural gas job and returned to Montana
where he regularly shadowed a large-animal vet
pestering him with so many questions that the vet let him assist
He became captivated with a copy of Up to My Armpits
Charlie Edwards&rsquo;s memoir about his decades as a DVM in Marfa
a Marfa girl who grew up on a ranch south of town
He mentioned the memoir on their first date
Edwards was Chelsea&rsquo;s family vet; she knew most of the places and people in the book
&ldquo;I knew then I was going to marry this girl,&rdquo; he said
After a quick lunch in the Terlingua sunshine
where three large steers stood together: one white Longhorn
and one blue-speckled Longhorn-Watusi cross
a mountain-size animal with a wary demeanor and a pair of enormous
&ldquo;His horn base is as big as your waist,&rdquo; Colby told Burbach
and discussion ensued about trimming the brindle steer&rsquo;s overlong hooves
The steer could not be run into the pens&rsquo; chute to be treated&mdash;his horns were too wide&mdash;so Burbach emerged from his truck with a dart gun straight from a James Bond movie
The blue steer pawed the ground and waggled his horns
&ldquo;The Watusi can be kind of ornery,&rdquo; the owner called out
Burbach shot a tranquilizing dart into the brindle&rsquo;s hip and retreated behind the fence
The brindle swayed drunkenly but wouldn&rsquo;t lie down
The other steers assumed a protective stance
&ldquo;That&rsquo;s a prey animal for you,&rdquo; said Burbach
&ldquo;They don&rsquo;t want to seem weak.&rdquo;
The vet approached; the brindle suddenly leaped to its feet
and then all three steers pounded pell-mell from one adjoining pen to another
Burbach and Colby shook out ropes and caught the brindle&rsquo;s heel
but there was no containing the other steers
that&rsquo;s how it goes!&rdquo; the owner said
The sun dropped behind the mountains on the drive home
Burbach thought out loud about his friends with straight jobs
&ldquo;My days are so different,&rdquo; he said
Tomorrow I&rsquo;m palpating six hundred cows
and I&rsquo;m still at the point where a good full day of work is a good day.&rdquo;
Foley recently hosted a discussion in collaboration NACD on&nbsp;<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/northerncalifornia.nacdonline.org/Events/Detail/index.cfm?ItemNumber=75757__;!!L2Ps738!0DWlRv-bcNqlXlYEtGYlAQH1XLQWxaaZImiyieTDqDow_inicga0LSMmcbwRQLOoeQklxCTOTy0rWjs0hGXOe_W1uqBrX-gE$" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">How to Navigate the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in 2024</a>
The first part of the webinar was led by Foley partner Ed Burbach
and Neora’s co-CEO Deborah Heisz as they shared learnings from Neora’s historic 7-and-a-half-year battle and eventual victory over the FTC
Neora is a skin-care and wellness company&nbsp;that&nbsp;operates in a direct-sales model
Industry and legal commentators have labeled the decision a victory of “David and Goliath” proportions
In a 56-page decision issued 11 months after the trial
Judge Barbara Lynn denied the relief requested by the FTC on all five of its claims: that Neora was 1) operating an illegal pyramid scheme
3) making false or unsubstantiated claims of efficacy
4) misrepresenting the effectiveness of the supplement it was selling
and 5) furnishing its brand partners with the means and instrumentalities to mislead others
Applying the lessons of Neora’s epic battle with the FTC
the following are some key takeaways for board directors and NACD members:
Foley partner Louis Lehot discussed the current state of merger review by the FTC and DOJ in conversation with Foley antitrust partner Ben Dryden
which has&nbsp;had&nbsp;a chilling effect on transactional activity
particularly among Big Tech acquirers.&nbsp;Most recently
the DOJ Antitrust Division and the FTC released a significant revision and expansion to the federal Merger Guidelines
which lays out the framework for how the agencies will analyze mergers for potential antitrust concerns
These guidelines would expand the scope of federal government review of mergers:
Speakers warned directors and NACD members to be particularly wary of FTC enforcement on the following fact patterns: