LBV Magazine English Edition
a surprising funerary garden from the early Celtic period containing 18 burials has been uncovered
This is an unprecedented discovery in Baden-Württemberg
as no similar funerary structure has been documented in this region
The team of archaeologists identified a funerary garden enclosed by a square ditch measuring 15 x 15 meters
the remains of 18 individuals were distributed across 17 burial pits
The layout of the graves is particularly striking
as they appear to be arranged around a central sepulcher containing a double burial
a grave was discovered outside the garden’s perimeter and another at the base of the surrounding ditch
carried out between April and July by the company ArchaeoTask GmbH under the supervision of the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments (Landesamt für Denkmalpflege
was conducted as part of the necessary measures prior to the expansion of a storage area in the region
Since the presence of archaeological remains was expected at the site
excavations were undertaken to document and preserve these traces before construction began
According to a preliminary assessment of the skeletal remains
the buried individuals include adults (at least eight) as well as young people and children
there appears to be a separation within the garden between areas designated for these groups
The preservation of the remains is remarkably good
enabling detailed analyses of aspects such as the deceased’s age
Although the funerary objects found were mostly looted previously (over 60% of the graves)
they are still valuable for determining the period and status of the burials
and a bracelet crafted from a rare organic material
These items date back to the early Iron Age
specifically to the La Tène Culture (450–250 BC)
The detailed analysis of this funerary garden will provide valuable insights into the lives of the Celtic communities that inhabited the southern Upper Rhine
including DNA and isotopic composition analyses
will allow researchers to reconstruct information about diet
such as a contemporary funerary garden in Alsace containing only two graves
the one in Endingen stands out for both its size and complexity
Baden-Württemberg Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart
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LADIn Endingen am Kaiserstuhl wurde bei einer Rettungsgrabung ein einzigartiger frühkeltischer Grabgarten mit 18 Bestattungen entdeckt
Die archäologischen Funde werden Einblicke in die Bestattungskultur und das Leben der frühkeltischen Bevölkerung am südlichen Oberrhein bieten
Vergleichbare Grabanlagen sind in Baden-Württemberg bislang nicht bekannt
Bei einer Rettungsgrabung im Gewerbegebiet Hölderacker in Endingen am Kaiserstuhl haben Archäologinnen und Archäologen eine eisenzeitliche Grabanlage aufgedeckt
Es handelt sich um einen sogenannten Grabgarten
15 mal 15 Meter großes Grabenwerk gebildet wird
Hierin waren 18 Individuen in insgesamt 17 Grabgruben bestattet
Die Grabungen wurden von April bis Ende Juli dieses Jahres von der Fachfirma ArchaeoTask GmbH aus Engen unter der fachlichen Begleitung des Landesamts für Denkmalpflege (LAD) im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart ausgeführt
Grund für die Rettungsgrabung war die geplante Erweiterung von Lagerflächen einer Firma
Da an dieser Stelle mit archäologischen Funden zu rechnen war
mussten diese vor den Erdarbeiten ausgegraben und dokumentiert werden
„Die meisten Bestatteten lagen in oval bis rechteckigen Grabgruben
die sich augenscheinlich um ein zentrales Grab mit einer Doppelbestattung gruppierten“
Eine Grablege habe sich außerhalb des Grabgartens
eine weitere auf der Sohle des umfassenden Grabens befunden
Mit Blick auf eine vorläufige anthropologische Skelettdiagnose noch während der Ausgrabung dürfte es sich laut El-Kassem bei den Verstorbenen etwa jeweils zur Hälfte um erwachsene Personen (mindestens acht Individuen) sowie jugendliche Erwachsene und Kinder handeln
Offenkundig waren diesen beiden Gruppen auch unterschiedliche Areale innerhalb des Grabgartens vorbehalten
„Über 60 Prozent der Gräber waren bereits beraubt“
„unter den Trachtbestandteilen fanden sich Fibeln
darunter ein bronzenes Exemplar mit Koralleneinlage
ein Armreif aus organischem Material (Kaustobiolith) sowie ein Fingerring aus Silber“
Nach Ausweis dieser Funde stamme der Grabkomplex aus der frühen Eisenzeit (450 bis 250 vor Christus
Gräber aus dieser Zeit sind in Baden-Württemberg bislang entweder als Nachbestattungen in älteren
hallstattzeitlichen (750 bis 450 vor Christus)
als isolierte Einzelbestattung oder in kleineren Flachgräberfeldern bekannt
Grabgärten mit eindeutigen Umfassungssystemen sind zwar in späteisenzeitlichen und frührömischen Kontexten nicht ungewöhnlich
„Der frühkeltische Grabgarten aus Endingen ist jedoch für Baden-Württemberg einmalig; nicht zuletzt auch wegen der guten Erhaltung der Körperbestattungen“
Aus dem benachbarten Elsass ist aktuell nur ein zeitgleicher
deutlich kleinerer Grabgarten mit lediglich zwei Bestattungen bekannt
insbesondere anthropologische sowie zusätzliche bioarchälogische Untersuchungen
Krankheit und Ernährungsgewohnheiten der bestatteten Individuen ermöglichen
Darüber hinaus werden hierdurch wichtige Kenntnisse über die frühkeltische Bevölkerung am südlichen Oberrhein gewonnen
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but Not Without a FightFor three centuries
the Jews of Switzerland were only allowed to live in two villages
This is their unique story of resistance and survival in the face of persecution
2018Get email notification for articles from Ariel David FollowOct 14
most of the Jews in the Swiss villages of Endingen and Lengnau are found underground
18 Miles northwest of Zurich are two shtetls whose homes
synagogues and cemetery survived World War II
Only a vanishingly small number of the villages’ once thriving Jewish population remain in the area and the culture they supported is on life support
Haaretz reports that in the Swiss towns of Endingen and Lengnau
whose populations number around 20 Jews altogether
major efforts are underway to restore the localities’ 300-year-old Jewish character
with the financial support of the Swiss government
inviting Jews from all over the region to sit in a sukkah or have a seder
But maybe the most exciting project in the works is a 20 million franc outreach effort called “Double Doors” which will make Aargau a hub of Jewish education complete with a visitor center
presentations on Jewish history and more guided tours
The project’s name refers to one of the towns’ most interesting features
Many of the buildings in Endingen and Lengnau have two entrances
the result of restrictions that governed the towns’ Jews beginning in the early 17th century
In the 16th century a few Jewish families settled in the area because it was under the jurisdiction of the Habsburgs and not an official part of Switzerland
When more Jews settled in Aargau in the 1600s
sold the deeds to Christians and lived there as tenants to gentile landlords
The rub: Jews and Christians couldn’t live in the same house
The history of the canton is rich with these little loopholes. Haaretz reports that Jews were afforded rights of citizenship and were only allowed to stay on because of the tax dollars they gave the government for
Barred from many occupations they worked as peddlers and cattle sellers – taxed vocations that filled the coffers of the Swiss Federation
In an effort to curb the Jewish population of Aargau (half the population of Endingen and a third of Lengnau at its peak in 1850) marriage licenses were also taxed and often denied
the father of mining magnate Meyer Guggenheim and a resident of Lengnau
was denied a license for a second marriage and moved to the United States
both abroad and to more metropolitan areas of Switzerland
became a hallmark of the shtetls’ modern history
especially after Switzerland’s 1874 Constitution gave Jews full rights
Unsurprisingly the towns were subject to a pogrom following Napoleon’s invasion in 1798
The Swiss were outraged by the French effort to emancipate their Jews and responded by ransacking Jewish homes and brutalizing the Jewish population in 1802
“There were perhaps 2,000 Jews in the country at the time
and yet this attempted emancipation aroused such great passion and controversy that it helped start a nationwide revolt,” Simon Erlanger
a Jewish history lecturer at the University of Lucerne told Haaretz
But even with the many regulations and persecutions encountered by the Jews, they were able to build a life. Haaretz reports the villages have two standing synagogues dating from the 19th century as well as mikvehs
While Jews originally had to bury their dead in a marshland beyond the Swiss border
when the cemetery flooded in 1750 they were allowed a plot of land between Legnau and Endingen
This plot is still intact with around 2,700 graves; it is the oldest Jewish cemetery in Switzerland
now preserved by the Swiss government (the shul in Endingen still holds irregular services)
But perhaps the most curious revival by the handful of Jews still living in the twin shtetls is that of cattle trading
Haaretz reports that Jules Bloch
a 71-year-old retired banker in Endingen has started selling off heifers to honor his forebears in the town
Bloch wasn’t optimistic about the future of the Jewish residents of Legnau and Endingen
many of whom are getting on in years and living in a retirement home endowed by the Guggenheims
“It would be nice to have a small community with a few families to keep alive our traditions,” Bloch told Haaretz
“But I fear that in a few years there will be no Jews left here.”
The forthcoming Double Doors project may educate the Swiss public about Jewish history
but whether it will court more of Switzerland’s 18,000 Jews back to the land of their ancestors remains to be seen
PJ Grisar is the Forward’s culture intern. He can be reached at [email protected]
PJ Grisar is a Forward culture reporter. He can be reached at [email protected] and @pjgrisar on Twitter.[email protected]@pjgrisar
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