will be the city’s next student ambassador to Crailsheim
He was presented the scholarship to spend a year immersed in German language and culture during a program Thursday evening in the WHS Media Center
Nguyen was one of two candidates vying for the opportunity to serve as Worthington’s ambassador to its sister city of Crailsheim
He encouraged Engidaw to apply to the program again next year
but wanted to thank everybody for supporting him
“Everyone plays a role — we’re all connected,” he said
Nguyen is the son of Du and Khanh Nguyen of Worthington
His parents own and operate Professionail in Worthington
Mary’s School from Kindergarten through sixth grade
and then entered the public school system in middle school
he speaks Vietnamese and has taken foreign language classes in both Spanish and French
one-on-one German language class with Burns for intensive study of the language
While Burns initially told Nguyen about the Crailsheim exchange program
Nguyen said it was his parents who encouraged him to apply
“I didn’t really think I had a chance,” he said after his selection
Nguyen said he wants to use the opportunity in Crailsheim to build friendships
“I’m really excited to try the pretzel,” he added
also really make new friends — friends that can come to my wedding some day.”
Nguyen will travel to Crailsheim in July with current Crailsheim exchange student Lilli Gebert
current Worthington exchange student Melanie Cerda will travel back to Minnesota with Crailsheim’s new exchange student
saying that her daughter has shown their family that following your heart and your interest is the best thing you can do
“We can tell she has changed into a social and very outgoing person,” Melina said
“Germany has opened many opportunities for her
We are proud of her for venturing out and experiencing new things.”
she said she’s found many good friends during her seven months in Worthington
“I am so grateful for this chance I got,” she said
noting that she’s participated in tennis and dance
who was Worthington’s student ambassador to Crailsheim nine years ago
told the students the exchange program is the heartbeat of the friendship between the two cities
breathing testament to the bonds we share,” he said
they do more than visit a new place; they immerse themselves in a culture
build lifelong relationships and weave the threads of understanding that strengthen our connection
“Every year we get to exchange new students and new ideas,” he added
WORTHINGTON — Nobles County plans to install stop signs on West Oxford Street (County State Aid Highway 35) at the intersection of Crailsheim Road (CSAH 10) during the first week of April
The installation includes the addition of eastbound and westbound stop signs on CSAH 35
as well as the installation of stop bar lines at each approach
The improvements are expected to increase safety for multimodal crossings for pedestrians and bicyclists at the intersection
The all-way stop traffic control improvement will be reassessed for its long-term functionality as part of the CSAH 10 corridor study anticipated to take place later this year
according to Nobles County Public Works Director Aaron Holmbeck
the existing pedestrian crossing signs and flashers will be removed
These could later be repurposed to new uncontrolled crossing locations identified with the CSAH 10 corridor study
The public is asked to use caution at this intersection during the sign installation and over the next few months as traffic becomes accustomed to the traffic control change
WORTHINGTON — Nobles County Public Works will install an all-way stop control at the intersection of Nobles County State Aid Highway 35 (West Oxford Street) and Crailsheim Road next week
The work will include adding two stop signs on West Oxford Street
one each for eastbound and westbound traffic
The stop signs are in response to recent crash history and reported safety concerns at the intersection
which is near the Worthington Middle School
The additional stop signs are expected to increase safety for multimodal crossings (pedestrians
This is a relatively low-cost improvement that addresses existing safety deficiencies
The all-way stop improvement will be reassessed for its long-term functionality as part of the CSAH 10 corridor study anticipated to take place later this year
the existing pedestrian crossing signs/flashers will be removed
The public is encouraged to use caution during installation of the signs and over the next few months as traffic becomes accustomed to the traffic control change
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Das Wichtigste zu Themen aus Logistik und SCM auf einen Blick
Procter & Gamble hat einen über 600 Meter langen Schienenstrang an seinem Produktions- und Distributionsstandort in Crailsheim wieder aktiviert
Durch die Verlagerung von 6.000 bis 10.000 Lkw pro Jahr auf die Schiene soll der Verkehr auf Autobahnen und lokalen Straßen rund um den Standort entlastet werden
Procter & Gamble feiert mit einem Festakt die offizielle Eröffnung des reaktivierten Gleisanschlusses auf dem Betriebsgelände in Crailsheim
Mit der Wiederinbetriebnahme des über 600 Meter langen Schienenstrangs und dem Bau des Kombiverkehrsterminals auf dem Werksgelände baut P&G den intermodalen Transport seiner Marken wie Always
hieß es in einer Mitteilung des Konsumgüterunternehmens vom 17
Mit einer Gesamtinvestition von über sechs Millionen Euro investiert P&G in seinen Produktions- und Distributionsstandort in Crailsheim
In Crailsheim werden nicht nur Damen-Hygieneprodukte der P&G Marken Always
Always Discreet und Haushaltstücher der Marke Swiffer produziert
sondern der Standort spielt auch eine zentrale Rolle als logistischer Knotenpunkt im europäischen Distributionsnetzwerk von P&G
Mit dem reaktivierten Zugang zum Schienennetz etabliert Crailsheim das erste europäische Kombiverkehrsterminal auf einem P&G-Gelände und übernimmt damit eine Vorreiterrolle innerhalb des Unternehmens in Europa
Der über 600 Meter lange Gleisanschluss wurde bereits während des Baus des Werks vor über 40 Jahren angelegt
In einer neunmonatigen Bauphase wurde der bestehende Streckenabschnitt modernisiert und reaktiviert
Zudem wurden Investitionen in eine eigene Rangierlok und einen modernen Hebekran getätigt
um den intermodalen Containerumschlag zwischen Lkw und Zug zu ermöglichen
Durch die Verlagerung von 6.000 bis 10.000 Lkw pro Jahr auf die Schiene wird laut P&G der Verkehr auf Autobahnen und lokalen Straßen rund um Crailsheim entlastet
„Diese Eröffnung markiert einen wichtigen Meilenstein für unser Unternehmen und die Region Crailsheim“
als einer der Vorreiter Teil der nachhaltigen Logistiklösung für die Zukunft von P&G zu sein und gleichzeitig als guter Nachbar einen Beitrag zur Reduzierung der Verkehrsbelastung und CO2- Emissionen in der Region zu leisten.“
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WORTHINGTON — A three-way stop sign is now in place at the intersection of West Oxford Street
is intended to reduce the number of accidents in the area and improve safety for multimodal traffic near Worthington Middle School
Nobles County Public Works Director Aaron Holmbeck said that while the signs were installed on Tuesday
changes were made to the intersection again on Thursday
"We talked to the traffic engineer and we really felt that a larger
oversized stop sign was probably more appropriate given the circumstances on westbound (traffic) coming into Worthington on Oxford Street,” he said Thursday
“That is a major highway and people are traveling at highway speeds as they approach and then come into the school
"We also are planning on installing two stop ahead signs on both sides of the highway to serve as additional warning for what you're seeing
There's (also) been some sign moving because there's some conflict that creates confusion to motorists or too much data that their mind has to pick up while they're driving along the corridor
which is to make it clear there's a stop.”
The new signage is a big change for eastbound and westbound motorists
who have long been accustomed to not needing to stop at the intersection
Holmbeck said there have been several reports of people not stopping since the signs went up
“Someone called and left a message about failing to yield
but very definitely some rolling stops,” Holmbeck said
especially when we're considering multimodal traffic like bicyclists and pedestrians
"People are learning throughout this new situation and
it's more common for people to roll through these stop signs and not yield to them fully," he added
"But I do think that compliance is slowly becoming more and more accepted
We're kinda monitoring the area and ready to respond if needed as we see opportunities to improve the situation.”
Holmbeck said the all-way stop should be more friendly to multi-modal traffic — people riding bicycles or walking in the area
“There's always benefits and disadvantages with any solution," he said
"One of those is probably a slightly higher potential for fender benders
Things like that could slightly enhance as a result of this because people are learning it
While there are risks with making a traffic change
Holmbeck said the fact that motorists have to slow down does give them more reaction time to identify a pedestrian or bicyclist
“It’s going to give more opportunities for somebody to make a decision and respond to it and have enough reaction time to handle it," he said
based on other intersections across the whole state and whole country
an all-way stop is gonna be safer for pedestrians and less likely to have a serious issue where somebody gets severely injured
That doesn't mean it can't happen but it's gonna have a lower probability of statistically happening.”
Holmbeck said the new all-way stop is a temporary solution to the busy intersection
It gives the county time to identify the best solution for the corridor and pursue funding for whatever is decided
“What I could envision is something like a roundabout at that intersection that would both increase operational efficiency for motorized traffic and also improve multimodal safety," he shared
"I can see that being one key option that would be proposed
The public will have the ability to make input.”
Holmbeck said the best way to ensure the safety of Worthington’s streets
we're human beings and we make decisions for all sorts of reasons
I just encourage everybody to obey the laws obviously
to take responsibility for our actions," Holmbeck said
"I also really want to encourage safe driving behaviors and for people to just be aware of this change that has taken place and to drive safely
You do your best to help encourage the right behavior
everyone has a responsibility for safety.”
was chosen Thursday evening as the next student ambassador to Crailsheim
Nguyen was one of two candidates vying for the scholarship to spend a year immersed in German language and culture in Worthington's sister city of Crailsheim
see Wednesday's print edition of The Globe or watch for it to post online at dglobe.com
WORTHINGTON — When Lilli Gebert completed a three-week language study trip to England
it left her with many memories and a dream — a dream to come to the United States and study for an entire year
That dream became a reality when Gebert arrived in Worthington on July 30 as the newest exchange student representing Worthington’s sister city of Crailsheim
is the first in her family to take part in the exchange program
though not the first to dream of spending a year abroad
Her older sister had also applied for the exchange
but wasn’t selected in the highly competitive program
“It was a little bit unfortunate (for her)
who was one of six candidates seeking the opportunity to be Crailsheim’s next student ambassador to Worthington
Gebert said her time in England offered her an opportunity to live outside of her usual surroundings
She stayed with a host family during that experience as well
there was a dream born in me that I wanted to come to America,” she said
and to see so many new things and experience the culture
It’s just so beautiful — that’s what I love
really want to find my second home here — find someone that makes saying goodbye really hard,” she added
Also to find friends who are also in my life and that will change my life.”
Gebert spent her first week in Worthington with host Colleen Bents
and has since moved in with her host family
Patrick and Charon Doyscher and their daughter
She will stay there for three months before moving in with her next host family
Gebert has already visited the Pipestone National Monument
“Maybe I will go to New York with my parents because they are coming to my graduation in May,” she said
Gebert also dreams of experiencing a Minnesota winter
we don’t really have snow — maybe for one day and then it’s gone,” she said
Gebert has joined the tennis team as her fall sport and intends to join the dance team and Business Professionals of America once those seasons begin
She’s never played tennis or been in dance
“I think you have to try new things when you have the opportunity to,” she said
“In Germany you don’t get a chance to do that in school
It’s just cool to have the opportunity to do different things.”
Her first term at Worthington High School will include classes in U.S
as well as her mouthpiece for playing saxophone
a clarinet ensemble and a youth band of the Burgerwache
she will be in marching band (props crew) and play the clarinet in concert band
She also plans to join the ‘Amazing’ Worthington City Band next year
is fluent in the language and looks forward to making many new friends in Worthington
She also plans to promote the exchange program and increase interest among Worthington High School students to apply for a chance to spend a year in Crailsheim
“It is a wonderful program and a wonderful opportunity and you don’t get that again,” she said
Her parents and possibly both siblings will visit Worthington next May
really happy for me because I get the chance (to experience this),” she said
WORTHINGTON — Nobles County commissioners on Tuesday approved changes to the intersection of Crailsheim Road and Oxford Street West (Nobles County 35) to be an all-stop intersection
The action followed updates from a recent Corridor Study and Safe Streets for All report on Crailsheim Road
The decision to install a three-way stop comes after a Nov
2024 incident in which a crossing guard was struck by a motorist on Nobles County 35 near Worthington Middle School
16 death of a Worthington individual on Crailsheim Road
The two incidents are among five crashes that have happened in the area in the last decade
Nobles County Public Works Director Aaron Holmbeck said this isn’t the first study to be done at the area
the intersection's dangers now meet the criteria to be fully addressed
the school did a study and it did not meet all the warrants at that time
“In the last six months that we’ve talked about this
we didn't know if it was appropriate but now it's been determined as to what we really should have there,” Board Chairman Gene Metz added
Since the beginning of the 2024-25 school year
the county has worked with KLJ Traffic Engineer Joe DeVore in capturing data related to pedestrian and motorist activity
Nobles County was awarded a federal $225,000 Safe Streets and Roads for All (SS4a) grant for the project
He shared with the board that ways of reducing speeds as vehicles approach the stop signs are by optimizing access
“What we have with the study is an opportunity to really look at what that speed should be set at in that school zone,” DeVore said
we had speed still in that 25- to 40-mile-an-hour range
"This is going to be a focus of this study if we can go 20 miles an hour long term
in parallel to most of the school speed zones implemented in other communities
The study will be looking at ways that we can design the roadway during a future reconstruction to actually slow speeds on the corner
having a trail along just there," he added
"There's ways through roadway design to slow speeds to the speed you want the public traveling," DeVore said
Those are things we can look at with this study and design the roadway to fit that.”
dynamic flashers and signpost reflectors have been added to the area
Additions yet to be made or currently being discussed include stop bars
the repainting of stop ahead paints and a lane constrictor intersection
DeVore said the benefits of an all-way stop in the area would be noticed immediately
“With an all-way stop at this intersection
we would see a heightened multimodal benefit for safety,” he said
“What that all-way stop does is it slows down that westbound left turn going to the schools from making that turn at 15-20 miles an hour today
trying to judge a gap with eastbound traffic
"That allows more time for that driver to assess if someone is trying to cross
"It also allows them more time to see what might be blocked by a northbound vehicle as someone is crossing
this would be a kind of reactionary multimodal improvement.”
Nobles County and ISD 518 leaders discussed the possibility of incorporating safety precautions on North Crailsheim Road during an early Friday morning meeting that also involved representation from Minnesota West
The discussion followed a Wednesday morning collision between a vehicle and crossing guard near Worthington Middle School
A driver was westbound on Nobles County 35 and turned onto North Crailsheim Road
The crossing guard sustained severe bruising and was taken to Sanford Worthington Medical Center
District 518 Superintendent John Landgaard reiterated that precautions need to be made and implemented on the street before a more severe or even deadly incident happens there
“My ultimate concern is that we can't wait until somebody is severely injured or killed,” he told the group
I know everybody has a concern that's been in the conversation
I've done at least six traffic studies out there
The problems that exist are typically people that come from the west
the reduced speed is not far enough out in my mind."
Landgaard said there may need to be additional lighting at the corner as well
"I can tell you from my experience coming back
particularly at certain times of the year when the sun is shooting right down Oxford Street
foggy (weather) creates additional concerns," he said
"I think everybody in this room wants to make it safe for kids
Landgaard wasn’t the only one to comment on the gravity of the incident or what a worst-case scenario could look like in the area
That's just the bottom line,” Worthington Middle School Principal Toni Baartman said
“If this was a kid crossing and somebody hit them
Is that what it's gonna take for them to change that
we need to let the state know that this happened and make a recommendation,” Nobles County Commissioner Bob Demuth Jr
“They’ll probably say no but at least we're on record saying
Landgaard and others shared their own solutions for the street
“A three-way stop or a stoplight (would be our ultimate wish on that corner),” Landgaard said
“I personally believe there needs to be a different setup and police need to be doing more enforcement
I know it's hard because they cover the whole city and they're generally not around but something needs to change there."
Landgaard said both the sheriff's office and police department need to coordinate patrols in that area
"I don't wanna spend a whole lot of time on this but I don't want this to die," Landgaard said
"I believe it needs to become a point of emphasis for all of us.”
“There's the light flashing on (Nobles County 35)
Why can't we put lights going the other way,” Commissioner Bob Paplow suggested
"We’d have to ask (Nobles County Public Works Director Aaron Holmbeck) about that
but we can at least put lights going that way
the people know (when) you're supposed to not go.”
Others revealed that Worthington isn’t the only community in Nobles County with such concerns that have only been met with frustration as they seek solutions
“I had a similar issue at Adrian and the answer I got back — and was shocked by — was that they needed accident data,” Nobles County Administrator Bruce Heitkamp shared
“That's the language that they wanted to use to determine (the need for safety improvements)
we heard the same thing here when we started the studies two years ago
I do think we have to talk their language to people that have the ability to change things.”
Brad Finstad’s office called him Wednesday to congratulate Nobles County on the awardance of a federal $225,000 Safe Streets and Roads for All (SS4a) grant
Heitkamp added Nobles County Public Works Director Aaron Holmbeck immediately asked about the corridor upon being told of the grant
Landgaard ultimately said the matter concerns the safety and livelihood of all
“My point is that we’ve got to learn to slow down and appreciate life a little more
Impatient drivers cause accidents as well as inattentive ones," he said
"If you see the number of people playing on their phones while they're driving
to me… we’ve got to do something — at least to call major attention to it."
Landgaard suggested the group ask to have a meeting with the Minnesota Department of Transportation and local legislators to address safety near the school
"I think it's going to take legislative action to force MnDOT to make a change," he said
Hello my name is Lilli and I’m the exchange student for 2024/2025 to Worthington
I can’t believe that another month is already over
but that also meant that my first day of school is about to start
I was really excited because I didn’t know how it will be
In the beginning and especially in the first school week it was very lonely because it was unusual and different from what I was used to
I have to walk from class to class and also have had new people in every block
I always had to start from the beginning again when it was time for the next block
“Fridays are made for Football games” and suddenly I watched my first football game at the Trojan field and with that also the dress ups that made me realize that I’m in America
I had more tennis meets and I won a few but also lost a few
but the main thing is that I had a lot of fun
It was the time of the year for the Clay Country Fair
My host family and I eat something and after that we rode a few rides
It’s September and that means that King Turkey Day is around the corner
In the morning I had to be in school because I’m part of the marching band in school and we took pictures
I attended the mayor’s brunch where Christoph Salinger and Jörg Steuler were also attending
After I walked through the parade with the Worthington-Crailsheim committee
I quick ran back and changed from my Dirndl into my marching band uniform
Later I went with a few friends of mine to the street dance and enjoyed the rest of the King Turkey Day
With the end of September that also means that the tennis season is now officially over
I’m really glad that I found friends because of tennis and met new people
But that also means that the dance season is about to start and that will also bring me new memories and new adventures
Lilli Gebert2024/2025 exchange student from Crailsheim
I can’t believe this is going to be the last letter I am writing to all of you
This past year went by so fast and I am incredibly thankful for all the amazing experiences I had and the wonderful people I got to know
I am writing this letter with mixed emotions now
knowing it will be the last one I will write to you and with it my exchange year truly comes to an end
I’m so happy and thankful for this fantastic time
I’m sure it won’t be the last time I’ll visit Worthington
before saying goodbye to you I want to share one last time some of the unforgettable experiences I made during my last month in the U.S
I was looking forward to spending more time in Worthington during my final month
I was very excited to experience my first ‘Fourth of July’ celebration
My host family got matching Fourth of July shirts for all of us
we went to flea markets and in the evening I played in the city band concert
before we watched the fireworks over Lake Okabena together
I went on two more weekend trips with my host family
First we drove to Stillwater to go on a jazz dinner boat cruise and another time we went to Mason City
The architecture and sculpture tours through the city were very interesting and
we also visited the famous footbridge from ‘The Music Man’ musical and the Music Man Square museum
Those were the first races I’ve ever seen and especially the school bus races at the end were fun and exciting to watch
my friends and I tried to spend as much time together as possible
We went to Mankato together and also had a great time riding on all the roller coasters at Valleyfair
July was also packed with summer activities such as tubing
My host dad and I went fishing together and my host mum and I tested ourselves on the disc golf course
I had an awesome last month in the United States and I’m grateful for every single moment
Way too soon July came to an end and it was time for me to fly back to Germany
Saying goodbye to all my friends and family was hard
but I know I will see them all again someday
We arrived safely and Melanie is getting to know Germany while I’m settling back in home
The past 12 months were undeniably the best of my life and I’ll never forget all the memories I’ve made here
I’ve come to think of Worthington as a second home with my two families
I’ll miss you all greatly and can’t wait to come and visit Minnesota again
I’d like to thank everyone who supports this amazing city partnership between Crailsheim and Worthington that makes this exchange possible and I am incredibly proud I got to contribute my own small part to this international friendship
Sincerely,Sophie Göhler2023-24 Crailsheim exchange student to Worthington
I am the 2024-25 exchange student from Crailsheim
I am here to gain new experiences and to find my second family and second home on the other side of the world
My excitement for living in Worthington comes from a 3-week language study trip to England
where I fell in love with life outside of Germany
It was a new adventure and brought new experiences
My hope during my year in Worthington is to find cultural experiences
I feel like I am living my dream right now
I am so grateful to be able to have that chance to do this
I am now an American teenager and always will be when this year is over
but also proud to be part of this great program
On July 30th I said goodbye to my family and began this new chapter in my life
Colleen Bents was waiting to welcome me to the USA
I had already been to three different states
It was super interesting to see how the indigenous people lived and to learn more about the special sacred red stone
The next day we went to Sioux Falls and there I got to eat Crumbl cookies for the first time and we also went to Chick-fil-a
We then drove downtown and went to see the Washington Pavilion and after that we went to the Butterfly House
Alexa Najera and I went to Arnold’s Park in Iowa
it took us over an hour to go around the lake
The week was over that quickly and I moved in with Pat
The next day we went to Arnold’s Park and listened to the Jazzed up Big Band in the evening
On the way there we got ourselves a root beer
The next week it was time for the fair in Worthington
my host sister and I went to see the movie “It Ends With Us” at the movie theater
I wasn’t aware that they only have salty popcorn
One of the things I wanted to do here was play tennis
I love tennis and I will continue playing it when I am back in Crailsheim
host sister and I went roller skating and it looked like something out of an American movie
I can’t believe that I’ve already been here for a month
I am really looking forward to the rest of my time here in Worthington and I would like to thank the committee for making this possible for me
Best regards,Lilli GebertExchange student from Crailsheim 2024-25
The recently-released book "Worthington & Crailsheim: 75 Years of Partnership" celebrates a history of friendship between the two cities
through the generosity of children and families as our world rebuilt
has grown an ongoing partnership and student exchange between our two countries that continues to this day
will serve as Worthington's next student ambassador to Crailsheim
Her selection was announced during a Sunday noon banquet at Duffers
where guests were treated to a traditional German meal
Crailsheim’s current ambassador to Worthington
and past Worthington exchange students Moriah Hennings and Dominic Burns
who leads the Worthington-Crailsheim International committee locally
Burns is also the new German teacher in District 518
who was the lone applicant for the year-long exchange program
said she is most looking forward to sampling new foods
learning more of the German language and being immersed in German culture
She will travel to Crailsheim this summer with Göhler
Cerda was enrolled in German I last semester at WHS
and kept “by far the most complete” notebook of German words
“I hope you make it the best year possible,” Burns told Cerda
Cerda was admittedly nervous as she stood before banquet attendees
“I’m a really shy person and I need something to open me up more to meet new people,” she later said of her decision to apply for the student ambassador program
“My friend Cassandra (Casian) just came back from Germany
Casian spent approximately six months in Crailsheim as Worthington’s student ambassador before returning home to Worthington in early February
several nieces and an aunt accompanied her to the banquet
“I’d really like to go over there and … when I come back I want to influence others to want to do this,” shared Cerda
“I’m planning on joining some things — trying out some things.”
“What this program provides is the ability to find yourself with people across the world who just want to get to know you better,” he said
“You have to go and apply yourself — to experience German cuisine and German culture
“The people you stay with today are the people you stay with 10 years from now when you go back to visit,” he added
“Remember those moments and make the most of your time in the city of Crailsheim.”
Burns called the exchange program the best kept secret in Worthington
along with forging friendships with people across the sea
Göhler shared many of her experiences during her seven months in Worthington as she spoke
saying she is proud to represent Crailsheim in Worthington for the year
“I came here to get to know a different way of life and so far I have not been disappointed,” she said
she is actively involved in the high school’s robotics team
Göhler spoke of the excitement over her first American Thanksgiving
going ice fishing with one of her host families
including Mexican food with her first host family
“One of my best decisions I made was to squeeze my saxophone into my luggage and bring it with me to Worthington,” Göhler said
sharing a bit about her band trip experience to San Diego
California and now learning to play jazz music in jazz band
“I’ve never really played jazz music or really ever listened to it before,” she said
“I’ve become more confident playing my saxophone
“My time here has already had a great impact on my life and all those memories will stay with me forever,” she added
Moriah Hennings was Worthington’s 2019-2020 student ambassador to Crailsheim
She said the experience she was given was the “chance of a lifetime and a gift I am forever grateful for.”
Hennings encouraged anyone who has the opportunity to participate in such an immersion program should consider it
The city of Crailsheim has extended an invitation to Worthington for up to 50 people to travel to Crailsheim in September for Volksfest
Anyone interested in more information about the trip is encouraged to contact Worthington City Hall
WORTHINGTON — More than 70 individuals from Worthington’s sister city
arrived in two separate groups Tuesday to spend the next week here in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the sister city partnership
The group includes 45 members of the Crailsheim Stadtkapelle band
who will perform during intermission of tonight’s 7 p.m
The band will also take the stage at 2 p.m
Saturday during the Worthington Windsurfing Regatta and Music Festival
Sunday at Worthington’s Memorial Auditorium
“Everybody but the mayor will be hosted by local families,” said Jason Johnson
president of Worthington-Crailsheim International
“It’s always hard for people to open up their homes — especially in the times that we’ve been in — but it will be a wonderful experience for the host families.”
Planning for the 75th anniversary celebration began last fall
noting that the committee wanted to produce a special book to commemorate the anniversary and recognize all of the individuals who have taken part in the student exchange program between the two cities
coffee-table style book packed with historical accounts and photographs of the partnership’s beginnings
photographs from the 70th anniversary celebration in Crailsheim in 2017
and responses from nearly every individual selected for the exchange program between 1956 and 2020
“(The book) was created with the idea that this event was going to take place and we wanted to celebrate 75 years of the exchange and friendship,” Johnson said
“Some great stories came about and it was great to hear what all of the past exchange students are doing.”
The Globe was tasked with digging through its archives for stories and photographs
and connected with nearly all past exchange students seeking current photographs
biographical information and a request that they share some of their fondest memories of their exchange year
for sure,” Johnson said of the exchange student submissions
“We really need to thank (Julie Buntjer) and Roberta (Fultz) and The Globe for doing most of the work.”
The Globe produced a commemorative pin to mark the 150th anniversary of the city of Worthington and the 75th anniversary of its partnership with Crailsheim
“The idea for the pins came from John Nordell
and he wanted to have one that celebrated both Worthington’s 150th anniversary
and 75 years of the sister-city partnership with Crailsheim,” shared Fultz
and a lot of city festivals and events coming up
What a great opportunity to get everyone involved.”
which features the Worthington and Crailsheim bridge beam sculpture
“Five area hospitality businesses volunteered to join in the celebration — Forbidden Barrel Brewing
and the Worthington VFW are all offering discounts and unique offers to people who wear the pin on festival days for the rest of the year,” shared Fultz
“We'll continue to promote their deals and those festival days in The Globe
“We truly couldn’t do this alone,” she added
we were able to promote the lapel pin project across the entire state.”
Five other businesses also sponsored the project — Mike Woll Investment Office
Southwest Hearing Technologies and First State Bank Southwest
“I’ve certainly never made a lapel pin before
“I’m putting it on my baseball cap for the Regatta
I’m glad we get to make something unique and memorable for our community!”
With the planning for this year’s 75th anniversary celebration beginning last fall
Johnson said the committee searched for tour options that would be of interest to the German guests
yet also offer plenty of time to relax and make new friends or reconnect with old friends
On their itinerary while they are visiting
the Crailsheim group will tour the Round Lake Winery and have a wine tasting and meal there
They will also tour the Historic Dayton House and the Nobles County Historical Society
A visit to Forbidden Barrel Brewery is also planned
attend Worthington’s Windsurfing Regatta and Music Festival and spend time with their host families and friends
“We’re very excited to have everybody come and just reconnect with people that they haven’t seen for a few years or several years in some cases,” Johnson said
even the German consulate is coming for the event.”
The German consulate will be on hand for tonight’s band concert and program at Chautauqua Park
“Thank you to everybody who’s given — whether it be through their time or donations — to make this program thrive for 75 years,” Johnson said
“It’s the oldest sister city relationship in the country
Editor’s Note: This story was originally published in the June 30 edition of the Waseca County Pioneer
It is printed with permission from the newspaper and its author
impulsive high school students in Crailsheim
They would love to have a pen pal from another country
Not just “another country,” either — from their respective “sister cities,” a connection of friendship and sharing between the two communities which began in 1948
The suggestion of finding a pen pal came from an American teacher
one who was taking part in a sort of short-term exchange
He went to Crailsheim from Worthington and would be teaching English to students at the school
Because English is a sort of universal diplomatic language
German school children begin studying it in elementary school
Among the students who thought he could not only improve his English but also make the acquaintance of someone from the other side of the world was 10th grader Gert Schoeniger
He indicated his interest and was lucky enough to be given the name and address of a pen pal
“Some people didn’t get one,” Gert remembers
“I believe the teacher was very surprised at how many people raised their hands.”
young Dawn (Eshleman) Nelemans had made an equally impulsive decision
“We all thought we wanted to try it just for fun.”
Gert thinks back to some of the early letter exchanges
laughing about the many elements that modern students will never have heard of
“It was light blue and it had a rather smooth finish
all so that it would be especially lightweight and cost less to mail
and choosing subjects whose vocabulary he had learned in school
He not only remembers feeling a connection to Dawn
but also to her community — the sister city which had helped the previous generation recover from the destruction and shortages left behind after World War II
activities and other common events likely to be memorable to a 10th grade girl
She also remembers feeling a connection — being glad to share ideas and impressions with someone who spoke a different language and lived in a different part of the world
The two met in person the first time only two years later
when Dawn joined a group of 12 Worthington students and two teachers who were backpacking together through Germany
using railway passes and staying in inexpensive hostels
Their trip took them through Crailsheim and Dawn was able to introduce herself
The two had such a connection that Dawn ended up getting special permission from her family to stay behind in Crailsheim with Gert’s family
then catch up with her backpacking group three days later
Gert’s family treated her to a number of local historic sites
outgoing personality — coupled with her bell-bottom pants and “flower power” mode of dressing — made quite an impression among his circle of friends when he took her along to a teen get-together at the local high school
Dawn danced with energetic abandon to the 1973 hit “Dancing on a Saturday Night.”
“That’s what makes the world go around,” jokes Dawn
they are a bit more concerned with the impressions they make on other people,” admits Gert
people wondered a little bit about this crazy American.”
Gert apparently chose not to be embarrassed
He gave Dawn a vinyl record of the song to take with her
Of her sudden decision to break away from her traveling group
The world was a better — a safer — place.”
He and a friend came to the United States and stopped by the Waseca home where she and husband Paul had been living for only a few months
“Here come these two German fellows,” laughs Dawn
“all excited to be visiting and to find someone they knew in this big
The Nelemans took the two to visit various local sites and take part in seasonal activities
they visited a pumpkin patch and found their way to a late-season baseball game
Over the 50 years that have passed since 1972
each has visited the other in his or her home country about three times
They have continued to exchange communication
A great deal has happened on their respective home fronts
specializing in facilities for the disabled
He recently retired from a 20-year position which supports students with visual difficulties
Dawn and her husband Paul have been married 45 years and raised two children: daughter Brittinii and son Cassidy
Paul has also worked very hard on his construction and development business
He mentions an email in which Dawn described having 12 Christmas trees on display in her home
Gert goes on to highlight that as a major difference between German and American cultures — space
For numerous reasons ranging from the fact that the centers of many German cities were laid out when nearly everyone traveled on foot or on horseback
the streets tend to be very narrow — there is simply no space for the many cars
parking spots and other features Americans take for granted in the centers of large towns
so homes are kept narrow and tall; at least by comparison
“It all makes sense for us and for the way things are in our country,” he observes
very different from the way things are done here.”
Dawn and Paul took together to the Mall of America
“Our communities tend to resist malls like that one
have been as they are for a very long time
and they would see it as an intrusion if a company tried to change that.”
Gert and Christiane had many conversations with curious passersby during their time at Mall of America
“I am not sure Germans would approach strangers quite so openly as Americans were approaching us,” Gert says
“There were signs saying ‘No Guns’ everywhere,” remembers Christiane
Gert and Christiane ended their visit with the Nelemans in late June
who married an American serviceman and moved to the U.S
“Germany is not as big as the United States,” he comments
“You could drive to almost any other city in our country in only a few hours — no need to take an airplane.”
Gert and Christiane also admired the wide variety of foods and products available in America
“You would probably not find all those options in Germany,” Gert said
can be found in immeasurable variety in every region of Germany
rather than the relatively limited number of options available across wide areas in the U.S
Dawn and Gert agree that such differences are no impediment to making a connection
“Small things about our lives might be different
“We shouldn’t let those surface differences keep us from making genuine friendships.”
Worthington’s newest exchange student from Crailsheim
is settling in for her one-year American experience after having arrived in the community on Aug
embarked on her journey with Nataly Najera Murillo
Worthington’s 2022-23 exchange student to Crailsheim
Goehler will spend her first three months in Worthington with Nataly’s family
“I don’t have any siblings,” Goehler shared
“I think it’s really cool to now have three host siblings because I’ve always wanted to have siblings.”
her hometown is Stimpfach — a 15 to 20-minute drive from Crailsheim
When she returns to Crailsheim next summer
she will have two more years of high school before going on to study at a university
She doesn’t yet know where her career will take her
she was one of two students who applied for the one-year exchange program
“I wanted to experience the American way of life and get to know a lot of new people and make new friends — friends for a lifetime,” Goehler said
“Also to improve my English and experience high school because it’s a very different experience than high school in Germany
“I’d love to see more of the U.S.,” she added
Goehler has visited Pioneer Village locally and toured the community
“I’ve spent a lot of time with my host family and getting to know them,” she said
who is looking forward to many “firsts” during her stay
she’s also brought one of her comforts from home — a saxophone that she hopes to play in the WHS band
“I’m really looking forward to going to high school and trying new things and meeting new people,” she said
“I think (Worthington) is a beautiful town — especially the lake is beautiful
Everyone I’ve met here so far is really nice
Goehler has already discovered that she loves the Mexican food her host family prepares
She’s in a fishing club in Crailsheim and goes fishing with her dad
people must take an exam to obtain a fishing license
They fish predominantly for carp and trout in Germany
and spending time outdoors and with friends
Nataly Najera Murillo will return to Worthington High School next week as a junior
Her year in Crailsheim was filled with many new experiences and memories to last a lifetime
“It was definitely more than what I expected; it was something new every day,” Najera Murillo said
“It was probably one of the best things I’ve ever done
During Najera Murillo’s year in Crailsheim
“I think what I liked best is the easy transportation — going city to city or country to country,” she said
noting it was just a six-hour train ride from Stuttgart
Germany (little more than an hour’s drive from Crailsheim) to Paris
She also appreciated the school system in Crailsheim
“I definitely would say I like German school better than American — the way the system works (with) no (cell) phones and more breaks throughout the day,” she said
“You’d talk more with your classmates and not everyone was on their phone
It was easier to make friends with everybody in your class.”
Najera Murillo said she’d like to become an immigration lawyer
will be the city’s next ambassador to Crailsheim
As her name was announced early Sunday afternoon at the annual banquet of Worthington-Crailsheim International
she beamed a huge smile and was filled with both nervousness and excitement
“I’m just very thankful for being chosen,” she said after being introduced
Casian and fellow freshman Anthony Morris had each vied to be the city’s next representative to take part in the year-long student exchange program
Newly installed Worthington-Crailsheim International President Dominic Burns
who was the student ambassador to Crailsheim in 2016-2017
encouraged Morris to apply again next year
and choosing just one individual was difficult
is the daughter of Carolina Rodriguez and Eduardo Casian
and has taken German language classes at WHS since the start of her freshman year
she said some of the pronunciations are difficult
but she’s excited to learn more of the language
Casian learned of the student exchange program as a seventh grader from teacher Scott Burns
the current Crailsheim student representative
talked to students in German classes in January
“I really hope to experience many different cultures and to see many different countries around Europe — to see their lifestyles and how they do their everyday life and their school systems,” Casian said
“I want to learn a lot of different languages too.”
Casian said she’s looking forward to seeing the landscapes
attending festivals and experiencing “a whole other world — to somewhere you’ve never been in your entire life and to adapt to the culture and traditions.”
and will leave for Germany in late July or early August
Casian’s mom attends Southwest Minnesota State University
and her dad attends Minnesota West Community & Technical College
where they are both studying computer coding
Her mom will earn her bachelor’s degree within the next year
while her dad has more years of schooling remaining
she’s currently interested in a career involving art — drawing and 2-D illustrations — or in music
The Worthington-Crailsheim partnership is now in its 76th year
having forged a friendship at the end of World War II
when the people of Worthington banded together to send clothing and supplies to the war-ravaged city in southern Germany
That friendship has withstood the test of time
and the student exchange program has been going strong since 1956
Burns said that both communities elected new presidents of the exchange program this year
who was Crailsheim’s student representative to Worthington in 1986-87
“To give back is such an amazing opportunity
who also spoke of his visit “home” last September
and treats you as one of their own,” he said of Crailsheim
noting that the partnership is “community adopting community at a time when it’s most needed.”
“This changed me — watch it change you,” he added
half-way through her year in Worthington as Crailsheim’s student ambassador
said it was one year ago that she had hoped to be selected for the exchange
I got involved in a lot of new things,” Bös shared
noting her joining the WHS tennis and hockey teams — both new experiences — and has traveled with her host families to Vikings games
the Mall of America and spent a week in Wisconsin
“Through this exchange year I have found a second home,” she said
“I can’t imagine leaving this city in six months
I can’t imagine having to leave every single person who made my exchange year unforgettable.”
Worthington’s current representative to Crailsheim
wrote in her speech that was read by Scott Burns
that she has met so many amazing people in Crailsheim and has had a great time
from ice skating and fencing to playing basketball
“Besides improving my German language skills
I have learned a lot about the culture in Germany,” Murillo wrote
“I have tried many traditional German dishes including my favorites: schnitzel
She has also traveled to several German cities
While Murillo said her year away from family and friends hasn’t been easy
she is glad she had the courage to experience the exchange program
“It takes a lot of courage as a young person to apply and go through the interview process,” she shared
‘It’s not like you’re going to be around the corner
you’re going to go to the other side of the world.’”
WORTHINGTON — A Worthington High School freshman has been selected to represent the city as the 2022-23 exchange student to Crailsheim
was one of two candidates vying for the one-year scholarship to study in Worthington’s sister city of Crailsheim
President Jason Johnson said the committee had a difficult task in selecting this year’s student
Fellow applicant Kiera Ahrenstorff assured she will apply for the program again next year
said her love of languages was what led her to apply for the scholarship program
She had her first introduction to the German language during the first and second quarter of this school year
I was really confused because our German teacher — Mrs
Rowe — talked to us in German,” Murillo said
“It’s always been my dream to learn new languages and I was determined I was going to learn that language.”
Murillo is the daughter of Esteban and Maria Murillo and has two younger sisters
they spend a lot of family time going out to visit others — including the girls' grandma
“We like to try new foods and mainly spend a lot of time together,” Murillo said
Murillo hasn’t traveled much beyond Minnesota and has never been out of the country
Not only will she experience her first airplane ride
but she will also have new experiences with language
Past exchange students Mariah Hennings and Dominic Burns
assured Murillo that she will be taken is as one of Crailsheim’s own during her year there
the exchange student to Crailsheim in 2019-2020
“When I say Crailsheim becomes your second home
Burns said COVID-19 and the resulting travel bans may have hampered the exchange program for the past two years
but modern amenities made it possible to remain connected with those families and friends of his second home
“COVID-19 has strengthened our desire to be with one another,” Burns said
noting that the one-of-a-kind scholarship program is a life-changing experience
“Crailsheim was where I broadened my horizons,” he added
Murillo hopes that will be the same for her
“Thank you very much — I’m very scared right now,” said a nervous Murillo after her name was announced
She later said she will have also broadened her horizons after her year in Germany
“We thought it was a good opportunity since my parents couldn’t really give me that opportunity,” she said
I thought it would be a good opportunity to see the lifestyle there
Murillo said she is most looking forward to spending time with host families
and plans to take some online German classes and learn more about the culture before she leaves for Crailsheim in August
Murillo and her family live in Worthington
and her dad works at Highland Manufacturing
Her parents were both born in Mexico — Esteban in Huamuxtitlan
and has one painting in the student art show this month at the Nobles County Art Center in Worthington
Crailsheim selected its next exchange student to Worthington on Feb
Anica Bös will arrive in Worthington in August
the Worthington-Crailsheim International committee continues to plan for the 75th anniversary of the sister city relationship
Approximately 70 people from Crailsheim — including one of Crailsheim’s city bands — will visit Worthington June 7-14
and join the community in celebrating the annual Windsurfing Regatta and Music Festival
Metrics details
Advances in the field of social network analysis facilitate the creation of multiplex networks where several interaction types can be analysed simultaneously
In order to test the potential benefits of this approach
we investigated the sociability of atypically raised chimpanzees by constructing and analysing 4-layered multiplex networks of two groups of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
These networks are based on four social interaction types (stationary vicinity
passive close proximity) representing low- to high-level interaction types in terms of sociability
Using the tools provided by the MuxViz software
we could assess and compare the similarity and information gain of each these social interaction types
We found some social interaction types to be more similar than other ones
each social interaction type imparted different information
We also tested for a possible impact of the chimpanzees’ biographical background on the social interaction types and found affiliative behaviour as well as allogrooming to be affected by adverse early life experiences
We conclude that this multiplex approach provides a more realistic framework giving detailed insight into the sociability of these chimpanzees and can function as a tool to support captive care management decisions
Based on these findings we might expect not only allogrooming but also other social behaviours to be affected by the early life history of our study population
We were interested in how these former pet and entertainment chimpanzees with their atypical life histories would tolerate and deal with different types of social interaction
that the experience of being caught in the wild and/or being housed without conspecifics during infancy
would affect the occurrence of certain interaction types
in particular those that require the toleration of permanent body contact and close proximity
these social interaction types might not be affected in the same way and/or to the same degree by the atypical life history
which would support the idea that analysing various potentially important social interaction types simultaneously might provide more precise and realistic results
we chose a relational approach by taking the atypical life history not only of the individual but also of his/her partner into account when investigating their directed dyadic interactions
we attempt to implement the use of a multiplex network analysis because it allows us to consider the four interaction types simultaneously
We want to find out if (1) the multiplex approach indeed increases the information gain compared to traditional single-layer and aggregate network analyses (even in small sized groups of 7 individuals)
(2) (dis-)similarities might be found between the four interaction types
and (3) if there are individual differences in the occurrence of certain social interaction types
we were interested to see if potential differences detected between individuals and/or groups could be partially explained not only by the individual chimpanzee’s early life history but also that of his/her group members
we also expected the chimpanzees’ biographical background to have an effect on the four different social interaction types
we predict allogrooming as well as passive close proximity to be affected by early life history
as the toleration of permanent body contact and the ability to perceive the group members as trust-worthy may be impaired in adversely reared chimpanzees
This should be reflected in a reduced (or even lacking) grooming activity as well as a reduced toleration of passive close proximity in individuals who were caught in the wild and/or predominantly housed without conspecifics during infancy compared to those individuals who were born in captivity and/or predominantly housed with conspecifics during infancy
We also expect affiliative behaviour to be affected by early life history
as it might be at least partly socially learned during infancy similar to allogrooming and thus might be reduced in individuals who are predominantly housed without conspecifics during infancy
We did not expect to find the toleration of stationary vicinity to be affected by the chimpanzees’ biography because in terms of sociability this is a low-level interaction type as the individuals are out of reach of each other
we also tested the impact of the chimpanzees’ biographical background on the aggregated variable of these four interaction types
in order to check whether this aggregated variable produces an information loss as expected
This study is based purely on behavioural observations and was conducted in accordance with all national and institutional guidelines for the care and management of primates as established by Fundació MONA
the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour/Animal Behavior Society and the Spanish Government (RD 53/2013)
Both groups consisted of adult chimpanzees (Mutamba group: 5 males and 2 females
Bilinga group: 4 males and 3 females) and no changes to the group composition occurred during data collection for this study
The chimpanzees were fed four times per day with a balanced diet based on fruits
They have limited quantities of other protein-rich foods (constant since 2001) and have access to water ad libitum
A big portion of their daily diet is scattered and hidden in the outdoor enclosures to stimulate natural foraging behaviour and locomotion as part of their daily enrichment program
One observation session lasted for 20 min where the behaviour
position and height within the enclosure of all the individuals of one group were recorded every two minutes simultaneously
Data was recorded between approximately 10.30 a.m
while the chimpanzees had access to the outdoor enclosure
The observation sessions were evenly distributed between mornings and afternoons on randomised days (Monday to Sunday)
Observers were located in one of the two observation towers while conducting their observations
allowing them to oversee the respective enclosure
Observers (n = 9) were only allowed to collect data if they successfully passed a three-step inter observer reliability test
The first step included data collection over about two weeks; this data was checked and then deleted
In the second step observers have to pass a methodology test and in the third step they had to pass a video test that includes 20 different video clips with an agreement of ≥ 85 percent to the head of research
A total of 67 997 scans have been collected for this study (Bilinga group 32 320; Mutamba group 35 677)
The index values per individual are expressed as proportions for all four indices
With respect to affiliative behaviour and allogrooming
we considered the direction of the behaviour by calculating the percent of scans an individual spent with exhibiting affiliative behaviour towards an individual group member and grooming of a group mate
Since stationary vicinity and passive close proximity are symmetric
the index values are the same for the two interacting individuals in that case
Calculations are based on the number of scans the two interacting individuals had access to each other
Access to each other means that both individuals had access to the outdoor enclosure
which includes the scans where both individuals were in the outdoor enclosure
but also scans where one of the two individuals was indoors and thus not visible to the observer (access to indoor area depended on care decisions typically related to the weather conditions)
We did consider total observation time per dyad because it could vary between the different dyads of a group as some individuals could have been separated for veterinary or care-management purposes or voluntarily stayed inside without access to the outdoor enclosure for periods of time
in order to avoid an influence of layers on multiplex measures due to scaling effects
we normalized the index values of all four indices by dividing the individual values by the maximum value recorded for the respective layer (i.e
the highest value that occurred in one of the two groups)
These values (= weighted index values) ranged from 0 (for a none existing edge) to 1 (representing the maximum index value layer) for all four indices then
the two social groups were analysed separately
For statistical analysis in R (linear mixed models)
we used the index values per individual for each social interaction type
The index definitions are the same as for the multilayer analysis
all 14 individuals were analysed together when testing for effects of the biographic background on the indices
We considered the fact that the chimpanzees are living in two social groups by adding group as random effect and the ID of the sender as nested within group
We applied several tools of network analysis offered by MuxViz:
As visual representations help to detect trends or tendencies
we produced social networks for all layers and for the two social groups separately
We will also present annular visualisations of the node properties and layer rankings
Since our multiplex networks are based on four layers
we reached the fully aggregated state of our networks after three steps of this merging procedure
The fact that the reducibility analysis is based not only on the amount of connections but also the weights of each layer enabled us to apply this methodology even for small and densely connected networks where differences are more likely to occur due to the weights
Each individual obtains a value between 0 (disconnected) to 1 (most densely connected) in each layer
This allows us to compare the ranking position of the chimpanzees in a certain layer to their ranking positions in the other layers
covering data from April 2006 to July 2018
we found allogrooming to be affected by predominant housing conditions during infancy (with or without conspecifics)
but not age (although wild-caught individuals were on average older than captive-born ones)
We used the same fixed effects in this study to test for their effects on the four different social interaction types
Predominant housing condition during infancy (PHCinfant) considers if the chimpanzees were housed for more than 2.5 years of their first five years of life with or without conspecifics
With respect to predominant housing conditions during infancy and origin
we differentiated whether the individual directed the behaviour to a group member with the same experience or to a group member with a different experience
This resulted in four categories for predominant housing conditions during infancy (with- > with
without- > with) and origin (wild- > wild
The same differentiation was done for sex (M- > M
As the 14 chimpanzees live in two social groups
we included group as random factor and the ID of the sender of the behaviour as nested within group
We visually checked QQ plots for a normal distribution of the residuals (Figures S1 and S2)
only the dependent variable differed for each model (i.e
the four edge variables and the aggregated value)
calculated for our three fixed factors were below 1.2
indicating that our fixed factors were not correlated
The node layout is based on the force-directed algorithm Kamada-Kawai to the aggregated network of all four layers
nodes have the same position on all layers
The present edges of the 4-layered multiplex network result in a network density of 0.83 for Bilinga and 0.99 for Mutamba, indicating densely connected networks for both groups. The network densities of the individual layers, however, are ranging from 0.57 to 1 (Table S1)
The stationary vicinity layer had a network density of 1 in both social groups
all individuals spent some time out of an arm’s reach but within 5 m distance to all their group members
While affiliative behaviour was exchanged within all dyads of the Mutamba group
this was not the case in the Bilinga group where more than 25% of the possible edges were missing in this layer
The allogrooming layer had a network density of 0.57 in Bilinga group and 0.95 in Mutamba group
which means that allogrooming has been exchanged only in about half of the possible combinations in Bilinga group but in almost all combinations in Mutamba group
The passive close proximity layer had a network density of 1
all individuals spent some time within an arm’s reach to all their group members
Network density (Table S1) also revealed that Mutamba group is more densely connected in three out of the four layers compared to Bilinga group
representing a low-level social interaction type in terms of sociability
occurred much more often than the three other social interaction types
which are representing medium- to high-level social interaction types
Mean index values and mean weighted index values of the stationary vicinity layer were similar in both social groups
though the Mutamba group scored higher in all four interaction types
representing a medium-level social interaction type
Mean index values and mean weighted index values of the affiliative behaviour layer were again similar in both social groups
While the mean index values of the two social groups were similar for the close proximity layer
the two groups did differ in the allogrooming layer where we found a two times higher mean index value in the Mutamba group compared to the Bilinga group
the comparison of the edges revealed that the individuals of the Bilinga group were much more selective with respect to allogrooming and affiliative behaviour than were the individuals of the Mutamba group
Interlayer differences evaluated via the edge-overlap between layers by detecting the fraction of edge values shared between all two-layer combinations
Darker tones indicate a higher edge-overlap
The mean global edge-overlap (i.e. representing the fraction of edges, which are found in all four layers) is 10 percent for Bilinga group and 19 percent for Mutamba group (Table S2)
Figure 2 shows that the stationary vicinity layer and the close proximity layer are most similar to each other in both social groups (edge-overlap of 65% for Bilinga and 79% for Mutamba)
the affiliative behaviour and the close proximity layer ranked second with an edge-overlap of 62%
followed by the layers allogrooming and affiliative behaviour with an overlap of 49%
The lowest edge-overlap was found between the layers allogrooming and stationary vicinity with 17%
the allogrooming and the close proximity layer ranked second with an edge-overlap of 61%
while all the other layer combinations had an overlap of 54%
it became apparent that individuals who were frequently in stationary vicinity to their group members were also often in close proximity to them in both social groups
differences with respect to close proximity and allogrooming where we found a high edge-overlap in the Mutamba group but a low edge-overlap in Bilinga group indicating that individuals in Bilinga group who spent more time in close proximity to their group mates did not also spent more time grooming these group mates
Visual representation of the reducibility analysis
Reducibility distance table for (a) Bilinga group and (b) Mutamba group
Layer-aggregation and network reducibility for (c) Bilinga group and (d) Mutamba group
b) layers have been sorted through a hierarchical clustering process using the Ward method with the dendrograms depicting the order of similarities
Darker tones indicate a greater distance (dissimilarity) between layers
(c,d) Present the relative entropy at each reduction step when comparing the 4-layered multiplex network with its respective semi- and fully aggregated network versions
the pair of layers with the shortest Jensen-Shannon distance (see a
For both social groups the highest value of the relative entropy is reached in 4-layered multiplex network
Additionally to the visual presentation, the relative entropy is calculated for every reduction step (Fig. 3c,d)
For both social groups the reducibility analysis clearly revealed that each layer aggregation step leads to a loss of information indicated by a decreasing relative entropy
This shows that the 4-layered multiplex networks are the most optimal representation in both social groups
Annular visualisation of the eigenvector centralities and versatility for both chimpanzee groups (Bilinga
Eigenvector values are colour-scaled with darker tones representing higher values according to the scale on the left side
Each ring represents either a single layer
an aggregated layer or the multiplex network
Note that the ring order is different for the two groups (numbering of the rings refers to the respective legend)
represents the eigenvector values of one particular chimpanzee
The order of the segments is based on the versatility rank of the individuals (clockwise order of the eigenvector versatility from highest to lowest)
ordering of Bilinga group is based on ring 1 (inner ring)
ordering of Mutamba group is based on ring 6 (outer ring)
The annular visualisations of the eigenvector centralities and versatilities of the two social groups provide an insight not only on the layer level but also on the individual level
refer to the relative importance of the respective individual
It becomes apparent that some individuals such as Juanito
and Tom and Bea in the Bilinga group are more sociable than other ones as they scored high in almost all layers
Whereas individuals such as Nico in Bilinga group
and Charly and Toni in Mutamba group seem less sociable than their group members as they scored low in almost all layers
that the supposedly less sociable individuals Charly and Toni scored very high in the affiliative behaviour layer
This explains also our findings from edge overlapping and the reducibility analysis
There we found in the Mutamba group the affiliative behaviour layer to be most dissimilar from the stationary vicinity and the close proximity layer
the finding of the greatest dissimilarity between the allogrooming layer and the close proximity layer can be explained by Victor and Tico who scored very low in the allogrooming layer but very high in the close proximity layer
This shows that sociability can only be reliably estimated by taking several different interaction types into account
Confidence interval plots of affiliative behaviour and the three fixed effects predominant housing condition during infancy (PHC infant)
Mean index value over all directed dyads (± 95% CI)
Confidence interval plots of allogrooming and the three fixed effects predominant housing condition during infancy (PHC infant)
Mean index value over all directed dyads (±95% CI)
Confidence interval plots of passive close proximity and the two fixed effects origin and sex
reflected in affiliative behaviour and allogrooming
to be affected by predominant housing conditions during infancy and/or origin as well as sex
Affiliative behaviour as well as allogrooming were most frequently exchanged among individuals who were both predominantly housed with conspecifics during infancy
allogrooming was exchanged most frequently among captive born individuals and least frequently among wild-caught individuals
Sex was the only fixed factor that was consistently affecting the depended variables in all three models
where females had the highest values in their exchange of affiliative behaviour as well as allogrooming among each other and spent most time in close proximity to each other compared to the other combinations
The multiplex approach revealed that it is possible to consider different social interaction types simultaneously even in small social groups of chimpanzees
We did find similarities but also differences between the four social interaction types stationary vicinity
which in turn increased the information gain by giving insights into the sociability of these two groups of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees
By taking into account the early life history of interaction partners and doing so in two social groups with different group composition regarding said early life experiences
we could detect certain differences in the occurrence of social interaction types
Although admittedly the data collection and preparation has been more complex and extensive
we were able to conduct a far more realistic social network representation and analysis
Looking at the (dis-)similarities between layers and eigenvector rankings across the interaction types
none of the four individual layers on their own provides insights representing the information from the remaining layers
While the aggregate layer would have at least assured that chimpanzees scoring low in one particular layer would not have been marked automatically as an outsider or individual with a low sociability
it still failed in our secondary objective related to the early life experiences of the interaction partners
the aggregate layer might be a better option than a single layer network
but is prone to lose much information content as demonstrated in the reducibility analysis and LMM analysis regarding the atypical life history
A general overview on the (dis-)similarities of the four social interaction types was provided by investigating the overlapping of edges
There it became apparent that individuals who spent more time in stationary vicinity
out of an arm’s reach but within 5 m of their group mates
also spent more time in passive close proximity
within an arm’s reach of their group members
This pattern was found in both social groups
A more detailed view on the similarity of the layers
and the information value of each layer is given by the reducibility analysis
The outcome of this analysis confirmed the edge-overlap finding on the similarity of the stationary vicinity and the passive close proximity layer
it also showed that in the Bilinga group there is high dissimilarity between stationary vicinity and allogrooming
this means that individuals who spent more time in stationary vicinity to their group mates spent less time grooming their group mates and vice versa
the highest dissimilarity was found between affiliative behaviour and passive close proximity
which means that there was a tendency that individuals who performed more affiliative behaviour toward their conspecifics spent less time in close proximity to them and vice versa
Since Bilinga group consists of a majority of wild-caught individual and Mutamba group of a majority of captive born individuals this already provides a first indication that the biographical background of the individuals may be important for these differences found in the two social groups
We will come back to this when discussing the outcome of the linear mixed models where we considered the individuals’ early life experience
beneficial in that it shows whether layers can be reduced without losing information
the analysis revealed that each layer provides information that would be lost by a reduction of layers
The most detailed view is given by the annular visualisations of the eigenvector centralities and versatilities
which measure the importance of group members within a layer and between the layers
and the graphical visualisation of the multiplex networks
The annular visualisation allows a direct comparison of the eigenvector values of the social interaction types per individual as these values are ordered in rings
this visualisation revealed that some individuals scored high in almost all social interaction types and some individuals scored low in most of the social interaction types
That means that some individuals are much more sociable than other ones
this annular visualisation also indicates that sociability can only be reliably accessed by looking at different social interaction types simultaneously as some individuals scored low in some social interaction types but high in other ones
A different way of representation is the visualisation of the multiplex network where information on not only the strength
but also the density (eigenvector centrality) of the connection of every individual of a group is shown
that some individuals are more strongly and densely connected to their group mates in most of the social interaction types than are other ones
This is why we conducted linear mixed models in addition to find out whether the biographic background of our chimpanzees might at least partly explain these differences found and thus emphasise the benefit of taking several interaction types into account
We considered the origin of the interaction partners
whether they were caught from the wild or born in captivity
the predominant housing condition during their infancy
whether they were housed more than 2.5 of their first five years of life with or without conspecifics
we differentiated if the sender directed the behaviour to a conspecific with the same experience or to a group mate with a different experience as we expected some flexibility in the behaviour of captive born and/or predominantly socially housed individuals
Whereas we expected wild-caught and predominantly singly housed individuals to be more impaired by their adverse early life experience and accordingly to be more rigid in their behaviour
especially with respect to medium- to high-level social interactions types such as affiliative behaviour
which would be reflected in an avoidance of grooming activities
We believe that these results provide an indication of the significance of considering the sociability of the individuals when composing groups
which among other factors is influenced by the individuals’ early life history
Socially functioning groups are one key factor to ensure the wellbeing of individuals who are cared for in captivity
with mutual grooming not occurring before around 38 months of age
These findings reaffirm that the first years of life are a crucial period in a chimpanzee’s development
we were not surprised that our results indicated that social interactions were most frequent within female-female dyads and occurred less frequently within male-male as well as within mixed-sex dyads
it would also be possible to take the biography of the individuals into account
whether the sender was maternally or hand-reared
and by creating separate layers for maternally reared senders and hand-reared senders the distribution of a certain behaviour could be directly compared
We therefore believe that the multiplex approach may be a helpful tool in the management of larger groups of primates in captivity
The full potential of this multiplex approach could be utilized by applying it to large groups of primates where
individual characteristics such as the biographic background could be considered when comparing the different social interaction types
this was not possible in our small groups consisting of seven chimpanzees
With long-term data collected over several years
it would also be possible to expand the number of layers by adding behaviours that occur less often as
By considering the direction of these behaviours
the exchange of affiliative and agonistic behaviour could be investigated simultaneously
the multiplex approach can be seen as a promising tool for the management of (larger) groups of primates housed in captivity as it allows to detect problematic relationships among certain group members and individuals who are not involved in any social interactions as all
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The authors thank all the students and researchers who participated in the observations as well as the excellent care-giver team and volunteer staff involved in the care of the chimpanzees at Fundació MONA for their support during this study
We also would like to thank Manlio De Domenico and collaborators for providing MuxViz as open-source software
The research leading to these results has received funding from ”La Caixa” Foundation (EMCOBA Project
grant number LCF/PR/PR17/11120020) to DC and ML
Institut de Recerca i Estudis en Primatologia - IPRIM
and E.K.S.; Data curation: D.C.; Formal analysis: D.C.; Funding acquisition: M.L.; Investigation: D.C
and E.K.S.; Project administration: M.L.; Supervision: E.K.S
and E.K.S.; Writing – original draft: D.C.; Writing – review & editing: D.C
The authors declare no competing interests
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WORTHINGTON — The move to the Intermediate School has begun
as workers navigate around stacks of boxes and furniture to put the final touches in place for the future educational home of grades three through five
with two grades moving there from Prairie Elementary and one from Worthington Middle School
which will significantly decrease overcrowding issues in those schools
Principal Katie Clarke and Assistant Principal Cory VanBriesen gave a sneak peek of District 518’s newest completed building to visitors from Crailsheim
airy hallways and brightly-lit gathering spaces
doubles as a tornado shelter for the school
and features its own generator and restrooms
it could even act as a crisis center for the town
it’s a gym large enough to accommodate two basketball courts
with the same chevron design motif that can be found repeated throughout the building
“The chevron design is inspired by prairie grasses,” Clarke said
work was yet to be completed on a set of bathrooms
as the signage proclaimed “BOY” and “GIR” at their entrances
painters’ tape marked off locations for more red
black and white chevrons yet to be filled in
Clarke explained the building’s security to the Crailsheim visitors
noting that all the doors except the front door will be locked during school hours
visitors must be buzzed in to get into the school proper
Immediately off the entrance is the media center
a two-story-high room filled with windows and light
plus a stunning view of the farm fields behind the Intermediate School
The chevrons there are in shades of blue and green
with decorative neon lights providing even more light
The cafeteria’s chevrons share the blue and green motif
which can also be found in the brick pattern on the wall
The tables are still wrapped in clear plastic
but the buffet counters are partly set up and ready to be moved into place
much to the amusement of the visiting Crailsheimers
There’s a special education area with classrooms
and a large bathroom so that students who have their clothes changed can do so
On the other side of the bow tie-shaped building from the specialty rooms lies the academic wing
Third grade students will occupy the upper floor
and fourth grade and fifth grade students will each occupy one side of the lower floor in a pod-style arrangement
classrooms are located around the outside of the building
with plenty of windows to the outdoors and also to the large commons area outside the classrooms
the commons areas will have flexible seating and furniture
Each of the general education classrooms has its own sink
and an art room with no carpet and two sinks
Teachers had to box up their classrooms before June 1 and the move began June 2
the 2022-23 Worthington-Crailsheim student exchange representative
We have now entered the warm months of May
A lot of amazing things have happened that I will be sharing with you in this letter
It’s hot outside and it’s nice to go out with friends or to swim
Even though I’m not a huge fan of the warm weather considering the fact that there’s no air conditioning in Germany
I’ve still enjoyed it because it's easier to meet up with friends
One of the highlights of these past two months was a trip to Paris with the Herrmann family
Words can’t describe how much I enjoyed Paris
during which time we did so many fun things in Paris
Some of the highlights were a visit to Basilique du Sacré-Coeur de Montmartre
Musée du Louvre (where the Mona Lisa is located)
I had so much fun in Paris with the Herrmann family and this will be an experience I’ll never forget
Going to Paris has always been one of my life dreams and I feel proud of myself knowing I accomplished that dream at 15 years old
but also recognize this trip would have not been possible without the Herrmanns
so I will always be thankful to this family for making this trip a possibility for me
where we toured around the city and did a little shopping
I moved to my last host family of the year
I’m very grateful for this family as I was struggling to find one
I’m very comfortable living with them and the good thing about it all is that I only have to walk 15 minutes to school and only six minutes by bike
I have been enjoying my last weeks in Germany as much as possible
I received information about my return flight back to the United States
The new Crailsheim student exchange representative
It’s sad to think about leaving all my good friends and a life I created for myself here
I get happier about going back to see my friends and family
Thank you to everyone supporting me and this program and I’ll keep you updated in my next letter
Sincerely,Nataly Najera MurilloWorthington representative to Crailsheim
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Host families:The Hilts, the Kritters, the Hahns and the Mangolds
Fondest memory of my year in Crailsheim:Frau Hilt sitting on the sofa with me and a German-English dictionary every afternoon to help and encourage my German speaking — only one of so many kindnesses!
Copies of the book "Worthington & Crailsheim: 75 Years of Partnership" are available for purchase at the Nobles County Historical Society in downtown Worthington.
Volume 13 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1004150
We investigated the effect of adult honey bee pollen nutrition on the flight performance of honey bees
caged bees were allowed to perform 30 min of defecation/training flights every second day before flight performance of pollen-fed bees and pollen-deprived bees older than 16 days were compared in a flight mill
We first fed 10 µL of 1 M glucose solution to bees
and after they metabolized this during flight
they were fed 10 µL of 2 M glucose solution for a second flight test
Pollen-deprived bees flew longer and further than pollen-fed bees in both flights
Pollen-fed bees flew faster in the early period at the beginning of flights
whereas pollen-deprived bees were faster in the final phases
Pollen-fed bees were able to raise their maximum flight speed in 2 M glucose solution flights
The two groups did not differ in abdomen fresh weight
but the fresh weight of the head and thorax and dry weight of the head
thorax and abdomen were higher in pollen-fed bees
we constrained pollen consumption of caged bees during the first 7 days and compared daily consumption of bees from day 8–16 to consumption of bees unrestricted in pollen
We found that pollen-deprived bees perceive the pollen shortage and try to compensate for their needs by consuming significantly more pollen at the later phase of their life than pollen-fed bees of the same age
bees constrained from pollen in the first 7 days did only reach 51.1% of the lifetime consumption of unconstrained bees
This shows that bees can sense the need for essential nutrients from pollen
but their physiological apparatus does not allow them to fully compensate for their early life constraint
Pollen deprivation only in the first 7 days of worker life likewise significantly reduced fresh and dry weights of the body sections (head
This underlines the importance of protein consumption in a short critical period early in adult bees’ lives for their development and their performance later in life
the ability of bees of adjusting delayed food intake after pollen starvation during early life has not been studied before
We designed an experiment to measure dynamics of pollen consumption of bees unrestricted in pollen and constrained to delayed pollen consumption
The daily pollen ingestion of bees in this experiment informs us if bees with a delayed consumption attempt to compensate for early pollen starvation
Larval diet quality has been shown to affect adult worker bees’ flight performance (Brodschneider et al., 2009) and flight onset in drones (Metz and Tarpy, 2022)
Here we investigate if adult protein nutrition as well affects flight muscle development and flight ability of the honey bee
therefore developed a test in which we could control adult bee protein nutrition in cages but allow bees to defecate and develop their flight apparatus in ‘training flights’ outside the cage
Our second aim was to study if caged honey bees
deprived of pollen during the first days of life
would attempt to compensate for their needs in a later life phase
and if they can satisfy their protein needs then
The dough was further stored at -20°C and thawed on the day of use
The pollen diet was presented in one-half of a cylindrical 10 ml plastic tube
Standard carbohydrate feeding (50% w/v sucrose solution) was provided ad libitum in 1.5 ml punctured Eppendorf vials and renewed daily
For this experiment we used wooden cages (15 × 15 × 5.5 cm) covered with a wooden board from one side
which could be opened to remove bees and change diets
The other side was covered with a grid that allowed air ventilation
Each cage was provided with a piece of wax for bees to cluster on
each cage containing 60 newly emerged honey bees
The four cages were divided into two groups with two replicates each and kept in an incubator at 34.5°C
The two cages from the first group received sugar solution as described above and pollen diet ad libitum during the first 16 days of the experiment (pollen-fed bees)
The two cages from the second group received sugar solution only (pollen-deprived bees)
From day three on and every 2 days thereafter, we allowed bees from both groups separately to fly free and defecate for 30 min in a 30 × 30 × 60 cm glass box (Figure 1)
On one side of the glass box a light trap attracted bees to fly to the light and from the other side it could be closed by a net to prevent the flying bees from escaping
After the flight training of the first group was finished
bees were collected by a modified hand-held vacuum cleaner
by hand or with forceps and put back in their belonging cages
before the next group of bees was released for flight training
the two groups of bees could not be mixed up
The box was covered with mosquito net (meshed) and light trap (yellow) on the back
We tested the flight performance of caged bees following the protocols in Brodschneider et al. (2009) and Scheiner et al. (2013)
We started flight experiments when the caged bees reached the age of 16 days and continued daily until day 29
one bee from the group of pollen-deprived bees followed by a pollen-fed bee was taken for flight experiments
Each bee was attached by a small tube on the thorax to the 14.5 cm long arm of a flight mill (roundabout)
The attached bee was repeatedly stimulated to begin the flight by removing a small ball of paper that the bee held with her legs
Workers that did not start a continuous flight within 20 min were noted down for calculating the rate of (un-)successful flyers and discarded
After an emptying flight which forces the bee to spend most of its sugar reserves from the gut and the hemolymph
the bee was fed 10 μL of 1 M glucose solution with a micro-pipette and given a resting time of exactly 5 minutes
bees were weighed on an analytical balance to the nearest 0.1 mg
to confirm complete ingestion of the glucose solution
Then the bee was stimulated to fly and empty all its sugar reserves (first flight
duration per rotation flown by the bee in the flight mill was recorded by a computer
and the overall flight time was additionally clocked by hand
so that only the active flight period was considered in further calculations
After the bee ran out of energy (defined as not being able to move the arm of the flight mill any more) the same bee received 10 μL of 2 M glucose solution (second flight
2 M) and the flight procedure was repeated as above
Because ambient temperature affects flight metabolic rate and speed (Hrassnigg and Crailsheim, 1999)
the temperature in the flight mill was measured in real time and automatically logged for every rotation of the flight mill
Temperature was manually maintained at around 26°C using a 40W light bulb in a lamp above the flight mill
This lamp could be placed closer to increase
or further away from the flight mill to decrease the temperature
Flight distance, average speed, maximum speed per minute and mean metabolic power were calculated from the number of rounds logged by the flight mill and the radius of the flight mill, the active flight time, the amount of glucose in feedings and the food energy in glucose (15.7kJ per g) (Gmeinbauer and Crailsheim, 1993; Brodschneider et al., 2009)
the maximum speed per round was extracted for each flight
We calculated average speed for different periods of the flights
which were cut into three periods (10 min each) for 1 M flights
which was 15 min) for 2 M flights
After the two flights, each bee was dissected into the head, thorax (including legs and wings), and abdomen, and each part was weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg. The sections were dried for 7 days in an incubator at 70°C and dry weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 mg (Human et al., 2013)
The experimental cages in this experiment consisted of clear 0.3 L plastic cups with two holes, one in the base of the cup and the other on the side of the cup. The cages were supplied with a wax comb. The cage was closed from below by a grid that allowed air to pass through (Evans et al., 2009)
we covered the hole in the base with a tape
The other hole was closed with a 1.5 ml Eppendorf vial in which three small holes had been punctured from which the bees could drink sucrose solution
All bees in cages were kept in the dark in an incubator at 34.5°C for 16 days
We calculated cumulative consumption per bee for the group always allowed feeding on pollen (‘full access
and additionally for the second phase of this experiment only (‘full access
ignoring the consumption on the first 7 days)
This allowed comparing the normal consumption of bees older than 8 days (‘full access
day 8–16’) to bees given access to pollen only on days 8–16 (‘constraint access
Cumulative consumption per bee on day 16 represents the lifetime consumption of bees in this experiment and informs us if bees with a delayed consumption attempt to and are able to compensate early life pollen starvation
Dead bees were removed and counted daily to analyze survival
the fresh and dry weight of body sections of ten randomly chosen bees from each cage were measured the same as in the first experiment
We compared the rate of successful flights of pollen-fed and pollen-deprived bees with two-sided Pearson’s chi-square test
Age of bees used for flight experiments and all flight parameters (duration
ambient temperature) followed a normal distribution (one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
p > 0.07) with unequal variances in some variables (Levene statistic
We therefore compared groups using two-tailed Student’s t-test assuming or not assuming equal variances
First and second flights of same bees were compared with two-tailed paired-samples Student’s t-tests
Fresh and dry weight of body sections followed a normal distribution (one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
p > 0.1) with unequal variances in some variables (Levene statistic
We therefore compared groups using two-tailed Student’s t-tests assuming or not assuming equal variances
Consumption data of experiment 2 (compensation of early pollen deprivation) followed a normal distribution (one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
p > 0.7) with homogeneity of variances (Levene statistic
p > 0.3) and was therefore compared using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons
Daily pollen consumptions per bee on each of day eight to 16 followed a normal distribution (one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
p > 0.3) with unequal variances in some variables (Levene statistic
p = 0.04–0.82) and were compared using two-tailed Student’s t-test assuming or not assuming equal variances
We compared survival of bees with full and constraint consumption with Mantel-Cox log-rank tests
All statistical analyses were made in SPSS Statistics version 21 (IBM)
Flight parameters of pollen-fed bees and pollen-deprived bees in two feeding regimes (10 μL of 1 M glucose solution
10 μL of 2 M glucose solution)
Mean flight speed of pollen-fed and pollen-deprived bees
(A) After being fed 10 μL of 1 M glucose solution (n = 23 bees per group) and (B) 10 μL of 2 M glucose solution (n = 23 pollen-fed bees and 18 pollen-deprived bees)
and average speed were higher in 2 M flights than in 1 M flights (p < 0.05
Maximum speed per minute and per round of pollen-fed bees was higher in 2 M flights than in 1 M flights (p < 0.05
paired-samples Student’s t-tests) whereas we found no differences in maximum speed per minute or per round between flights with 1 M and 2 M in pollen-deprived bees (p > 0.05
Average speeds of the first and second period of flights were also higher in second flights with 2 M glucose feeding compared to flights with 1 M glucose feeding (p < 0.05
except in 1 M flights of pollen-deprived bees
Knowing the flight duration and the amount of spent (=fed) glucose, we calculated the mean (± standard deviation) metabolic power of honey bee flight (Gmeinbauer and Crailsheim, 1993; Nachtigall et al., 1995; Brodschneider et al., 2009)
This was 28.0 ± 5.9 mW (n = 23) for pollen-fed bees and 23.6 ± 7.6 mW (n = 23) for pollen-deprived bees in 1 M flights
the mean metabolic power was 34.0 ± 5.6 mW (n = 23) for pollen-fed bees and 27.8 ± 19.2 mW (n = 18) for pollen-deprived bees
and abdomen of pollen-fed bees and pollen-deprived bees from flight experiments
Means and standard deviations are shown: n = 24–26 bees
except on days 11 and 16 (p > 0.05)
Cumulative pollen consumption of bees with unrestricted access and bees constrained of pollen during the first 7 days
For comparison between groups at the later stage
consumption of unrestricted bees on days 8–16 is shown seperately
maximum and outliers) for cumulative consumption of pollen (mg/bee) by caged honey bees from day 1 until day 16 and from day 8 until day 16
respectively (n = 6 cages of bees for each group)
Cumulative lifetime consumption at age 16 days was significantly different (a
c: different letters indicate p < 0.001
one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparisons post-hoc test)
* indicates differences in daily consumption after day 8 between bees with constraint consumption and full consumption (p < 0.05
and abdomen of bees with unrestricted access to pollen (day 1–16) and constraint pollen access (day 8–16)
Means and standard deviations are shown: n = 60 (10 bees out of 6 replicated cages)
though this was after the extensive flight experiments in which bees also often defecated
but demonstrated that infection with deformed wing virus reduced flight time and distance
In our experiment we established a very drastic all-or-nothing situation regarding pollen availability of the two experimental groups
Such long periods of complete pollen starvation may be rare in a colony with its beebread stores
but we can speculate if a sensitive short phase for pollen feeding exists in a young worker bee’s life
which we investigated in the second experiment
Bees feeding on pollen later in life than usual experience early adult life stress (malnutrition in a sensitive feeding period) which affects body weight and probably life history
They found that no brood-rearing activity of young bees is associated with high vitellogenin protein levels
a later onset of foraging and longer life expectancy
In our experiment bees experienced nutritional stress in their early adult life which caused lower body weight and longevity
Such bees may be an interesting new study subject for scientific research of early life deprivation or as an intermediate group between fully fed and unfed bees
Our findings underline the importance of nutrients from pollen for the development of adult honey bees
We provide evidence for the need of adult pollen nutrition in terms of flight muscle mass
We further detected a sensitive phase of pollen feeding in the first 7 days of adult life of honey bees
Bees deprived of pollen during this critical period for protein consumption can perceive this shortcoming and try to compensate it by increasing their daily pollen consumption later in life
their age-related physiological constitution does not allow them to consume enough pollen to reach a full lifetime amount of protein
The deficiencies acquired during this early adult-life deprivation cannot be fully compensated as we showed for body mass and longevity and possibly affect honey bee life trajectories and health
The raw data supporting the conclusion of this article will be made available by the authors
Conceptualization: RB and KC; Formal analysis: RB and EO; Investigation: EO and RB; Writing—original draft preparation: RB
EO received a grant from Egypt’s Office for Cultural and Educational Relations
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations
Any product that may be evaluated in this article
or claim that may be made by its manufacturer
is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher
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Omar E and Crailsheim K (2022) Flight performance of pollen starved honey bees and incomplete compensation through ingestion after early life pollen deprivation
Received: 26 July 2022; Accepted: 21 November 2022;Published: 09 December 2022
Copyright © 2022 Brodschneider, Omar and Crailsheim. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use
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provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited
in accordance with accepted academic practice
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*Correspondence: Robert Brodschneider, cm9iZXJ0LmJyb2RzY2huZWlkZXJAdW5pLWdyYXouYXQ=
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I hope you all had a happy new year and hope that all your wishes come true in 2025
I spent my New Year’s Eve with Anna Gordon
After all the dance training and preparations
We were particularly pleased as we came in first a couple of times
As the dance season is unfortunately over and I won’t have any more dancing
I shed a few tears at the last competitions
I can’t believe how quickly time flies here
Since you can donate blood here in Minnesota at the age of 16
I naturally took advantage of this opportunity and donated blood for the second time in mid-January
The elections for the next exchange student are just around the corner
Nataly and I gave presentations to the German class and we were able to get another interested person
It feels quite strange that the next exchange students will soon be elected
It doesn’t seem that long ago that I was elected and now the next ones are already being chosen
Best wishes,Lilli Gebert2024-25 Crailsheim exchange student to Worthington
Donor services manager for an international humanitarian organization
Fondest memory of my year in Crailsheim:Choosing a single fondest memory is pretty challenging
So many community members made the experience a safe and supportive way to grow
The Volkshochschule members shared bus seats and their enjoyment of the opera
My classmates at Albert-Schweitzer-Gymnasium impressed me with how many subjects they had each week (multiple science classes
multiple languages) and their enthusiasm for throwing open the windows between each class
Those whose activity connections made early communications flow more smoothly: Students in the orchestra and on the basketball team
people whose recreational swimming times aligned with mine
The staff at the Rathaus who arranged documents and logistics with such warmth
The Crailsheim committee in Worthington who planned so thoughtfully and ensured that the sister-city connections would remain strong
it hardly seems possible to have been so far from home as a teenager
The answer is all of the relationships that surrounded me during that year in Crailsheim
all the people that shared their lives with me
I’m so fortunate to have been a part of the friendships between Worthington and Crailsheim through the years
How the year abroad changed me:In concrete terms
my time in Crailsheim (1988-89) was an inspiration for other international experiences: Study and work in Germany (1993-94)
and service as a Peace Corps volunteer in Albania (2003-05)
where we travel with our kids to spend time with family
a humanitarian organization that works with displaced people in more than a dozen countries
One of the most valuable skills that has grown in me through the years is to remain curious about differences
What does it mean for families if the main meal is at midday rather than in the evening
If fresh foods are accessible and refrigerators small
so that you purchase foods in smaller amounts more often
What is family life like if stores are closed in the evening and most of the weekend
What is it like if schools are mainly academic
and sports and hobbies for kids are organized through community organizations instead
These are among the things I remember noticing and considering while I was in Crailsheim
Curiosity and a sense of adventure took me to quite a few places for study
Only nearer to 40 did I get married and have kids
A multicultural marriage is a great way to have built-in cross-cultural exchange
even just chatting over coffee on weekends
our boys are regular tent campers who know how to check the weather forecast and pack a bag for a weekend or a week
The enjoyment of exploration I experienced in Crailsheim is carrying forward into the next generation
A lot happened this month and I am happy to tell you about it
I had the opportunity to go to a wedding with the Thier family for a second time
we stayed one night at their daughter Maranda’s college dorm before heading home
That was a lot of fun and gave me a glimpse of American college life
This month I finally got to see some of my German family members again as my dad
my sister and her boyfriend came to visit me
We spent the first two days in Minneapolis
On the way home we went to visit some family members of my sister's boyfriend who happen to live in Iowa
We looked at a cattle ranch and saw several Amish houses
It was the first time I saw real Amish people
we spent most of our time getting to know everyone
It was there that my family had the opportunity to drive a snowmobile for the first time
We were able to visit my second host family
We also had a nice dinner with some traditional Mexican food at the Najeras
the family of the current student representative to Crailsheim
they also had the chance to meet next year’s Worthington representative for the student exchange
I am so happy my family was able to meet the many local people who have hosted me and been so kind to me
This month I was able to live my American dream when I had the opportunity to go to WHS Prom
After that we walked through the Grand March
which reminded me a bit of our German Prom “Abschlussball”
I had so much fun and it was such a magical night and experience
Now I’m excited for another part of my family coming to visit me at the end of May
I'm really looking forward to my high school graduation
Thank you so much to everyone who has helped me and supports this wonderful exchange
Anica Bös2022-23 Crailsheim Student Representative
WORTHINGTON — A crossing guard working at the Worthington Middle School was taken by ambulance to Sanford Worthington Medical Center Wednesday morning following a reported incident involving a vehicle
The driver of the vehicle was headed west on Nobles County 35 and then turned onto North Crailsheim Road when they hit the crossing guard
who was on the east side of the street and heading west back into the school
The crossing guard sustained severe bruising in the incident
according to the Worthington Police Department
District 518 issued a statement several hours after the incident occurred
stating that "the crossing guard in the incident was taken to Sanford Worthington as a measure of precaution" and that a member of WMS administration went with the employee to the hospital
The district was not releasing any further details at this time
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Then-senior center Jamuni McNeace high-fives fans after the game against West Virginia March 2
Former Sooners center Jamuni McNeace has signed an overseas contract to play in Germany, the team announced on its Instagram Thursday
McNeace signed with the Crailsheim Merlins
the 6-foot-10 center played professionally in Finland with the Vilpas Vikings
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McNeace appeared in 120 games for the Sooners
He averaged 4.4 points per game and shot 57.9 percent from the field
McNeace was also a prominent defensive presence for OU
ranking sixth all-time in school history in blocked shots with 117
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