Charlotte A Drolshagen, 80, of Medford, passed away on Monday, December 16th 2024 at Aspirus Wausau Hospital surrounded by family.
A memorial mass will be held Monday, December 23, 2024, at 11 a.m. at Holy Rosary Catholic Church in Medford. Burial will follow at St. Mary’s Cemetery in the town of Little Black.  Visitation will be from 9 a.m. until the time of service at 11 a.m., Monday at the church. 
Charlotte was an avid bowler and enjoyed watching her husband play softball. She was also a thrifty shopper, enjoyed cheering on the Green Bay Packers, spending time with family and friends, and taking road trips to the casino. 
She is survived by her four children, Jackie (Brad) Jentzsch, Cheryl Wibben, John “Joe” (Kim) Drolshagen and Brian (Cara) Drolshagen; siblings, Jo Henrichs, Gloria Harris, Raymond (Joyce) Piller, Terri (Kent) Flora; nine grandchildren Katie, Amanda, Megan, Tyler, Brook, Amber, Breanna, Evan and Carter; and nine great grandchildren: Kailyn, Gunner, Willow, Greyson, Remi, Croix, Creed, Derek, Harlan, and one on the way.
Preceded in death by her parents; husband; grandchildren Derek and Emily; brothers-in-law, Ray Henrichs and Richard Harris.
In lieu of flowers, memorials are appreciated and will be designated by the family at a later date.
John A Drolshagen, 80, of Medford, passed away peacefully at home while surrounded by family on Sunday, June 2nd, 2024, while under the care of Hope Hospice.
A memorial mass will be held Saturday, June 22, 2024, at 11 a.m. at Holy Rosary Catholic Church. Burial will be at St. Mary’s Cemetery.  Visitation will be from 9 a.m. until the time of service at Holy Rosary Church in Medford. 
When not working, he enjoyed hunting, fishing, splitting wood, gardening and spending time with his family and friends. Not to mention taking road trips to the casino. He was also a big fan of the Green Bay Packers and Milwaukee Brewers.
He is survived by his wife, Charlotte; four children, Jackie (Brad) Jentzsch, Cheryl Wibben, John (Joe) (Kim) Drolshagen all of Medford and Brian (Cara) Drolshagen of Rothschild, WI; nine grandchildren Katie, Amanda, Megan, Tyler, Brook, Amber, Breanna, Evan and Carter; and eight great grandchildren: Kailyn, Gunner, Willow, Greyson, Remi, Croix, Creed, Derek and one on the way.
Preceded in death by his parents; grandchildren Derek and Emily; sister Ruby Neuman and brother Lee Drolshagen.
In lieu of flowers, please make a donation to Hope Hospice.
Volume 7 - 2020 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2020.541741">https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2020.541741</a>
The integration of people with disabilities into the working world is an important
people with disabilities are still under-represented in the open labor market
This paper investigates the approach of using a collaborative robot arm to support people with disabilities with their reintegration into the workplace
there is currently little literature about the acceptance of an industrial robot by people with disabilities and in cases where a robot leads to stress
a first user study was performed in a sheltered workshop to investigate the acceptance of a robot arm by workers with disabilities
As a first step in this underdeveloped field
the reaction and familiarization to the robot arm within a study situation was closely examined in order to separate any effects that were not caused by the moving robot
the reaction toward the robot arm during collaboration was investigated
five different distances between the robot arm and the participants were considered to make collaboration in the workplace as pleasant as possible
The results revealed that it took the participants about 20 min to get used to the situation
while the robot was immediately accepted very well and did not cause fear or discomfort at any time
short distances were accepted even better than the larger distances
the presented approach showed to promise for future investigations
To achieve these goals, people with disabilities must be supported to be more flexible in terms of their work tasks and familiarize themselves more quickly with new production steps. One possibility for achieving this is the use of assistive collaborative robots (consult <a href="#F1">Figure 1</a> for an example)
The robot would be able to render assistance to the people with disabilities as soon as they need help or specific training
the robot could help to perform certain tasks together with the worker in order to teach a specific movement which would bring a rehabilitative benefit
This would also ensure a safe execution of the task (e.g.
Collaboration between a robot arm and a human with a disability
this paper presents a first user study in a SW
with the aim of investigating the acceptance of a robot arm by workers with disabilities
the time they need to get used to the study situation was evaluated as well
The main contributions of this paper are thus:
- Examining the familiarization process of a person with a disability with a monitoring situation and a robot arm
- Analyzing the overall acceptance and limitations of a collaboration between an industrial robot arm and a person with a disability
- Investigating the effect of the spatial distance between a robot arm and a human participant
The corresponding findings can be summarized as follows:
- It takes the participants about 20 min to get used to the study situation and the robot
- The robot was immediately well-accepted and did not cause fear or discomfort at any time
and in some cases even better than larger distances
followed by an evaluation of both parts of the study&#x02014;the familiarization phase and the human robot collaboration
The use of cobots in manufacturing and the desire to support workers with disabilities to be able to conduct a job
as well as first publications on overlapping topics
Apart from helping workers with disabilities
robots are also frequently used to cooperate with healthy workers in industry
This section gives a brief overview of a small relevant set of current research areas in this broad field
since some aspects are applicable for humans with disabilities and thus show the potential of this field of research
technological inclusion approaches each cover a single aspect of integrating people with disabilities or providing some kind of support using technology
some of the examples given have not yet been tested on people with disabilities
while others offer either a form of feedback or support
The combination of multiple aspects is an interesting field of research and we performed a first step
an industrial robot arm has not yet been tested for collaboration with an adult human with a mental and/or physical disability in a working environment
as well as any fear or feelings of discomfort are the basis for further investigations of the use of such a system and thus subject to the presented study
The aim is to analyse how a workplace collaboration between a robot arm and people with disabilities may be made most comfortable for the user
the effect of distance between the robot arm and the worker&#x00027;s acceptance is considered
to support the worker as effectively as possible without them perceiving the robot arm as threatening at a normal working speed
Merely participating in a study can already cause strong reactions that are not necessarily triggered by the actual tasks of the study
as was revealed during preceding discussions with the heads of the SW in which the study took part
a familiarization with the robot arm should be achieved and information on the training period were collected
the interaction with the robot was considered
Using this stepwise approach of introducing the robot arm
any effects that are not caused by the moving robot arm could be eliminated
In the following sections a detailed description of the provided methods is presented
The robot&#x00027;s end-effector moved with a velocity of &#x0007E;26 cms on a linear trajectory
a construction was installed containing two Realsense r200 depth-cameras of the Intel Corporation (Santa Clara
One was at the same height as the participant&#x00027;s head
A third Realsense r200 camera was installed on the desk for the third day
because the robot covers the participant in the frontal camera
All cameras monitored rgb and depth images at 15 fps
Their communication was also realized via ROS
Schematic (Left) and actual (Right) setup of the study
No access to the exact medical diagnoses could be provided
All participants were already familiar with the required task and none of them had ever worked with a robot arm before
Information on the participants and their disabilities
The used industrial robot arm KUKA LBR iiwa 7 R800 is designed for close collaboration with humans and is equipped with appropriate safety standards. It fulfills the required EN ISO norms e.g., EN ISO 10218-1:201 for industrial robots (<a href="#B27">KUKA, 2020</a>). Moreover, a detailed risk analysis was performed prior to the study, which can be seen in <a href="#SM1">Supplementary Table 1</a>
The robot arm measures its forces in terms of torques at each joint
the robot arm was placed in such a way that it had a maximal leverage when closest to the participant
to register high torque values more easily at a short distance
it had a displacement of 0.8 m at maximum leverage
while still having a distance to the left of the participant of 0.25 m and anterior distances between 0.1 and 0.5 m measured from the front edge of the working desk
With the maximum torque set to 25 Nm a collision force of 31.25 N would result
assuming an approximate collision area of 4 cm2
the pressure during a collision would be 7.81 Ncm2
which specifies the safety requirements for human-robot interactions
a maximal force of 65 N and maximal pressure of 110 Ncm2would be allowed even in the most sensitive area
Since our values are thus far below the upper threshold
a spatially close installation and cooperation can be considered safe even if a collision occurs with any part of the body
while neither the robot arm nor its fingers contain any sharp edges
the edges of the gripper were covered with foam in order to prevent any kind of injuries at contact
This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the regulations governing the principles for safeguarding good academic practice at the Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg
of the Commission for Research Impact Assessment and Ethics
The protocol was approved by the Commission for Research Impact Assessment and Ethics (Drs.EK/2019/038)
their legal guardian gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki
The experiment was conducted on 3 subsequent days
&#x02022; Day 1: The participant carried out the task alone without the robot being present
&#x02022; Day 2: The participant carried out the task alone with the robot being present; however
&#x02022; Day 3: The participant carried out the task in collaboration with the robot
The wooden sticks had a length of &#x0007E;70 mm and a width of &#x0007E;5 mm
the width varied and sticks with a wider width had to be sorted out by the participants
This was done by inserting them into the hole in the test device
sticks which were too wide would not fit through
the participants had a large stock of wooden sticks which they could access and test at their own working speed
Snapshot of the participant removing the wooden stick from the robot before placing it into the white box
the robot picked up the wooden sticks on its table and then handed them over to the worker above their desk
The robot always approached the worker from the left side
The time interval in which the wooden sticks were checked was thus defined by the robot
the test device was placed in front of the participant
who was free to place it where they felt most comfortable
contact had been established with the heads of the SW in Oldenburg
a suitable location and task was selected for the study
their legal guardians were provided with the participant information and declaration of consent in advance
the participant information was handed out to the participants and their informal consent was again obtained
the researcher was supported in doing so by the group leaders of the SW
the study procedure was again verbally explained to them
The two cameras and the scaffolding were already installed 1 week prior to the first day of the study
in order to familiarize the participants with the study situation and
The study itself took place on 3 consecutive days
the daily tasks were verbally explained once again
and the order stayed the same for all 3 days
the participant was only filmed by the two cameras while performing the task described above
and without any kind of attendance of the robot arm
This trial was intended to serve as a baseline condition
standing sideways in front of the participant
The duration of the task execution decreased to 20 min per participant due to perceived repetition and according expressions of boredom relative to the first day
the familiarization with the test situation should be detected
the further execution of the study would need to be adapted
The researcher was sitting directly opposite the participants on both days while writing the records of result
This method was chosen because acquiring a large number of participants with disabilities is infeasible within a single SW
the variety in the participants&#x00027; capabilities can vary strongly even when trying to acquire a homogenous group
This makes drawing statistical conclusions across all participants challenging
datasets containing numerical values were tested for their significance
The qualitative evaluation is based on the interpretation of certain
they will provide information about the overall acceptance of the robot
Since each participant will show individual reactions toward the new situation
the variables will be evaluated for every participant individually
All variables are either found in the record of results or the recorded videos
The process in which the participants got accustomed to being in a study situation and filmed by the cameras is defined as the familiarization phase
The initial introduction to the robot arm is another aspect that was investigated in the course of the evaluation
The familiarization process started 1 week prior to the first week of the study
when the cameras and scaffolding were installed
Three variables were examined for both days: the overall body language
the speaking and the number of wooden sticks tested per minute
the reaction toward the robot was considered in terms of body and verbal language
these variables were proven with respect to changes in the behavior of the participants over time
the time it took until a positive or negative change in behavior was detected was also considered for all variables and participants
the task execution was terminated 1&#x02013;2 min before the actual end of the trial period for different reasons
such as attention deficit or an earlier start to their break
these kinds of occurrences are unavoidable and a repetition of the measurement unreasonable in this target group
the missing minutes were extrapolated for all participants in order to obtain a comparable dataset
except for participant 5 who had no missing data
Sticks tested per minute for each participants and both days
Significant regression lines are included as well
which were found for participant 1 and participant 2
Four variables indicating some form of excitement or discomfort are described for each participant
Participant 8 was excluded from this evaluation since he has a visual impairment
The obtained trajectories are thus rather a result of search movements than of actual reactions toward the robot
Five variables indicating a reaction toward the robot and its distance for each participant
(Top) Trajectories for all five distances extracted from the videos for participant 1
The x- and y-coordinates of the participants hand are plotted for each timestep in the two-dimensional space
The start position of the participants hand is on the upper right corner
the stop positions of the gripper are at the bottom end of the individual curves
but with additional oriented bounding boxes for all five trajectories per distance
some data points are missing; these were excluded from the evaluation for the reasons detailed previously
The results are presented in two separate sections; the first will cover the process of becoming familiar with the study situation and the robot arm itself
while the second section will cover the actual interaction with the robot arm at different distances
The installation of the cameras and scaffolding did not cause any specific reactions
Eight out of 10 participants showed at least one kind of reaction according to the predefined variables and a resulting change in behavior (see <a href="#T2">Table 2</a>)
served for five out of 10 participants as evidence of excitement
for 20.2 (&#x000B1;2.4) minutes during the first day
No significant changes in this variable were noticed during the second day for any of the participants
revealed signs of excitement in 7 out of 10 participants
Four of those showed a relaxed mentality after 15&#x02013;20 min
while no improvement could be witnessed during the first day for three participants
all participants displayed their typical way of interacting with the environment in terms of talking and laughing
only showed significant changes for two out of nine participants on the first day
The elapsed time significantly predicted the number of sticks tested per minute for participant 1 [b = 0.20
p &#x0003C; 0.05] and participant 5 [b = &#x02212;0.24
t being the t-value and p describing the p-value of the independent variable
The overall model with the elapsed time also predicted the number of sticks tested per minute very well [adjusted R2 = 0.76
F describes the F-statistic depending on the number of dependent variables and the degrees of freedom and p being the p-value of the model
no significant changes could be detected regarding the number of sticks tested per minute for any of the participants
none of the participants showed any kind of negative reaction toward the robot arm during the second day
as the evaluation of the last variable revealed
The first variable, the change in posture during the grasp and while changing the robots distance, showed that all 10 participants had to lean forward to reach position 5 and six participants still had to lean forward to reach position 4 (see <a href="#T3">Table 3</a>)
five participants flinched while the robot was moved to distance 1 and three while it was moved to distance 2
approached the robot again to continue the trial after the alteration of distance was completed
it becomes apparent that none of the participants showed any signs that could be interpreted as fear or discomfort toward the robot arm
five out of 10 participants showed signs of joy during their first interaction
as the evaluation of the third variable revealed
Boxplots of the oriented bounding boxes of the trajectories of the participants (Top) and time differences between the stopping of the gripper and the start of the participants&#x00027; grasping movement (Bottom) over all participants and distances
Distance 4 reveals the absence of data points
Note that a negative time difference represents that the grasp motion of the person starts before the robot finishes its motion
Also of note is a single finding in which a person
namely spinning the wooden sticks in his hands for several seconds before placing it into the box
actually abandoned this tic when the robot arm handed over the wooden sticks
the feedback the supervisors received from participants varied from being very enthusiastic and happy to work with the robot arm to being rather bored because the robot arm did not move fast enough
No one gave feedback indicating fear or discomfort regarding the collaboration with the robot arm
The following sections will give a brief overview of the findings and conclusions of this work
as well as of its limitations and suggestions for future work
none of the participants showed any signs of fear or discomfort
it can be assumed the new technology would be widely accepted
This might be due to the fact that people with disabilities rely more often on assistance and help from technology and thus accept this kind of help more easily
the single finding that one participant abandoned his tic lends weight to this hypothesis
The paper at hand presents a first field study toward the acceptance of an industrial robot arm in a SW by people with disabilities
In order to separate any effects that are not caused by the moving robot
first the process of familiarization with the study situation and technical equipment was considered and examined
different distances between the robot arm and human were considered to include the effects of social distances into the results
Three main findings were achieved. Firstly, a familiarization can be achieved in a limited time. Secondly, a collaboration between adult humans with disabilities and an industrial robot is accepted more readily than has been assumed in literature so far (<a href="#B26">Kremer et al., 2018</a>)
a close positioning of the robot arm does not cause a problem
as long as safety aspects can be guaranteed
a familiarization phase is useful and should last for about 20 min in order to get consistent results in the subsequent study
Due to the rather short span of attention of some people with disabilities
a familiarization phase 1 day prior to the study is recommended
a better guarantee of familiarization can be achieved that way since the measured speech of some participants took 1 day to return to normal
the results suggest that the use of a robotic arm is a promising field of research
People with disabilities seem to be willing to use technology in order to master tasks at work and none of the participants showed any signs of fear or discomfort
Not even a spatially close collaboration with the robot arm showed any negative effects
the shorter distances appeared to be slightly preferred over the longer ones
Positioning the robot too far away led to uncomfortable postures during execution of the task
as long as safety requirements can be satisfied
there seems to be no limit regarding a minimal distance
This paper presents an important first step toward human robot interaction with people with disabilities
as we now know that no negative impact results
This invites future scenarios in which a robot could help people with disabilities to be integrated into the open labor market more easily
The primary limitation of this study is the small group size
the homogeneity was achieved based on their smallest common thread
Since no restrictions based on kind and severity of the disability were made
still a large inhomogeneity of the capabilities of the participants can be assumed
the effects of gender and type of disability could not be investigated in a statistically significant way
further studies with more participants would be desirable in order to obtain statistical results
While further studies on these subjects would be desirable
covering them all would have exceeded the scope of this study
the general acceptance of the robot arm was tested
the main aim in employing workers with disabilities is usually a charitable one rather than the desire to maximize the productivity level
the parameters can be adapted to suit the worker if needed
while the robot could still improve their working capabilities
this hypothesis should be tested in a subsequent study
as well as the aforementioned possibility that people with disabilities may trust robots more than humans and might therefore even learn better with them
collaboration with a robot arm at the workplace might have even more benefits than expected prior to this study
this aspect would need further investigation to be validated
proceeding with the initial visions for human-robot collaborations in SWs should be continued in future work
The datasets generated for this study will not be made publicly available because they are based on personal video data of the participants and therefore cannot be publicly released due to data-protection law and ethical aspects. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to Sandra Drolshagen, <a id="encmail">c2FuZHJhLmRyb2xzaGFnZW5Ab2ZmaXMuZGU=</a>
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Commission for Research Impact Assessment and Ethics
Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants or if required by the participants&#x00027; legal guardian/next of a kin
MP supported the project with his professional knowledge and also took part in the programming and development of the study design
as well as in inventing strategies for the evaluation
PG supported the project by helping to implement the required safety requirements
supporting the development of study design and strategies throughout the whole process
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version
This work was partially supported by the IKIMUNI project funded by the Ministry of Science of the State of Lower Saxony
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
This work would not have been possible without the great help of the SW in Oldenburg and especially the heads and group leaders offering their support
Their engagement of recruiting the participants and connecting to the legal guardians together with providing the premises and professional knowledge about the target group made this study possible
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2020.541741/full#supplementary-material">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2020.541741/full#supplementary-material</a>
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Copyright &#x000A9; 2021 Drolshagen, Pfingsthorn, Gliesche and Hein. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)</a>
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&#x0002A;Correspondence: Sandra Drolshagen, <a id="encmail">c2FuZHJhLmRyb2xzaGFnZW5Ab2ZmaXMuZGU=</a>
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Today marks the release of genre-smashing hardcore collective The Armed&#8217;s new album
Why not check out this interview with vocalist&nbsp;and&nbsp;lyricist Cara&nbsp;Drolshagen
<a rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)" href="https://newnoisemagazine.com/cover-reveal-the-armed/" target="_blank">And don&#8217;t forget to pick up a copy of New Noise Magazine 57 with The Armed on the cover.</a>
who aim to upend the conventions of extreme music with every album they release
by mixing sunny pop music&nbsp;with noisy metallic hardcore&nbsp;to create a mutant sound unlike anything likely to be heard this year.&nbsp;
It&#8217;s&nbsp;their way of challenging the status quo in loud rock.&nbsp;
&#8220;What is supposed to be a subversive genre—aggressive
extreme music—has turned&nbsp;into a complete caricature of itself,”&nbsp;vocalist&nbsp;and&nbsp;lyricist Cara&nbsp;Drolshagen&nbsp;says.&nbsp;“We wanted to confront that.”&nbsp;
they started down&nbsp;this road&nbsp;with their previous album
2018&#8217;s critically acclaimed&nbsp;release,&nbsp;Only Love.&nbsp;ULTRAPOP&nbsp;sees the band taking themes explored on that previous album and pushing them to the forefront
creating another unique listening experience.&nbsp;
“It’s an exploration of a different pattern
and the intent of breaking it,”&nbsp;Drolshagen&nbsp;says.&nbsp;
ULTRAPOP is an album that will equally surprise and delight
Its mixture of pop music with extreme music makes it one of the most unique sounding records released this year
It will&nbsp;definitely ruffle&nbsp;a few feathers.&nbsp;
But&nbsp;that&#8217;s&nbsp;the point.&nbsp;
“We&#8217;re trying to rid the playing field of expectations,”&nbsp;Drolshagen&nbsp;says.&nbsp;“As far as an artform is considered
music&nbsp;in particular is&nbsp;filled with predictability.&nbsp;Standards to be followed
We&nbsp;wanna&nbsp;keep people on their feet
That&#8217;s what we set out to do.”&nbsp;
the band enlisted&nbsp;noted&nbsp;producer Ben Chisholm (Chelsea Wolfe)&nbsp;for&nbsp;this&nbsp;album
This time,&nbsp;the band decided to change it up a little bit
though&nbsp;Ballou still had a part in the album&#8217;s creation.&nbsp;
“Kurt is still very much the executive producer of this album,”&nbsp;Drolshagen&nbsp;says.&nbsp;“So
that hasn’t changed.&nbsp;As for Ben,&nbsp;he’s&nbsp;a genius who understands the math behind the music,&nbsp;and the opportunity to reconfigure its numbers in new ways,&nbsp;to find different solutions.”&nbsp;&nbsp;
Drolshagen&nbsp;contributed&nbsp;to the new album&nbsp;in a variety of ways
“I wrote lyrics and sang in some capacity on every song,”&nbsp;she says.&nbsp;
In addition,&nbsp;ULTRAPOP&nbsp;was created and produced in a variety of locations
which just fits&nbsp;the&nbsp;unique approach&nbsp;The Armed take&nbsp;towards&nbsp;creating music.&nbsp;
“[It was recorded]&nbsp;pre-pandemic,”&nbsp;Drolshagen&nbsp;says.&nbsp;“All over the globe
I was living in NYC at the time,&nbsp;and when I&nbsp;couldn&#8217;t&nbsp;make it to Detroit
I would go to Rivington Music in the East Village
scream in the basement,&nbsp;and send tracks to the guys in Detroit.&nbsp;The first sessions were recorded at Electrical Audio in Chicago
Some of it was recorded&nbsp;in a variety of hotels and places we stayed on our last European festival tour,&nbsp;which had a giant week-long gap between shows
And then some of it was recorded at God City as well.”&nbsp;
The album&nbsp;also contains a variety of guest performers
including Mark&nbsp;Lanegan,&nbsp;and Queens&nbsp;Of&nbsp;The Stone Age guitarist&nbsp;and&nbsp;multi-intstrumentalist&nbsp;Troy Van Leeuwen
given the fluid nature of membership in the band,&nbsp;Drolshagen&nbsp;doesn’t&nbsp;necessarily look at these performers as&nbsp;“guests.”&nbsp;They&#8217;re&nbsp;part of the collective now.&nbsp;
“We are all The Armed&nbsp;⋈,”&nbsp;Drolshagen&nbsp;says.&nbsp;
It&#8217;s&nbsp;interesting to note&nbsp;Drolshagen&#8217;s&nbsp;answer
because,&nbsp;since their inception,&nbsp;the band has operated under a shadow of mystery.&nbsp;People&nbsp;didn&#8217;t&nbsp;know who was really in the band&nbsp;and who wasn&#8217;t,&nbsp;which led to a lot of speculation and theories online
anybody who performs with the band&nbsp;is now&nbsp;part of the band
The Armed are many different people—though&nbsp;Drolshagen&nbsp;has a more down to earth explanation for all&nbsp;these questions and crazy theories.&nbsp;
the more direct we are about who’s in the band
the more people think we are lying,” she says.&nbsp;“I remember when I joined,&nbsp;everyone kind of laughed and thought it was a joke
but I&#8217;m actually very much&nbsp;who I&nbsp;‘claim’&nbsp;to be.”&nbsp;
Follow The Armed:&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/thearmed">Twitter</a>/<a href="https://www.instagram.com/thearmedixi/">Instagram</a>
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Issue 73 featuring Pinhead Gunpowder is available now
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New Ting Pavilion GM Jonathan Drolshagen talks about his history managing musical venues in Charlottesville
and what he hopes to accomplish in his new role
adButlerLazyLoad("3196695163223009250",100,["688449","688449","688449"],"177030");
UVA Alert Monday morning from self-inflicted gunshot incident
The Nelson County Sheriff and The AWARE Foundation of Virginia asking help finding a missing Nelson County teen
Governor Youngkin took final actions to complete the legislative session for 2025 in the General Assembly
Charlottesville Police Chief Kochis presented to City Council last night a plea to implement a one-year program that would combine department program data
asking Council for a $150,000 appropriation
Virginia’s standing as one of the top states in the nation for patient safety in hospital settings has again been affirmed in the Leapfrog Group Hospital Safety Grade rankings
Be sure you have your GPS enabled and try again
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Pupil Slicer have released a music video for their new single
That song finds The Armed vocalist Cara Drolshagen guesting on vocals and you can check it out below
The song also features the talents of Pupil Slicer&#8216;s latest addition
A digital single for the track will be out this Thursday
February 03rd and will feature remixes of &#8220;Wounds Upon My Skin&#8221; done by Nadja and Marble Girl
Vocalist/guitarist Katie Davies offered the following of this newly shared track:
&#8220;The idea behind the track was to capture the experience of being in a catastrophising cycle of anxiety and depression that keeps getting worse no matter what you do
through metaphors of thermal runaway that occurs in stars which leads to supernovas.&#8221;
&#8220;We are huge fans of The Armed and really love Cara&#8216;s vocal work with them
I wrote the track with Cara in mind and approached her with the title and some general themes already established
She took the ball from there and laid down her vocal parts which established the fantastic core lyrical drive on the chorus which I then expanded.&#8221;
&#8220;It’s pretty incredible what you can do creatively now even being miles apart
We had such a great time collaborating on this song
Pupil Slicer were amazing to work with and really gave me the chance to mould my style with theirs in a really unique way.&#8221;
With writing sessions for their sophomore underway
Pupil Slicer are preparing to hit the road for the first time in roughly two years this month
"These bands are way too popular to be in arrears."
"Guess you'll have to go Steal This Album if you want to hear it now.."
is now accepting patients at a Baptist Health’s newest family medicine clinic in the River Valley
Baptist Health Family Clinic-Chaffee Crossing is located at 11300 Roberts Blvd
It’s Baptist Health’s second location in the growing area
Drolshagen is a Fort Smith native and graduate of Northside High School who was eager to return home and care for residents of the River Valley
He earned a medical degree from Ross University School of Medicine in Bridgetown
in 2016 and completed a residency in family medicine at Wheeling Hospital in Wheeling
Drolshagen earned a master’s degree in Biological Sciences from the University of Central Arkansas in Conway and received a bachelor’s degree in Biology at Hendrix College
Drolshagen says he was inspired to become a physician by his brother who is also a family practitioner
“I love getting to know people and in a family practice setting
I feel I am able to serve my community the best by building relationships with patients and working with them to achieve their health and wellness goals,” he said
Drolshagen offers a wide range of medical services for the entire family to meet the needs of those who work and live in the growing area of Chaffee Crossing
To make an appointment with a Baptist Health provider near you
call 1-888-BAPTIST or visit baptist-health.com
recently began performing outpatient procedures at Mercy Clinic General Surgery – Booneville
Kelly is a general surgeon who began his practice at Mercy in July 1982
He is now accepting new referrals at his Booneville practice
Tuesdays for endoscopy procedures and 8 a.m
lesion and cyst removal and other procedures
Clinic hours for post-procedure follow-ups will be 9 a.m
Kelly said he was first influenced to go into surgery by Dr
“I hope to use my skills in surgery to provide care for the people of Booneville and surrounding communities,” he said
Kelly holds a bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from Louisiana State University and his Doctor of Medicine from Tulane University School of Medicine
“We could not be more excited about the addition of Dr
Kelly to our Booneville community,” said Juli Stec
“Our goal is to continue to increase access to care for our rural residents
with specialty outreach clinics being a key strategic initiative to expand and enhance health care in our rural communities.”
Mercy Clinic General Surgery – Booneville is at 880 W
joined Mercy Clinic Family Medicine – Ozark in August as a family medicine physician
Eveld graduated summa cum laude from Southern Arkansas University in Magnolia and received her medical degree from the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences in Little Rock
She served as chief resident during her residency with UAMS West in Fort Smith
She is a member of the Arkansas Medical Society
American Medical Women’s Association and American Academy of Family Physicians
Eveld previously served as a volunteer EMT for the City of Ozark Fire Department
She served an internship in anesthesiology at UAMS in Little Rock and worked as a laboratory assistant and pharmacy technician in Magnolia
Eveld’s family medicine practice will include the care of newborns
Eveld said she believes in expanding the quality health care already found at Mercy Clinic Family Medicine – Ozark
“I hope to deliver quality care for the whole family by building upon the foundation of exceptional adult health care that exists in Ozark and by opening new opportunities for children of all ages to receive quality care close to home,” she said
“My goal is to give ‘big city care’ with ‘small town service’ and values for everyone.”
Eveld added that she loves that her job is to take care of people every day
“I enjoy the mix of meeting new people and getting to know them and their families while enjoying the complexity and fascination of the science of medicine,” she said
Mercy Clinic Family Medicine – Ozark is at 201 S
recently joined Washington Regional Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Clinic where she works alongside Charles Cole
DNP to provide care for patients in the clinic and hospital setting
Howerton earned a Master of Science in Nursing from the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and a bachelor’s degree in nursing from Northeastern Oklahoma University
She previously served as a staff sergeant in the United States Air Force as a pharmacy technician and most recently as a clinical transfer coordinator at the Veterans Health Care System of the Ozarks
Howerton is an adult gerontology acute care nurse practitioner and has more than five years of intensive care and medical surgical experience
Cassidy Hughes recently graduated from Northeastern State University where she earned a Master of Science degree in Speech-Language Pathology
Hughes became interested in The Gregory Kistler Center in Fort Smith after learning the story of Gregory and Michelle Kistler and how the Kistler Center became what it is today
executive director of the center says Hughes has a strong calling to help children communicate and find their voices
Hannah Ellis is a new member of the team at the Kistler Center in Fort Smith
She graduated from the University of Central Arkansas in August with a Master of Science degree in Communication Sciences and Disorders
Her interest in the Kistler Center began when she interned at there in the spring of 2020
She was drawn to the Kistler Center’s family-oriented approach and the opportunity to make a difference in the lives of children and their families
Ellis says she is excited to be a member of the team at the Kistler Center and to help children reach their goals in the speech room and beyond
“I was impressed with Hannah’s work ethic as an intern and her ability to adapt quickly to the needs of her patients
I continue to witness these qualities as Hannah embarks on her career here at the center,” said Jennifer Kistler
Naqing Zheng recently graduated from Boston University where she earned a Master of Science degree in Speech-Language Pathology
She grew up in Philadelphia and recently relocated to Fort Smith
Naqing knew from a young age that she wanted to work with children and began to pursue a career in speech-language pathology after observing a family member work with a child in the school setting
She says she was fascinated with the history behind the Kistler Center
and the opportunities for multidisciplinary care
She believes the Kistler Center will be a great place for professional development and is excited to work with each patient and their family
“Naqing’s kindness and big heart are two qualities that I noticed right away
We are happy to have Naqing on our team,” stated Jennifer Kistler
The Gregory Kistler Center is a certified provider for Community Employment Support Waiver for adults and children and Autism Waiver for young children
the Kistler Center has been providing occupational
and speech-language therapy to children for 42 years
Rodric Drolshagen moved to Oregon from California with his wife in search of a better quality of life.&nbsp;
What he found was a family among downtown Salem residents and merchants
Salem Riverfront Carousel executive director,&nbsp;met Drolshagen&nbsp;in 2013 while on his daily stroll with his Pomeranian
They would talk about Bradford-Blevins' 1980&nbsp;Fiat Spider,&nbsp;which had been taken to the shop for repairs.&nbsp;
When do we get to see the Fiat?'" said Bradford-Blevins
He was hit by a Ford Explorer while walking Heidi across Front Street NE at State Street heading into Riverfront Park.&nbsp;
The driver of the Explorer was turning left from the park&nbsp;to head north on Front Street
a spokeswoman with the Salem Police Department
Officials&nbsp;have not yet released the crash report and no citations have been issued.&nbsp;
The first person to rush to his aid was Bradford-Blevins
who was waiting to make a left turn into&nbsp;Riverfront Park from Front Street
It was her first day back to work after the Thanksgiving holiday.&nbsp;
Mickey Mouse: <a href=https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2019/12/23/disney-first-mickey-mouse-club-elsinore-theatre-salem-oregon/2664130001/ target=_blank>Here's how Salem kids formed the first ever Mickey Mouse Club in the nation in 1929</a>
She saw Drolshagen and&nbsp;Heidi stepping off the curb to cross at the intersection
When the Explorer turned,&nbsp;Bradford-Belvins said she hit her horn to warn the driver seconds before the crash.&nbsp;
"It was instant," she said.&nbsp;"I was like
I can't believe they hit him.'&nbsp;That they didn't see him."
put her flashers on and ran&nbsp;out to the street.&nbsp;
She checked his pulse on his wrist and yelled
but not thinking&nbsp;that was going to be it for him."
She said others went to help Heidi,&nbsp;who ran in the other direction
and a woman helped with chest compressions before medics arrived.&nbsp;
"I am grateful that God put me there at that light at that time to at least be able to hold his hand and talk to him," she said
"I will swear that I felt just a little bit of pressure on my hand as I was holding his and telling him to hang on."
Kristen Krauss said she collapsed on the floor and cried when the Santa Clara County coroner came to her house to deliver the news about her father.&nbsp;
Krauss was on a plane to Salem to meet with police&nbsp;officers and investigators
she found support in her father's friends.&nbsp;
was so appreciated by people &mdash; that they are that way with him or with me &mdash; it really
really helps ease the hurt right now," said Krauss
Droshagen was born in Chicago but spent much of his life in California.&nbsp;
He served in the Air Force for four years in Vietnam&nbsp;and later attended Fresno City College
To say he had a varied career would be an understatement
He worked&nbsp;as a cook at a Macy's restaurant in the 1970s
at a local hardware store and as a corrections officer in the Fresno County Sheriff's Office.&nbsp;
Beekeeping: <a href=https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2019/12/26/marion-county-adopts-stricter-residential-beekeeping-standards/2694534001/ target=_blank>Marion County, Salem adopting codes allowing residential beekeeping</a>
Kristen Krauss would get embarrassed by her father's gregarious traits.&nbsp;
it's&nbsp;one of her favorite things about him
He was "social to a fault,"&nbsp; Krauss said
"The kind of person who would have meaningful conversations with strangers and really
not just make them feel like they were the only person in the room
but just give them the gift of his full attention."
"They had a veggie garden and they ate everything they were growing
(Carol) would make jam and bread for the neighbors
When&nbsp;Carol developed Alzheimer's,&nbsp;she was moved to an assisted living facility in Salem
Drolshagen visited her for five hours a day.&nbsp;&nbsp;
His schedule included daily walks through Riverfront Park;&nbsp;and Taco Monday and Five-dollar Steak Thursday&nbsp;at The Night Deposit Whiskey Library
Heidi was welcomed at the restaurant with&nbsp;a plate of tater tots.&nbsp;
"Everybody (at the carousel) knew when he would come and he knew everything about them...he deeply loved everyone here in this building,&nbsp;but also everybody in downtown
Krauss said she's grateful her father's friends were by his side
he didn't have a high position &mdash; it was literally through sheer largess of personality and compassion for other people.&nbsp;He means so much to them and that means so much to me."&nbsp;
Homelessness: <a href=https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2019/12/23/salem-homeless-told-depart-oregon-capitol-grounds-after-establishing-camp-oregon/2736348001/ target=_blank>Salem homeless told to leave Oregon Capitol grounds after establishing camp in protest</a>
Talking to Rick 'warmed me inside'Riverfront Park Carusel operations manager Bryan Eldridge met Drolshagen as he was crossing the patio of the complex
I ended up meeting his dogs and a wonderful person."
"He'd stop in every day and socialize with us and it never stopped."
Eldridge recalled Drolshagen would put his hand on his shoulder when he was stressed and say
"There aren't a people like that out there...who support you in what you do."
Drolshagen's&nbsp;daily walks&nbsp;led him to befriend Joe Lopez &mdash; a homeless man
They met every day at a park bench overlooking the Willamette River to feed the ducks and the squirrels
Support local journalism: Keep up to date on breaking news in Salem and the Mid Valley by <a href="https://cm.statesmanjournal.com/specialoffer?gps-source=CPSUBFOOTER&utm_medium=onsite&utm_source=sitefooter&utm_campaign=specialoffer&utm_content=CPSUBFOOTER" target=_blank>subscribing to the Statesman Journal</a>. You'll get 24-hour access to stories, photos and videos.
Lopez said his long talks with Dolshagen warmed him inside.&nbsp;"It was so nice to talk to him. He was so easy to talk to.
"He would bring me maybe a snack and he knew I liked to feed the animals. I do have a portion of my life gone and it's very sad," he said.&nbsp;"I just can't believe this sort of thing would happen."
Bradford-Blevins said she wants people to remember Drolshagen for his kindness and authenticity.&nbsp;
"Rick would&nbsp;go out and have these different relationships with people in&nbsp;the community," she said. "Either he would know or be able to see what they needed or was missing and was able to fill those voids.
"I'm going to miss him," she said. "We'll have to go on a ride&nbsp;when I get my (Fiat)&nbsp;back just for Rick."
Virginia Barreda is the breaking news reporter with the Statesman Journal. She can be reached at 503-399-6657 or at vbarreda@statesmanjournal.com. Follow her on Twitter at @vbarreda2.&nbsp;
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Volume 9 - 2022 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2022.895732">https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2022.895732</a>
This article is part of the Research TopicRobotic Telescopes<a class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--medium Link--icon Link--chevronRight Link--right" aria-label="View all 12 articles" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/27952/robotic-telescopes/magazine" target="_self" data-event="customLink-linkType-a_viewAll12Articles">View all 12 articles</a>
A correction has been applied to this article in:
Corrigendum: Robotic observation pipeline for small bodies in the solar system based on open-source software and commercially available telescope hardware
The observation of small bodies in the Space Environment is an ongoing important task in astronomy
While nowadays new objects are mostly detected in larger sky surveys
several follow-up observations are usually needed for each object to improve the accuracy of orbit determination
In particular objects orbiting close to Earth
so called Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) are of special concern as a small but not negligible fraction of them can have a non-zero impact probability with Earth
the observation of manmade space debris and tracking of satellites falls in the same class measurements
Telescopes for these follow-up observations are mainly in a aperture class between 1&#x000a0;m down to approximately 25&#x000a0;cm
These telescopes are often hosted by amateur observatories or dedicated companies like 6ROADS specialized on this type of observation
With upcoming new NEO search campaigns by very wide field of view telescopes
NASA&#x02019;s NEO surveyor space mission and ESA&#x02019;s Flyeye telescopes
the number of NEO discoveries will increase dramatically
This will require an increasing number of useful telescopes for follow-up observations at different geographical locations
While well-equipped amateur astronomers often host instruments which might be capable of creating useful measurements
and also analysis are still a major challenge for many observers
In this work we present a fully robotic planning
scheduling and observation pipeline that extends the widely used open-source cross-platform software KStars/Ekos for Instrument Neutral Distributed Interface (INDI) devices
The method consists of algorithms which automatically select NEO candidates with priority according to ESA&#x02019;s Near-Earth Object Coordination Centre (NEOCC)
It then analyses detectable objects (based on limiting magnitudes
and time) with preliminary ephemeris from the Minor Planet Center (MPC)
Optimal observing slots during the night are calculated and scheduled
Immediately before the measurement the accurate position of the minor body is recalculated and finally the images are taken
Besides the detailed description of all components
we will show a complete robotic hard- and software solution based on our methods
Due to the immense increase of space missions in the last years (new-space-era) also follow-up observations of space-debris play a more and more important role in this field of astronomy
The detection and tracking of the observable, generally called &#x0201c;small objects,&#x0201d; is therefore a key challenge for international risk assessment and planetary defense (<a href="#B33">Rumpf et al., 2016</a>; <a href="#B22">Mainzer et al., 2021</a>). To support the task of follow-up observations, observatories all around the world observe Minor Planets (<a href="#F1">Figure 1</a>)
telescopes up to 2&#x000a0;m in diameter are used here
Number of observations published in the Minor Planet Electronic Circulars (MPECs) in 2021
The individual MPC observatories are mapped as points on their geographic coordinates with their number of observations as color
Observatories with no observations in 2021 are removed
The cumulated observations within an arc of 45&#x000b0; of the geographic coordinates is contoured
the number of available observatories is still too small compared to the necessary number of follow-up observations
Amateur astronomers often operate small observatories
whose instruments would in principle be able to perform meaningful measurements
Even though some sites are already submitting measurements to the MPC
a large part of this potential remains unused
we see one of the major reasons in the relatively complicated object selection
in order to carry out a successful measurement
powerful software and hardware enhancements have been developed
which make it possible to operate even small observatories worldwide robotically or at least remotely
In this work we will describe a viable modular solution with commercially available hardware and software that makes it possible to perform follow-up observations of Minor Planets and thus contribute to their improved orbit prediction. The robotic system consists of a planning, scheduling and observation pipeline that is based on the open-source software KStars/Ekos with INDI devices.<a href="#fn3">3</a> It automatically obtains the objects and their position data from ESA and the MPC
controls the observatory and automatically schedules different objects for observing nights
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) defines small bodies of the Solar System as all objects apart from planets, dwarf planets and (natural) satellites orbiting the Sun (<a href="#B16">IAU General Assembly, 2006</a>)
all Comets and Minor Planets (without dwarf planets) belong to this category
Within this group Asteroids and Comets are the major types of Small Solar System Bodies (SSSB)
their physical and orbital behavior like the shape and the orbit stability can be quite different from planets
To detect such objects early in advance, sky surveys for NEOs like the Panoramic Survey Telescope &#x00026; Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) or the Catalina Sky Survey are regularly scanning the sky for new objects (<a href="#B20">Larson et al., 1998</a>; <a href="#B13">Hodapp et al., 2004</a>)
The Minor Planet Center (MPC), which is under the guidance of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), is in charge of the worldwide organization of all data of SSSBs, especially NEOs and PHOs.<a href="#fn7">7</a> It collects astrometric and photometric data from the individual observatories
combines and processes them to calculate the orbits
The MPC recommends observers to generally make two or three measurements per object per night.<a href="#fn10">10</a> It is sufficient if the observations are made over the period of a few hours
this procedure should be repeated on another nearby night
It is explicitly not necessary to make more than three measurements for one object per night
it is reasonable to make measurements on groups some hours apart on a single night
For follow-up observations of a new discovery
it is recommended to make measurements on pairs of nearby nights for every seven to 10&#x000a0;days repeatedly as long as the object is visible and unidentified
it is not necessary to observe a new object each night
If an object has already passed through several oppositions
measurements should be made on pairs on nearby nights around each opposition
According to our analysis of the MPC database in 2021, for the initial discovery there are on average 21.9 &#x000b1; 8.6 measurements needed to allow a clear and reliable classification. However, several (most ground-based) follow-up observations in much larger numbers in appropriate time intervals are usually necessary for sufficient orbit calculations over a longer period (<a href="#B36">Vere&#x00161; et al., 2018</a>)
Besides the MOID and the object&#x02019;s Sky Uncertainty (SU)
an estimate of the difficulty to recover an object depending on the visual magnitude and further parameters are considered in this list
the according urgencies are categorized into priority classes
The Priority List can be accessed by an automated HTTP GET request.<a href="#fn12">12</a> The list contains additional information about the object&#x02019;s positions
The individual entries can be used for further processing
objects can be sorted out according to own requirements for urgency and visual magnitudes
Besides the NEOCC Priority List there are also other ways to select suitable objects for observation nights. The NEA Observation Planning Aid (NEAObs) of the MPC makes a user-orientated approach and creates a list of suitable objects that fulfills the user&#x02019;s criteria (e.g., magnitude, motion, and uncertainty ranges) and are observable for the site.<a href="#fn13">13</a> The NEO Confirmation Page (NEOCP) contains the current NEO candidates that need confirmation for the discovery
Both can be accessed similar to the Priority List
Components and specifications of the telescopes &#x0201c;GHOST&#x0201d; and &#x0201c;ORT&#x0201d; of the University Observatory of Oldenburg (MPC Code: G01)
The methods are developed and tested at the GHOST telescope in Oldenburg. The KAF8300 (onsemi<a href="#fn14">14</a>
United States) chip of the camera is set in a 2 &#x000d7; 2 Binning for NEO observation with an exposure time of texp &#x0003d; 60&#x000a0;s
The bitrate is 16 bits with a full well of 25,000 e&#x02212;
the gain is g &#x0003d; 0.41 e&#x02212;/ADU (analog to digital unit) and the mean Quantum Efficiency is QE &#x0003d; 0.54 (for wavelengths &#x003bb; &#x0003d; (550 &#x000b1; 150) nm)
The bias of the chip is measured to be Nbias &#x0003d; 250 e&#x02212;
According to the chip&#x02019;s data sheet
the readout current is Nreadout &#x0003d; 7 e&#x02212; and the dark current is 0.1 e&#x02212;/s at &#x02212;10&#x000b0;C with a doubling temperature of 5.8&#x000b0;C
For other temperatures the dark current Ndark at temperature T can be calculated with:
where a temperature of T &#x0003d; &#x02212;20&#x000b0;C is usually used
All the values N refer to the corresponding number of electrons measured per pixel
The main and secondary mirror of the telescope each have a dielectric high-reflectivity coating with at least 92% transmission
In total this results in a transmission of the optical tube of &#x003c4; &#x0003d; 0.98 &#x022c5; 0.922 &#x02248; 0.83
The secondary mirror itself has a diameter of 191&#x000a0;mm
thus resulting in a relative obstruction aobstr &#x0003d; 0.2213 of the light blocked for the primary mirror
TABLE 2. Telescopes in Oldenburg (GHOST, ORT), from the 6ROADS Network and ESA&#x02019;s Optical Ground Station (OGS) with their location, MPC Code and the results for the calculated Limiting Magnitude for the given diameter and Sky Magnitudes from <a href="#F6">Figure 6</a>, the mean observable NEOCC Priority List object from <a href="#F8">Figure 8</a> and the mean observation time needed for those objects
the connection of the different INDI components from the client to the individual devices is schematically described
which can be used additionally to make automations for the observatory
It is fully scriptable and can control all devices with an interface
which also can connect by itself to the INDI server
it can be used for a Robotic control system
Schematic representation of the operation principle of INDI from typical clients to the different telescope instruments with the INDI Server and Drivers controlled by the INDI Protocol and their connection types
KStars as one of the most common GUIs is an open-source cross-platform Astronomy Software.<a href="#fn18">18</a> In addition to the control over the INDI devices
it has capabilities for observation planning and graphical simulations of the night sky
The database contains up to 100 million stars
Catalogs for Minor Planets or other objects can also be extended individually by adding external data from the MPC
Ekos is the framework of KStars for data-acquisition and observatory control.<a href="#fn19">19</a> Due to its modular structure
it can be used for many automation processes
There are modules for the automatic capture-
Additional accessories like weather monitoring and dome control can also be used in separate modules
All these modules can be automatically controlled via the Ekos Scheduler
which checks objects from a given list of targets for the current observing conditions and then makes a completely automatic and adjustable observation
In addition to the optional startup and shutdown scripts
additional scripts can also be embedded before and after each observation of an object and each individual recording
This can be done by executable Python scripts
The INDI DBus Interface is implemented into Python
the coefficients of the two-dimensional coordinate transformation
are calculated with a fourth-order polynomial fit
After extracting the astrometric and photometric measurements
the program allows to send a properly formatted MPC report
For estimating the general brightness of the night sky a Sky Quality Meter (SQM) is used (<a href="#B11">H&#x000e4;nel et al., 2018</a>)
The detector measures the luminance in a field with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 20&#x000b0; near the zenith
where this quantity corresponds approximately to the visual magnitude of the sky msky
A local deviation of the brightness can occur due to further influences (e.g
the Moon) and thus worsen the observation conditions
a minimum Moon distance of 30&#x000b0; is set
With a field factor F, typically being a value between 1.4 and 2.4 according to the observer&#x02019;s visual capabilities and experience, <a href="#B6">Crumey (2014)</a> derived the following expression for the limiting visual (naked eye) star magnitude m0:
if (20 &#x0003c; msky &#x0003c; 22) mag/arcsec2. With m0 a classification in the Bortle scale according to <a href="#B2">Bortle (2001)</a> can be made
We start with the definition of the apparent magnitude different of two objects depending on the ratio of their flux densities &#x003a6;
When we consider one object as the Sun and the other as the observed object (e.g.
For a given magnitude of the object its flux can therefore be calculated
the total power of the signal Pcam measured on the camera is calculated by multiplying the surface area of the telescope
depending on its diameter dtele of the primary mirror and its relative obstruction by the secondary mirror aobstr
and a total transmission rate of the telescope &#x003c4; with the energy flux density &#x003a6;obj:
The integrated power of the signal over the exposure time texp will give us the total energy of the photons captured by the camera
To convert this into the photoelectrons released in the camera sensor
we divide this by the energy per photon and multiply it with the quantum efficiency QE of the camera
Assuming a mean wavelength of the photons &#x003bb;&#x00304; and a constant power Pcam
we will get the number of electrons captured at the center of the signal Nsignal:
Since the magnitude of the sky is given per arcsec2
we need to multiply the resulting flux with the square area of one pixel with size spx
Rearranged to the flux from the sky this results in:
The <a href="#e4">Eqs 4</a>, <a href="#e5">5</a> can also be used analogously
because the sky signal is equally distributed over the sensor
Altogether, the signal-to-noise ratio SNR as in <a href="#B25">Merline and Howell (1995)</a> can be calculated:
with npx pixels considered for measurement of the signal and nb pixels for the measurement of the background signal. The additional term g2&#x003c3;f2, with the gain g and an estimate of the 1&#x003c3;-error by the A/D converter of the camera &#x003c3;f &#x02248; 0.289, indicate the error from the A/D conversion (<a href="#B25">Merline and Howell, 1995</a>). In order to get the LM of a telescope, we need to make the calculation in <a href="#e9">Eq. 9</a> backwards
We presume a certain threshold for SNR and get the required object&#x02019;s signal value:
Using <a href="#e3">Eqs 3</a>&#x02013;<a href="#e5">5</a> we get for the magnitude mobj of the object for a given SNR:
Finally for the limiting magnitude of the telescope, we need to correct the object&#x02019;s magnitude from <a href="#e11">Eq. 11</a> with the atmospheric extinction causing a dimming of the light by the terrestrial atmosphere
With the air mass &#x003c7; and the extinction coefficient &#x003ba; this will lead to the following expression:
where, for an object in the zenith, &#x003c7; &#x0003d; 1 and &#x003ba; &#x0003d; 0.245 for the V-band (<a href="#B17">Jurado Vargas et al., 2002</a>)
the broadening and blurring of point sources due to air turbulence in the atmosphere
It attenuates the intensity of the light and thus increases the extinction coefficient &#x003ba; due to increased scattering of light
the widening of the recorded light spot from the object causes a decrease in the percentage p of the signal in the center pixel
This gives us an expression for the LM of a telescope depending on its specifications and the requested SNR
a value of SNR &#x0003e; 5 is needed for the detection of an object
An analogous Setup has been used for the ORT telescope
FIGURE 3. Schematic representation of the overall Telescope System &#x0201c;GHOST&#x0201d; including the controlling Raspberry Pi (StellarMate OS 64-bit v1.7.1, 2GB RAM), all components and their individual power and security systems, the separate PC controlling the Dome, which is connected to the Raspberry Pi over an SSH connection controlled by Python scripts. The telescope components are controlled via the INDI protocol (<a href="#F2">Figure 2</a>) from KStars/Ekos to the INDI Drivers
Additional systems include the &#x0201c;Astro-PC&#x0201d; for Data Reduction and Livestreaming
and the Cloud Drive for storing image data and accessing the Sky Monitoring System
an appropriate software is necessary for the use of the Robotic Telescope
that most available software is not developed for the measurement of NEOs due to their relative movement in the equatorial coordinate system
Many programs like KStars support the observation of planets and Minor Planets
new or even unconfirmed objects require frequent connection to the latest data
We solved this problem by using the customization options of Ekos in the form of embeddable scripts to ensure a continuous update of the coordinates of the objects before each observation
<a href="#F4">Figure 4</a> shows the Pre-Observation Pipeline developed for the Robotic Telescope
It starts with the selection of suitable objects
ESA&#x02019;s NEOCC Priority List and MPC&#x02019;s NEOCP is accessed with a Python script at the beginning of the observation night
a NEAObs list from the MPC will be produced for specified boundaries for the magnitude (brighter than mmax)
the motion (below vmax) and the sky uncertainty (in-between &#x003c3;min and &#x003c3;max)
The Priority List and the NEOCP will be filtered by the script with the same boundaries as well
the time for which the object&#x02019;s altitude is high enough (larger than &#x003c6;min) to be observable is calculated
Objects that fall under a given threshold tmin for the time are sorted out
What remains is a list of suitable objects for observation
For the determination of preliminary positions
the current orbital parameters and ephemerides of all objects are downloaded from the MPC Database and the MPC Ephemeris Service
After converting the parameters into the format of KStars
the objects are included into its database by adding them in the Asteroids file of KStars
a separate database with the ephemerides is created
an automated Observation Schedule is made for the Ekos Scheduler
an XML file containing all information for the Ekos Scheduler is created
all individual observation slots must be specified here in the appropriate order
In the beginning there is an initialization procedure used for testing all instruments and then doing an accurate auto-focusing after the camera sensor and the main mirror are cooled down (regular automatic refocusing can be set in the schedule and is also recommended)
All objects currently having an altitude below the threshold &#x003c6;min are removed
This procedure is repeated for several runs with updated altitudes until the nighttime ends
Objects that have already been selected more than N times are also removed
a complete Observation Schedule for NEOs is made and the Pre-Observation procedure is finished
FIGURE 5. Observation Pipeline illustrated with its workflow. It stars with the Schedule and Database created by the Pre-Observation Pipeline in <a href="#F4">Figure 4</a> and starts the observation in the Ekos Scheduler
All operations from switching on the components through the capturing process to the end of the observation are executed automatically by the Scheduler functions
customized scripts were embedded in the designated places at Startup
Shutdown and before and after each Capture respectively
the scheduler activates the corresponding Ekos modules
which in turn controls the devices via the INDI protocol
One major adaptation we made for the NEO observation is embedded in the optional pre-capture script
In this Python script the current best possible orbital parameters of the NEO are downloaded from the MPC Database and with that the current ephemerides are calculated immediately before each measurement
the mount will adjust its position accordingly
This is done independently of Ekos with the INDI DBus Interface
Ekos slews the mount to the approximate position and the DBus Interface will correct it with the latest information from the MPC
It turns out that such correction is useful not only for fast moving objects
but also slower objects due to the large time spans in an observation night
One of the main problems with the Ekos Scheduler is that it only uses the coordinates when the Schedule is created and does not adjust them according to the ephemeris
the procedure shown compensates for this limitation
the Ekos will park the mount and the dome and disconnect all devices
the observation night ends with a Shutdown Script
which closes the dome and turns off all instruments and their power supply
The measured data are sent to a separate computer and can be evaluated
For educational and logging purposes the entire process combined with images of surveillance cameras is broadcasted over a livestream and is stored together with logs for error analyses
The described robotic system is regularly used for the observation of Minor Planets since Summer 2021. For the initial submission to the MPC in early July 2021, we made the measurements as listed in <a href="#SM1">Supplementary Table S1A</a> with in total 61 measurements of eight different Minor Planets
which was enough for the assignment of the MPC code G01 for the observatory
After that, 20 further reports have been made until mid-March 2022 as listed in <a href="#SM1">Supplementary Tables S1B&#x02013;U</a>
In total 613 measurements were submitted to the MPC during this period with 570 measurements accepted
384 submissions were from NEOs with 341 accepted (measurements may be rejected due to inconsistencies compared to measurements from other observatories).The rejected observations were re-measured
so that objects other than the correspondingly indicated NEOs were measured by mistake
These were made on a total of 42 observation nights (27 with NEOs)
some of which possessed only short observable phases
on average 14.6 measurements of Minor Planets in general and 14.2 of NEOs were made per night
that a single object was captured about two to four times per night
The median of the measured magnitude of each object over the period of the report is calculated. The faintest magnitude is 19.4 mag for the objects 2022 CR3 and 2022 EB3 (<a href="#SM1">Supplementary Tables 1T,U</a>) using a 4 &#x000d7; 60&#x000a0;s stacked image
but actually the object 2022 EB3 were brighter with 19.0 mag according to the MPC
objects like 2022 DS4 with a measured magnitude of 18.9 mag were fainter with 19.5 mag
which is the LM for moving objects with these settings so far
For longer exposure times and slower moving objects
a value for the visual magnitude of 17.68&#x000b1;0.93mag was measured
the average value is 18.13&#x000b1;0.57mag
In March 2022, the system also successfully discovered the new asteroid &#x0201c;2022 EX&#x0201d; with the preliminary data from other telescopes around the world in the NEOCP.<a href="#fn22">22</a> It was possible to make confirmatory and accurate measurements of the object within a short time after the initial discovery
We measured the Sky Brightness for the observation nights with an SQM-LU (<a href="#B28">Miguel et al., 2017</a>).<a href="#fn23">23</a> The SQM is part of &#x0201c;Was het donker?&#x0201d; network of the university of Groningen.<a href="#fn24">24</a> The mean Sky Brightness at our site is 19.52&#x000b1;0.48&#x02009;mag/arcsec2 with a faintest value of 20.40 mag/arcsec2 measured
Using <a href="#e2">Eq. 2</a> with a field factor F&#x0003d;1.70&#x000b1;0.30 we can calculate the limiting visual star magnitude m0&#x0003d;5.48&#x000b1;0.45mag with the measured mean Sky Brightness
This results in a Bortle scale class of 5&#x02013;6
In order to show, how many possible observations can be reached per night with our proposed methods for different telescope sizes and locations, we use <a href="#e11">Eqs 11</a>, <a href="#e12">12</a> to calculate an estimation for the LM. For this we assume a minimal SNR of 5 for an object to be detectable and take as a basis the parameters of the GHOST telescope and constants from <a href="#h4-1">section 3.1</a> and <a href="#h4-2">section 3.4</a>
we consider only the center pixel of the signal (npx &#x0003d; 1) with a background of nb &#x0003d; 100 pixels (10 &#x000d7; 10 box)
Since the signal of the object observed is not focused on this one pixel due to external influences (e.g.
we calculate the portion p of the signal in the center pixel with the mean Full Width at Half Maximum &#x003c3;FWHM of the signal (assuming Gaussian intensity distribution)
In our case a value of &#x003c3;FWHM &#x0003d; (2.58 &#x000b1; 0.64)&#x0201d; was determined in Astrometrica
This includes the average seeing during the measurements
For a gaussian distributed signal &#x003c3;FWHM is equal to 22&#x02061;log&#x02061;2 times the standard deviation &#x003c3;
By using the properties of the normal distribution
With a typical 4 &#x000d7; 60&#x000a0;s stacked exposure this results in an increase of about 1.5 mag
FIGURE 6. Estimation of the Limiting Magnitude for different telescope diameters and Sky Magnitudes calculated by <a href="#e12">Eq. 12</a> for an exposure time of 60&#x000a0;s with parameters based on the GHOST telescope (G01)
Calculation results for the ORT and GHOST telescopes are marked in the graph
We analyzed the Priority List for every night in December 2021 and January 2022 for the magnitudes of the objects
all entries of the different nights were cumulated and sorted by visual magnitude
Each entry is also checked for observability in terms of its altitude at the geographic coordinates of Oldenburg
Any object that was above 20&#x000b0; altitude for at least 2&#x000a0;h on the night indicated
Number of objects in the NEOCC Priority List with a magnitude brighter than a particular Limiting Magnitude in the period from 01.12.2021 until 31.01.2022
The cumulative number of all entries (with multiple entries of the same object in different nights) and the observable of them (blue)
and the different objects (counted only once for multiple entries on different nights) of these (green) are shown
FIGURE 8. Results for the cumulative number of entries from the NEOCC Priority List from <a href="#F7">Figure 7</a> averaged per night with a magnitude brighter than a particular Limiting Magnitude and the observable of them (dashed)
The range for the Limiting Magnitude from 16 to 22 mag is shown above
the extract of this up to 19.5 mag is shown below
We can now use these results in connection with the estimations for the LM of different telescope sizes from <a href="#F6">Figure 6</a> and compute the mean observable Priority List objects for a given telescope diameter dtele and Sky Magnitude msky. The results for several observatories (our telescopes, 6ROADS Network and the ESA Optical Ground Station) are listed in <a href="#T2">Table 2</a>
Assuming an measurement takes 5&#x000a0;min and three measurements per night are required for submission to the MPC
the total observation time required is also given
Many observations with our robotic system and the proposed methods were successful so far with increasing number (<a href="#h5-1">section 4.1</a> and <a href="#SM1">Supplementary Table S1</a>)
The system delivers reasonable and reliable results and reduces the personnel effort immensely for the observation and planning
But the pipeline can also be useful for other systems that are not robotic so far or are not specialized for NEOs
On one hand it is useful for larger telescopes
for which many objects requiring follow-up observations are available and thus need better efficiency for the observation time
there are amateur telescopes for which less objects are available
but more effort per capture is needed due to inaccuracies and the difficulty of the handling of the instruments
such telescopes could also benefit from the simplicity of use of KStars and Ekos (e.g.
but there is currently no system that combines the usability and expandability of INDI with adaptions needed for NEO observations and the connectivity to the MPC and the NEOCC Priority List to realize an open-source Robotic Observation Pipeline that is applicable for commercially available instruments
We can analyze the estimations for the LM of the different telescope sizes and Sky Magnitudes with the results in <a href="#F6">Figure 6</a>
For small telescopes up to 0.25&#x000a0;m it can be shown that the LM is relatively independent of the Sky Magnitude
which means that is negligible to some extent under which sky conditions the telescope is used
for larger telescopes above 1&#x000a0;m the LM is highly dependent of the sky conditions
This leads to the fact that smaller (and less expensive) telescopes with a good sky condition can make equal or better results as a large telescope with worse sky conditions
So it should be evaluated which telescope is optimal for a given location
<a href="#F7">Figure 7</a> shows an exponential correlation of the number of objects in the NEOCC Priority List and the LM. This can be expected considering the power law for the absolute magnitude of these objects (<a href="#B30">Pe&#x000f1;a et al., 2020</a>) and their distances
the large number of faint objects require much observation time
but less telescopes are available for that
Stacking can further increase the LM of smaller telescopes and expand their usage
this can lead to a lower LM of the telescope
According to the analysis of the NEOCC Priority List in <a href="#F8">Figure 8</a> with our estimation for the LM of our telescope in <a href="#F6">Figure 6</a> there are on average 9.2 observable NEOs per night in the Priority List for the GHOST telescope assuming a LM of 19.4 mag. In comparison we were able to submit on average 14.2 measurements of NEOs per night (<a href="#SM1">Supplementary Table S1</a>)
With an average of three measurements per object per night
this results in 4.7 observed NEOs per night
among the 27 NEO observation nights there were at least one third of the nights where the weather conditions were not clear for most of the night
the faintest magnitude of the Sky Brightness could not be reached on many nights
the theoretical expectation agrees with the results
For other telescopes it needs to be considered that the obtained results are based on the parameters of the GHOST telescope, which are possibly only good assumptions for similarly structured telescopes. This means that the results only give estimates, but can they be calculated more precisely with the general <a href="#e11">Eqs 11</a>, <a href="#e12">12</a>
A main feature that would be useful for our location is a real-time cloud detection
most nights have only short observation times due to clouds with rapidly changing weather conditions
A cloud-tracking software that is implemented in the Robotic Telescope system would maximize the possible observation time
Other optimizations can be made in the Scheduler making
such that objects are observed with the ideal observing conditions at the highest altitude possible and thus lower atmospheric extinction
All in all, the system is useful especially considering an expected increase in the number of follow-up observations needed (<a href="#B34">Seaman et al., 2021</a>)
and the need will increase by the accelerating rate of discovery caused by more survey telescopes
We developed an optical telescope system with a fully robotic planning
scheduling and observation pipeline especially specialized for NEO observation
which is based on commercially available soft- and hardware components
This allows also other observatories to make use of these methods
it automatically generates measurements that are submitted to the MPC for improvements in trajectory predictions
A decisive improvement in the efficiency of observation time for already existing systems can be achieved by using the pipeline
with increasing need for follow-up observations it can also be easily used in the design of new follow-up telescopes
TH and MG are the instrument scientists and the developer of the software
and JK provided valuable feedback and reviewed the manuscript drafts
and MZ provided external expertise and reviewed the manuscript draft
We thank ESA&#x02019;s Near-Earth Object Coordination Centre for the provision of parts of the Priority List archive and especially we thank Detlef Koschny for the provided theorical expertise
TS-R acknowledges funding from the NEO-MAPP project (H2020-EU-2-1-6/870377)
This work was (partially) funded by the Spanish MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by &#x0201c;ERDF A way of making Europe&#x0201d; by the &#x0201c;European Union&#x0201d; through grant RTI2018-095076-B-C21
and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB
Unidad de Excelencia &#x0201c;Mar&#x000ed;a de Maeztu&#x0201d;) through grant CEX2019-000918-M
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations
Any product that may be evaluated in this article
or claim that may be made by its manufacturer
is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2022.895732/full#supplementary-material">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2022.895732/full&#x00023;supplementary-material</a>
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Received: 14 March 2022; Accepted: 26 July 2022;Published: 03 October 2022
Copyright &#x000a9; 2022 Hoffmann, Gehlen, Plaggenborg, Drolshagen, Ott, Kunz, Santana-Ros, Gedek, Reszelewski, &#x0017b;o&#x00142;nowski and Poppe. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).</a> The use
&#x0002a;Correspondence: Tobias Hoffmann, <a id="encmail">dG9iaWFzLmhvZmZtYW5uMkB1bmktb2xkZW5idXJnLmRl</a>
Detroit&nbsp;&mdash; On a day when Detroit first responders gathered downtown to celebrate those who died during the Sept
14-year-old Derek Stone honored the memory of the man he called "my hero"&nbsp;&mdash; his father
His son was among the families of Detroit firefighters who died in recent years
who were asked by Fire Commissioner Eric Jones to stand and be recognized during a memorial ceremony Wednesday in Campus Martius.&nbsp;
"It means a lot," Derek said of Jones' gesture
But I don't get sad; I'm happy I got to spend 14 years with him
A procession of fire trucks and police vehicles up Woodward
Mayor Mike Duggan praised the public safety "heroes" who responded to the terror attacks 18 years ago&nbsp;&mdash; and
"We celebrate the courage (of the New York police officers
and we celebrate our own first responders here in Detroit," Duggan said
Police Chief James Craig said it's important to honor the memory of those who died fighting terrorism over the years
adding police have an ongoing challenge: "Domestic terrorism"&nbsp;&mdash; the mass shootings that have occurred in recent years
"These are happening in places you wouldn't think," Craig said
"Who'd have thought there'd be a shooting at a concert in Las Vegas ..
acting special agent in charge of Detroit's FBI office
said he was in training at the FBI Academy in&nbsp;Quantico
Drolshagen said a supervisor "went to the podium and said
there'll be a major incident in the United States.' Within 15 minutes
"We are forever changed,"&nbsp;Drolshagen said
we have a heightened sense of how fragile life is
We're also vividly aware there are people who hate us
hate our way of life&nbsp;and are willing to kill thousands of people because of that hatred."
who in September 2001&nbsp;was an assistant to former Los Angeles police chief Bernard Parks
said after airplanes hit the World Trade Center buildings,&nbsp;he and his boss were convinced they were going to be the terrorists' next target
"He thought what I thought: LA is next," Craig said
Craig said first responders' lives "dramatically changed" after the terror attacks
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— We’ve seen enough police procedural shows to get the basic premise of discovery or the exchange of information between two attorneys involved in a court case
It is particularly critical when a prosecutor’s case hinges on a law enforcement officer’s testimony
 It’s basically a collection of police officers with credibility problems
 Being able to access it could determine whether you get a fair trial
“The criminal justice system is not a game,” said Andy Miller
“We want to make sure we only convict guilty people,” he said
That’s where discovery comes in -- it is a way to balance the scales of justice with both sides having the same access to the same information
A Brady List includes officers who’ve committed crimes
ethical violations or anything that makes their testimony less credible
“If there are ways to attack that officer&#x27;s credibility
then the defendant absolutely has to know about that.”
But not every state shares the information in the same way
“Law enforcement has mistakenly gained the ability to interpret the discretion of what to report and what not to report
 It&#x27;s an absolute mistake,” said Johann Drolshagen
Drolshagen is a member of the Washington State Bar and a software engineer.  His company maintains <a href="http://www.giglio-bradylist.com" target="_blank" title="http://www.giglio-bradylist.com" class="themeColorForLinks">a Brady List website</a>
The idea is simple -- law enforcement agencies
making it easier to know across jurisdictions
We decided to check for ourselves to see if we could find any Montana Brady cops in Drolshagen&#x27;s database or in any other
but he&#x27;s from Arizona and was working for several western state organizations at the same time
Experts tell us there is not a single complete or timely Brady List in Montana that you can look at
We asked county attorneys about their Brady lists
Missoula County Attorney Kirsten Pabst told us her office flags Brady officers in an electronic file system that automatically tells defense attorneys
Travis Ahner told us his office hasn&#x27;t had a list until a Kalispell municipal judge called out one deputy&#x27;s testimony in a misdemeanor traffic case
<a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/508533162/Kelvin-Pandina" target="_blank" title="https://www.scribd.com/document/508533162/Kelvin-Pandina" class="themeColorForLinks">Court documents boil it down</a>: Deputy Matt Vander Ark responded to a traffic call to assist a city officer
and in court it all centered on Vander Ark’s bodycam
“It was a mistake on his part where he couldn&#x27;t actually recall whether the camera was operational.”
Heino explains prosecutors first interviewed Vander Ark while he was on administrative leave for an officer-involved shooting
That statement led the defendant’s attorney to claim prosecutors violated Brady because someone destroyed Vander Ark’s in-car and bodycam video
“False statements are absolutely at the heart of Brady.”
The judge didn’t find any Brady violations for Vander Ark
But she still kicked his testimony out of court and said he wasn’t credible
Then she fired off a letter to law enforcement and the prosecutor saying Vander Ark gave three different stories and she cannot reconcile them
Heino says Vander Ark received the lowest possible discipline
but the letter stays in his personnel file
 Prosecutors say law enforcement needs to disclose misconduct
 But how do you know if that&#x27;s happening
Some say the buck needs to stop at the bench
because the court is not holding the DA responsible
and the DA isn&#x27;t holding law enforcement responsible,” said Drolshagen
“I think the story with Brady in Montana is what we don&#x27;t know,” Aemisegger added
 He went on to say that he is not aware of any Brady List in the state
We asked to see Missoula County and Gallatin County’s lists
Gallatin County Attorney Marty Lambert told us no because it&#x27;s confidential
 We&#x27;re waiting to hear from Missoula County Attorney Kirsten Pabst
But back in Washington state --<a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/508533402/Potential-Impeachment-Disclosure-Documentation" target="_blank" title="https://www.scribd.com/document/508533402/Potential-Impeachment-Disclosure-Documentation" class="themeColorForLinks">we asked to review Andy Miller&#x27;s Benton County list and got it within minutes.</a>
Miller will tell you he makes the ultimate decision who lands on the list
but he figures the judge can sort out whether it’s a relevant offense at trial
“There is a saying prosecutors have,” Miller said
because you don&#x27;t want to go down that road.”
Washington is working to develop a statewide list so each jurisdiction knows if the cop comes with a warning label
In Montana each county decides its own policies and who gets to see what
It is estimated more than 800,000 men and women are law enforcement officers in the United States
 But tens of thousands of others work in the criminal justice system in other capacities
like border patrol agents and probation and parole
 Some states include those on their Brady Lists
Drolshagen estimates his team has added about 25,000 to 30,000 names to his database
While it is impossible to know how many are listed in states like Montana
the vast majority of officers will never face that kind of review
A chunk of space debris orbiting the earth will crash back onto our planet Nov
Named <a href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Space_Situational_Awareness/Reentry_data_will_help_improve_prediction_models" target="_blank">WT1190F</a>
the floating clutter was detected by the Catalina Sky Survey
a program focused on discovering asteroids and comets close to the earth
Astronomers have been frenzied over WT1190F’s arrival because it gives them a rare opportunity to <a href="http://gizmodo.com/mysterious-chunk-of-space-trash-is-on-a-collision-cours-1738476638" target="_blank">study how incoming objects interact with Earth’s atmosphere</a>
It also provides a chance to test a coordinated network they’ve established for when more dangerous space objects come close to Earth
(MORE: <a href="/science/space/news/space-junk-earth-impact" target="_blank">Space Junk is at &#x27;Critical Density,&#x27; Scientists Warn</a>)
According to independent astronomy software developer Bill Gray, scientists were initially confused by the space trash, but they were able to <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/incoming-space-junk-a-scientific-opportunity-1.18642" target="_blank">compute its trajectory</a> by collecting more observations and looking at previous telescope archives
Gray’s calculations estimate that WT1190F will hit the Earth at 6:20 UTC, falling about <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/incoming-space-junk-a-scientific-opportunity-1.18642" target="_blank">40 miles off the southern tip of Sri Lanka</a>
Much if not all of it will burn up in the atmosphere
but “I would not necessarily want to be going fishing directly underneath it,” said Gray
WT1190F could be composed of <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/incoming-space-junk-a-scientific-opportunity-1.18642" target="_blank">paneling shed by a recent Moon mission</a> or a spent rocket stage
There’s also the possibility that the debris dates back decades
astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
referred to it as “a lost piece of space history that’s come back to haunt us.”
An observing campaign is now taking shape to follow the object as it dives through Earth’s atmosphere
co-manager of the European Space Agency’s Near-Earth Object office in Noordwijk
(WATCH: <a href="/series/warp/video/real-life-pac-man-eats-up-space-junk" target="_blank">Real-Life Pac-Man Eats Up Space Junk</a>)
Drolshagen plans to get spectral information on WT1190F, which may help identify it. He also hopes to <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/incoming-space-junk-a-scientific-opportunity-1.18642" target="_blank">coordinate impact observations done on board ships or planes</a>
that may be the end of concerted efforts to study space debris
Unlike near-Earth asteroids, space debris that flies well away from the planet has <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/incoming-space-junk-a-scientific-opportunity-1.18642" target="_blank">not been afforded significant amounts of funding</a> or attention
funded effort to do tracking of deep-Earth orbits the way we track low-Earth orbit,” said McDowell
MORE ON WEATHER.COM: SpaceX Debris Discovered
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The Weather Channel is the world's most accurate forecaster according to ForecastWatch, <a class="ButtonTranslationString--ButtonTranslationString--pGs5h Button--default--osTe5 Button--plainText--4mFoO" href="https://forecastwatch.com/AccuracyOverview2017-2022" target="_self">Global and Regional Weather Forecast Accuracy Overview</a>
Named <a href=\\\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Space_Situational_Awareness/Reentry_data_will_help_improve_prediction_models\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">WT1190F</a>
a program focused on discovering asteroids and comets close to the earth,&nbsp;and is likely hollow
reports the European Space Agency (ESA).&nbsp;
Astronomers have been frenzied over WT1190F\u2019s arrival because it gives them a rare opportunity to <a href=\\\"http://gizmodo.com/mysterious-chunk-of-space-trash-is-on-a-collision-cours-1738476638\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">study how incoming objects interact with Earth\u2019s atmosphere</a>
It also provides a chance to test a coordinated network they\u2019ve established for when more dangerous space objects come close to Earth.&nbsp;
(MORE:&nbsp;<a href=\\\"/science/space/news/space-junk-earth-impact\\\">Space Junk is at 'Critical Density,' Scientists Warn</a>)
According to independent astronomy software developer Bill Gray, scientists were initially confused by the space trash, but they were able to <a href=\\\"http://www.nature.com/news/incoming-space-junk-a-scientific-opportunity-1.18642\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">compute its trajectory</a> by collecting more observations and looking at previous telescope archives
Gray\u2019s calculations estimate that WT1190F will hit the Earth at 6:20 UTC, falling about <a href=\\\"http://www.nature.com/news/incoming-space-junk-a-scientific-opportunity-1.18642\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">40 miles off the southern tip of Sri Lanka</a>
but \u201CI would not necessarily want to be going fishing directly underneath it,\u201D said Gray
WT1190F could be composed of&nbsp;<a href=\\\"http://www.nature.com/news/incoming-space-junk-a-scientific-opportunity-1.18642\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">paneling shed by a recent Moon mission</a> or a spent rocket stage
There\u2019s also the possibility that the debris dates back decades
referred to it as \u201Ca lost piece of space history that\u2019s come back to haunt us.\u201D
An observing campaign is now taking shape to follow the object as it dives through Earth\u2019s atmosphere
co-manager of the European Space Agency\u2019s Near-Earth Object office in Noordwijk
(WATCH: <a href=\\\"/series/warp/video/real-life-pac-man-eats-up-space-junk\\\">Real-Life Pac-Man Eats Up Space Junk</a>)
Drolshagen plans to get spectral information on WT1190F, which may help identify it. He also hopes to <a href=\\\"http://www.nature.com/news/incoming-space-junk-a-scientific-opportunity-1.18642\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">coordinate impact observations done on board ships or planes</a>
that may be the end of concerted efforts to study space debris.&nbsp;
Unlike near-Earth asteroids, space debris that flies well away from the planet has <a href=\\\"http://www.nature.com/news/incoming-space-junk-a-scientific-opportunity-1.18642\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">not been afforded significant amounts of funding</a> or attention
funded effort to do tracking of deep-Earth orbits the way we track low-Earth orbit,\u201D said McDowell
WTF? A newly discovered piece of space junk aptly named WT1190F will plunge to earth in Nov <a href=\\\"https://t.co/8QuDiuZyI3\\\">https://t.co/8QuDiuZyI3</a> <a href=\\\"https://t.co/muWuzaThuS\\\">pic.twitter.com/muWuzaThuS</a>