Rüsselsheim.  Eisenach and automotive production belong together
and Opel and Eisenach have enjoyed close ties for over three decades
The brand with the Blitz was one of the first companies to become involved in the new federal states in 1990
laying the foundations for a success story that continues to this day – with cars ‘made in Eisenach’
The one millionth Opel rolled off the production line at the Thuringian plant on November 10
1999: a black Corsa B in the ‘Edition 100’ trim level
The plant has continuously developed over the decades and had reason to celebrate again recently. In April, the <a href="https://www.media.stellantis.com/em-en/opel/grandland-2024" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">all-new Opel Grandland</a> celebrated its world premiere in Eisenach
The new electrified top SUV has recently been produced in the Wartburg town
the plant is well-positioned for the future
Eisenach plant: First Opel vehicles produced in 1990
those responsible at Opel at the time quickly recognised the potential offered by the traditional automotive location of Eisenach
Opel founded Opel-AWE-Planungs-GmbH together with Automobilwerk Eisenach (AWE)
thereby promoting economic development in Thuringia
Just two days after official reunification
the first Opel Vectra rolled off the production line in an AWE plant
the foundation stone is laid for the new factory in the Eisenach
After a construction period of just 19 months and a total investment of around one billion German marks
the new Eisenach plant starts production of the Opel Astra in September 1992
the first Opel Corsa &lsquo;made in Germany&rsquo; drives off the production line
production in the first half of the 1990s is at times focussed exclusively on the best-selling small car
The Corsa is so popular with customers that just nine years after the start of car production at the site and only six years after the first Corsa from Eisenach
the one millionth Opel produced here rolls off the production line
exactly 10 years to the day after the fall of the Berlin Wall
a 48 kW (65 hp) black Corsa &lsquo;Edition&rsquo; made its way from final assembly in Thuringia to its buyer in Regensburg
Success factors: state-of-the-art production and continuous development
the plant in Eisenach undergoes continuous development to ensure its success
It quickly sets standards in terms of environmental compatibility
manufacturing technology and production systems
There are five fundamental principles: employee involvement
standardisation and short throughput times thanks to perfectly organised logistics
the plant is subsequently recognised several times as the most modern and productive automotive production facility in Europe
the Astra and Corsa were joined by the Opel ADAM
Since the extensive modernisation of the production facilities in 2019
the plant has been solely responsible for the Opel Grandland SUV
For the all-new Opel Grandland: Eisenach becomes an &lsquo;electrified plant&rsquo;
The all-new Opel Grandland, which celebrated its world premiere on site earlier this year and has been <a href="https://www.media.stellantis.com/em-en/opel/press/available-soon-prices-for-new-opel-grandland-start-at-36-400" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">available to order for a few weeks</a>
now rolls off the production line in Eisenach &ndash; and the demands on the site beforehand were significant
the new generation of the top-of-the-line SUV is also available as a fully electric Grandland Electric for the first time
The new Grandland is the first model from the German manufacturer to be based on the ultra-modern
with a battery capacity of up to 97 kWh (usable capacity)
enables a locally emissions-free range of up to around 700 kilometres (WLTP1)
To make the Eisenach plant ready for the production of electrified models, <a href="https://www.media.stellantis.com/em-en/opel/press/stellantis-invests-130-million-in-eisenach-assembly-plant-in-germany-for-electric-opel-grandland-successor" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">the company invested &euro;130 million</a> in the site and developed it into a genuine &lsquo;electrified plant&rsquo; in numerous areas
significant changes have been made to the production process with modifications in the body shop and final assembly
the entire conveyor systems were adapted and reinforced
the body shell was fully automated and many state-of-the-art camera systems were installed in the various areas for detailed inspection
in which the battery packs for the electric Grandland are assembled on site
Specialised high-voltage experts have been trained for this task
The fact that Eisenach is also planning a solar park to supply the plant with &lsquo;green&rsquo; energy fits in perfectly with the new
electric Opel Grandland and its own battery assembly
the gradual switch to renewable energies is also helping to ensure that the plant is sustainably positioned for the future and can continue its success story
For more information on the Eisenach plant please see:
[1] Preliminary range values determined according to WLTP test procedure methodology (R (EC) No
The actual range can vary under everyday conditions and depends on various factors
use of heating and air conditioning and thermal preconditioning
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Ahead of the state elections taking place on Sunday in the eastern Germany states of Thuringia and Saxony
a team from the Sozialistische Gleichheitspartei (Socialist Equality Party
SGP) intervened in Eisenach on Wednesday and spoke to workers
young people and pensioners about a socialist perspective in the fight against war
social devastation and the rise of the far right
the SGP team discussed the need to build rank-and-file action committees and join forces with their Stellantis colleagues in the USA to fight in defence of all jobs
The World Socialist Web Site will publish a separate report on this
Opposition to the NATO proxy war in Ukraine against Russia and outrage at the reactionary record of the Ramelow state government (a coalition headed by the Left Party together with the Social Democrats
dozens of passers-by stopped to discuss their situation with SGP members
many of whom had lived through the Second World War and the immediate post-war period
felt that the SGP’s perspective of uniting the working class internationally against the capitalist warmongers appealed to them
Typical reactions were: “I was a child of the war
It must never come to that again.” Or: “I have goose bumps
spoke out strongly against arms deliveries to Ukraine and against state Prime Minister Bodo Ramelow (Left Party)
who supports the war against Ukraine and has recently been in favour of sending German soldiers there
almost 10,000 worked in the “state-owned company.”
the factory was broken up by the Treuhandanstalt
the body set up to privatise and sell off the state owned industries in East Germany
was pressured into signing a new employment contract with one of the new companies “for 3.40 Deutschmarks an hour in three shifts
then without severance pay because we had signed a new contract.” She then “lived out of the container’ for 10 years
She therefore strongly rejects the biased media coverage of East Germany
“All this talk of the ‘good West’ and the ‘bad East’ is nonsense
It can’t go on like this.” Irmgard also dislikes the former Left Party politician and current leading candidate of the Sarah Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) Katja Wolf
says: “I’m currently on parental leave and I have to say that the parental allowance is actually pathetic
For the fact that you still have exactly the same
65 percent of it is simply not really viable
I’ve really had to turn over every cent in the last few months
I can’t be paying 320 euros a month for a nursery place here in Thuringia—not including the child’s lunch money
More and more people also don’t know how to pay their electricity and heating bills.”
Vanessa is firmly opposed to German arms deliveries to the Ukrainian military and the rearmament of the Bundeswehr (Armed Forces)
“I’m afraid that things will soon start to go wrong here too
The fact that the military is travelling around here more and more and is in the skies worries me
It belongs in the salaries of people who work in medicine and care
There are a lot of problems in the villages and towns that are simply not being addressed.”
after learning that the SGP is a socialist party fighting for social equality
the poor are getting poorer.” She herself experienced several years of unemployment in the past and knows how difficult it is to find a reasonably paid job
She is completely undecided as to who she should vote for in the state elections
is influenced by the xenophobic agitation against refugees spread by the media
all state parliamentary parties and the BSW
who repeat the myth that migrants allegedly received more living space and money
Members of the SGP emphasised that the social misery was a result of decades of austerity policies by all the bourgeois parties and horrendous war spending
The attempt to make foreign workers and refugees the scapegoat for social hardship is intended to divide the working class and distract attention from the ruling class’s policies of war and austerity
The passer-by reacted thoughtfully and also took the WSWS leaflet “The Sahra Wagenknecht alliance is no alternative to the traffic light and AfD” to address the SGP’s criticism of the BSW
A pensioner who is involved in the “Grannies against the Right” group asked SGP members with concern why the AfD also receives support from workers
even though it represents opposing social interests
One SGP member replied that the liquidation of the Soviet Union and the former East Germany (GDR) by the Stalinists and the subsequent decades of war and austerity policies
had created social despair and political confusion
which was now being exploited by the most right-wing forces
it was also evident that these parties are not fighting against the right
but on the contrary are implementing the programme of the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) themselves
Several passers-by reacted with particular interest when SGP members explained that the German ruling class is pursuing tangible economic and geostrategic interests by participating in the proxy war in Ukraine and is working to turn the country into an outpost of the European Union and a dependable supplier of raw materials for German and European industry
as well as militarily subjugating Russia itself
SGP members strongly opposed the view that the German elites were participating in the war solely at the behest of the USA
Just as much interest was displayed in the historical foundations of the SGP and its Trotskyist heritage. “Trotsky! I know him,” said Maxim (name changed by the editors), a war refugee from Ukraine, who approached the SGP book table and pointed to the book “<a href="https://www.mehring-verlag.de/library/north-trotzki-kampf-sozialismus-21-jahrhundert/00.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Leon Trotsky and the Struggle for Socialism in the 21st Century</a>” by David North.
He comes from Donetsk in eastern Ukraine and was very concerned about the danger of a further escalation of the war. The Zelensky government no longer had strong support among the population, he said. He himself had initially reacted positively to the demonstrations on Maidan Square in 2014. A year later, however, it became clear that it was not a revolution—as portrayed in the media—but a right-wing coup.
In particular, the immediate social consequences of the war, such as constant power cuts and high prices, were a heavy burden on the people, he said. He did not support either Zelensky or the Russian Putin regime, as they serve the interests of the oligarchs, he emphasised and reported on the enormous social inequality and corruption of millionaire entrepreneurs in Donetsk who exploit their employees.
The escalating war in Ukraine was on the minds of almost everyone the WSWS spoke to in Eisenach. In response to state Premier Ramelow’s demand to send German soldiers to Ukraine, one pensioner declared indignantly: “They’re crazy. I’m furious about what this person is contemplating. I really don’t understand how Ukraine can walk around with its Nazi symbols—and we supply them with weapons.”
She also criticised the devastating situation facing refugee families in Germany: “They are not allowed to work if they are locked up in these shelters. Isn’t that madness? They are more or less sent to concentration camps. What are the young people supposed to do?”
When asked what problems are affecting the people of Thuringia, she said: “The car factories are closing, the suppliers are gone. Look, the infrastructure is collapsing.” The young generation in particular has been hit hard by this, she added.
The facts confirm this. The unemployment rate in Thuringia is currently around six percent. According to data from the Federal Employment Agency in June, the number of long-term unemployed rose by almost 15 percent in the first half of 2024 compared to the previous year. Underemployment has also increased. Thousands of workers were also affected by short-time work; in March, this affected 7,400 employees in 300 companies.
As the Thüringer Allgemeine reported at the end of July, young people between the ages of 18 and 25 are particularly affected by poverty in Thuringia. At 34.2 percent, the proportion is almost nine percent higher than the national average. The latest 2024 life situation report from the Ministry of Education in Thuringia also shows that the mental health of young people has “deteriorated significantly” in recent years, with around 45 percent stating they are “often unhappy or depressed.”
One of the report’s most important sources is the Thuringian survey of children and young people conducted by Orbit e.V. in December 2021 and January 2022. The majority of respondents aged between 12 and 27 named “social justice” as the greatest social challenge (57.6 percent). This was followed by climate change (54.9 percent), war/terror (51.1 percent), poverty (50.9 percent), environmental pollution (45.8 percent) and diseases (43.2 percent).
The state government under Left Party Prime Minister Bodo Ramelow, who has led a coalition with the SPD and Greens since 2014, is responsible for the social and political crisis in Thuringia. Katja Wolf, who has now switched from the Left Party to the BSW, was Lord Mayor of Eisenach from 2012 to 2024.
Journalist Thilo Jung commented: “The Left Party has saved money everywhere.” Wolf responded succinctly and without batting an eyelid: “Yes.” Cancelling the meal subsidy was “politically incorrect”, but “there was no alternative”. When asked by Jung whether she, as a “left-wing” mayor, had done anything left-wing, she said: distributing the list of atrocities “fairly.” Municipalities in “budget protection measures” would not have “the chance to die in beauty.”
Wolf then tried to incite the poor against the refugees. When asked how many food banks there were in Eisenach, she said that there was only one—and that it now had to provide for more people than before because “the Syrians and Ukrainians” also had a claim to it and “ensure that the queue has become longer.”
With this repulsive rant, Wolf unabashedly confirms that the Left Party and the BSW are anti-working-class parties. Everywhere they (co-)govern at local or state level they push through the harshest cuts in the interests of capitalism. The Left Party has thus not only created the breeding ground for the AfD, it and its spin-off, the BSW, are also increasingly aggressively adopting the fascists’ anti-agitation in order to divide workers.
made a statement on the market square in Eisenach in which she declared:
war and social devastation can only be fought by mobilising the working class against their cause
No problem can be solved without breaking the power of the banks and corporations and putting them under democratic control
“Such a movement must be international and independent of all bourgeois parties—including the BSW and the Left Party—as well as the trade unions
which have been transformed into representatives of corporate interests
“The Sozialistische Gleichheitspartei and its sister organisations in the International Committee of the Fourth International advocate this perspective
We call on all working people and young people who want to fight against war and the rise of the AfD: Join the socialists
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In a post yesterday, I did a small guess-the-car (<a href="/community" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1d733713-50f3-4b90-9e90-7ea137195aee" data-entity-substitution="canonical">https://www.carthrottle.com/post/wp6m684/</a>)
and apparently not many people knew the car in question was a
   In a post yesterday, I did a small guess-the-car (<a href="/community" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1d733713-50f3-4b90-9e90-7ea137195aee" data-entity-substitution="canonical">https://www.carthrottle.com/post/wp6m684/</a>)
and apparently not many people knew the car in question was an EMW 340
chances are high that you either are from Germany or just are a die-hard fan of GDR cars… probably both.So I thought I’d make a small article about it
the Third Reich has been defeated and the Allied forces are now governing Germany
For their huge losses on the Eastern Front (well
the Soviet Union demanded compensation in the form of factory lines
One of them was the long-standing Eisenach motor factory
Afraid of having his factory (or at least what was left of it) dismantled
Albert Seidler showed a BMW 321 saloon to the Soviet field marshal Georgiy Zhukov
He was impressed by the vehicle and demanded more cars.What you see above is a BMW 321
Production started in November 1945 with a demanded volume of 3000 saloons and 3000 BMW R35 motorcycles as repair services for the Soviet Union
“These disagreements can only be considered as an unlawful claim of the imperialist warmongering monopolists from Munich”
said the governor of Thuringia (Eisenach is in Thuringia)
With the 1938 model being considered slightly outdated
the BMW plant Eisenach was developing an extensive facelift for it
The headlights now were included in the fenders and the grille was made to look like it’s much wider
giving it a pontoon-body-ish appearance (though it isn’t a pontoon body)
the spare tyre went into the boot rather than placed behind it and the bonnet now opened in whole
Engine and drivetrain remained more or less unchainged: a 2.0 litre straight-six four-stroke engine with 51 bhp
The four-speed manual transmission was the same too
only the gear stick went from the floor to the steering column.The problem was that all the factories that produced parts for it now were located in West Germany
making it very hard and expensive to get original parts
so it was necessary to produce them locally
The quality was less than perfect and supply shortages often caused the factory line standing still for several weeks
A car with a quality like this wearing a BMW badge was a thorn in BMW’s flesh
also because the exported vehicles were often turned to BMW Munich (who had nothing to do with the BMW 340) for warranty cases
   See the maroon car under the paragraph “development”
Note how it still had the blue-white BMW badge
BMW Munich filled a lawsuit aganist Avtovelo (owner of BMW Eisenach)
threatening with sanctions should Eisenach continue producing BMWs
Because Eisenach still had the licence to produce BMWs
they just weren’t allowed to call them BMW
the logo was quickly changed to a red-white badge
EMW stands for Eisenacher Motorenwerk (Eisenach motor factory)
as opposed to Bayerische Motorenwerke (Bavarian motor factories).At least that’s the case for the cars that were exported to the western world and for the cars that were sold in the GDR
The cars that were exported to other Socialist countries
still wore the BMW badges because BMW didn’t care about that
   The production ended in 1955 after 21000 units produced
now part of the IFA (Industrieverband Fahrzeugbau
continued the production with IFA F9s (pictured above) for one year until production switched to Eisenach’s own development
the Wartburg 311.The name EMW was never used again as an automotive brand
but the factory was still in use until 1991
a new Opel factory line opened in Eisenach
The original Eisenacher Motorenwerk still can be visited and now has a museum in it
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Nice article!I am a “die-hard fan of GDR cars” and i have seen one of these beautiful EMWs on a car meet 2.5 years ago
Just the smell of it and all the lovely details around the car are totally awesome
In reply to <a href="/comment/4908991#comment-4908991" class="permalink" rel="bookmark" hreflang="en"></a> by <a title="View user profile." href="/user/3061270">Marc601</a>
<a href="https://www.carthrottle.com/user/NPmKHg/" rel="nofollow">Matt Robinson</a>
I remember hearing about this somewhere but now I get it
Just woke up and already learned something on cars
Thanks for this nice writeup.It’s nice to see how far back the wartburg goes
I like a proper 311 but not the newer ones.(353)
I find them something like a smaller Volga 21.I am also shocked they had a 313 (cabrio) wich I think it must of been amazing back in ‘57-‘58
In reply to <a href="/comment/4914281#comment-4914281" class="permalink" rel="bookmark" hreflang="en"></a> by <a title="View user profile." href="/user/skz">Skillzu</a>
one of the first motor vehicle factories in Germany
dates back to the Auto Union DKW F9 from 1940.In short: 1940 DKW F9 -&gt; 1950 IFA F9 (modernised copy) -&gt; 1955 Wartburg 311 (new body
simlar chassis) -&gt; 1965 Wartburg 312 (353 chassis + 311 body) -&gt; 1966 Wartburg 353 (new body and engine) -&gt; 1975 Wartburg 353W (modernisation) -&gt; 1988 Wartburg 1.3 (new engine
I wish the badge on my e36 could say 340 instead of 316 XD
where can I search for an engine for mye 340/1 1951 6 cyl 2 lit .Nothing avaliable here in Sweden 
In reply to <a href="/comment/9230755#comment-9230755" class="permalink" rel="bookmark" hreflang="en"></a> by Anonymous (not verified)
You may find a working engine for sale in Germany
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Leapmotor and partner Stellantis want to produce the T03 electric car in Poland
it could be the company's last EV to roll off the production line there
production of the upcoming B10 electric crossover could be moved to Germany
That is what the news agency Reuters reports, citing two people &#8220;with knowledge of the matter.&#8221; According to the latter, the B10, which was <a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/10/15/leapmotor-unveils-the-b10-electric-suv/">unveiled in October </a>and marks the Chinese carmaker&#8217;s third model for the European market
could be manufactured at the Stellantis factory in Eisenach
The alleged reason for that is that, according to Reuters&#8217; sources, the Chinese government asked carmakers to no longer make any significant investments in European production sites in countries that supported the special tariffs on China-made EVs, which came into effect <a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/10/29/eu-imposes-special-tariffs-on-electric-cars-from-china/">at the end of October</a>
what is clear is that manufacturing the B10 in Germany will most likely be more expensive than producing it in Poland because of higher utility and labour costs
That might put a damper on Leapmotor International&#8217;s plans to &#8220;combine cutting-edge technology with affordability,&#8221; as Jianshu Xin
CEO of&nbsp;Leapmotor International said when the carmaker presented the B10 at the Paris Motorshow in October
Last year, Stellantis <a href="https://www.electrive.com/2023/10/26/stellantis-takes-stake-in-leapmotor/">acquired a 20 per cent stak</a>e in Leapmotor to boost its business in China and bring Leapmotor’s electric cars to Europe. They t<a href="https://www.electrive.com/2024/05/14/joint-venture-between-stellantis-and-leapmotor-to-start-operation-in-september/">hen founded the 51/49 Stellantis-Leapmotor joint venture</a>
Leapmotor International plans to have 350 sales outlets in Europe
<a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/stellantis-partner-leapmotor-scrap-plan-make-second-ev-model-poland-sources-say-2024-11-08/" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">reuters.com</a>
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Volume 15 - 2021 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.630889">https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.630889</a>
This article is part of the Research TopicThe Affective Aspects of Chronic Pain and Potential Treatments<a class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--medium Link--icon Link--chevronRight Link--right" aria-label="View all 6 articles" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/22833/the-affective-aspects-of-chronic-pain-and-potential-treatments/magazine" target="_self" data-event="customLink-linkType-a_viewAll6Articles">View all 6 articles</a>
Early life surgery produces peripheral nociceptive activation
Early life nociceptive input and inflammation have been shown to produce long-term processing changes that are not restricted to the dermatome of injury
Additionally stress has shown long-term effects on anxiety
and maladaptive behaviors including substance abuse disorder and we hypothesized that early life surgery would have long-term effects on theses complex behaviors in later life
In this study surgery in the rat hindpaw was performed to determine if there are long-term effects on anxiety
Male animals received paw incision surgery and anesthesia or anesthesia alone (sham) at postnatal day 6
open field center zone entries were decreased
a measure of anxiety (n = 20) (P = 0.03) (effect size
No difference was found in the tail suspension test as a measure of depression
attentional performance in an operant task was similar between groups at baseline and decreased with audiovisual distraction in both groups (P &#x003C; 0.001) (effect size
but distraction revealed a persistent impairment in performance in the surgery group (n = 8) (P = 0.04) (effect size
Opioid reward was measured using heroin self-administration at 16&#x2013;24 weeks
Heroin intake increased over time in both groups during 24-h free access (P &#x003C; 0.001)
but was greater in the surgery group (P = 0.045)
with a significant interaction between time and treatment (P &#x003C; 0.001) (effect size
These results demonstrate long-term disruptions in complex behaviors from surgical incision under anesthesia
Future studies to explore sex differences in early life surgery and the attendant peripheral neuronal input
and inflammation will be valuable to understand emerging learning deficits
This will be valuable to develop optimal approaches to mitigate the long-term effects of surgery in early life
This is also a time when exposure to surgery is likely
Given the variability of the complex behavior studies and the high probability of sex related differences
exploring sex differences was considered not feasible in this initial study with the primary outcome related to surgery
This resulted in limiting studies to one sex to reduce animal number and variability for this foundational and seminal work to permit focusing on differences from exposure to surgery with anesthesia and anesthesia alone in the early life independent of sexual differences
This by no means diminishes the importance of sexual differences in exposure to surgery
the importance of sexual differences are critical to explore robustly and finding a significant impact of early life surgery on long-term behaviors emphasize the importance of further studies in females to fully understand the complete biological consequences of surgical exposure during critical periods of development
Sixty-eight male postnatal day (P) 6 Sprague-Dawley littermate pups were studied (Envigo, St. Louis, MO, United States) from a total of 80 P3 male animals (80 male pups and 8 dams) that arrived at our facility with dams in 3 cohorts; 40 animals for open field and tail suspension, 20 for animals audiovisual distraction in the 5 Choice Serial Reaction Time Titration Variant (5CTV), and 20 animals for heroin self-administration (<a href="#F1">Figure 1</a>)
A total of only 16 animals could be studied in the 5CTV and 12 in the self-administration paradigm
due to the long-term nature with complex surgical procedures and training
additional animals were kept in case of loss of animals during surgery or infection or failure to train
No animal was excluded from loss or failure to train and all animals initially entered into the experiment randomly were used for the experiment
As a result a total of 68 animals were studied as only 16 of 20 were studied in the 5CTV and 12 of 20 in the self-administration paradigm
Half the pups in each litter had surgery and anesthesia and half had anesthesia alone (sham) (same anesthesia; isoflurane 2%)
Animals were housed together with the dam in litters of 8&#x2013;12 pups until weaning
animals were housed in similar treatment pairs
Housing consisted of a climate-controlled room under a reverse 12-h light/dark cycle in AAALAC approved facilities
All behavioral experiments were conducted during the dark phase
The use and handling of the animals was in accordance with the guidelines provided by the National Institutes of Health and the International Society for the Study of Pain and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Wake Forest University Health Sciences
Experimental groups and behavior outcomes timeline
Animals used in the study were male Sprague Dawley pups
Random assignment was made of 80 male pups from 8 dams to either have treatment at postnatal day 6 (P6) of anesthesia and surgery or anesthesia alone with half of the pups in each group from each dam
Sutures were removed at P10 and animals weaned at P21
Random assignment of animals into behavioral outcome measurement was made with equal numbers of surgery and anesthesia and sham anesthesia from each dam; 16 animals were placed in the five choice serial reaction time titration variant (5CTV) group for measurement of attention and distraction
12 animals were placed into the heroin self-administration (SA) group
and 40 animals were placed into the open field discrimination (OFT)/Tail Suspension Test (TST)
Twelve additional animals were not included as no animal was excluded from loss or failure to train and all animals initially entered into the experiment randomly were used for the experiment
As a result a total of 68 animals were studied as only 16 could be studied in the 5CTV and 12 in the self-administration paradigm
All animals were separated from dam for the same time as other pups during the surgical procedure. The incision group underwent general anesthesia with isoflurane 2% under spontaneous ventilation, the dorsal surface of the paw was prepped with povidone-iodine and an incision was made and closed with 2 inverted mattress sutures as previously described (<a href="#B59">Ririe et al., 2003</a>)
The sham animals underwent the same isoflurane general anesthesia and povidone-iodine prep
Animals were awake and ambulating within 5 min after the anesthetic
Animals were given unique numbers and identified according to number for the remainder of the study
No animal in the study had a wound dehiscence or infection during the study; therefore
all animals were included in the data analysis
Animals were recovered together on a heating blanket
Animals were returned to the dam simultaneously
One week later the sutures were removed under brief general anesthesia with isoflurane
Sham animals were also anesthetized for a similar time with isoflurane at this time
After weaning at P21 rats were housed in pairs and given free access to standard rat chow and water
Open field (OF) testing was used as a measure of anxiety. OF exploratory behavior was assessed using commercially available equipment and software (Med Associates Inc., St. Albans, VT, United States) as previously described (<a href="#B38">Martin et al., 2004</a>)
animals were placed in activity chambers divided into 5 equal zones
one in each corner and 1 in the center to analyze zone preference in free exploration
Activity chambers consisted of acrylic enclosures measuring 42.5 &#x00D7; 42.5 cm that were 37.5 cm tall with an open top
Duplicate banks of 16 infrared transmitters spaced 2.5 cm apart were placed in both the X and Y directions
with aligned infrared detectors on the opposing sides of the chamber
A third bank of infrared transmitters and detectors was located in the X direction
7 cm above the floor surface such that the rats used for these studies were required to rear on their hind limbs to interrupt these beams to detect vertical counts
Each activity chamber was housed within a light- and sound-attenuating enclosure
There were no gaps or dividers in the zones
Measures collected included distance traveled
total beam breaks in both the X and Y direction (ambulatory counts) and vertical counts
Forty animals were used for OF testing at 10 weeks after either surgery and anesthesia (N = 20) or sham anesthesia alone (N = 20) and placed in the apparatus one at a time
Zonal analysis was performed for center field and corners
Data were obtained by a person blinded to the treatment groups
The primary outcome measure was crosses into the center zone for anxiety
Secondary outcome measures included ambulatory counts in the center zone
The tail suspension test was utilized to determine the long-term effects on a depression phenotype (<a href="#B14">Chermat et al., 1986</a>)
adhesive tape was placed on the tail of the animal from the base of the tail all the way to the tip and the tape was attached to a hook to suspend the animal without undue force on the tail
The animal was left suspended for 5 min in a three-sided chamber with a distance of the nose to the ground being approximately 20 cm when suspended and videotaped from the open area
An observer blinded to treatment scored the time to first stop struggling and the total time struggling and immobile
the same animals used for OF exploration (40 animals from either surgery and anesthesia (N = 20) or sham anesthesia) were placed one at a time in the apparatus
Immobility was defined as a complete lack of movement in the four limbs and trunk
The primary outcome measure was the total amount of time struggling over the 5-min time period
The secondary outcome was the time to first stop moving
At the top of the wall with the food trough a standard stimulus lamp with a red lens cap (house light) and an adjustable sonalert tone generator were placed (Med Associates Inc.)
All experiments were conducted during the dark phase of the light:dark cycle and once body weight stabilized at 90% of free feeding weight as previously described (<a href="#B39">Martin et al., 2015</a>). A simplified diagram of the 5CTV training and procedure is presented (<a href="#F2">Figure 2</a>)
animals were trained to nose poke in the food trough in response to a light and reinforced by a 45 mg chocolate flavored rat chow pellet (Bio-Serv Inc.
United States) accompanied by a 0.5 s tone and turning off the food trough lamp for 0.5 s
Sessions lasted for 30 min or until the animal obtained 100 pellets
Once animals obtained 100 pellets for a minimum of 2 consecutive sessions they moved to phase 2
Five choice titration variant to measure attentional performance
A light and sound attenuated activity chamber is used with a bank of 5 lights on one wall and a food trough with a light on the opposite wall
Animals are trained in stages to: (1) poke head in trough for food when lighted
(2) poke head in center cue light and get food reward in trough
(3) poke head in any cue randomly lighted and get food reward in trough
and (4) poke head in any cue randomly lighted of varied duration (the titration) of illumination based on performance
Median cue duration (MCD) was calculated from trials 25&#x2013;75 and used for assessment of attention on day 1 for baseline and an audio and visual distraction was performed from trials 25&#x2013;75 on days 2
Premature responses are nose pokes any time during the inter-trial interval and only reset the inter-trial interval and are not considered a trial and do not contribute to the MCD
In phase 2, the animals were trained to nose poke in the middle of the 5 nose poke holes located on the wall opposite of the food trough for food pellet reward as previously described (<a href="#B39">Martin et al., 2015</a>)
each trial consisted of the light in the middle nose poke being illuminated for 30 s [30 s cue duration (CD)]
A nose poke resulted in the light being turned off and the food trough light being illuminated with delivery of two food pellets
Head entry detection at the food trough initiated a 2 s reward cycle timer
after which the food trough lamp was turned off and an inter-trial interval (ITI) timer of 5 s was initiated
Incorrect or failure to poke the middle nose poke within 30 s [limited hold (LH)] resulted in the light being turned off and a 2 s time-out period with all lights off
Responses in any of the nose pokes during this time-out period reset the 2 s time-out timer
the next trial was initiated signaled by illumination of the house light and after the ITI
illumination of the middle nose poke light
Animals were required to complete all 50 trials with a minimum of 80% correct responses for 3 consecutive sessions and then proceeded to phase 3
In phase 3 any one of the five nose pokes was illuminated randomly and all else was similar to phase 2
Animals needed to complete all 50 trials with a minimum of 80% correct responses and then moved to the final titration phase
the titration variant paradigm of the five choice serial reaction time task (5CTV) was introduced and training was identical to the third phase of training
except that the CD and LH were altered based upon the outcome of each trial as previously described6
Each session consisted of 100 trials or 30 min whichever came first
the CD was decreased in series for the next trial
If the animal made an incorrect response or an omission
the CD was increased in series for the next trial
If the animal made an incorrect response or omission when the CD was 30 s
or made a correct response when the CD was 0.1 s
the CD was not altered for the subsequent trial
The median cue duration (MCD) was calculated from trial 16&#x2013;100 (excluding the first 15 trials during which animals were titrating down the CD)
Once the MCD was stable and titrated to &#x003C; 1 s duration for a minimum of 5 consecutive sessions (100 trials per session and the MCD calculated from trials 16&#x2013;100)
A white stimulus lamp (Med Associates Inc) was placed in the top center of the chamber as described previously (<a href="#B39">Martin et al., 2015</a>; <a href="#B56">Ririe et al., 2017</a>)
the lamp was illuminated at approximately 3 Hz (alternating 0.16 s ON
0.16 s OFF) during trials 25&#x2013;75 of individual sessions
The tone generator (2.9 kHz) was utilized to simultaneously create an audio distraction of 89 decibels and was synchronized with the light distraction stimulus and delivered during the same trial period
Effects of DSTR on performance in the 5CTV were determined from trials 25&#x2013;75 of three separate sessions on 5 separate days: PRE: baseline session day 0 with no DSTR
DSTR: during the audiovisual distraction session day 1
All parameters for performance in the 5CTV were determined during the 25&#x2013;75 trials over the 5 days and compared
Sixteen animals were entered into 5CTV behavior
8 surgery and anesthesia and 8 sham anesthesia
All animals entered completed training and were used for analysis
The primary outcome measure related to attention was the MCD that was calculated using Microsoft Excel from the cue durations for trials 25&#x2013;75 for each session (the time of the distraction)
Secondary outcome measures were number of correct
and premature responses as well as latency to emit correct responses
or to retrieve the food reward during the same time period
Heroin hydrochloride was obtained from the Drug Supply Program of the National Institute on Drug Abuse
Experimental chambers contained a house light
The operant chambers were housed in sound- and light-attenuating cubicles and daily self-administration sessions were conducted 5 days/week
Each drug infusion was paired with a 20-s tone and light stimulus and the response lever was retracted during the TO periods and at the end of the session
Twelve rats (6 surgery and anesthesia and 6 anesthesia sham) were entered into the study. All animals entered completed training and were used in analysis. Once drug intake was stable (1 mg&#x22C5;kg&#x2013;1&#x22C5;d&#x2013;1), a dose response curve was determined over 3 sessions followed by access to self-administration 24 h/d (<a href="#B41">Martin et al., 1996</a>)
determined from the rate of drug self-administration until the final infusion rate (6 mg/kg) produced intakes of up to 366 mg&#x22C5;kg&#x2013;1&#x22C5;d&#x2013;1
The rats were maintained on this schedule of increasing heroin doses for 21&#x2013;30 days
The primary outcome was heroin-self administration during 24-h access
Secondary outcomes were acquisition of heroin self-administration and dose response differences
Primary outcomes for each study were identified prior to examining data
Sample size was determined based on the primary outcome for the OF and suspension test and were based on OF crosses to the center zone with a sample size of N = 20 in each group needed to provide 80% power assuming a two-sided &#x03B1; = 0.05 and to detect a difference of 100 crosses and standard deviation of 90
the 5CTV and the heroin self-administration were exploratory in nature and therefore no power calculation was performed and the maximum number of animals that could be studied on one cohort was selected (16 5CTV and 12 heroin self-administration with equal numbers of surgery and sham for each)
parametric assumptions were evaluated for all variables using histograms and descriptive statistics
Data are reported as medians (range) if not normally distributed or means (standard deviation) if normally distributed
For histogram analysis of groups data means are presented as means (with standard error of the mean)
Student&#x2019;s t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for normally distributed data
and Friedman test and Mann Whitney U-test were used for not normally distributed data
Fisher&#x2019;s exact test was used for comparison of group training in the 5CTV
Post hoc analyses were conducted using Holm-Sidak correction for multiple comparisons across time after surgery for MCD distraction data for the 5CTV using baseline data prior to surgery as control
Significant differences in variances between groups for 24-h heroin data resulted in using a linear mixed model for statistical inference to reduce type 1 error using 2-way ANOVA
Random intercepts were utilized to account for the repeated measures (i.e.
Each model was assessed for best fit with the addition of random slopes (i.e.
varying slopes across subjects) using likelihood ratio tests
but no model fit was improved so fixed slopes were employed
Briefly the model was optimized and fixed effects analysis of deviance was determined using type II Wald F tests with Kenward-Rogers df to generate p-values
Animal was used as a random effects component and the effect of animal on variance determined
Statistical tests were performed using R version 3.3.2 and Systat Software Inc.
Corrections for multiple comparisons were used where appropriate
There are no missing data or outliers to report and no animals were excluded from the study
A priori only corrected P &#x003C; 0.05 was considered statistically significant
There were a total of 68 male animals studied
34 animals that underwent surgery and anesthesia and 34 sham animals that underwent anesthesia alone at postnatal day 6 (P6)
Each dam was a foster and had half of the litter with surgery and anesthesia and half sham anesthesia control
The duration of general anesthesia averaged 6 &#x00B1; 1 min and was not different between incision and sham animals [t(1,66) = 0.573; P = 0.570]
The average duration of separation from the mother was 30 &#x00B1; 8 min and was no different between incision and sham groups [t(1,66) = 0.427; P = 0.676]
the surgery and sham animals underwent a brief 2 &#x00B1; 1 min general anesthetic for suture removal and there was no difference between groups [t(1,66) = 0; P = 1]
decrease total distance traveled in the incision group compared to the sham group (8080 &#x00B1; 2012 for the sham and 6631 &#x00B1; 2290 for the incision group [t(1,38) = 2.125; P = 0.04] and decreased time in the center zone for the incision group compared to the sham group (4.7 &#x00B1; 1.2 min in the sham versus 2.0 &#x00B1; 1.6 min in the incision group [t(1,38) = 4.079; P &#x003C; 0.001]
No difference between groups in total vertical counts (sham 178 &#x00B1; 92 and incision 156 &#x00B1; 63; t(1,38) = 0.886; P = 0.381) or vertical counts in the center zone were present (sham 25 &#x00B1; 14 and incision 18 &#x00B1; 12; t(1,38) = 1.602; P = 0.117)
Anxiety measured with open field exploration
Open field testing was performed at 10 weeks after incision and anesthesia (N = 20) or anesthesia alone (sham) (N = 20)
(A) Ambulation in the center zone is reduced in the incision group while there is no difference in ambulation in the corners between the two groups representing reduced exploration of the center zone once entered
(B) Center zone entries are significantly reduced in the incision group which suggests increased anxiety and reduced exploration in the open zone
&#x002A;Statistically significant difference between groups (unpaired t-test)
The tail suspension test was used as a marker of depression or despair. No difference was found in the primary outcome of total time struggling between groups (N = 20 each group) (206 &#x00B1; 41 s for the sham and 188 &#x00B1; 46 for the incision group [t(1,38) = 1.299; P = 0.202] (<a href="#F4">Figure 4</a>)
The secondary outcome of time to first stop struggling was not different (32 &#x00B1; 27 s for sham compared of 30 &#x00B1; 33 s for the incision group [t(1,38) = 0.273; P = 0.787]
Depression or despair measured in the tail suspension test
The tail suspension test was conducted at 12 weeks after in the initial incision
There was no difference found between the anesthesia and incision (N = 20) and the anesthesia alone (sham) groups (N = 20) with respect to the time to first stop moving and the total time moving during the test (unpaired t-test)
Sixteen animals of the 68 were randomly enrolled in the 5CTV study and all made it through the stages of training (8 animals in the incision group and 8 animals in the control group)
Training was slower in the animals that underwent incision
This was found to be isolated to phase 2 training and was apparent as soon as task difficulty began to increase in progressing from nose poke in the food trough for food pellets in phase 1 to nose poke the single center light and then getting pellets in food trough on the opposite wall
When all 8/8 (100%) of sham animals successfully completed phase 2 training
only 3/8 (38%) of the incision animals had completed phase 2 [Fisher&#x2019;s exact (P = 0.03)]
although all animals successfully completed phase 2 [median time to complete phase 2 control 5 days (range 5&#x2013;7) versus 7 days (range 5&#x2013;12)]
At baseline in the 5CTV the MCD was no different between the incision and the sham groups (0.5 &#x00B1; 0.1 s in the sham and 0.6 &#x00B1; 0.2 in the incision group [t(1,14) = 0.594; P = 0.56]. The effect of surgery on distraction in the 5CTV is presented (<a href="#F5">Figure 5A</a>)
There was overall an interaction between treatment and the effects of distraction on MCD over time [F(4,56) = 3.28; P = 0.018]
A significant effect of distraction across days on the MCD in both groups was present [F(4,56) = 17.96; P &#x003C; 0.001]
and there was also a significant treatment effect with a difference between the incision group and the sham [F(1,56) = 4.89; P = 0.044]
The peak effect of distraction in the incision group was on the second day of distraction and the mean MCD was 9 &#x00D7; greater than the mean MCD in the control group on the same day
Pairwise comparison revealed a difference in MCD from baseline on the first day of distraction only for the sham l group (day 2)
and 3 of distraction were all different from baseline and day 5 for the incision group (P &#x003C; 0.05) reflecting an inability to acclimate to the distraction in the incision group
the MCD remained different from baseline in the surgery group (0.6 &#x00B1; 0.2 at baseline and 2.1 &#x00B1; 3.2 on day 5 after distraction in the incision group (t = 2.75; P = 0.032)
Attention and Distraction after Early Life Surgery
Attentional performance was assessed using the median cue duration (MCD) from trials 25&#x2013;75 at baseline and for 3 days of audiovisual distraction and then no distraction on Day 4 (N = 8 anesthesia alone (sham) and N = 8 incision and anesthesia animals)
(A) No difference in baseline MCD between sham and incision was present (unpaired t-test)
Distraction over days impaired performance in animals as measured by an increase in the MCD in both groups of animals (two way repeated measures ANOVA)
the five choice serial titration variant showed a persistent disruption seen as elevated MCD during days 1 to 4 (D1&#x2013;D4) while exposed to distracting light and noise during task compared to control anesthesia sham
The incision group MCD was increased compared to baseline at all time points and remained elevated from baseline on Day 4 with no distraction (Holms-Sidak pairwise correction for comparisons)
The bar graph shows a significant difference between group means
(B) Premature responses in the five choice serial titration variant were determined reflecting decreased inhibitory control when increased and either more inhibitory control or increased anxiety when decreased
Baseline responses were no different (N = 8 control anesthesia alone and N = 8 incision and sham anesthesia animals) (unpaired t-test)
There was an effect of distraction and a treatment effect with only the animals in the surgery group with reduced premature responding from baseline with distraction and not the sham group
Data are presented as means and standard deviation and bar graphs are group means and standard error of the mean
Incorrect and Omission Responses during the attention trials
Responses are shown for sham (N = 8) and incision and anesthesia animals (N = 8)
(A) Correct responses are shown at the top of the graph (circles)
No difference in baseline correct response between sham and incision was present (unpaired t-test)
Distraction decreased correct responses in both incision and sham with no difference between groups (two way repeated measures ANOVA)
The bar graph shows no significant difference between correct group means
Incorrect responses are shown at the bottom of the graph (triangles)
No difference in baseline incorrect response between sham and incision was present (unpaired t-test)
Distraction decreased incorrect responses in both incision and sham with a significant difference between groups (two way repeated measures ANOVA)
The bar graph shows a significant difference between incorrect group means
(B) Response omissions are shown with no difference in baseline omission responses between sham and incision (unpaired t-test)
Distraction increased omissions in both incision and sham with an overall difference between groups (two way repeated measures ANOVA)
The bar graph shows a significant difference between omission group means
incorrect and reward were all no different at baseline between the two groups (correct: 1.2 &#x00B1; 0.9 and 1.1 &#x00B1; 0.5 s
respectively [t(1,14) = 0.275; P = 0.788]; incorrect: 1.5 &#x00B1; 0.4 and 1.6 &#x00B1; 0.7 s
respectively [t(1,14) = 0.351; P = 0.731]; and reward: 1.4 &#x00B1; 0.2 and 1.2 &#x00B1; 0.2 s
All latencies increased with distraction over time [correct: F(4,56) = 7.576; P &#x003C; 0.001
and reward: F(4,56) = 10.371; P &#x003C; 0.001]
There were no treatment effects for latencies [correct: F(1,56) = 0.906; P = 0.357
and reward: F(1,56) = 0.074; P = 0.789] and no significant interaction [correct: F(4,56) = 1.294; P = 0.283
On day 10 the amount of heroin intake was no different (0.70 &#x00B1; 0.11 mg/kg in the incision group and 0.89 &#x00B1; 0.30 mg/kg in the sham group [t(1,10) = 1.51; P = 0.162]
This level did not change over the next seven days
Heroin Self Administration after Early Life Surgery
Heroin self-administration was initiated at 12&#x2013;16 weeks after surgery and anesthesia (N = 6) or the anesthesia alone (sham) (N = 6)
(A) Acquisition was reduced in the incision and anesthesia group compared to sham
No difference was seen at baseline or after 10 days at steady state between the 2 groups
(B) After steady-state heroin self-administration within session was achieved
a dose response was performed over 3 sessions which revealed a dose-dependent decrease in heroin consumption in both groups
The bar graph shows no significant difference between group means
(C) Animals were given 24-h access to heroin
No difference between baseline heroin consumption was present
There was escalation of heroin intake in both groups compared to baseline over time
Animals after early life surgery self-administered/escalated heroin more than sham (mixed model with random effects)
&#x002A;Statistically significant difference between groups
The fixed effects analysis revealed a treatment effect from incision compared to sham as a neonate which revealed that the treatment effect was responsible for 56.1 mg (95% CI: 32.5&#x2013;79.6) [F(1,10) = 5.2; P = 0.045] difference in heroin consumption over the study
A time effect was determined to be 2.7 mg (95% CI: 1.9&#x2013;3.5) [F(1,226) = 120.6; P &#x003C; 0.001] of heroin increase for each 24-h interval
There was also a significant interaction between time and treatment which yielded a 10.8 mg (95% CI: 9.6&#x2013;12.0) [F(1,226) = 53.5; P &#x003C; 0.001] of heroin difference between groups
This represents a large effect of incision on heroin consumption (effect size
The random effects structure that was fit revealed a substantial interaction of the animal response to the variance in the model random intercept with the animal contributing 27.7% (95% CI: 25.7&#x2013;29.7) to the total variance of the model
This study focused on the behavioral consequences of surgical incision and anesthesia in early life and demonstrated maladaptive behaviors in adult animals
The most striking findings are the constellation of increased anxiety in the incision group manifest as reduced exploratory behavior
reduced premature responses in the attention task (5CTV)
and delayed acquisition of self-administration of heroin
Learning is altered with impairment in the surgery group which manifests as longer training in the 5CTV and slower acquisition of heroin self-administration
with some behavioral changes inter-related
despite slower acquisition of heroin self-administration
greater escalation of heroin intake occurs in the surgery group suggesting that alterations in the reward circuitry may partially underlie these maladaptive behaviors
although there is certainly overlap between stress and nociceptive input
Effects of surgery in early life result in long-term behavioral changes in anxiety
Early life surgery and anesthesia likely produce these effects through a systemic response or neural pathway from the stress
inflammation or noxious nociceptive activation
Transient or permanent changes in the brain during development are likely responsible for long-term changes that result in altered or maladaptive behaviors in later life
Studies to further delineate the age dependent differences in HPA responses to surgery and pain as well as the lasting impact on adult stress responses will be valuable in understanding the emergence of anxiety and altered responses to stress in the adult
As such early life surgery and altered somatosensory processing could contribute to escalation of heroin intake
the persistent dysfunction that occurs and the decrease in premature responses are related to attention deficits whereby the early life surgery impairs the ability to engage in the attention task as the attention is persistently redirected toward the distraction
while attention deficit and anxiety are different
We have found both anxiety and attentional dysfunction as a result of the early life incision
Whether they occur in the same animals to the same extent or not will require future studies to evaluate the linkage between the behaviors
These are consistent with our findings of slower training in the food-reinforced 5CTV and slower acquisition of heroin self-administration
although reward/motivation or anxiety may both play a role
This may predispose to vulnerability to further abnormalities in processing or inflammatory responses in the central nervous system throughout life related to injury
The data on opioids early in development are inconclusive
It will be valuable to understand the role of opioids for analgesia on maladaptive behaviors as to whether they alter learning and self-administration of opioids and the role of pain at the time of exposure
while an opioid-free perioperative period has been suggested to be beneficial
this may or may not mitigate effects of surgery and stress during critical periods of development
While the opioid controversy is inconclusive with data on both sides
the dominant practice today is to reduce narcotic use in the newborn period
The effect of narcotic in the early life period is unclear with regard to opioid requirements in later life for pain and in the predisposition to opioid use and abuse
the effects of other modalities of pain control including reducing inflammation with non-steroidal or steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
and other modes of analgesia in mitigating or exacerbating the effects will be valuable
While the incision surgery is very limited
examination of larger and more invasive surgical experiences will be valuable to understand the roll of the peripheral extremity injury better and surgical impact more completely
further investigation of the role of opioids and other adjuvants during surgery will be valuable to understanding long-term effects on learning and reward and to design rationale approaches to surgical perioperative care of neonates and infants for the best short- and long-term outcomes
These studies will help put into context our findings
enable hypothesis-generated studies to reduce the negative impact of early life surgery and pain
and develop translational studies to determine the human correlates
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors
The animal study was reviewed and approved by Wake Forest University School of Medicine Animal Care and Use Committee
and JE designed the research and drafted the manuscript
DR and TM performed the experiments and analyzed the data
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version
Funding was provided by the National Institutes of Health through grants NS074357 (TM)
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
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“It all started with ‘Boom Boom Pow,’” Jacob Eisenach ’22 told me
whose stage name loses a capital letter to become eisenach
carried around the quintessential Gen Z starter pack: Flo Rida
Maroon 5 and — inevitably — the Black Eyed Peas
he was a “third culture kid,” the child of Americans living abroad
Eisenach’s elementary school years were spent at an international school in Singapore
thumbing the white donut circle of a green iPod Nano
Fergie faded to make room for the Beatles and Singapore to make room for Germany
he was attending school in Berlin and listening to Cage the Elephant
An indie rock sensibility started evolving in his playlists
likely facilitated by the discovery of his favorite band
he had ditched the Nano and embraced rock fully
There’s an improvised meticulousness to how eisenach talks about his music
While he’s the type to make 10 potential mixes of every track to ensure it’s close to perfect
he’s also the same guy who recorded his first EP with a yellow sock over his mic (“I didn’t have a pop filter to pick up the p’s”)
All of his songs are self-written and self-produced
He’s taught himself how to create rhythms with no formal training
you can find a video of him live looping his song “Google Earth” at Vibes &amp; Vino
making background tracks at the same time as he performs
he often takes a break from other artists altogether — like a novelist might stop reading to be immersed in their fictional world — sometimes listening to his own demos 30 times in a day
he’s a “tormented artist.” He might wake up and hate the song completely.&nbsp;
eisenach’s unique balancing act as an artist is revealed: He is both exacting of his craft and carefree
he toes a very “college” balance: a dedication to excellence while
just being a young person trying to figure it all out
eisenach was performing on street corners before he was 16
He’d go out with his high school band and play
hoping to turn just one or two heads every minute
The best spots in Berlin were by the Brandenburg Gate and on busy shopping streets with both locals and tourists
you could bet some cross-section of the population would be interested
the band had made enough money to buy an amplifier and set up a mic
Those early experiences were critical in shaping his sound
In tracks like “Google Earth” and “Study Politics,” eisenach incorporates a rock-infused shout-sing impressive in its control and clarity
eisenach consciously worked to create a sound outside of the enunciation-heavy musical theater tone — and things soon fell into place
he needed to be loud out of necessity; soon enough
Though he doesn’t consider himself a “musical theater kid,” eisenach has a natural predisposition for performance that can only be achieved through years onstage
he plays guitar and sings with a freedom so infectious that rooms of students start jumping and holding each other’s arms
I saw him perform at Grove last fall and watched a packed backyard mosh under yellow lights and sing his lyrics back to him
eisenach resembles his performance idol Matt Schultz (from Cage the Elephant) in this — both of them are more lost in the music than performing at all
eisenach started participating in musical revues and plays
his school took students to a German village for three days
put together a musical and come back and perform it
From “Newsies” to “School of Rock” to “Matilda,” the revues would sample from various shows to create a cabaret-style variety event
‘I’m on for ‘Matilda,’ and now I gotta go change in five minutes to dress up as a Newsie.’ People had like 15 costumes.”
These were moments he’d later remember on street corners or in bar gigs with his band
Like those practices in a German village: project
“What’s home?” eisenach asks in “Deep Dive (Into My Daydreams),” a dreambeat lo-fi track on his first EP
He later answers like this: “[It’s] an imaginary place that I associate your face with.”
eisenach’s music has a throughline of nostalgia for past moments and places
The first song he ever wrote was called “Gone.” He penned it in the seventh grade
a ’50s-type love song about missing someone when they leave
eisenach traces this preoccupation with change to his upbringing in international schools
Going to Stanford was another drastic move for him
he found himself nine time zones away from his family
He titled his first EP “Transitory Places” as an ode to this: the constant quotient of change that has followed him throughout his life
The pandemic has only intensified eisenach’s longing for old times
stuffed with music equipment from his dorm
he settled into a quarantine routine: running or biking in the morning
doing schoolwork during the day and making music at night
eisenach created a five-track record — now a collection of optimistic songs with a dancey dorm aesthetic (“Study Politics,” “Memes”)
eisenach is missing the little moments at Stanford the most (“This time has only left us with the long FaceTime calls or the nonsense Zoom birthday parties”)
He misses running into acquaintances in the dining hall and the one-minute conversations with people whose phone number he doesn’t have
He misses the feeling of closeness on campus
“Why can’t everyone you care about live in the same place at the same time?” He misses performing
getting lost in the music on a Friday night
He summarizes this longing perfectly in “Deep Dive (Into Your Daydreams).” With his free-sounding guitar lines and performance joie de vivre
eisenach’s music teems with an unrestrained collegiate youth
And for those of us now missing lazy afternoons on Meyer Green or brief exchanges in Arrillaga — all the little moments we’d never thought twice about before — eisenach’s songs are a nostalgic ode to another life: “I love you
Contact Valerie Trapp at trappv22 ‘at’ stanford.edu.&nbsp;
Valerie Trapp '22 is a staff writer for Arts &amp; Life and a contributor to The Grind
She is from Florida and the Dominican Republic and studies English and International Relations
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Statistics show that Germany&#39;s east has done fairly well in catching up with the wealthier west over the past decade but that success has done little to dispel economic pessimism that has helped fuel the rise of anti-establishment parties
Ahead of elections in three eastern states starting on Sept.1
two parties— one far-right and one economically far-left — are polling together between 40% and 50%
with a recent study showing half of east Germans convinced their region was economically stagnating.googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1499653692894-0'); });
by economic institute IW also showed a fifth of people in the east felt they were being left behind
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Here you can see the webcast of the BMW Group Press Conference at the Auto Shanghai 2025
MENASHA — Sandra Dabill Taylor has been a frequent commenter about city affairs during <a href=https://www.menashawi.gov/residents/government/common_council/index.php target=_blank>Common Council</a>  meetings
Now she's campaigning to take a seat on the council
Dabill Taylor will challenge District 2 incumbent Rosita Eisenach in the April 2 nonpartisan election for two-year term in office
<a href=https://cms5.revize.com/revize/cityofmenasha/City%20Clerk/Elections/Aldermanic%20Maps/2023%20Ward%20&%20District%20Map%20(Updated%201-31-23).pdf target=_blank>District 2</a> includes areas east of Tayco Street
west of Konemac Street and north of the Fox River
As part of The Post-Crescent's election coverage
Eisenach and Dabill Taylor were asked to complete a questionnaire to explain why they're running for office
what makes them the better candidate and how they would address the most important issues facing the city
Eisenach and Dabill Taylor won't be involved in the Menasha candidates forum sponsored by the <a href=https://sites.google.com/site/lwvwinnebago/ target=_blank>League of Women Voters of Winnebago County</a> because Eisenach will be out of state and unavailable
"I felt a little bit slighted," Dabill Taylor said
For information about registering to vote and polling locations, visit the MyVote Wisconsin website at <a href=https://myvote.wi.gov/en-us target=_blank>myvote.wi.gov/en-us</a>
More: <a href=https://www.postcrescent.com/story/news/local/2024/03/05/menasha-celebrates-150-years-as-a-city-with-commendation-music-cake/72838238007/ target=_blank>Menasha celebrates 150 years as a city with time travel, music and cake</a>
Related: <a href=https://www.postcrescent.com/story/news/local/2024/03/08/delays-to-the-brin-in-menasha-result-in-delays-to-the-citys-payout/72855434007/ target=_blank>Menasha promises developer incentive for The Brin but hasn't begun paying yet</a>
Eisenach: My staff and I like to give back to our community as much as possible
and this is just another way that I can try to make our community better
I'm a concerned citizen looking out for the residents and future of Menasha
I support initiatives aimed at ensuring responsible growth and quality redevelopment
while protecting and enhancing the integrity and aesthetics of our residential neighborhoods
without creating a burden on the taxpayers of Menasha
What makes you the better candidate in this race?Eisenach: I do not like saying that I would be a better candidate
because I do not know how my opponent will do in this position
but I can at least say that I do have the last two years of experience in this position
Dabill Taylor: I'm not running against anyone
What are residents telling you are their most important issues
and how would you address them?Eisenach: Most residents want to see their taxes lowered
I don't think I can say that I can make that happen
but I can say I will try my best to maintain our taxes to prevent them from drastically climbing
Dabill Taylor: First and foremost in the minds and wallets of most residents is the increasing tax burden of providing essential services
As Menasha is a landlocked community with limited growth potential
separating the needs from the wants will be essential in generating a sustainable
thriving community residents will be proud to call home
Promoting an invigorating environment for businesses development and creating quality neighborhoods will require a stronger balance of zoning controls
code enforcement and uniform permitting/inspections
Short-term decisions affect long-term goals
City Hall needs to be cognizant of spending taxpayer dollars to ensure Menasha’s future potential is fully realized
Contact Duke Behnke at 920-993-7176 or <a href=mailto:dbehnke@gannett.com target=_blank>dbehnke@gannett.com</a>. Follow him on Twitter at <a href=https://twitter.com/DukeBehnke target=_blank>@DukeBehnke</a>
Jeffrey A. Eisenach is a member of <a class="text-brand-darkred" href="https://itif.org/people/board" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer">ITIF’s board</a>
He is a senior vice president at NERA Economic Consulting
He is also co-chair of NERA’s Communications
and Internet Practice; an adjunct professor at George Mason University Law School
where he teaches regulated industries; and a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute
Eisenach has served in senior policy positions at the U.S
Federal Trade Commission and the White House Office of Management and Budget and on the faculties of Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Eisenach’s consulting practice focuses on economic analysis of competition
He has submitted expert reports and testified in U.S
and courts and regulatory bodies in Australia
He has also advised clients in some of the world’s largest information technology sector mergers
He has written or edited 19 books and monographs
including “Broadband Competition in the Internet Ecosystem” and Competition
Innovation and the Microsoft Monopoly: Antitrust in the Digital Marketplace
His writings have also appeared in scholarly journals such as The Review of Network Economics
Eisenach was a managing director and principal at Navigant Economics
Eisenach has served as president and senior fellow at the Progress &amp; Freedom Foundation; as a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute
and the Hudson Institute; as a consultant to the U.S
Sentencing Commission (on corporate sentencing guidelines); and as a member of the 1980–1981 Reagan-Bush Transition Team on the Federal Trade Commission
the 2000–2001 Bush-Cheney Transition Team on the Federal Communications Commission
the Virginia Governor’s Commission on E-Communities
and the Virginia Attorney General’s Task Force on Identity Theft
in economics from the University of Virginia and his B.A
in economics from Claremont McKenna College
ITIF will host a panel discussion of leading experts from both sides of the Atlantic who will evaluate the present state of broadband networks in the U
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AMSTERDAM – Stellantis announced today it will invest over €130 million in the Eisenach Assembly Plant in Germany, producer of the <a href="https://www.media.stellantis.com/em-en/opel/new-grandland-hybrid" target="_blank">Opel Grandland</a> compact SUV
to add production of the BEV successor vehicle that will be built on the all-new STLA Medium platform
Production of the new BEV is scheduled to begin in the second half of 2024
Adding a BEV to Eisenach’s output supports Opel’s bold commitment to a fully electric product lineup by 2028 in Europe
The Opel Grandland currently produced at Eisenach includes also plug-in hybrid variants
has demonstrated a strong drive in quality improvements,” said Arnaud Deboeuf
 “With this allocation of Stellantis’ new fully BEV platform
Eisenach plant’s highly skilled workforce will continue to improve the cost and the quality of the vehicles they produce to delight our customers.”
“We have been building top-quality vehicles here in Thuringia for 31 years and improved our competitiveness continuously
We will stay on this clear path with the electric successor to the Opel Grandland,” said Florian Huettl
“This decision is another important step for Opel on the way to the declared goal of being a purely electric brand in Europe by 2028.”
‘We Win Together’ is a core value and this announcement for Eisenach demonstrates that value in action,” said Xavier Chereau
Chairman of the Opel Supervisory Board and Chief Human Resources &amp; Transformation Officer at Stellantis
“A focus on improving quality and costs from Eisenach management and employees
combined with the input and social dialogue with the German union representatives
“Thuringia is an automotive location with a great tradition that is currently making the transition to electromobility at top speed,” Thuringia Prime Minister Bodo Ramelow said
I am particularly pleased that Opel is playing a decisive role here and will be producing a future-proof model range in Eisenach.”
The Eisenach investment is a key step in meeting the commitments of the <a href="https://www.stellantis.com/en/company/dare-forward-2030">Dare Forward 2030</a> strategic plan
which is led by deep emission cuts to slash CO2 in half by 2030
and achieve carbon net zero by 2038 with single digit percentage compensation of the remaining emissions
Core targets for Dare Forward 2030 also include 100% of passenger car sales in Europe and 50% of passenger car and light-duty truck sales in the United States to be BEVs by the end of the decade; the ambition of doubling Net Revenues by 2030 (versus 2021) and sustaining double-digit Adjusted Operating Income margins throughout the decade; and the aim to become number one in customer satisfaction for products and services in every market by 2030
Stellantis is investing more than €30 billion through 2025 in electrification and software to deliver BEVs that meet customer demands
The current models from Eisenach: Opel Grandland and Grandland GSe
The Opel Grandland from Eisenach has made a name for itself in the compact SUV segment
intuitive to operable and equipped with innovative technologies
it offers a new kind of cockpit experience
the Grandland is equipped with further top technologies and assistance systems that customers have previously only been familiar with from higher vehicle classes
First and foremost is the adaptive IntelliLux LED® Pixel light with a total of 168 LED elements
There is also Night Vision: the system that detects pedestrians and animals in the dark at a distance of up to 100 meters and actively warns the driver
The Opel SUV proudly wears the new face of the brand - the Opel Vizor
Customers have a choice of highly efficient combustion engine and plug-in hybrid variants
The top model is the sporty Opel Grandland GSe with electric all-wheel drive
(NYSE: STLA / Euronext Milan: STLAM / Euronext Paris: STLAP) is one of the world’s leading automakers and a mobility provider
Its storied and iconic brands embody the passion of their visionary founders and today’s customers in their innovative products and services
we lead the way the world moves – aspiring to become the greatest sustainable mobility tech company
while creating added value for all stakeholders as well as the communities in which it operates
This communication contains forward-looking statements
statements regarding future events and anticipated results of operations
the anticipated benefits of the proposed transaction
the anticipated closing date for the proposed transaction and other anticipated aspects of our operations or operating results are forward-looking statements
These statements may include terms such as “may”
Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance
they are based on Stellantis’ current state of knowledge
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subject to inherent risks and uncertainties
They relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur or exist in the future and
undue reliance should not be placed on them
 Actual results may differ materially from those expressed in forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of factors
including: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
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which is subject to cyclicality; changes in local economic and political conditions
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the enactment of tax reforms or other changes in tax laws and regulations; Stellantis’ ability to expand certain of their brands globally; its ability to offer innovative
attractive products; its ability to develop
manufacture and sell vehicles with advanced features including enhanced electrification
connectivity and autonomous-driving characteristics; various types of claims
governmental investigations and other contingencies
including product liability and warranty claims and environmental claims
investigations and lawsuits; material operating expenditures in relation to compliance with environmental
health and safety regulations; the intense level of competition in the automotive industry
which may increase due to consolidation; exposure to shortfalls in the funding of Stellantis’ defined benefit pension plans; the ability to provide or arrange for access to adequate financing for dealers and retail customers and associated risks related to the establishment and operations of financial services companies; the ability to access funding to execute Stellantis’ business plans and improve its businesses
financial condition and results of operations; a significant malfunction
disruption or security breach compromising information technology systems or the electronic control systems contained in Stellantis’ vehicles; Stellantis’ ability to realize anticipated benefits from joint venture arrangements; disruptions arising from political
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components and systems used in Stellantis’ vehicles; developments in labor and industrial relations and developments in applicable labor laws; exchange rate fluctuations
credit risk and other market risks; political and civil unrest; earthquakes or other disasters; risks and other items described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31
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is included in Stellantis’ reports and filings with the U.S
Securities and Exchange Commission and AFM
the joint venture between Stellantis and Leapmotor
is apparently looking into manufacturing the Leapmotor B10 at its Spanish plant in Zaragoza
Nothing has been decided yet - but with the search for alternatives so close to the scheduled market launch
production in Poland seems quite uncertain
other alternatives could include the German plant in Eisenach or the factory in Trnava
According to information from La Tribuna de Automoción
the Stellantis plant in Figueruelas near Zaragoza is also being seriously considered
the report states that Leapmotor International is carrying out economic and industrial feasibility studies and is asking suppliers based in Spain for offers for the production of components
but it should happen relatively quickly &#8211; regardless of whether production of the B10 is now located in Spain
it looks like it will come down to an existing Stellantis plant
Poland is not completely out of the running either
but the fact that alternatives are being sought so shortly before the planned market launch for political reasons alone makes you sit up and take notice
It is unclear how good the chances are for Eisenach
Eisenach would have higher production costs than Trnava or the plant in the Spanish province of Aragon
But there is also a timetable for the modernisation work that needs to be kept
The Spanish portal assumes the work &#8220;will not take almost two years without activity.&#8221; However
if the Leapmotor project is awarded to Spain
the entire roadmap for the plant would have to be revised
Although current demand does not ensure full capacity utilisation
it is questionable whether another model that is not based on the same CMP or e-CMP platform can be accommodated with only one line at 50 per cent of capacity
The Leapmotor B10 was unveiled at the Paris Motor Show in October 2024
The electric SUV is designed for global markets and uses the Leap 3.5 platform &#8211; it is not known how much effort would be required for joint production with Stellantis platforms
there could be more synergies with the Leapmotor B10 than with the small cars from Zaragoza
<a href="https://www.latribunadeautomocion.es/2025/01/leapmotor-analiza-producir-coches-en-stellantis-zaragoza/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">latribunadeautomocion.es</a>
electrive has been following the development of electric mobility with journalistic passion and expertise since 2013
we offer comprehensive coverage of the highest quality — as a central platform for the rapid development of this technology
Marko Grigic of ThSV Eisenach won the German handball Bundesliga Player of the Month in December
The German national team member was selected as the "DKB (German Handball Association) Player of the Month" December
with more than half the support in fan voting
Marius Steinhauser of Hanover-Burkdorf came in second and Johannes Golla of Flensburg came in third
Marco Grigic was already nominated in November
but he did even better in December and finally won the prize
He provided 11 crucial assists to his teammates in December
he scored a remarkable 14 points against THW Kiel
and led his team to victory against Hamburg with a seven-metre penalty that sealed a 32-31 home victory
Grigchi was brilliant not only in attack but also in defense
he proved his outstanding defensive ability by recording five blocks and two steals
Marco Grigic scored the second highest of all players
averaging 90 points in the Handball Performance Index (HPI)
who is currently considered the best handball player in the world
Marco Grigchi topped the list with a landslide of 54.1 percent support
Marius Steinhauser (17.9%) and Johannes Gola (8.8%)
THW Kill's Domagoj Duvnjak and Andreas Wolff finished fourth and fifth
while Füchse Berlin's Matthias Gisele and Tim Freihöfer finished sixth and seventh
Eisenach finished eighth with 8 wins and 8 losses (16 points) despite the performance of skinny Grigic
&lt;Summary of Grigchi's December performance&gt;
Marius Steinhauser (TSV Hanover-Burgdorf) - 17.9%
※ This service is provided by machine translation tool
<a href="https://www.media.stellantis.com/em-en/opel/press/press-kit-opel-grandland-world-premiere-in-eisenach">Press Kit: Opel Grandland World Premiere in Eisenach</a>
R&uuml;sselsheim/Eisenach.&nbsp; Earlier today
Opel lifted the lid on its latest newcomer and showed the first pictures of the new Grandland
the next generation of Opel&#39;s top-of-the-line SUV is celebrating its world premiere &ndash; at the Eisenach plant in Thuringia where Opel CEO Florian Huettl
presented the new Opel Grandland to the workforce and media representatives
the guests and journalists were able to see the state-of-the-art Grandland production for themselves during a tour of the plant
&ldquo;The new Opel Grandland is &lsquo;made in Germany&rsquo; through and through
It will exclusively drive off the production line in Eisenach
over the past few months we have developed the location into a real &#39;electric plant&#39; &ndash; with a battery shop and a production facility in which our top SUV is fully flexible in all drive variants on a common line
The new Grandland will be fully electric for the first time and will further broaden our range of electric cars
We are giving the starting signal for this here and today,&rdquo; said Opel CEO Florian Huettl to the journalists
Eisenach plant managing director J&ouml;rg Escher added: &ldquo;The Eisenach team took on the great challenge of automotive transformation together and implemented it with outstanding commitment
I would like to thank all employees for their tireless dedication and great performance
And I am sure that the new Grandland will also come to customers in the well-known Eisenach top quality right from the start.&rdquo;
Investments in Eisenach: &euro;130 million for transformation to &ldquo;electric plant&rdquo;
which was specifically designed for battery-electric models and is now being used in Eisenach
particularly flat battery packaging with a battery capacity of up to 98 kWh
a new generation electric motor and other energy-saving features
the new Grandland Electric can travel up to around 700 kilometres locally emissions-free according to WLTP1
In order to make the Eisenach plant, which has been constantly developing since its inauguration in 1992, fit for future production of electrified models, the company has invested <a href="https://www.media.stellantis.com/em-en/opel/press/stellantis-invests-130-million-in-eisenach-assembly-plant-in-germany-for-electric-opel-grandland-successor" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">&euro;130 million</a> in the site
This has led to significant changes in production
modifications were carried out in the body shop as well as in final assembly
which make it possible to produce vehicles based on both the multi-energy platform and the STLA Medium platform
the entire conveyor system was adapted and strengthened
the body shop was fully automated and many state-of-the-art camera systems were installed in the various areas for detailed inspection
It fits perfectly with the electric Opel Grandland and its own battery assembly that Eisenach is planning to start building its own solar park to provide electricity this year
Green electricity will then be generated for the plant using photovoltaics on an area of around 14&nbsp;hectares
In addition to the 20-megawatt photovoltaic park
a 1.5-megawatt heat pump will support the plant&#39;s heat supply in the future
The gradual conversion to renewable energies also helps ensure that the plant is well-positioned for the future
And in accordance with the company&#39;s strategy to reduce CO2 emissions continuously and consistently in every area
the supply chain at the Thuringian location was also realigned
the new Opel Grandland will increasingly be transported to customers via the plant&#39;s railway sidings with Deutsche Bahn
Today marks the launch of a big flood protection project in Eisenach
The project is mostly funded by the European Union with €20.3 million from the European Regional Development Fund
EU funds will be used to build flood protection along the section of the river H&ouml;rsel which goes from Langensalzaer to Karolinenstra&szlig;e
The project in this challenging section addresses existing infrastructure
the region is also planning a new Karolinen Bridge
flood protection measures near the "Auf dem Gries" industrial area
including the cycling path connection to Stedtfeld
Support of &euro;16 million in previous programming period
Thanks to substantial financial support from the EU
the flood protection efforts in Eisenach have been progressing systematically since 2015
Initial measures began in the district of Stedtfeld
the flood dike near the Stedtfeld wastewater treatment plant was replaced
Construction started in 2020 along the H&ouml;rsel river
flood protection measures were implemented in the H&ouml;rschel district
an EU-funded project completed flood protection measures near the Opel factory in Eisenach
These ambitious projects show the EU's commitment to boosting the region's flood resilience
They will protect residents and critical infrastructure
For more information on EU-funded projects in Germany, please visit <a class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone"  href="https://kohesio.ec.europa.eu/en/?mapRegion=Germany,Q22#my-region">Kohesio</a>!
half-timbered houses stand side by side along the Merchants’ Bridge
which spans across a branch of the Gera River
The city’s baroque Petersberg Citadel ranks among the best preserved and largest fortresses in Europe and the Gothic Erfurt Cathedral is 1,200 years old
 <a href="https://www.viator.com/en-GB/searchResults/all?text=erfurt&amp;pid=P00163275&amp;mcid=42383&amp;medium=link&amp;campaign=thuringian-germany" rel="sponsored">Book Erfurt tours here</a>
 Erfurt is home to half-timbered houses and a huge cathedral 
       Wartburg Castle     Perched on a hilltop, the medieval <a href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/germany/articles/underrated-stunning-castles-germany">Wartburg Castle</a> overlooks the town of Eisenach and the Thuringian forest
The thick castle walls have sustained more than 900 years of history: the Protestant Reformation’s leader
sought refuge at Wartburg Castle after Pope Leo X excommunicated him and spent some time there during 1521–22
translating the New Testaments from Ancient Greek to German
the castle is listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site and draws people from all over the world to its grounds
 <a href="https://www.viator.com/en-GB/Germany-tours/Castles-Product-Tickets-and-Passes/d52-tag21606?pid=P00163275&amp;mcid=42383&amp;medium=link&amp;campaign=Thuringian-germany" rel="sponsored">Book Germany castle tours here</a>
 Wartburg Castle overlooks the town of Eisenach and the Thuringian forest 
they spotted rock formations that resembled the shape of fairies
which displays art from the Middle Ages through the 18th century
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    <a href="https://www.viator.com/en-GB/searchResults/all?text=Weimar&amp;pid=P00163275&amp;mcid=42383&amp;medium=link&amp;campaign=Thuringian-germany" rel="sponsored">Book Weimar trips and tours here</a>
       Planetarium Jena     The city of Jena is not exactly a tourist magnet, though it does boast one fascinating attraction: the world’s oldest operating <a href="https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/articles/12-astonishing-planetariums-you-have-to-see">planetarium</a>
people have marvelled at the planets and stars that are projected onto the inside of the building’s white cupola
The planetarium hosts a myriad of events on a daily basis
film screenings and a number of show productions which often involve classic rock music accompanied by mesmerizing 360-degree video sequences
information panels share bits of information about the area
 <a href="https://www.viator.com/en-GB/Germany-tours/Nature-Parks/d52-tag21631?pid=P00163275&amp;mcid=42383&amp;medium=link&amp;campaign=Thuringian-germany" rel="sponsored">Book Germany nature park tours here</a>
 The treetop path in the Hainich National Park 
       Buchenwald Memorial     Ettersberg hill near Weimar was chosen by the Nazis as the site for one of Germany’s largest concentration camps. Buchenwald opened in the summer of 1937 and today stands as <a href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/germany/articles/perplexing-monuments-germany-s-holocaust-memorials">a stark reminder</a> of one of the darkest events in human history
Visiting the camp is a humbling and chilling experience
You can either join a guided tour or download a multimedia guide to your phone which takes you around the memorial site of both the Nazi concentration camp and the Soviet Special Camp
but the Schloss Belvedere house on our list is located on the outskirts of Weimar
The 18th-century palace was initially built as a summer residence for the Ducal family
the beautifully decorated Baroque-style rooms house a museum with an impressive collection of art
Every visit should include a stroll around the vast park
through the English landscape garden and past the Orangery and pleasure garden
 Thuringia is a heaven for lovers of <a href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/germany/articles/a-tour-of-germany-in-16-delicious-dishes">hearty German food</a>
which are traditionally grilled over an open fire
to beef roulades with red cabbage and potato dumplings
sheet cakes are popular and come in a variety of flavours: buttermilk and cherry
rhubarb and meringue or mixed berries and pudding
 <a href="https://www.viator.com/en-GB/Germany-tours/Food-Tours/d52-g6-c80?pid=P00163275&amp;mcid=42383&amp;medium=link&amp;campaign=Thuringian-germany" rel="sponsored">Book Germany food tours here</a>
 The <a href="http://www.germany.travel/en/leisure-and-recreation/hiking/rennsteig.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Rennsteig Trail</a> is arguably the most beautiful hiking trail in Thuringia
covering a total of 170 kilometres (106 miles) between Eisenach and Blankenstein
each of which can easily be completed within a day
the ridge walk passes Wartburg Castle and Dragon Gorge
traverses parts of the Franconian Forest and ends near the Bavarian border
 <a href="https://www.viator.com/en-GB/Germany-tours/Nature-Walk/d52-tag21439?pid=P00163275&amp;mcid=42383&amp;medium=link&amp;campaign=Thuringian-germany" rel="sponsored">Find nature walks in Germany here</a>
 Hiker in the Thuringian Forest Nature Park
      If you click on a link in this story
All recommendations have been independently sourced by Culture Trip
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30 years of Opel in Eisenach means 30 years of pioneering spirit and automobile production in one of the most modern plants in Europe
Opel is inviting all families and friends of the brand to an open day
and the official ceremony that takes place beforehand will be attended by the Thuringian Prime Minister Bodo Ramelow and Opel CEO Florian Huettl
&ldquo;Eisenach has stood for the finest quality for 30 years
At this traditional automobile production site
employees have manufactured numerous Opel bestsellers for delivery to customers
With the production of the Opel Grandland and the Grandland plug-in hybrid on an advanced Multi-Energy Platform
Eisenach is an important part of our electrification offensive,&rdquo; says Opel CEO Florian Huettl
our team spirit has driven us to top performance time and time again,&rdquo; explains Plant Manager J&ouml;rg Escher
the plant and the employees have repeatedly set standards with innovative spirit and drive
This solidarity continues to distinguish us
For Opel and above all for our customers.&rdquo;
Opel among the first West German carmakers in the new federal states
with former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and the employees in attendance
the first ever Opel Astra &ldquo;made in Eisenach&rdquo; drove off the production line
The plant soon became one of the most modern in the world in terms of environmental sustainability
And it is also an integral part of the city and the region
Only eight months after start of production of the Astra
the first Corsa drove off the production line in 1993
The first Corsa &ldquo;made in Eisenach&rdquo; is also the first ever Corsa &ldquo;made in Germany&rdquo;
it had only been built in the Spanish plant in Zaragoza
the small car welcomed a brother to its home &ndash; the stylish Opel ADAM
which was produced in Eisenach until May 2019
&euro;190 million had been invested in the plant for its production
Opel is one of the first West German carmakers to commit itself to the new federal states
Simultaneously the company laid the foundations for the revitalization of automotive production in the region by opening the new plant and investing more than one billion Deutsch Mark
The company is the first European manufacturer to introduce completely new manufacturing methods when the new Opel production system was implemented
It is based on five guided principles: employee involvement
standardization and short throughput times thanks to smooth logistics
The Opel plant in Eisenach has also been setting standard in environmental management since its opening
Recycling loops to re-use production residues or a state-of-the-art water retreatment plant are just two examples of the sustainable system
the Eisenach plant &ldquo;reinvented&rdquo; itself again and again
The small-car bestseller Opel Corsa was manufactured here until 2019
but now the employees at the plant produce the current top Opel SUV &ndash; the Grandland
which is also the first electrified Blitz model from Eisenach
The World Heritage Centre is at the forefront of the international community’s efforts to protect and preserve
World Heritage partnerships for conservation
Ensuring that World Heritage sites sustain their outstanding universal value is an increasingly challenging mission in today’s complex world
where sites are vulnerable to the effects of uncontrolled urban development
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Take advantage of the search to browse through the World Heritage Centre information
Wartburg Castle blends superbly into its forest surroundings and is in many ways 'the ideal castle'
Although it has retained some original sections from the feudal period
the form it acquired during the 19th-century reconstitution gives a good idea of what this fortress might have been at the height of its military and seigneurial power
It was during his exile at Wartburg Castle that Martin Luther translated the New Testament into German
superbement intégrée dans un paysage de forêt
sa silhouette établie lors des reconstitutions du XIXe siècle est une très bonne évocation de ce que pouvait être cette forteresse à l'époque de sa puissance militaire et seigneuriale
C'est pendant son séjour clandestin à la Wartburg que Martin Luther traduisit en allemand le Nouveau Testament
تُعتبر قلعة الفارتبورغ التي تندمج بطريقة رائعة في الغابة المحيطة بها شبيهة "بالقصر المثالي"
فهي تشمل الأقسام الأصلية التي تعود إلى الحقبة الإقطاعية، إلا أن شكلها الحالي الذي تبلور خلال عملية إعادة الترميم في القرن التاسع عشر يعبّر بشكل كبير عمّا كانت عليه تلك القلعة في فترة عظمتها العسكرية والإقطاعية
وكان مارتن لوثر كينغ في خلال إقامته السرّية في وارتبورغ قد ترجم العهد الجديد (الأناجيل) إلى الألمانية
瓦尔特堡与周围的森林完美地融为一体，从许多方面来看，它都是一座“理想城堡”。尽管这里还保留着一些封建原始建筑，但19世纪重建后的形态则展示了这座城堡在军事和权力巅峰时的风采。马丁·路德正是流放在瓦尔特堡时，将《新约》翻译成了德文。
Замок Вартбург великолепно вписан в свое лесное окружение
и во многих отношениях является «идеальным замком»
Хотя он и сохранил некоторые оставшиеся от времен феодализма первоначальные черты
приобретенные им в ходе реконструкции в XIХ в.
находящейся на вершине своего военного могущества и власти над вассалами
Именно во время своей ссылки в замок Вартбург Мартин Лютер перевел на немецкий язык Новый Завет
magníficamente integrada en el paisaje de bosques que la circundan
Conserva algunas de sus elementos primigenios
Su perfil actual es producto de las reconstituciones efectuadas en el siglo XIX y evoca lo que debió ser esta fortaleza en tiempos del apogeo del poderío militar de sus señores
Martín Lutero tradujo aquí el Nuevo Testamento del griego al alemán
Wartburg Castle blends superbly into its forest surroundings and is in many ways "the ideal castle"
Although it contains some sections of great antiquity
it acquired the current layout over the course of 19th-century reconstructions
This renewal of interest was justified by its symbolic nature for the German people
and today the castle continues to be a symbol of the nation's past and present
Its current state is a splendid example of what this fortress might have been at the peak of its military and seigneurial power
Wartburg Castle is perched at a height of some 400 m above the delightful countryside
south of the city of Eisenach in Thuringia in central Germany
Its varied aspect and the sense of harmony it evokes are only two of its attractions for visitors
What makes Wartburg Castle such a magnet for memory
and pilgrimage is that it stands as a monument to the cultural history of Germany
Lutherans the world over know of the castle as the very place where Martin Luther made his translation of the Bible
which extends far beyond the frontiers of Germany
includes Wartburg Castle where she lived and worked
occupies an extraordinary place in the creation of a national literary tradition
bears an undying reputation through the names of Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach
While these authors represented the first steps in German literature
and Martin Luther's translation of the New Testament marked the creation of a unified and accessible written German language
Wartburg Castle is also associated with the beginnings of a bourgeois and democratic nation
through the content and effects of the Wartburg festival of German students' associations
From the very earliest days of its existence
this fortress of the Landgraves of Thuringia has repeatedly acted as a venue for and witness of historic events and activities worthy of renown as a monument to national and world history
The artistic and architectural importance of the palace
built in the second half of the 12th century
it is unrivalled and represents one of the best-preserved secular constructions from the late Norman period to be found on German soil
Thanks to this broad range of religious content and historic data
and because of its significance in the history of the arts
Wartburg Castle attracts around half a million visitors every year
Criterion (iii): The Wartburg Castle is an outstanding monument of the feudal period in central Europe
Criterion (vi): The Wartburg Castle is rich in cultural associations
most notably its role as the place of exile of Martin Luther
who composed his German translation of the New Testament there
It is also a powerful symbol of German integration and unity
The Wartburg Castle includes all elements necessary to express the Outstanding Universal Value of a venue for and witness of historic events
It is of adequate size to ensure the features and processes
which convey the significance of the property
The stone-built palace in its lower sections is an important example of civilian architecture of the Norman period
The same can be said of the masonry sections of the rampart and the South Tower
The remainder of the property is a reconstruction carried out under the influence of romantic ideas together
with an attempt to resurrect forms that would bear witness to the presence of the great historical personages who once inhabited the castle (St Elizabeth
etc) and offer an illustration of a political idea in search of national unity
The conditions of authenticity may be defined here in the light of two principles: archaeological authenticity found mainly in the palace
and fortifications; and symbolic authenticity
where the form matters less than the idea it represents
The Wartburg Castle is covered by protective legislation at regional (State of Thuringia) and municipal levels
The listed monument encompasses the entire hill on which the castle is built
The protected area of Wartburg is part of the planning zone of Eisenach
which restricts all forms of development around the monument
Much of the wooded hillside below the castle is designated as a nature protection area (NSG) and fulfils the function as a buffer zone for the property
The property is owned by the Wartburg Foundation of Eisenach
The Foundation is a legal entity under civil law
The property is administered by the Stiftungsrat der Wartburg-Stiftung (Board of Directors of the Wartburg Foundation) in conjunction with the Thuringian Ministry of Education
and Culture (Office for the Protection of Historic Monuments of the State of Thuringia)
Funding is provided by the following sources: Bundesministerium des Inneren (Federal Ministry of the Interior)
Wissenschaft und Kultur (Thuringian Ministry of Education
Thüringisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie (Office of the State of Thuringia for the Preservation of Historic Monuments and Archaeology)
The above bodies are also responsible for the maintenance and preservation of the property
in conjunction with the Bauhütte der Wartburg team
A management plan describing the management system
R&uuml;sselsheim.&nbsp; Opel models have been rolling off the production line in Eisenach for 30&nbsp;years
Thirty years that have shaped the car manufacturer and the entire region
Opel is celebrating this anniversary today with a ceremony and an open day for all families and friends of the brand
Thuringian Prime Minister Bodo Ramelow and Opel CEO Florian Huettl opened the festivities with the ceremony. Representing <a href="https://www.media.stellantis.com/em-en/opel/press/jubilee-in-thuringian-plant-30-years-of-opel-in-eisenach" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">30 years of Opel in Eisenach</a>
they spoke to 30&nbsp;employees and 30 other invited guests
&ldquo;Eisenach has always stood for living history and progressive development
This is shown by the Wartburg as a landmark as well as automobile production
Opel was one of the first West German car manufacturers to become involved in the new federal states &ndash; with great success
the plant can look back on 30 years and 3.7&nbsp;million vehicles that have rolled off the production line here
The many companies from the automobile industry are an important economic factor and the plant in Eisenach especially embodies that in Thuringia future has tradition&rdquo;
an electrified model is rolling off the production line in Thuringia for the first time.&rdquo;
a key to the success of the Eisenach plant is environmental management
which has been a priority at the site from the very beginning
A success story that goes into the next round with electrified vehicles
&ldquo;And that is why we are celebrating 30 years of Eisenach today under the motto &#39;Family and Friends&#39;&rdquo; said Huettl
Visitors could also take a test drive. The &ldquo;Eisenach&rdquo; Grandland, the compact SUV <a href="https://www.media.stellantis.com/em-en/opel/mokka-e" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Mokka-e</a> and the <a href="https://www.media.stellantis.com/em-en/opel/new-astra" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">new Opel Astra</a> were ready and waiting
There was much more for young and old to discover. Driving a forklift truck required a lot of skill. The plant fire brigade presented its technical equipment and the <a href="https://www.media.stellantis.com/em-en/opel/press/red-agile-electric-rocks-e-on-duty-with-opel-plant-fire-brigade" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">unique red Rocks-e</a> also paid a visit to the factory
a car body was waiting to be painted in bright colours and patterns
a varied children&#39;s programme and numerous other entertainment options made the open day at the Eisenach plant an experience for the whole family
<a href="/articles/s41467-021-21256-7/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics details</a>
Overcoming poor readout is an increasingly urgent challenge for devices based on solid-state spin defects
particularly given their rapid adoption in quantum sensing
in spite of experimental progress in specific systems
solid-state spin sensors still lack a universal
room-temperature readout of an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers via strong coupling to a dielectric microwave cavity
building on similar techniques commonly applied in cryogenic circuit cavity quantum electrodynamics
This strong collective interaction allows the spin ensemble’s microwave transition to be probed directly
thereby overcoming the optical photon shot noise limitations of conventional fluorescence readout
we show magnetic sensitivity approaching the Johnson–Nyquist noise limit of the system
Our results pave a clear path to achieve unity readout fidelity of solid-state spin sensors through increased ensemble size
room-temperature spin–cavity system for sensor applications
providing in detail new insights into optimization of such systems for sensing
We demonstrate this technique in a magnetometer using an ensemble of NV− centers in diamond
though the method has broad applicability to any paramagnetic defect with a microwave (MW) resonance (provided there is a means of inducing spin polarization)
In addition to providing unity measurement contrast and circumventing the shot-noise limitation inherent to conventional optical spin readout
the readout method introduces no substantial overhead time to measurements and results in an advantageous cavity-mediated narrowing of the magnetic resonance features
this advance promises what has long been elusive for quantum sensors based on solid-state spin ensembles: a clear avenue to readout at the spin-projection limit
Because the sensor’s limiting noise source is independent of the number of polarized spin defects N
the device’s sensitivity is expected to improve linearly with increasing N until the spin-projection limit is reached
The NV- ground-state spin triplet (3A2) exhibits a 2.87 GHz zero-field splitting between the \(\left|{m}_{s}=0\right\rangle\) and degenerate \(\left|{m}_{s}=\pm 1\right\rangle\) states
This degeneracy may be lifted by application of a bias magnetic field B0
allowing individual addressing of either the \(\left|{m}_{s}=0\right\rangle \leftrightarrow \left|{m}_{s}=-1\right\rangle\) or \(\left|{m}_{s}=0\right\rangle \leftrightarrow \left|{m}_{s}=+1\right\rangle\) transitions
Optical pumping with 532 nm light initializes spins to the \(\left|{m}_{s}=0\right\rangle\) state via a non-radiative decay path (1A1 → 1E)
Interactions between the interrogation photons and the NV- ensemble can be enhanced by placing the diamond inside a cavity resonant with the applied photons
As illustrated in the axial cut of the composite cavity
the diamond (solid black&nbsp;line) is placed near the antinode of the magnetic field (white arrows) created by the two dielectric resonators (black dashed&nbsp;lines)
Applied MWs near-resonant with both the cavity and spin transitions are split into a signal component which interrogates the composite cavity through a circulator (lower branch) and a reference component (upper branch)
Microwaves reflected from the composite cavity are amplified before being mixed with the reference component by an IQ mixer whose dual outputs are digitized
reflected MWs can be read out via a MW crystal detector or measured directly using an oscilloscope with a sufficiently high sampling rate
Transmission measurements employ only an amplifier and a crystal detector
A photodiode monitoring red fluorescence allows simultaneous optical readout
The composite MW cavity exhibits an unloaded quality factor of Q0 = 22,000
the applied MW drive frequency ωd is tuned to the bare cavity resonance ωc
The bias field magnitude B0 is set so that ωs = ωc
representing the test magnetic field to be detected
These changes in B0 (and thus ωs) are detected by monitoring MWs reflected from the cavity
we first consider only the dispersive effect of the NV− ensemble
(This simplification is valid for sufficiently high-MW power
where the absorptive effect is suppressed relative to the dispersive effect; see Supplementary&nbsp;Note 5.) With ωs = ωc (and neglecting absorption)
reflection from the cavity remains unchanged regardless of the state of the NV− ensemble (e.g.
regardless of whether optical spin-polarization light is applied)
the NV− ensemble produces a dispersive shift that modifies the composite cavity’s resonance frequency
resulting in an increase in reflected MW power
the dispersive effect produces a phase shift in the reflected voltage ΓVIn relative to the incident MWs (where Γ is the complex reflection coefficient and VIn is the incident MW voltage)
and the sign of this phase shift depends on the sign of ωs − ωc
This allows the use of a phase-sensitive measurement technique by monitoring the quadrature port of an IQ mixer
Because the voltage on this port changes sign for deviations of ωs above or below ωc
this measurement technique inherently provides unity contrast (see&nbsp;Methods)
where γ is the electron gyromagnetic ratio
and Vcav is the mode volume of the microwave cavity resonance
The coefficient \({{\mathfrak{n}}}_{\perp }\le 1\) is a geometrical factor
which is required because only the component of the cavity field transverse to the spin quantization axis can drive transitions (and the spin quantization axis may be set by a crystallographic axis
at an energy scale much greater than that of the coupling between the magnetic field and the spin)
When the cavity and spin resonances are nearly degenerate
the hybridized spin–cavity modes result in the familiar spectroscopic feature known as Rabi splitting
Since the MW cavity magnetic field varies by only a small amount (≈±3.5%) over the diamond volume
we assume each spin has an identical coupling strength gs
which can then be formulated in terms of the quantum mechanical parameters of the system
With an ensemble undergoing constant optical-pumping-induced spin polarization at a rate \({\kappa }_{\text{op}}=1/{T}_{1}^{\text{op}\,}\)
the voltage reflection coefficient is given by
We find that the inhomogeneous linewidth must be accounted for to produce optimal agreement in numerical models used to fit the experimental data
the imaginary part of the reflection coefficient can be approximately expressed in a more illuminating form within a particular regime relevant to magnetometry
the reflection coefficient in the limiting case of small spin–cavity detunings (∣ωs − ωc∣ ≪ κs/2) is approximately given by
as Im[Γ] is proportional to spin–cavity detuning
The fit gives geff = 2π × 0.70 MHz; see Methods for additional fit parameters
and recorded data are taken with −56 dBm of MW drive power
</a>The signal associated with the NV− \(\left|{m}_{s}=0\right\rangle \leftrightarrow \left|{m}_{s}=+1\right\rangle\) magnetic resonance is recorded simultaneously using MW cavity readout (blue solid line) and conventional optical readout (red solid line)
The MW cavity readout realizes contrast C = 0.97
while conventional optical readout realizes contrast C = 0.05 (see Methods)
For ease of comparison with the ODMR lineshape
MW cavity readout is performed here using a phase-insensitive measurement of reflected MW power
rather than the phase-sensitive technique; see Methods
Fits from the inhomogeneously-broadened numerical model (blue dashed line) and a Lorentzian model of ODMR (red dashed line) are also shown; see Supplementary&nbsp;Note 5
All 14N hyperfine transitions are included in both models
but the hyperfine structure is not resolved due to the substantial inhomogeneous broadening
The inset shows both readout signals scaled to the same peak-to-peak values
highlighting the ≈2 × narrowing of the magnetic resonance feature observed with MW cavity readout
The left-right asymmetry in the MW cavity readout signal is attributed to ≈−20 kHz detuning of the applied microwaves from the bare cavity resonance
The diamond is affixed to a semi-insulating wafer of silicon carbide (SiC) for mechanical support and located coaxially between two cylindrical dielectric resonators (relative dielectric ϵr ≈ 34
The combined diamond-resonator composite cavity has a resonance frequency ωc = 2π × 2.901 GHz and an unloaded quality factor Q0 ≈ 22000
The composite cavity is centered inside an aluminum shield (inner diameter = 50.8 mm
length = 89 mm) to reduce radiative losses
NV− centers within the diamond are continuously polarized into the \(\left|{m}_{s}=0\right\rangle\) Zeeman sublevel energy level by approximately 12 W of 532 nm optical excitation
A neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnet applies a 19.2 G static magnetic field \({\overrightarrow{B}}_{\text{perm}}\) along the diamond’s 〈100〉 axis
An additional test coil applies a tunable magnetic field (\({\overrightarrow{B}}_{\text{coil}}\)) along the same direction; the total bias field \({\overrightarrow{B}}_{0}\) can then be varied over the range 19.2 ± 25 G
Figure&nbsp;<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-021-21256-7#Fig1">1</a>c depicts the main MW circuit components
Microwaves (produced by a Keysight E8257D PSG) at frequency ωd are split into a signal and reference component
with the signal components passing through an attenuator and circulator before coupling into the composite cavity
The MWs are inductively coupled to the composite cavity by a wire loop (the input coupling loop) mounted on a translation stage
MWs reflected from the cavity can be measured in one of three ways: directly via the 50 Ω termination of an oscilloscope; through an amplifier followed by a crystal detector (which measures a correlate of the reflected power); or through an amplifier to the RF port of an IQ mixer
with the local oscillator (LO) port driven by the reference MW component
Transmission occurs through an additional wire loop (the output coupling loop) on a translation stage and is measured on a crystal detector
Slight modifications of the setup are employed to collect the data shown in Figs.&nbsp;<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-021-21256-7#Fig2">2</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-021-21256-7#Fig3">3</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-021-21256-7#Fig4">4</a>
The final fit parameters are geff = 2π × 0.70 MHz
the fit κs should be interpreted as an effective linewidth including inhomogeneous broadening; see Supplementary Notes 3 and 5
The data in Fig.&nbsp;<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-021-21256-7#Fig3">3</a> are also collected employing the crystal detector to measure reflected MW power
The MW drive is set to the bare cavity resonance
The input coupling loop is critically coupled to the composite cavity
The spin transition frequency ωs is tuned across the cavity resonance ωc by varying the value of \({\overrightarrow{B}}_{\text{coil}}\) as detailed above
An auxiliary photodiode allows simultaneous measurement of the NV− fluorescence signal
the contrast is slightly below unity due primarily to the imperfect isolation of the MW circulator
we define the contrast \(C=\frac{a-b}{a}\) where a and b denote the respective maxima and minima signal values when the bias field is swept over the magnetic resonance.)
MWs reflected from the composite cavity are amplified
and mixed with an attenuated and phase-shifted reference component
The reflected signal is mixed to base band using an IQ mixer
which drives the mixer local oscillator (LO) port
is adjusted until the absorptive ( ∝ Re[Γ]VIn) and dispersive ( ∝ Im[Γ]VIn) components are isolated to the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) channels respectively
The magnetometry sensisitivity is characterized by monitoring the Q channel as a 1 μT (RMS) field is applied via the test coil
The test field is calibrated using the known dependence of the ODMR resonances on the applied field
The RMS amplitude of the test field is checked with a commercial magnetometer and also via calculation from the known coil geometry and applied current
where en is the RMS voltage noise floor (at the digitizer) of the double-sided spectrum (20 nV\(/\sqrt{\,\text{Hz}\,}\)
\({B}_{\,\text{test}}^{\text{RMS}\,}\) is a 1 μT RMS amplitude magnetic field at 10 Hz frequency
and VDig is the RMS voltage recorded at the digitizer in response to the test magnetic field
which results in a maximum reflected power of −2.4 dBm
the maximal slope is achieved in the Q channel when ωs = ωc = ωd
By using only the permanent magnet to set ωs = ωc
we ensure that the test coil current source does not contribute to the noise floor of the magnetometer
The data in Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-021-21256-7#Fig1">1</a>–<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-021-21256-7#Fig4">4</a> that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request
The code that supports the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request
High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution
High-sensitivity spin-based electrometry with an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
Timekeeping with electron spin states in diamond
High-precision nanoscale temperature sensing using single defects in diamond
Sensitivity optimization for NV-diamond magnetometry
Repetitive readout of a single electronic spin via quantum logic with nuclear spin ancillae
Single-shot readout of a single nuclear spin
Nuclear magnetic resonance detection and spectroscopy of single proteins using quantum logic
Efficient readout of a single spin state in diamond via spin-to-charge conversion
Improved quantum sensing with a single solid-state spin via spin-to-charge conversion
Identifying and mitigating charge instabilities in shallow diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers
Near-infrared-assisted charge control and spin readout of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond
Universal enhancement of the optical readout fidelity of single electron spins at nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
Photoelectric detection of electron spin resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond
Photoelectrical imaging and coherent spin-state readout of single nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
Miniature cavity-enhanced diamond magnetometer
Continuous-wave room-temperature diamond maser
Room-temperature cavity quantum electrodynamics with strongly coupled dicke states
Coherence in spontaneous radiation processes
Ultralong relaxation times in bistable hybrid quantum systems
Towards achieving strong coupling in three-dimensional-cavity with solid state spin resonance
Protecting a spin ensemble against decoherence in the strong-coupling regime of cavity QED
Cavity QED based on collective magnetic dipole coupling: spin ensembles as hybrid two-level systems
Strong coupling of a spin ensemble to a superconducting resonator
Coherent coupling of remote spin ensembles via a cavity bus
Anisotropic rare-earth spin ensemble strongly coupled to a superconducting resonator
Cavity QED with magnetically coupled collective spin states
Cavity quantum electrodynamics for superconducting electrical circuits: an architecture for quantum computation
Approaching unit visibility for control of a superconducting qubit with dispersive readout
Hybrid quantum circuits: superconducting circuits interacting with other quantum systems
Electron Spin Resonance: A Comprehensive Treatise on Experimental Techniques
Electron spin resonance in the study of diamond
Combining absorption and dispersion signals to improve signal-to-noise for rapid-scan EPR imaging
Strongly coupled magnons and cavity microwave photons
Collective strong coupling with homogeneous Rabi frequencies using a 3D lumped element microwave resonator
Exact solution for an n-molecule—radiation-field hamiltonian
Ultrastrong coupling between light and matter
Strong atom-field coupling for Bose–Einstein condensates in an optical cavity on a chip
Strongly coupling a cavity to inhomogeneous ensembles of emitters: potential for long-lived solid-state quantum memories
Non-Markovian dynamics of a single-mode cavity strongly coupled to an inhomogeneously broadened spin ensemble
Interaction between atomic ensembles and optical resonators
Critical phenomena and nonlinear dynamics in a spin ensemble strongly coupled to a cavity
Diamond magnetometer enhanced by ferrite flux concentrators
Optical magnetic detection of single-neuron action potentials using quantum defects in diamond
Ultralong dephasing times in solid-state spin ensembles via quantum control
Ebel, J. et al. Dispersive readout of room temperature spin qubits. Preprint at <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.07562" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.07562">https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.07562</a> (2020)
Magnetocardiography measurements with 4He vector optically pumped magnetometers at room temperature
Moving magnetoencephalography towards real-world applications with a wearable system
Polytype control of spin qubits in silicon carbide
Continuous-wave and pulsed EPR study of the negatively charged silicon vacancy with \(s=\frac{3}{2}\) and C3v symmetry in n-type 4H-SiC
Silicon carbide color centers for quantum applications
Experimental implementations of cavity-magnon systems: from ultra strong coupling to applications in precision measurement
Robust and accurate electric field sensing with solid state spin ensembles
Technique of production of fancy red diamonds
Decoherence of ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
Photoluminescence decomposition analysis: a technique to characterize N-V creation in diamond
High cooperativity in coupled microwave resonator ferrimagnetic insulator hybrids
Coherently coupling distinct spin ensembles through a high-Tc superconducting resonator
Hybridizing ferromagnetic magnons and microwave photons in the quantum limit
Input and output in damped quantum systems: quantum stochastic differential equations and the master equation
Principles of Nuclear Magnetism (Oxford Univ
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Majumder for helpful discussions and assistance in determining properties of the experimental sample
McConnell for useful discussions on circuit and cavity quantum electrodynamics
Panuski for helpful discussions on EPR and early theory developments
was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through the NSF Graduate Research Fellowships Program
This material is based upon work supported by the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering under Air Force Contract No
conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
designed and constructed the experimental apparatus
performed the experiments and developed analysis software
prepared the manuscript and contributed to data analysis
All authors discussed results and revised the manuscript
The authors declare no competing interests
Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Audrey Bienfait and the other
reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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John Eisenach sorts through his personal protective gear as he packs for California on Friday
a top nurse administrator with Kaiser Permanente based in Colorado
found herself in a place she wouldn’t have imagined a year ago: working as an ICU nurse in a hospital in southern California
“Never in my 30 years have I walked through the ICU and seen so many people that aren't expected to live
that are on their bellies to help oxygenate their lungs and they're just very
She describes meeting a mother and her daughter
coming in for a final farewell for another family member
Kollman is Chief Nursing Officer for Kaiser Permanente Colorado
But when Kaiser's California system put out the call for help
Kollman was assigned to the hard-hit LA region
she described an intensive care ward overflowing with COVID-19 patients
the hospital brought in a second morgue trailer to handle the many dead bodies&nbsp;
“Because the internal morgue and the current morgue trailer were completely full,” Kollman said
Kollman is one of Kaiser Colorado’s 50 frontline providers who stepped up
They’re filling in for their California counterparts
overwhelmed and exhausted by a tsunami of cases.&nbsp;
stepping up to care for others is part of her identity
“Being a nurse is part of my DNA and that's what we do
You're there to assist as soon as someone starts to deteriorate or become unstable,” she said
“There was no question for me about going to help
That's where the need is and that's where you go.”
The need for health care back-up reflects a tough reality
hospitals hit a breaking point as COVID-19 hit record levels
a senior vice president with Kaiser Permanente Southern California
says certain ICU providers are in especially high demand
like medical assistants and respiratory therapists
battling this surge since November,” Harvey said
“And by the time Christmas and the holidays rolled around
we knew that this was not going to be a short-term situation.”
east of LA.&nbsp;His job is to help a lead doctor supervise a team of other ICU physicians.&nbsp;
His time working in Colorado hospitals with COVID-19 patients has given him plenty of relevant experience
including in the critical procedures that involve ventilator support
He says treating patients during the pandemic has been eye-opening
“I've never seen so many people of so many ages with relatively few or no medical problems come to the ICU in extreme distress with respiratory failure and not all of them actually can make it,” said Eisenach
who works at Good Samaritan Hospital in Lafayette and Denver’s St
The timing to help is good too with most frontline providers now having been vaccinated
and patient counts down in Colorado hospitals
“The biggest reason I wanted to volunteer in California is because they need our help and we've been fortunate enough to keep rather good control of (the virus in Colorado),” he said
it does help that I have been vaccinated.”
And Southern California is a cautionary tale of what could happen here in Colorado.” 
That’s if its residents don't respect the virus
by keeping up with the public health precautions that have so far allowed it to avoid the biggest COVID-19 waves that have swamped other states
The proportion of U.S. hospitals nearing a breaking point has doubled since November, according to <a href="https://apnews.com/article/us-news-coronavirus-pandemic-faf144ff9442077a9f2bb292614e1342">an analysis of federal hospital data</a> by the Associated Press
More than two in five Americans now live in locations running out of ICU capacity
with just 15 percent of beds still available.&nbsp;
An estimated <a href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-01-14/one-in-three-la-county-residents-infected-coronavirus">one in three residents</a> in Los Angeles has been infected with the virus. The region’s wave of cases coincides with a <a href="https://news.yahoo.com/researchers-coronavirus-variant-found-california-182158574.html">new variant</a>
different from the more infectious strains first found in the U.K
It’s become one of the main strains in LA County
hospitals there have faced shortages of staff
Colorado’s hospitals were headed in that direction too in early December, when hospitalizations and deaths peaked at record levels for the state. But since then key COVID-19 metrics (hospitalizations, cases, positivity, deaths) have trended downward steadily, following renewed implementation of <a href="https://www.cpr.org/2021/01/04/colorado-coronavirus-restrictions-restaurants-gyms-level-orange/">since-eased restrictions</a> in November
It also appears residents heeded calls to avoid travel and crowded indoor spaces and to wear masks helping Colorado avoid the kind of post-holiday surge of cases seen elsewhere
That improving hospital situation opened the door for some of its providers to give desperately needed help in other states
A Blip, Not A Surge: <a href="https://www.cpr.org/2021/01/19/a-blip-not-a-surge-how-colorado-dodged-a-holiday-coronavirus-tsunami/">How Colorado Dodged A Holiday Coronavirus Tsunami</a>The volunteer providers are a bit like reserve soldiers in a war.&nbsp;
helps to offload some of the pressure on the current staff at a hospital
And then it also gives people a time to rest,” said Dr
Division Chief Medical Officer with HCA in Tallahassee
It's individuals who understand and know how devastating this pandemic has been.”
“It’s all hands on deck (during the pandemic),” said Butler
who until the end of 2020 was the chief medical officer with Swedish Medical Center in Englewood
techs and respiratory therapists offered to help on two occasions when things got bad in Texas
one of the nation’s hot spots last fall.&nbsp;
The volunteer providers are “already heroic,” said Butler
of juggling duties and mapping out new and changing roles
“They become even more heroic because they put their hands in the air to say
and I want to help the communities.’ Which is amazing.”&nbsp;
It’s not the first time Colorado’s frontline providers have stepped up to help during the pandemic
have sent employees to states like Arizona
A spokeswoman for the state’s hospital association said she’s not aware of other states sending staff to Colorado to help during the fall surge
probably because the whole country was basically experiencing a surge at that time
The Kaiser physicians sent to California have expertise in critical care pulmonology
including in ICUs and with a virtual ambulatory clinic
with providers working in the various hospitals owned and operated by Kaiser Permanente in Southern California
KP in Colorado doesn’t own and operate its own hospitals.)
<a href="https://www.cpr.org/2020/10/09/colorado-coronavirus-cases-rise-effects-on-frontline-health-care-workers-mental-health/">Coronavirus Has Accelerated Health Care Worker Burnout And It’s A ‘Reckoning We All Have To Face’</a>Other Kaiser Permanente regions are pitching in too
including the system’s Hawaii and Mid-Atlantic regions
As nurse Sara Kollman’s time in LA was winding down
she started to see glimmers of hope with COVID-19 trends showing signs of getting better.&nbsp;
“(It's) heartwarming to actually see open beds and patients being admitted to the hospital that were not COVID-related," she said
you could just see the relief in their eyes,” as the ratio of providers to patients appeared to be improving
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&quot;75 million Opel vehicles &ndash; a real milestone in the history of Opel&rsquo;s car production
This impressive figure shows Opel&rsquo;s important role in democratising technologies and mobility solutions over the decades and for the future
We are redefining mobility &ndash; with the clear goal of becoming a fully electric brand in Europe by 2028
with cars that offer driving pleasure with responsibility
Our new sporty and electrified GSe models are another step in this direction,&quot; said Opel CEO Florian Huettl
It is a high-performance plug-in hybrid with electric all-wheel drive &ndash; a true pioneer in the SUV compact class
The Grandland GSe combines a 1.6 turbocharged petrol engine and two electric motors &ndash; one at each axle &ndash; for a strong system power output of up to 221 kW/300 hp (provisional WLTP fuel consumption
The plug-in hybrid powertrain makes the Grandland GSe a powerful sporty car with electric all-wheel-drive for optimum traction and class-leading launch from a standstill
Acceleration from zero to 100&nbsp;km/h is completed in just 6.1 seconds and the maximum speed is reached at 235&nbsp;km/h (135&nbsp;km/h electrically driven)
the prerequisites for the Opel Grandland GSe&rsquo;s especially dynamic and fun-to-drive character lie in its unique suspension and steering calibration featuring firmer springs and dampers with KONI FSD (Frequency Selective Damping) technology
This enables different damping characteristics for agile handling and superior comfort
The new Grandland GSe thus shows how it brings groundbreaking technologies to the compact class and at the same time combines driving pleasure with responsibility
Production milestones: From the first million to the 75-millionth Opel
Opel has launched many bestsellers and legends over more than 120 years of automobile production
With models such as the 4/8 hp &ldquo;Doktorwagen&rdquo; from 1909 or the 4/12 hp &quot;Laubfrosch&quot;
Opel turned a prestige vehicle for the well-off into cars for a much broader public at an early stage
a Kapit&auml;n with a self-supporting body and independent front suspension
a design which &ndash; thanks to its low weight &ndash; ensures improved driving performance and low fuel consumption at that time
The two-millionth automobile with the lightning bolt follows in 1956 &ndash; also a Kapit&auml;n
The special feature: Opel is the first German manufacturer at the time to achieve such high production figures
the company turns the &quot;jubilee&quot; vehicle into a unique car: As an extraordinary &ldquo;flagship&rdquo; of the brand
the cream-white Opel is given a coating of 24-carat gold on all chrome parts
The &quot;millions&rdquo; follow faster and faster in the following years
The increase in production speed is not only an expression of rapidly advancing motorisation &ndash; the democratisation of mobility &ndash; but also the result of production becoming more modern and efficient
the ten-millionth Opel rolls off the production line at the R&uuml;sselsheim plant: a Rekord C Caravan
A jubilee that is also celebrated in a big way
One Opel each from the daily production of the &quot;ten-millionth&quot; is given to the minister presidents of those federal states in which Opel had plants at the time: Hesse (R&uuml;sselsheim)
North Rhine-Westphalia (Bochum) and Rhineland-Palatinate (Kaiserslautern)
a silver-grey Senator CD is the 20-millionth Opel to leave the production plant in R&uuml;sselsheim
And in the same decade the 25-millionth Opel model &ndash; an Omega A Caravan &ndash; is produced at the Opel headquarter plant
The Omega A is the brand&#39;s top model from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s
and the small Opel Corsa and the Kadett successor Astra also become highly successful million-sellers in the compact class
around 4.13 million Astra&nbsp;F roll off the production line between 1991 and 1997
This makes it the best-selling Opel model to this day
The honour of the 50-millionth Opel car is once again bestowed on the Omega
It leaves the plant in December 1999 as a silver sedan of the then comprehensively updated B-generation
And now the next big milestone follows with the 75-millionth Opel: With the new Grandland GSe
the brand exemplifies how especially sporty driving pleasure can be responsibly combined with emotional design and comprehensive everyday practicality
A car and drive concept with which the brand continues to advance the future of mobility
It is already clear today that a model which is also locally emission-free and then fully electric will leave the factory halls on the occasion of Opel&#39;s next production anniversary
[1] The provisional fuel consumption and CO2 emissions figures mentioned comply with the WLTP homologation (regulation EU 2017/948)
new vehicles are type-approved using the World Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP)
more realistic test procedure for measuring fuel consumption and CO2 emissions
The WLTP fully replaces the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC)
which was the test procedure used previously
the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions measured under the WLTP are in many cases higher compared to those measured under the NEDC
The fuel consumption and CO2 emissions figures may vary depending on specific equipment
 The hour of midnight Monday night found Mendota police officers in the 2700 block of East 12th Street
placing under arrest a man wanted in Wisconsin
Forty-two-year-old Steven Eisenach of West Allis
was wanted by Racine County on a charge of robbery with force
Eisenach was taken to the La Salle County Jail to await a transfer back north
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the first deportation train set out from Eisenach for the Belzyce Ghetto
were deported a few months later to Theresienstadt
The remaining few Jews were deported a short time later
Very few members of Eisenach’s Jewish community survived
The Yad Vashem website had recently undergone a major upgrade
The page you are looking for has apparently been moved
We are therefore redirecting you to what we hope will be a useful landing page
For any questions/clarifications/problems, please contact: <a href="mailto:webmaster@yadvashem.org.il">webmaster@yadvashem.org.il</a>
Magdeburg does not put up a fight in the East derby in Eisenach and wins from start to finish
Eisenach made too many mistakes against the understrength champions
SC Magdeburg won the East derby in Eisenach and picked up important points in the battle for the German handball championship
2,800 spectators in the sold-out Werner-Aßmann-Halle saw a clear 36:26 (18:12) victory for the defending champions
Magdeburg's best scorers were Felix Claar and Matthias Musche with nine goals each
Marko Grgic was the most successful for Eisenach with ten goals
Magdeburg remains just one point behind leaders Melsungen with nine minus points
Magdeburg was again without Gisli Kristjansson and Omar Ingi Magnusson and had to make do with just one formation at the back
Claar in particular took responsibility and scored the first four SCM goals
Eisenach missed too many shots early on and its shooting percentage was below 30 percent at times
The home side then worked its way into the game
but Magdeburg took a clear lead into the break after stepping up the pace
Both teams began the second half with a lot of dynamism
Magdeburg played with concentration in defense and attack
The home side then improved in defense again and reduced the deficit to five goals (21:26/47)
as Magdeburg brought the game to a close with all its experience
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MENASHA (NBC 26) — Research on crime rates throughout cities in the Fox Valley has shown a decrease in violent and property crime in Menasha throughout the past few years
Menasha had some of the highest crime rates throughout the Fox Cities
Rosita Eisenach is the owner of The Old Grog in downtown Menasha
It's been through a few different hands in that timeframe
but we've had it for the last four years,” said Eisenach
she's found herself worrying about what's going on outside her doors
"As a business owner we've had our windows shot out with a BB gun
we've had some damage to our property outside
She said those crimes occurred in 2018 when she bought the business
there was a shift in Menasha and in law enforcement
to be more proactive than reactive,” Dan Hoernke
That's where the Menasha police department programs come in
"The first program that has really been helping our community over the last three years
is the MCAAP - Menasha Community Addiction Assistance Program,” said Officer Hoernke
This program helps struggling addicts find help in the community through referrals by the police
"Another program I work on a regular basis doing referrals is the mental health navigator program
it's maybe only been around two years,” said Officer Hoernke
These are just a few of many programs run by the police department
attributes lower crime rates to those programs
"Our police department is very proactive and the things that they're doing are really creating benefits for the community,” said Mayor Merkes
Rosita Eisenach agrees that police engagement with the community has done a lot for Menasha
"I feel that our residents here really trust our police
they don't treat you differently,” said Eisenach
We cover stories making an impact in Menasha. This is your home to stay on top of what is changing in Menasha and why it matters to you and your family. We want to hear from you! <a href="/about-us/contact-us" data-cms-ai="0">Click here</a> and tell us what we should be covering in your neighborhood
Audi is examining existing and future plants as locations to build cars sold in the U.S.