German former international young rider Theresa Friesdorf has welcomed the KWPN bred and former Danish warmblood licensed stallion My Toto VDT into her barn
My Toto VDT is a 7-year old Dutch warmblood gelding by Toto Jr out of Velvet VDT (by Ferro x Calypso)
He was originally named Morricone VDT and is out of Velvet VDT
a proven KWPN broodmare with no less than 31 (!!) offspring as she has been bred through embryotransfer since 2018
Morricone VDT was first presented and accepted at the 2020 KWPN Stallion Licensing in 's Hertogenbosch and got renamed My Toto VDT
He is Velvet's fourth approved son; the others are Goldfinger VDT
My Toto sold through the KWPN Select Sale for 175,000 euro to Andreas Helgstrand
The horse never did his performance test in the Netherlands
He was named premium stallion by the Danish warmblood society in March 2020
He finished fifth in the 2020 Danish Warmblood Autumn Performance testing with 829.5 points
He was ridden by Mette Sejbjerg Jensen during his time in Denmark
Morricone VDTThe stallion began his sport career in France
Helgstrand had sent him to Jessica Michel-Botton for training and she won silver in the 4-year old division at the 2021 French Young Horse Championships
When Michel got pregnant the horse was sent to Helgstrand Germany but did not compete there
In 2022 his FEI passport was put to Leonie Richter's name but no show results are recorded in the German Equestrian Federation database
Helgstrand sold the rising 7-year old to Bernhard Friesdorf for Theresa to ride. Dressprod first broke the news
"My Toto VDT has been part of our family since August," Friesdorf told Eurodressage
as we both want to concentrate on the sport together as a team."
Theresa Friesdorf competed internationally as a Young Rider from 2020 to 2022 aboard Quotenkonig before selling him to Celestine Kindler
Friesdorf and Quotenkonig in 2020Friesdorf
who is based at the Luttgen family's yard Gut Mödrath in Kerpen
aged out of Young Riders and is now a senior
In 2023 she focused on competing nationally
horses but also ponies due to her petite size
Her main ride at the moment is Ferdinand (by Furstenball x Don Romantic) whom she shows at small tour level
"After I get my bachelor’s degree at the end of 2023
I’m currently concentrating more on working with the horses there," said Theresa
I am incredibly grateful for this opportunity and wouldn’t want to miss these training opportunities."
Photos © Les Garennes - Dirk Caremans - Astrid Appels
Stalls for Rent at Durondeau Dressage in Peer, Belgium
Exceptionally Well Located Equestrian Facility in Wellington, Florida
Well-built Equestrian Estate With Multiple Business Opportunities in Sweden
Stable Units for Rent at Lotje Schoots' Equestrian Center in Houten (NED)
For Rent: Several Apartments and Stable Wing at High-End Equestrian Facility
Stable Wing Available at Reiterhof Wensing on Dutch/German border
Real Estate: Well-Appointed Country House with Extensive Equestrian Facility in the U.K.
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Payers face a distinct set of challenges that will need to be tackled head-on to create an environment that supports digital and AI transformation
Functions within payer organizations are frequently siloed
and some may have their own motivations to maintain the status quo rather than facilitate change
adopting AI to help review prior-authorization requests might increase call-center volumes
holistic planning is needed to avoid conflicts
There are also tailwinds such as regulations encouraging data sharing and reimbursement models—for instance
value-based care—that rely on frequent data sharing
payers can build enough momentum to overcome undeniable hurdles and achieve sufficient business results for the transformation to become self-sustaining
The transformation journey starts with creating a digital road map
Many companies have hundreds of projects running in parallel
with none delivering business results at scale
We instead recommend dividing business processes into ten to 15 domains—such as marketing and sales—each representing thematically connected processes
By starting with a clear focus on one or two business domains and a goal of improving performance by more than 25 percent (Exhibit 2)
the organization can focus its attention and build momentum for the broader transformation
Decisions about where to start can be informed by a review of performance against targets in areas such as customer and caregiver satisfaction
Starting a pilot with domains in which the feasibility of transformation success is comparatively high—such as marketing and sales or enrollment and billing—can help payers build initial momentum and deliver quick wins
To explain the rationale for starting with these domains
payers are missing two critical components of user engagement:
payers could launch their first full wave in the domains with the highest value at stake—in particular
care management and network and contracting
Although these domains are more complex than those in the pilot wave
they have higher potential value from increased efficiency and more-targeted medical spend
Rewiring for digital and AI transformation requires a talent bench with critical business and IT skills
Because the healthcare industry overall tends to lag behind others in digitalization
payers may lack the skills needed to reenvision and rebuild business processes using digital and analytics tools including AI
Talent planning could emphasize acquiring or developing talent in the IT organization (for example
and data engineers) and filling important roles on the business side
The latter includes experienced product owners
whose role is to help leaders identify promising analytics use cases and then “translate” the business requirements to IT professionals
Taking a domain-driven approach facilitates talent transformation because it enables payers to invest in upskilling the workforce in stepwise fashion rather than all at once
Payers that have had to attract outside talent have been successful in emphasizing the benefits of working in an industry with a high degree of job security and whose mission is to improve human health
filling critical roles such as product owners may require payers to pair healthcare experts with technical experts to get the requisite level of knowledge
as true end-to-end owners of business process and technology
to make “fit for purpose” decisions about technology
one pod may need gen AI expertise to optimize data quality so that it can collect all required information to process a claim
while another may need neural network expertise to write rules-optimization algorithms that enable traceability and explainability in the adjudication process
resource-constrained payer IT organizations can turn to vendors for mature
modern off-the-shelf platforms and use gen AI to reengineer the business logic encoded in them to facilitate the transition
In cases where full replacement is impractical or too expensive in the near term
payers can still capture platform benefits by building interface layers that streamline and simplify interactions with legacy core systems
a large global health insurer established a modern integration layer on top of its region-specific core solutions
enabling workflows to be managed in a uniform way across geographies without the need to replace the core systems themselves
Modernizing core platforms can free up IT capacity to focus on step change advances that can give payers a distinctive edge
such as fine-tuning adjudication and prior-authorization processes and building tailored member offerings
This work can be enabled by embedding AI models and ensuring rapid innovation through microservices owned by agile pods
ready-to-use data sets can be reused across the organization to help break down organizational silos and facilitate scaling of the digital transformation
payers that aspire to become orchestrators of healthcare ecosystems and guide patients through the system along care pathways will need to build out interoperable data ecosystems across healthcare stakeholders
Once payers and care delivery organizations have aligned targets to optimize patient care using data-driven approaches
digital twins can be jointly built up and used to optimize processes at points of care including traditional settings
Ensuring successful adoption and scaling is a prerequisite for value generation
this comes down to the following principles:
You find a time machine and travel to 1920
A young Austrian artist and war veteran named Adolf Hitler is staying in the hotel room next to yours
so you could easily stroll next door and smother him
Is it acceptable to kill him to prevent World War II
This is one moral dilemma that researchers often use to analyze how people make difficult decisions
one group re-analyzed answers from more than 6,000 subjects to compare men's and women's responses
They found that men and women both calculate consequences such as lives lost
But women are more likely to feel conflicted over what to do
Having to commit murder is more likely to push them toward letting Hitler live
"Women seem to be more likely to have this negative
gut-level reaction to causing harm to people in the dilemmas
whereas men were less likely to express this strong emotional reaction to harm."
Every question in the study had two scenarios
each with slightly different consequences in order to tease out different ways of thinking about the dilemma
weighing costs and benefits to make a decision
Philosophers would label the first group as utilitarians
The latter are more likely to let Hitler live
One hypothetical dilemma replaces Hitler with a man who abducts a child and holds her ransom for a week
because both philosophies would support letting the kidnapper live
so a person motivated by social norms will let him live
so a person motivated by consequences would argue that the costs outweigh the benefits
which is why the researchers used 10 scenarios
The Hitler example relies heavily on time travel
but Friesdorf worries that people won't respond properly unless they fully accept time travel
If they assume that time travel is impossible
There's a similar problem with self-interest – whether the person asked is in immediate danger
A person might be more willing to torture a prisoner if he or she is in immediate danger
Friesdorf says that she finds the "Hard Times" dilemma to be one of the most interesting
"You are the head of a poor household in a developing country
Your crops have failed for the second year in a row
and it appears that you have no way to feed your family
are too young to go off to the city where there are jobs
"You know a man from your village who lives in the city and who makes sexually explicit films featuring girls such as your daughter
he tells you that in one year of working in his studio
your daughter could earn enough money to keep your family fed for several growing seasons
"Is it appropriate for you to employ your daughter in the pornography industry in order to feed your family?"
even though it will save the rest of the family," says Friesdorf
She also analyzed a small subset of the data in which each subject reported how difficult it was to choose a course of action
Women tended to find it more difficult to decide
and Friesdorf hypothesizes that this is because they feel more conflict between weighing benefits and harms versus following society's moral rules
"Women seem to be feeling more equal levels of both emotion and cognition
They seem to be experiencing similar levels of both
so it's more difficult for them to make their choice," she says
Friesdorf says we encounter less dramatic variations of them all the time
a manager might need to make an employment decision that would weigh the future of one person against the fate of a group
"If these [gender] differences also hold in that context
then that could have some implications for how women and men are making those decisions," she says
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Theresa Friesdorf has handed over the ride on her number one
Quotenkönig is a 14-year old Westfalian gelding by Quaterback out of Fleet Street (by Furst Piccolo x Sandro Hit x Contender)
The liver chestnut became the third ranked premium stallion at the 2011 Westfalian Stallion Licensing
He was owned by Karin Dust at the time and she bought back her own colt in the auction for 170,000 euro
He did his 30-day suitability test in 2012 in Munster and scored 8.38 for dressage and 7.18 for show jumping
He achieved his full licensed status through the Bundeschampionate qualifiers
At the 2016 World ChampionshipsQuotenkönig was first competed by Lisa Lindner (née Neukäter) in 2012
They won bronze at the Westfalian Young Horse Championships and silver at the Bundeschampionate that year
In 2013 there was gold at the Westfalian Championships
but did not start at the Bundeschampionate
They repeated gold in 2014 at the Westfalian Championships and got fourth place at the Bundeschampionate
Wolfgang Suttrop was listed as his owner at that time
In 2015 the pair finished 9th in the finals at the World Championships for Young Dressage Horses in Verden
At the 2015 Bundeschampionate they were fifth
At the 2016 World Young Horse Championships in Ermelo they were 6th in the consolation finals for 7-year olds
In 2018 Quotenkönig moved to Isabell Werth's yard to be developed to Grand Prix level and sold
Niklaas Feilzer showed him in the Nurnberger Burgpokal qualifiers and in 2019 they moved to Grand Prix level
Werth Werth competed the horse herself once
In February 2020 he sold to the Friesdorf family for Theresa to ride
Friesdorf and Quotenkonig at the 2020 CDI HagenThe pair made its international show debut at Young Riders' level at the 2020 CDI Sint-Truiden in Belgium and they competed internationally through July 2022 with starts in Hagen, Le Mans and Aachen. In 2020 and 2021 they were 9th at the German Young Riders Championships
2022 was Friesdorf's last year as a young rider and at the start of the year she ride him in the Piaff Forderpreis selection trial for German Under 25 riders in Warendorf
At the end of the year they were 6th in the 2022 German Young Riders Championships
Friesdorf rode her last show on Quotenkönig in October 2022 in Mönchengladbach at Intermediaire II level
The 19-year old Celestine Kindler has now taken over the ride on Quotenkönig
Kindler began competing in 2016 on pony Valencia (by Viscount x Top Gun II)
In 2019 she moved onto horses with Deal or No Deal (by Don Juan de Hus x Florestan) and showed him at L level
Celestine Kindler on RomeoShe premiered at junior M-level aboard Romeo
a 13-year old Danish warmblood by Romanov x De Noir which she discovered when he was offered for sale on Eurodressage in the early spring of 2020
Kindler and Romeo first competed internationally at the CDI Hagen in September 2020 and then went to the CDI Ornago a year later
They did one international in Achleiten in 2022
She rode her first young riders' level tests on Romeo in the autumn of 2022
Kindler will have a confirmed Prix St Georges horse to rely on for her time as a young rider
Photo credit: Lemuel Cantos (Creative Commons)
would it be right to kill Adolf Hitler when he was still a young Austrian artist to prevent World War II and save millions of lives
Should a police officer torture an alleged bomber to find hidden explosives that could kill many people at a local cafe
men are typically more willing to accept harmful actions for the sake of the greater good than women
women would be less likely to support the killing of a young Hitler or torturing a bombing suspect
even if doing so would ultimately save more lives
According to new research published by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology
this gender difference in moral decisions is caused by stronger emotional aversion to harmful action among women; the study found no evidence for gender differences in the rational evaluation of the outcomes of harmful actions
A new study finds that both men and women are slightly more attracted to younger partners during blind dates, challenging the common belief that only men prioritize youth. These real-world findings reveal a mismatch between people’s stated preferences and actual desire.
A recent study sheds new light on the complicated nature of narcissism. Rather than a single personality type, researchers identified four different narcissistic profiles.
Feeling unexpectedly grossed out by a romantic partner? A new study sheds light on “the ick,” revealing that individual traits—like how easily disgusted someone is or how high their standards are—can shape these reactions. Women reported it more often, but both genders experience it for surprisingly minor reasons.
A new study finds that older adults engage in less self-reflection about their personality traits than younger adults. People with lower emotional stability or extraversion tend to reflect more, especially through comparisons with others or their past selves.
Researchers have uncovered a link between politicians' dark personality traits and affective polarization, suggesting that voters who support these leaders experience greater dislike for political opponents—especially when they feel ideologically aligned with the candidate.
A new study finds that people with avoidant attachment styles toward their parents are more likely to be childfree, offering insight into how early emotional bonds may shape decisions about parenthood.
A large-scale study has found that conservatives in the United States trust scientists less than liberals across nearly all scientific fields. Attempts to boost trust through brief, targeted messages failed, suggesting these attitudes may be deeply rooted.
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Researchers came to this conclusion by poring over the answers 6,100 people gave to a range of moral questions that involve committing harm for the greater good
"Women seem to be more likely to have this negative, emotional, gut-level reaction to causing harm to people ... whereas men were less likely to express this strong emotional reaction to harm," says lead author Rebecca Friesdorf. The study, published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
looked at reactions to questions about torture
if you lived in a poor household in a developing country
and crops were bad for the second straight year
would you let your daughter work in pornography to feed the family
even though it will save the rest of the family," Friesdorf tells NPR
she found that women struggled more with decisions
likely because they balanced the outcome against the importance of following societal rules
men were more utilitarian (concerned with long-term consequences) while women tended to be deontologists (dwelling on the morality of acts that break societal norms
"Women seem to be feeling more equal levels of both emotion and cognition," says Friesdorf
"so it's more difficult for them to make their choice."
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Is it moral to end one life in order to spare five
as well as the process used to arrive at a decision
according to “Gender Differences in Responses to Moral Dilemmas,” a study published in the April edition of the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Researchers used a meta-analysis to reevaluate 6,100 responses from 40 consulting studies to determine how one’s gender can influence difficult moral decision-making
They reported that men and women evaluate and weigh the outcomes of ethical dilemmas in different ways
The studies in the analysis presented decisions about these dilemmas
which are generally informed by two philosophies: An ethical dilemma that is decided by separate social and cultural rules is deontological
while a utilitarian decision considers relative benefits and number of beneficiaries of the prospective action
“Women were found to have stronger deontological inclinations
whereas men and women were found to engage in similar levels of utilitarian inclinations,” said lead author Rebecca Friesdorf
a master’s student in social psychology at Wilfred Laurier University
“Women were fully aware that killing one to save five
really you’re getting a better outcome by saving the five
but they had a strong aversion to doing the harm
and that’s what seems to be driving the differences in the decision.”
The studies that researchers analyzed presented two scenarios with different outcomes to evaluate if subjects were making deontological or utilitarian decisions
These findings supported previous research that establishes gender differences in moral choices
but it was neat to see how strongly it was coming out in response to the moral dilemma,” Friesdorf said
which has found that men and women don’t differ very much in terms of the cognition [or] in terms [of] how well they reason with most things
but we know with things like empathy or relating emotionally to other people
women tend to do those things more than men.”
Having more women in traditionally male-dominated decision-making positions would lead to more diverse outcomes
co-author and a professor of psychology at the University of Cologne in Germany
“If you have primarily men making decisions
then they will mainly focus on the logical
rational outcomes of the activity,” Conway said
“They sometimes might look at women and say
they’re not thinking as hard as the men are,’ and that’s not true
Our data shows clearly that women are thinking in a similar way that men are thinking
Creating a better gender balance in decision-making bodies like Congress would be helpful for that to introduce a wider variety of opinions.”
Research supports that women will likely have more empathy in the case of either outcome regardless of the utility of the decision
“Women tend to have a stronger emotional reaction to the harm that will be dealt,” Conway said
“They can more vividly imagine the people on the ground and their perspective and how that is bad
Men are less likely to appreciate that element
and I think if you’re going to make good moral decisions
you should think more carefully about multiple perspectives.”
Both biological and social factors contribute to the distinction between male and female decision-making
“There’s links between how much testosterone people have and how willing they are to cause harm to other people,” Conway said
“There’s [also] really important social distinctions
girls get more feedback from the important people in their life
that they should pay more attention to other people’s feelings
Decisions like this are classically represented by dilemmas such as the “trolley problem.” The trolley problem is a utilitarian moral dilemma in which five people are strapped to a trolley-car track with an out-of-control trolley approaching
There is a lever within reach that would divert the trolley to a track that only has one person strapped to it
“This is a way of trying to say: How do we value different people when making a moral decision?” said Rami Gabriel
an associate professor of psychology at Columbia
“When we’re trying to decide on what is morality
Conway said decision-makers have a hard time considering that different perspectives can influence the choices others make when faced with dilemmas
“What I want people to take away is that there’s different perspectives on moral dilemmas,” he said
If you don’t agree with someone’s moral decision
it could be because they’re thinking about it in a different way than you are
and people are disagreeing over this point of view
we should listen carefully to each other and try and understand each other and why people feel the way they do because there could be
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The experimental realization of large-scale many-body systems in atomic-optical architectures has seen immense progress in recent years
rendering full tomography tools for state identification inefficient
To work with these emerging physical platforms
new technologies for state identification are required
Here we present first steps towards efficient experimental quantum-field tomography
Our procedure is based on the continuous analogues of matrix-product states
These states naturally incorporate the locality present in realistic physical settings and are thus prime candidates for describing the physics of locally interacting quantum fields
To experimentally demonstrate the power of our procedure
we quench a one-dimensional Bose gas by a transversal split and use our method for a partial quantum-field reconstruction of the far-from-equilibrium states of this system
We expect our technique to play an important role in future studies of continuous quantum many-body systems
This approach will allow us to give evidence that the state encountered in the laboratory is well approximated by a representative of this class
We apply our procedure to non-equilibrium experiments of a continuous quantum gas of one species of bosonic particles whose correlation behaviour can be captured by translation invariant states of the form
L] are the canonical bosonic field operators
R∈Cd × d are matrices acting on an auxiliary d-dimensional space and completely parametrize the state
L is the length of the closed physical system
denotes the path ordering operator and Traux traces out the auxiliary space
The bond dimension d takes the same role as the bond dimension for matrix-product states: Low entanglement states are expected to be well approximated by cMPS of low bond dimension; in turn
every quantum-field state can be approximated
the system can be well approximated by two parallel quantum fields that are homogeneous and translationally invariant
The phase correlation functions are defined as
where are the measured phase differences and the angular brackets denote the ensemble average (Methods section)
To capture these correlation function in terms of a cMPS
we use a description in terms of effective field operators for the phase difference
As no density information could be obtained from the experiment in its current form
the expectation value of these operators remains unknown and our work is a partial reconstruction of the state
the obtained cMPS contains its full phase correlation behaviour
we can write an n-point phase correlation functions as
Since it is sufficient for performing the tomography procedure
we will use the correlation information of the normal ordered subset with x1≤x2≤⋯≤xn of the even-order correlation functions
assuming translation invariance and the thermodynamic limit
We show projections of the relevant sections of the (a) experimental and (b) predicted six-point function for a hold time after the quench of t=3 ms
This image shows the volumetric elements of certain projections of the high-dimensional six-point correlation function array and demonstrates a great overall agreement between experimental data and the predicted correlation data
the absolute difference between the experimental and the predicted data points for the projection C(4)(0
the statistical uncertainties of the data as a transparent mesh
as a figure of merit for measuring the performance of the reconstruction
we use the mean relative deviation over all indices belonging to the relevant simplex of the data with x1≤ x2 ≤···≤ x6 (Methods section) and find a mean error of 2.5% and a maximum relative deviation of 9.1%
We show projections of the four-point correlators for a hold time of (a) 3 ms
The quality of the cMPS ansatz decreases substantially with the hold time
with a mean relative deviation of the full four-point correlator as indicated in the figures
This increase of the deviation with hold time could be seen as an indicator for the non-equilibrium processes in the system (see main text)
but is presumably also related to the increase in s.e
as indicated by the error bars (Methods section)
Such entanglement growth could conceptually be unveiled by investigating how the fit quality changes when the bond dimension is increased
Given the structure of the data set (analysis contained in the Methods section) and the increase of experimental errors with hold time
the exploration of this observation lies outside the scope of this work
but is surely an interesting topic for the near future
thus making the data less translational invariant (Methods section)
The work presented here is surely a first step in the direction of a larger programme
advocating a paradigm change in the evaluation of experimental data from atomic-optical architectures
Instead of comparing predictions of an assumed theoretical model with data
one puts the data into the focus of attention and attempts a reconstruction in the mindset of quantum tomography
seem an important development in the context of quantum simulators
which have the potential to address questions on interacting quantum systems that are inaccessible with classical means
While partial information of the results of a quantum simulator can easily be accessed
a full read-out necessarily corresponds to performing quantum tomography where feasible tools are still lacking
The present work offers a step forward and presents a novel tool to obtain and build trust in the complete results of a quantum simulation without having to include any information of the underlying Hamiltonian of the system
The corresponding correlation functions are constructed by averaging over ∼150 experimental realizations
This global phase diffusion results from small shot-to-shot fluctuations in the electrical currents that create the trapping potential
These cause small random imbalances of the double well
leading to random and unknown values for ϕ
For the even-order correlation functions only differences between the θ at different positions need to be evaluated
for odd-order correlation functions contributions ∼eiϕ remain
the measured result does not only contain the pure dynamics
but is significantly perturbed by the unknown fluctuations of ϕ
To make the correlation function in equation 2 directly accessible to our reconstruction procedure
we use the fact that commutes for different positions and employ the polar decomposition to construct an effective field operator
where is taken to be the density of one of the two condensates
The construction ensures that these effective field operators indeed fulfil the correct commutation relations
the translationally invariant correlation functions in equation 4 can be directly calculated in terms of the cMPS variational parameter matrices R and Q in the thermodynamic limit as
By writing all the matrices in the basis where the transfer matrix T is diagonal and performing the limit L→∞
The λk are the eigenvalues of the transfer matrix T
according to the calculus of cMPS correlation functions
the field operator term for each position corresponds to the matrix
Note that equating two consecutive indices kj
kj+1 in the n-point function in equation 10 leads to a (n−2)-point function
there are many equivalent projections of a four-point function that correspond to two-point functions
the experimental realizations of these projections are not identical
Averaging over the projections leads an expression of the same form of a two-point correlation function from a translationally invariant cMPS as follows
The remaining independent entries of the M matrix are fixed by included four-point correlation data
we use a Nelder–Mead simplex algorithm that varies the parameters of the M matrix
and calculates the corresponding residues according to
with bond dimension d=2 in terms of λk and M
To quantify the error of our tomography procedure
we use the relative mean deviation with respect to the fitted (reconstructed) data
starting with the reconstructed four-point function from the experimental data
we add Gaussian noise with zero mean and s.d
given by the statistical uncertainties from the experiment
we perform our cMPS tomography procedure and reconstruct the six-point function
We repeated this procedure 100 times and computed the entry-wise relative standard deviation of the six-point functions
we obtain a deviation of 1.1% (with a maximum relative s.d
This confirms that our reconstruction procedure is robust to the errors we expect in the experiment
Towards experimental quantum-field tomography with ultracold atoms
Quantum information processing and metrology with trapped ions
Experimental repetitive quantum error correction
Quantum simulations with ultracold quantum gases
Goals and opportunities in quantum simulation
Local emergence of thermal correlations in an isolated quantum many-body system
Non-equilibrium coherence dynamics in one-dimensional bose gases
Probing the relaxation towards equilibrium in an isolated strongly correlated one-dimensional Bose gas
Quantum state tomography via compressed sensing
Scalable reconstruction of density matrices
Efficient and feasible state tomography of quantum many-body systems
and variational renormalization group methods for quantum spin systems
Continuous matrix product states for quantum fields
Sub-poissonian fluctuations in a 1d bose gas: From the quantum quasi-condensate to the strongly interacting regime
Relaxation and prethermalization in an isolated quantum system
Exact relaxation in a class of non-equilibrium quantum lattice systems
Quantum many-body systems out of equilibrium
Prethermalization revealed by the relaxation dynamics of full distribution functions
On entropy growth and the hardness of simulating time evolution
The dynamics and prethermalization of one-dimensional quantum systems probed through the full distributions of quantum noise
Experimental observation of a generalized Gibbs ensemble
Light-cone-like spreading of correlations in a quantum many-body system
Local relaxation and light-cone-like propagation of correlations in a trapped one-dimensional Bose gas
Matter-wave interferometry in a double well on an atom chip
Chiral pre-thermalization in supersonically split condensates
Download references
the FQXi and the BMBF (QuOReP) and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) SFB-Foqus (P4010) for support
acknowledge support by the FWF Doctoral Programme CoQuS (W1210)
We thank the KITP in Santa Barbara for hospitality and acknowledge R
Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology
set up the experiment and carried out the measurements
conceived the experiment and supervised the measurements
wrote the manuscript with substantial contributions from all authors
The authors declare no competing financial interests
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September 9, 2021By Ulrike Deetjen, Mathis Friesdorf, and Henning Soller
Digitization is rapidly changing the competitive landscape for healthcare payers. Consumers increasingly expect seamless omnichannel offerings. Digital natives are driving innovation in integrated healthcare delivery, requiring payers to compete effectively in digital health ecosystems
And continued economic pressure makes internal process efficiency the next necessary step change
To stay ahead of the competition and take full advantage of digital opportunities
payers globally need to build the required underlying foundations
data is increasingly becoming the main limiting factor
Payers usually excel in processing certain data
they have only started to build the data foundations they need to execute their digital agenda
including a 360-degree view of consumers for omnichannel service
a data layer integrated across healthcare stakeholders to support ecosystems
and process tracking and mining to enhance internal efficiency
we have seen many payers build dedicated data marts for actuary optimization at impressive speed and establish analytics use cases with clear business cases behind them
But few payers have succeeded at scaling this approach to areas where data management is often more complex
Although healthcare payers have an abundance of data
they often lack the ability to make it accessible and amenable to analysis
that have become data driven in the past decades
Health data is subject to a high level of regulation to protect patient information from cyberattacks, loss, or corruption, as well as to ensure privacy rights
many healthcare payers have taken a conservative approach to data usage
avoiding use cases that might raise privacy issues
they have missed out on value-creation opportunities
the major technology and e-commerce players have led the way
and ready-to-use solutions are widely available
What makes data management particularly challenging for healthcare payers is that data storage and evaluation need to be controlled in a way that both protects and handles each element according to its individual sensitivity
storing and analyzing medical data of insured patients is not allowed in most European countries but might be critical to support disease-management programs
each data point should be linked to a clear purpose
An email address will always be used for billing
but payers may not use it for sales unless individuals explicitly opt in
well-established permission-management solutions must be tailored to specific healthcare situations
This is the area where many payers still seem to struggle the most
Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has emphasized the importance of data deletion
This requirement is particularly relevant for payers due to the wealth of sensitive data they collect
Since this data is usually spread across multiple systems
adhering to GDPR calls for elaborate deletion protocols that can be partially automated but will likely involve several manual steps
payers must often improve their technology foundation
Data-storage and data-management solutions need to be upgraded
including optimized master-data management to improve data quality and consent and permission management to ensure compliance
Modern streaming and data-lake solutions increasingly play a role in allowing organizations to process live data streams or unstructured data
Many payers currently rely on simple manual routines
Open-source tools as well as modern visualization and evaluation technologies can help fill this gap
we see that the setup of full toolchains is no longer required but can be directly deployed from the cloud
The biggest pain points for payers are often not data storage or evaluation but ensuring that functions across the organization have access to insights from data
Addressing this issue requires payers to be more flexible in process design and to develop the capability to embed analytical models seamlessly
This integration ensures that exceptions are flagged and the proper intervention is followed—for example
if during the payment process certain medical conditions do not match with the procedures performed
Modern process-integration tools can help manage these tasks in an automated fashion
large-scale analyses; and the ability to leverage dedicated technology solutions as knowledge graphs for specific problems at hand
the hesitancy of healthcare payers to move to the cloud has been a barrier to the adoption of such solutions
that a clearly defined scope and the right technical and organizational measures can enable organizations to successfully deploy cloud solutions
Data management becomes particularly relevant when assessing it from an ecosystem angle
two types of ecosystems have emerged in healthcare
First, traditional healthcare is integrated with e-health approaches, where providers and payers become more interconnected and medical data can travel seamlessly along care pathways—for example, by providing a medical history when a patient sees a specialist. Second, digital healthcare is becoming more prominent thanks to widespread use of telemedicine during COVID-19
patients are increasingly embracing medical apps
and even healthy individuals monitor their well-being through tools such as fitness trackers
These two trends have led to an ever-growing health ecosystem
with potentially relevant data spread across a multitude of stakeholders
An initial critical task for payers in participating in and orchestrating digital health ecosystems is transferring the data along care journeys:
healthcare ecosystems still haven’t resolved the ownership of data and when and how it can be used
imagine a patient enrolled in a payer disease-management program that is supported with a medical-support app built by a third party
Should the payer now have access to all data from the app
what kind of additional data can the payer provide to improve an app that is central to its disease-management program
While such questions may appear to be legal issues
they strike at the foundation of healthcare ecosystems
addressing them will be a critical challenge for payers in the coming years and will ultimately define whether they are serving as effective stewards in guiding their population through the complexity of the healthcare ecosystem
most healthcare payers can improve access to data-driven insights through targeted enhancements to tangible use cases
and steps to integrate with broader ecosystems
Cloud-based solutions and new technology databases can ease this journey significantly
seamless integration with the processes through appropriate tooling typically remains the biggest lever to generate impact
Ulrike Deetjen is a partner McKinsey’s Stuttgart office, Mathis Friesdorf is an associate partner in the Berlin office, and Henning Soller is a partner in the Frankfurt office
The 11-year old formerly licensed Westfalian Quotenkönig has been sold to German Young Rider Theresa Friesdorf
Quotenkönig is a 2009 born gelding by Quaterback out of Fleet-Street (by Fürst Piccolo x Sandro Hit x Contender)
He is bred by Frank Dahlhoff and was owned by Wolfgang Suttrop
The liver chestnut was approved at the 2011 Westfalian Stallion Licensing in Munster
where he became the third ranked premium stallion
At the licensing he was owned by Karin Dust
but she bought back her own colt in the auction for 170,000 euro
He did his 30-day suitability test in 2012 in Munster and scored 8.38 for dressage and 7.18 for show jumping
Quotenkönig sired seven state premium daughters and one licensed son: Quo Vadis (by Quotenkonig x Londonderry x Warkant)
At the 2012 BundeschampionateQuotenkönig was first competed by Lisa Lindner (née Neukäter) in 2012
In 2015 the pair represented Germany at the World Championships for Young Dressage Horses in Verden and finished 9th in the Finals after placing third in the consolation finals
At the 2016 World Young Horse Championships in Ermelo they were 6th in the consolation finals for 7-year olds
In 2018 Quotenkönig had moved to Isabell Werth's yard to be developed to Grand Prix level and to be potentially sold
Niklaas Feilzer took on the ride and first showed him at small tour level
starting in January 2018 and trying for the Nurnberger Burgpokal that season with the Developing PSG horse tests in Germany
In 2019 Feilzer and Quotenkönig tackled the Grand Prix in the late spring
Isabell Werth competed the horse herself only once at the national show at Gut Ising in the Inter II and short Grand Prix
At the 2016 World ChampionshipsQuotenkönig has now been sold to German young rider Theresa Friesdorf
who switched trainers from Antonius Holland to Jochen Bender
is 18 years old and began on ponies with Chiwaja K (by FS Chiwago x Don't Worry) and junior horse Formelli (by Furst Grandios x Fidermark
Most recently she competed Wolfgang Zant's Shadow 678 (by San Amour x Fidermark) at regional Grand Prix level and obtained her Golden Riders Badge
Friesdorf is yet to make her international show debut
"With my new coach Jochen Bender I started looking for a new sports partner for next year's Under 21 tour and finally found Quotenkönig," Friesdorf told Eurodressage
"I'm looking forward to a great season with my horses and the support of my trainer."
and a seamless journey focused on their individual needs
chatbots and other artificial intelligence (AI) assistants are now being systematically deployed to support consumers on their digital journey
Although companies in these industries still offer consumers traditional channels and contact points with service employees
most consumers enjoy the convenience that digital offers them and would not want to go back to the days when all transactions had to be dealt with in-person
The overall substandard experience that most payers offer consumers is often justified by the complexity of the payer business model
Since payers offer low-involvement products
demand is not sufficient to justify a major investment in omnichannel capabilities
Although many consumers still prefer to use traditional channels (e.g.
call centers) to contact their health insurer
a clear trend toward greater demand for digital channels is emerging (Exhibit 1)
an omnichannel approach can bring impressive benefits to traditional channels
The regulatory requirements for payers prevent omnichannel offerings
existing restrictions are often cited as a major challenge that need to be addressed when a payer is building omnichannel capabilities
many other industries that are also heavily regulated (e.g.
banking) have managed to work around these obstacles
regulators in many countries are increasingly supporting ways to legally enable digital channels
This article provides guidelines payers can use to build omnichannel capabilities and design a solid foundation for a seamless best-in-class consumer experience
Some payers have argued that the nature of the health insurance industry makes it impossible to achieve that level of consumer experience (see the sidebar for more details)
We disagree—we have seen a few payers offer consumer experiences that rival those offered by leading digital-native companies
In addition to improved consumer experience
omnichannel can yield substantial business benefits through leaner and more efficient member onboarding and service processes
Omnichannel can also reduce operational expenditures on member service in three ways:
Exhibit 2 illustrates the impact achieved by one German payer
the payer’s member service was heavily based on branch networks; the use of digital offerings was limited
the payer was able to move about 50 percent of its member services to digital channels
which reduced the cost of delivering a service by 30 to 50 percent
the omnichannel transformation improved the member experience by making faster service possible
The payer’s remaining branches now focus on value-added services
Omnichannel relies on two main building blocks: best-in-class channels and seamless channel integration (Exhibit 3)
Given the current quality of most payers’ digital channels
As payers begin to integrate their channels
they should bear in mind that at least in the short term
digital offerings cannot fully replace traditional consumer service channels
Traditional channels may still be needed as an escalation lever to provide targeted support and resolve complex issues
a payer might want to steer some consumers to live-person channels (e.g.
to use the live contact to increase sales or because a member’s illness requires intensive support)
some consumers may simply prefer talking to a service employee
although research shows this group is shrinking (Exhibit 1)
as payers begin their omnichannel transformation
they should make sure that their live-person channels are also best-in-class
seamless integration is the ability to switch easily between channels at any time without having to provide information twice
A common use-case example involves a member who starts filling out a form online or through an app
The member should be able to reach a contact center employee who has access to the data already filled in and should not have go through any additional authentication processes (Exhibit 4)
This type of seamless integration usually poses the greatest challenge in an omnichannel transformation
because it has extensive implications for organizational setup and IT capabilities
A mature omnichannel operating model requires strong performance in four areas (Exhibit 5)
By optimizing offerings and using targeted approaches
an organization can attract new members and reduce churn among existing members
Optimizing internal processes can lead to a substantial increase in efficiency
The underlying IT architecture needs to be extended significantly to ensure seamless integration across consumer journeys
the organization itself needs to adapt to make omnichannel truly successful
we address seven key questions in these areas and discuss how a successful omnichannel operating model can be established
omnichannel helps increase their satisfaction and reduces churn
and has the potential to decrease claims costs by optimizing the use of medical services
member requests have been processed by mail rooms and contact centers
many members believe they can reach out to companies through any of a number of channels and rapidly receive an appropriate response
some members may air grievances on social media (e.g.
payers are being forced to change with the times or be left behind
Omnichannel member service relies on three main building blocks (Exhibit 6)
a self-service portal ensures that all services are available on digital channels and all information is accurate and up to date
member-centric design is crucial to ensure that the service portfolio is targeted to user needs
Given that most health insurance members currently rely on offline channels
steering them to self-service options may sometimes be a challenge
offering intuitive user interfaces and providing digital access to the complete service portfolio can go a long way in attracting members to digital channels
it is important to offer member journeys with a very low usage barrier and to have a flexible yet secure way for identity management (see section 4 below)
To serve members on their preferred channel
payers have a strong need to seamlessly integrate traditional channels with digital offerings
the integration requires an “omnichannel desktop.” Its main functionalities should include:
Creating these desktops is one of the major IT challenges for omnichannel (see section 5)
Once the digital and live-person channels are in place
service requests need to be routed logically to improve both member satisfaction and efficiency
The logic should be based on traditional routing concepts in contact centers and rely on employee knowledge profiles
and the suitability of different channels for certain requests
Incorporating advanced analytics models can help a payer go beyond its usual up-selling model by enabling it to predict why a consumer is calling
and provide recommendations on topics the consumer might raise during the call
It is particularly important that payers shift to proactive communication with members to enhance transparency—the ideal would be to avoid service requests altogether
digital channels offer a whole new way to ensure that members fully understand the current status of their requests and receive timely updates
Omnichannel delivers an integrated sales and service experience throughout an entire consumer journey—the payer is always reachable and perfectly informed about the consumer’s needs
and its offerings are consistent at all touch points
Exhibit 7 illustrates what is needed to succeed in one consumer journey (selecting an insurance plan)
attracting and capturing a consumer’s attention requires the ability to leverage knowledge about the consumer so that messages can be tailored to preferred channels and communication behavior
all forms of modern advertising should deliver a coherent message that aligns with consumer needs
systematic leads management must collect promising leads and form an integrated view of each one
A leads engine should then identify the most promising leads and determine each consumer’s preferences
existing internal and third-party data can be used to make smart recommendations about plan choice without the need for the consumer to provide information
cross-channel campaign management ensures that potential members are approached in an optimal way
Once potential members begin to actively reach out for information
all channels should deliver consistent information about the insurance product
A systematic approach to knowledge and digital asset management can help ensure that all channels
Once the potential member has filled out an application
calculating the offer often requires an exceedingly complex underwriting process
the focus should be on adaptive underwriting and seamless channel integration to ensure that the potential member can enter the required data points in the most efficient way
many payers require bureaucratic processes to finalize sales and (depending on the country and product) sometimes still rely on paper-based processes
omnichannel should allow the consumer to sign the policy and finalize the sale through any channel
the payer must have the necessary technical capabilities (e.g.
a new sales-attribution model to determine how sales should be attributed to sales staff and departments)
sales incentives must be adjusted to ensure that everyone involved in facilitating a sale is appropriately compensated
Omnichannel is not only a powerful instrument to attract new members and better serve existing ones—it can also be a significant driver of increased internal efficiency (Exhibit 8)
omnichannel is inextricably intertwined with digitization as a whole (including increased automation and optimized digital document processing)
All aspects of digitization should be driven in parallel to maximize efficiency
Reducing the number of member interactions can be achieved in two ways
member questions and concerns can be automatically addressed without them ever surfacing explicitly
a digital interface can provide transparent status tracking
avoiding the need for members to have to call repeatedly to find out when their claim will be processed
The interface should provide the same level of detail accessible to customer service representatives
not summarized views (which is often the case in current apps)
the shift to digital channels—an integral part of omnichannel—usually simplifies processes and speeds them up
thereby reducing the number of member touch points required to resolve a request
Omnichannel also reduces the time required to handle individual requests
A shift to digital communication minimizes the need to devote human resources to handling member requests
offering members digital self-service tools makes it possible to automate many back-office processes and can provide assistance when human evaluation is required
For requests that need to be handled by service employees
an omnichannel desktop (as described in the previous section) makes optimizing the overall workflow of every employee possible; the direct member interactions in all channels can markedly increase employee productivity (by about 20 to 50 percent
the interface ensures that all forms and requests are submitted digitally
again supporting digitization and automation
which raises significant challenges for automation and analytical evaluation
We have found that the main culprit is the use of physical letters
is still the most common way to reach members
The quality of data gathered through digital forms is much higher than that obtained when physical documents are later scanned
omnichannel ensures that even employees with limited experience and know-how can confidently navigate member interactions
Because the front ends of IT systems for service employees are integrated across all business areas and channels
the barriers for employees to help members effectively are lowered
customer service representative training becomes easier
effectively also reducing recruiting requirements for the job
When combined with increased automation of simple requests and a clear focus on value-adding work
omnichannel can be a major driving force for increased employee satisfaction and efficiency
Payer data contains some of members’ most personal information
and a range of incidents have already demonstrated that current processes are not sufficient to protect the information adequately
the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation
or GDPR) are imposing concrete security standards and minimum requirements for protecting personal data
securing member information on all channels will be a pivotal part of omnichannel in coming years
a payer could consider building a comprehensive identity platform (Exhibit 9)
This platform establishes a bridge between two processes at the core of secure communication: the generation of omnichannel identities and their later use as authentication tools
Omnichannel identities should provide a comprehensive identity package with a focus on the requirements of digital and phone communication
This package should include an initial username and password for digital channels (including member portals and online forms)
as well as a separate password to secure telephone communication
To ensure that particularly sensitive information and processes are secured
two-factor authentication with mobile transaction authentication numbers should be put in place
including traditional postal identification procedures
personal touch points with agents and physicians
such as voice identification or fingerprint sensors on mobile devices
these identity packages can easily be created and exchanged; however
retroactively equipping existing members with identity packages is challenging
Every relevant member touch point should be used to offer—and to promote the creation and use of—the identity package
A comprehensive view of member interactions and their context is crucial
again stressing the importance of an omnichannel desktop
Once a member’s secure identity is established
which poses additional complexity because security standards differ between channels
ordering a new insurance card to be sent to an existing address) can usually be authorized by asking a few personal questions
since the critical data is sent to a secure data point—in this case
since they could make subsequent data breaches possible
all payer processes can be mapped and assigned differing security levels for each use case and channel
a comprehensive IT architecture needs to be put in place
This effort requires fundamentally new member and employee tools
as well as the integration of formerly isolated solutions for different channels and/or use cases
The architecture can typically be separated into four key building blocks (Exhibit 10)
The digital platform provides personalized digital touch points
the same digital platform should support a variety of use cases—for example
providing general information to unauthenticated users on the public website
allowing authenticated users to get access to a member portal
and enabling employees to perform transactions
Seamless integration of digital and live-person channels is particularly important when members decide to interrupt their digital journeys and switch channels
(Employees must often take over in the middle of a request and directly edit the digital form a member had filled in previously.) Additionally
the digital platform should offer device-independent service portfolios and give members the ability to switch devices while on a single journey
The personal interaction platform integrates the technology solutions required to handle individual interactions between members and employees in all channels (e.g.
and service operations for the contact center)
Just offering best-in-class solutions for each channel is usually a significant challenge—integrating them adds even greater complexity
the personal interaction platform must provide seamless integration and a consistent member context for handling requests
thereby building the technological basis for an omnichannel desktop
workforce management and workflow/routing solutions must ensure that all requests reach the correct specialist while also balancing the service load to minimize overcapacity
While these tools have been part of contact center operations for many years
omnichannel increases their importance and complexity significantly
requires that request types be classified automatically through text recognition or interactive voice response
employee abilities be appropriately segmented
and available member data be automatically matched to an incoming request
The integration and data layer provides an aggregated
high-availability 360° view for all member data; it also makes possible real-time channel switches and validation through both the digital and personal interaction platforms
it helps orchestrate integration of services and the sales experience
and supports overarching channel management
Truly personalized lead management is enabled by big data technologies that facilitate storage and analysis of member information at an extraordinary level of detail (including click-stream data from digital platforms) from a variety of ecosystems (e.g.
data security and privacy concerns need to be considered
Member requests are processed by the back end
enabled by consistent application programming interfaces (APIs)
This element of the architecture connects member interactions to automated business processes and IT systems that manage core insurance services
When the overall IT architecture is initially being built
it is important to check that the APIs for the integration and data layer are designed to support the level of service (e.g.
in terms of speed) that should be offered by the digital and personal interaction platforms
Establishing comprehensive omnichannel IT architecture requires a wide range of technological solutions
Getting all these solutions in place is a challenging and potentially costly task
combined with an agile way of development and a fail-fast mentality
and adequate frameworks should be deliberate; all potential stakeholders (including external providers of key back-end components) should agree on them early on to avoid high switching or adaption costs
privacy and data protection regulations (e.g.
GDPR) should be incorporated into all key design decisions
Since the journeys of current and potential members typically involve multiple organizational units and touch points
managing a journey end to end is often subject to a lot of friction
which can negatively affect the consumer experience
Typical issues include a lack of collaboration between different channels and data pools
functional silos that prevent effective collaboration
and a rigid service logic that does not increase the potential to steer consumers into appropriate service hubs/self-service platforms
implementing omnichannel has fundamental implications for service organizations (Exhibit 11)
if consumer experience is truly to become the focus of an organization
the key performance indicators (KPIs) that business units are measured against should reflect consumer experience
This type of measurement is best achieved by establishing feedback mechanisms for consumers as a standard across all channels and then linking the feedback to management incentives
we recommend introducing KPIs that are directly related to omnichannel targets that enable an ideal consumer experience (e.g.
ensuring 100 percent of consumer contacts are properly documented
rewarding agents for member portal registrations
or introducing an ambitious first contact resolution rate)
Omnichannel requires the optimization of the working practices within specific business units
some payers have permitted consumers to call specific customer service representatives at any time to raise requests
this consumer service approach entails regular interruptions for many employees
the approach is not tailored to an omnichannel world that allows consumers to engage on multiple channels
Centralization of consumer service across channels could help address some of these concerns
having the contact center handle the requests is often ideal; only rarely should the requests be sent to a business unit
we recommend that payers establish service pools that have dedicated business unit employees handling consumer service
omnichannel also has significant implications for collaboration across business units—most importantly
employees in all units need to start working on one shared IT platform to ensure a common and comprehensive database
To optimize consumer experience during journeys
payers can set up cross-functional teams that are responsible for end-to-end journey design
This approach breaks down existing silos and promotes effective collaboration
incentives must be homogenized between business units and IT
the goals of IT shift from simply delivering solutions on time to driving business impact
the business units become responsible for effective IT delivery and support IT whenever necessary
Transforming an organization to omnichannel is a challenging task—one that
multiyear program involving large groups of IT and business stakeholders
including positive impact on a wide range of KPIs (from net promoter scores to measures of internal efficiency) can be substantial
it is crucial to establish a clear structure and to remain focused on generating short- and long-term value for the organization
an agile project setup usually works well; teams can be organized along journeys
while central digital factories drive IT improvements
by establishing experience labs) can be helpful to keep driving the transformation in the right direction
An important element of an omnichannel transformation is to define intermediary goals and ensure short-term value
We find it useful to think of the transformation as having three phases (Exhibit 12)
best-in-class communication channels are established
The focus is typically on digital channels and newer forms of communication
most typically have room to improve their self-service offerings by increasing their functional scope and enhancing user experience
it is particularly important to ensure that members do not receive inchoate—or even contradictory—information on different channels
as soon as a coherent channel landscape is in place
true omnichannel offerings should be established
from both a technology and process point of view
information needs to be carried consistently between channels
it also becomes feasible to steer consumers across channels to drive efficiency and consumer satisfaction
To ensure that the transformation retains a consumer-centric point of view
it is critical to think about cohesive end-to-end consumer journeys rather than one-off consumer touch points and gimmicks
a two-pronged approach typically makes sense
For a set of prioritized consumer journeys
the three steps in Exhibit 12—from establishing digital channels to seamlessly integrating all channels—should be executed
critical underlying capabilities must be identified and built
Since these platforms can in themselves be rather complex
a clear minimal viable product logic is needed
the remaining consumer journeys can be implemented iteratively
about far more than merely establishing a new technology—it also requires a comprehensive change-management effort
This effort goes far beyond encouraging internal employees to use new tools; siloed functions must be integrated
Employees as well as consumers have to be introduced to a new way of interacting with the payer
steering consumers effectively and educating them about new offerings is a major driver of a successful omnichannel transformation
we have highlighted the crucial success factors for an omnichannel transformation in four areas: consumers
the transformation needs to be tailored to each payer and its business model
but we believe that the general outline of the transformation is similar for most payers
Omnichannel transformations require significant investment
and building and refining the required IT platforms may take years
we believe it is crucial to establish a clear prioritization early on and focus on the clearly articulated value of the transformation with quick wins on the horizon
significant value can be realized in the early phases of the transformation
We therefore typically recommend that an omnichannel transformation be a multiyear effort
one that strikes the right balance between an initial focus on high-value use cases that drive short-term value and building the right foundations for medium- and long-term success
By bringing smaller offerings into the market quickly
a payer can collect consumer feedback and test the suitability of partners
Given the complexity of an omnichannel transformation
early success can be crucial for aligning the organization
and driving commitment to making bold changes
Markus Hedwig is an associate partner in McKinsey’s Cologne office
Mathis Friesdorf is an engagement manager in the Berlin office
Yuri Goryunov is a partner in the Chicago office
Florian Niedermann is a partner in the Stuttgart office
and Marcel Meuer for their support in researching and writing this article
tech leaders were looking forward to a future where a global IT architecture on scalable cloud infrastructures would provide their companies with a full array of technology services efficiently
with a set of fragmentation forces rendering the prospect of a single
Local regulations (China alone has passed 21 data and tech laws)
disruptions to supply chains driven by geopolitical and trade issues as well as the COVID-19 pandemic
and marked regional differences in customer behaviors
such as the contrasting preferences for WeChat in Asia and texting in Africa
have combined to undermine the prospect of a globally harmonized IT architecture
Most tech leaders are all too aware of issues like these
yet the solutions they turn to can sometimes end up making things worse
developed—and supported—three different full-scale financial systems to meet local needs
an electronics manufacturer operates two parallel production processes with dedicated factories equipped with different 5G technologies to comply with the security laws of the products’ final markets
Compromise solutions may not work either; some businesses have found that using a single centralized system while making local adjustments leads to undue complexity and maintenance costs
can help companies balance the level of local solution tailoring with the need to harness scale efficiencies
these solutions are more widely accepted and can be more easily realized in modern cloud platforms
These developments are enabling leading companies to evolve their operating models by building standardized
and configurable solutions that maximize business flexibility and efficiency while making data management more transparent (Exhibit 1)
Ensuring that these new architectures and solutions work effectively
requires companies to embrace new forms of IT governance that include stakeholders from the business side and delegate decision authority to teams that are closer to the customer
The most successful governance model balancing global efficiency with local needs is often a federated model
with a central core of standard IT components and local layers that allow for selective deployment of capabilities in individual markets or business units (Exhibit 2)
businesses work through an iterative process that involves identifying strategic trade-offs between global standardization and local differentiation
reorganizing IT architecture around capabilities
and building a global IT architecture and operating model around modules that can be flexibly adapted to local requirements
What makes such a model distinctive is that it isn’t a force-fit compromise between standardization and differentiation
it makes choices conscious and transparent and puts in place a repeatable process to continuously adjust the balance as external conditions or business needs change
Before sketching out the new model, IT and business need to develop a shared understanding of their company’s strategic business priorities and constraints and identify likely trade-offs between standardization and differentiation
The drivers for global standardization include:
the drivers for local differentiation include:
Weighing the pros and cons of standardization and differentiation is challenging
not least because people’s views are often shaped by their function
Risk managers often favor centralized controls
while country leaders push for local autonomy
Managing these conflicts requires hard facts
such as the cost implications of a specific decision
and sometimes the willingness of a senior leader
When a manufacturing company assessed the case for standardization versus differentiation in key business domains (exhibit)
it decided to centralize some functions because of the clear benefits: procurement to increase its bargaining power
and drive efficiency across regions; and talent management
with a focus on making remote working the norm for most key staff
This made it an attractive employer for digital nomads and gave it access to new hires anywhere in the world
innovation management was managed separately by each of the company’s two subdivisions
reflecting their very different product portfolios and customers
which would not have been well served by a single unified system
customer management was harmonized at the regional level to allow the sales force to approach customers consistently across business units
warehouse management was organized regionally within each subdivision
Minimum requirements were set to allow integration with global supply chain systems and processes
but local operating models ensured the efficient management of a heterogeneous network of small suppliers and transport companies
and processes to be shared across countries
The advantages claimed for market-specific products and processes must always be carefully weighed against the disadvantages of increased complexity and limitations on scaling (see sidebar
“Balancing customization and efficiency at a manufacturing company”)
Discussions on how far to standardize and how far to differentiate can easily get lost in the weeds or become oversimplified
companies can draw up a capability map such as the one illustrated in Exhibit 3 for a European P&C insurer
Its purpose is to provide an abstract overview of individual business domains that use similar business capabilities
such a map helps leaders visualize the business dimensions and related IT services of a given capability and determine what level of customization or harmonization is needed for their target system architecture and operating model
The capability map shown in Exhibit 3 includes all the top-level capabilities required for the company to operate
“output management” comprises all the processes needed to create
and deliver outbound communications and the IT services needed to support them
each capability is broken down into sub-capabilities
typically functionalities developed and maintained centrally by a cross-functional team with members from IT and the business
be broken down into “sales performance” and “call center” reporting
Wanting its business to be “as global as possible and as local as necessary,” the insurer used the capability map to help it make trade-offs as it shaped its system design and operating model
the online “web and mobile” sales customer journey was developed as a single global set of microservices by a central agile team so that it could be harmonized across countries
with parameters customized only when necessary
underwriting and pricing are managed via a shared global system
but local experts can reconfigure elements using a low-code/no-code rule engine and a standard software component
Some of the insurer’s top-level capabilities required a more differentiated approach
Managing multiple local insurance aggregators
each with its own integration requirements
capabilities that have a regulatory dimension
such as vehicle registration for car insurance
A flexible global platform architecture consists of three components:
IT can allow local teams to tailor their technology needs either through configuration
where IT develops all the components for a given capability that local teams can configure
where locally developed components are linked to the global platform through centrally developed standard interfaces
Configuration may be appropriate for capabilities that require only limited local differentiation
or those where differentiation is required by business logic and local configuration can be readily achieved
an open-source process-automation solution enables business leaders to configure underwriting rules locally without having to rewrite any code
Localization through extension is an approach often adopted by consumer companies to handle payments and last-mile logistics
with all their country-specific challenges
Country-specific capabilities are typically developed and maintained by local cross-functional BizDevOps teams and integrated with the global platform via APIs
However useful these localization capabilities are
they will not work as needed unless local teams have sufficient autonomy (at some companies
clear decisions through central headquarters
which is a major roadblock for pace and innovation)
The best companies provide local teams with specific decision rights within guidelines and support them by providing necessary capabilities
such as IT talent embedded with local market teams to get customer feedback early
Balancing these localization capabilities is a central organization
which safeguards standards and provides clearly defined services and APIs for local use
This balance helps reduce complicating adjustments and overlapping or conflicting implementations and enables the management of an effective global services architecture
We have mapped how this approach might work for automotive OEMs operating in China to find the optimal local/global balance across key functional areas (Exhibit 4)
As a company builds out a new global architecture and operating model
it will need to avoid common issues that doom these kinds of programs
Following are some critical items to bear in mind:
One European bank found this balance after one unit struggled to integrate the solutions that the main IT team was developing because of an array of issues
including poor documentation and IT solutions that were worse than those the local team could create
The bank launched an initiative to address this issue and developed a series of best practices
including people rotations between the local and main teams and adopting better sharing mechanisms
the drawbacks of central globalized IT systems have become ever more apparent
while the advantages gained by running multiple national systems are often outweighed by complexity and costs
federated models like those described in this article are providing a better solution
Other multinationals may want to take note and follow suit
Oliver Bossert is a partner in McKinsey’s Frankfurt office, Mathis Friesdorf and Wolf Richter are partners in the Berlin office
and Andreas Kopper is an associate partner in the Vienna office
Leaders throughout industries have ambitious visions of how digitization will transform their core businesses
the vision typically includes completely new consumer journeys enabled by comprehensive self-service
and full utilization of all available data
data flows digitally in a highly automated manner
it is highly unlikely that payers will be able to adopt fully paperless processes
despite the myriad problems manual document processing entails
Although many payers have taken steps to move away from paper
they have found that eliminating it is more difficult than they anticipated
Both internal and external factors have made the transition to fully paperless processes nearly impossible as of yet
We expect that a large share of all paper-based interactions at most payers today could remain paper-based for at least the next several years
finding ways to process paper-based documents in the most efficient way possible—and to smoothly merge data from paper and digital sources—is becoming an imperative for all businesses that must process a high volume of documents from consumers
we describe an approach that payers can use to achieve these goals
In every industry in which paper plays a significant role
manual document processing causes problems
It requires employees to perform repetitive
monotonous tasks while adding little value
Manual processing is also error-prone and not transparent
and thus often causes operational inefficiencies and confusion among teams
As payers expand their use of omnichannel strategies
the lack of process transparency also impairs consumer satisfaction
since it makes it more difficult for companies to gain insights from advanced analytics
Why have these and other payers found it so hard to stop using paper
The progress toward fully digital document processing has been hindered by a variety of factors
Internal roadblocks include general organizational rigidity
then integrating them into existing organizational technology
is inherently complex and usually requires changes in both behavior and processes
Given the economic benefits of fully digital document processing
many companies are starting to find ways to overcome these obstacles
they have found it much harder to get around external obstacles
Payers operate within ecosystems that include partners
Getting all these stakeholders to agree to adopt fully digital communications requires a comprehensive transformation
which for many of them entails significant switching costs
providers in countries with multipayer health systems may need to adapt their claims submissions processes to account for the requirements of different payers
Many consumers may be reluctant to switch to digital self-service because health insurance is often a low-involvement product—touch points are infrequent
which gives consumers little incentive to memorize login credentials and keep their contact information up to date
regulations may hinder the move away from paper in many countries
Payers and other companies that deal with health data are usually subject to strict data protection laws
Security and privacy standards are not only stringent but also often tailored to the use of paper-based communication
regulations may require a member’s signature on a form
Even if the regulations do permit two-factor digital authorization as an alternative
it is often difficult for payers to establish sufficiently secure transactions
paper-based processes endure because they are well-established in payer organizations
avoid high switching costs for outside parties
and do not require members to interact with digital platforms they may use infrequently
Because this situation is unlikely to change rapidly
payers that want to gain a competitive advantage must find better ways to handle paper while moving toward the longer-term vision of fully digital processes
Payers can generate significant value during the transition to a fully digital future by optimizing the way in which they process paper documents and other data
The consequences of suboptimal document processing are significant
Effective handling of paper is crucial because data is at the core of the payer service offer
and paper continues to be a main source of data from day-to-day operations
data analytics is increasingly important to support strategic decision making
Leading businesses use analytics to discover valuable consumer and operational insights; the lack of access to data in digital form makes it much harder for a payer to do this
new technologies have emerged that enable more efficient processing than has been possible before
including quicker and more accurate information retrieval from paper documents
(This retrieval process is called document ingestion.) Ranging from intelligent character and pattern recognition to machine learning
the technologies have made impressive progress in recent years
The benefits offered by these new technologies go far beyond efficiency improvements (as important as those improvements may be)
structured data is a prerequisite for many other digitization efforts
from omnichannel to analytics transformations
Automation efforts rest on good data and cannot be successful when information is buried in large piles of paper
Digital document processing has three main phases
document ingestion—our main focus in this paper—is the route through which incoming information on paper documents is “consumed” and then made available in a structured
digital data is processed internally using automated workflows
which often avoids the need for redundant stakeholder communications (for e.g.
asking consumers for the same data multiple times)
By combining the data derived from paper documents with the wealth of digital data already available
a comprehensive data landscape can be established
significantly enhancing data evaluation and analytics possibilities
documents are delivered to stakeholders more efficiently
Many types of outgoing communications are shifted to digital channels
and the processes required for paper-based communications are streamlined
Keeping coherent records is a crucial efficiency lever because it ensures that information is sent to the appropriate point of contact (for e.g.
when billing confirmations are sent to providers)
To get digital document processing (including document ingestion) right
payers must understand and master all three phases
they need to consider the full range of documents that will have to be processed
Incoming mail and other physical documents are an important source of data
but not the only one—many documents that arrive digitally can pose significant challenges if not handled correctly
may require significant effort to become structured
digital data that can be processed automatically
To incorporate the full range of documents that need to be processed
a digital document ingestion workflow typically has six steps (Exhibit 3):
Effective document ingestion cannot be established without a proper foundation
payers need to put these critical components in place: technology
Document ingestion requires effective new tools
it also has significant implications for the supporting IT architecture
Introducing new technology is a pivotal element in establishing document ingestion
Although basic OCR solutions to digitize information are typically easy to implement
subsequent steps in the workflow are much more challenging
information into meaningful data often requires highly advanced OCR solutions such as intelligent character recognition (ICR) software
which has much higher recognition accuracy than traditional OCR software
Once the information is made available in a structured digital format
the data usually requires further refinement before it can be processed automatically; it is because of this requirement that document ingestion goes far beyond the mere reading of information
the data must be embedded into comprehensive records stored in a consistent format and find its place in comprehensive data models describing consumers and providers from a payer point of view
An event bus (a software mechanism that allows different components in an IT system to communicate with each other) must pass the information on and ensure that all relevant IT systems are made aware of the new data
Automating this part of the process often requires a wide range of application programming interfaces or robotics solutions
Improving document-handling processes takes significant cross-functional effort
Document ingestion has important implications for a payer’s organization
the organization needs to establish corresponding roles and responsibilities to ensure that all steps in the ingestion process run properly
altering the way paper is handled requires a significant change effort
Many organizations could benefit from establishing a dedicated team to act as a “digital factory” that uses a process-by-process approach to achieve organizational change in all business units and departments
Such a team is usually staffed with full-time members who operate in an agile environment with substantial management support
The digital factory builds new IT tools and processes
but also reshapes the ways different organizational units work on a day-to-day basis
The addition of cross-functional project teams with rotating personnel inside of the digital factory enables the spread of new knowledge throughout the organization
Implementing the correct technologies and processes and ensuring that the necessary changes are embraced typically require the use of both internal and external expertise
To successfully implement document ingestion
companies need the right capabilities—they need to be able to redesign existing processes
These capabilities can be built in-house or acquired by partnering with vendors or other organizations
both internal and external resources are necessary
the document ingestion industry is shaped predominantly by OCR vendors
Their solutions are a central pillar of the overall technology blueprint
but some organizations have found their products difficult to install and run
know-how is usually lacking outside of these specialized firms
companies often find themselves locked in with individual vendors
Strong vendor management capabilities are therefore especially important
A large German payer enabled a large-scale digital transformation by optimizing digital document ingestion
Several factors had led this payer to believe that paper would remain a major channel for several years or more
many of the providers and government agencies it dealt with were behind the curve in digital adoption and regulatory issues (including data privacy concerns) were making it difficult for the payer to move consumers to digital channels
The payer therefore decided to incorporate paper-based communication into its overall omnichannel strategy but also created a road map to help it move toward omitting paper from its internal processes
The payer started by optimizing its methods for scanning and OCR of all paper documents and then entering the digital files into a document management system
the payer was able to avoid storing additional documents in physical archives and reduced the time that many work items were in transit
These changes made it easier for employees to work from home by providing digital access to all documents and improved the company’s performance management capabilities
The payer’s second step was to create a shared-services center that would be responsible for data transfer from paper documents into the company’s core IT systems; the business units would take over once the data was in the core systems
the business units increased their efficiency through labor arbitrage and more straight-through processing
Because of the momentum generated on the business side
the payer then established a central output management system for printing and letter finalization
which allowed the business units to achieve higher quality and even greater efficiency
No letters had to be handled manually by an employee
automated data extraction was introduced to manage the transfer of data from documents into the core systems
the shared-services center gained efficiency
which freed up valuable time so that employees could focus on more consumer-centric processes
Companies that successfully implement digital document processing—including document ingestion—often use a similar approach
which is frequently embedded in a larger digital transformation
these companies identify the right technology vendors to build and run the necessary components along the full document processing value chain
they typically assess the potential of process redesign and identify the behavioral changes that will be needed throughout the organization
the companies often use a dedicated project team to put the essential IT infrastructure in place relatively quickly
they undertake an initial technical proof of concept and then start building the IT infrastructure while transforming the first end-to-end processes (for e.g.
invoice processing for a group of chosen pilot providers)
they scale up the effort by setting up a digital factory (as described above) and start to rotate people in and out of the effort
they begin transforming payer processes one by one (perhaps by starting with claims
the new technology and organizational structure of all paper-based processes at the companies are transformed
the companies not only use a digital factory but also undertake a dedicated change management effort to implement the digital document processing system
Employees who are used to paper-based processes and often have considerable control over process decisions typically need help in adapting to the new digital processes
The change management effort is crucial to ensure the transformation is carried out to the end because the last 20 percent of paper-based processes are usually the hardest to eliminate
Attention to change management helps give employees at all levels of the organization the ambition to fully eliminate paper
are finding it difficult to realize their vision of fully digital processes
they can gain immediate benefits by improving their approach to digital document processing—especially digital document ingestion
This approach acknowledges that paper documents will remain a reality for some years to come but enables payers to move along the path to a fully digital future
digital document processes must consider the full range of inputs (both paper and digital) and cover the end-to-end workflow
a payer typically needs to build or acquire the required technologies and establish the necessary organizational foundation
Payers that cannot get digital document processing right will put their other digitization efforts—and their ambitious digital goals—at risk
and digital document ingestion in particular
are important for core back-office functions
their relevance for corporate functions varies across industries (Exhibit 4)
the typical level of digital document processing maturity also varies across (and within) industries and regions
Payers and most of the stakeholders they work with lag behind most other industries in their level of maturity and thus face high switching costs if they want to move to fully digital processes
Mathis Friesdorf is an engagement manager in McKinsey’s Berlin office. Markus Hedwig is an associate partner in the the Cologne office. Florian Niedermann is a partner in the the Stuttgart office. Florian Schaudel is a partner in the the Frankfurt office
The authors would like to thank Siamak Sarvari for his support in researching and writing this article and Ajit Sawant for insightful discussions on the future of digital document processing
Automation at scale could solve the following problems health insurers currently face:
Increasing cost pressures are pushing many payers to significantly improve operations
Many claims adjudication and call center activities
such as claims reprocessing and post-call documentation
are highly repeatable and costly when handled manually
which makes them good candidates for automation
the workforces of many payers are shrinking as employees reach retirement age—and finding replacements is increasingly difficult
Automation can help payers effectively manage natural attrition and ensure that the remaining workforce is focused on high-value work
which makes it difficult to implement necessary operational changes
Frequently seen problems include the absence of standardization and integration
workflows that span multiple disconnected systems and often require duplicative manual data entry
and less-than-optimal IT service provider relationships
Automation at scale is one lever that can address these problems
It is most effective if deployed as a key element of a payer’s holistic digital process transformation
Successful approaches are usually owned by strong business leaders who are looking beyond cost reduction
By taking a holistic P&L perspective when undertaking automation efforts
the leaders ensure that freed-up employees are dedicated to new tasks with the highest business value
which often enables new consumer-facing business models
we discuss six topics payers should consider if they are contemplating adopting automation at scale:
Five core technologies are currently propelling automation:
Robotic process automation (RPA) is the application of technology to allow organizations to automate routine tasks (e.g.
extracting and cleaning data) through existing user interfaces
(Bots are algorithms that execute automated
usually repetitive tasks.) Because bots utilize existing user interfaces
RPA does not require changes to the core IT systems
Smart workflow is a process-management software tool that can be configured to merge tasks performed by groups of humans and machines so that bots can be integrated into regular workflows
Machine learning and advanced analytics software use algorithms to identify patterns in structured and unstructured data
When algorithmic outputs exceed a certain level of confidence (often 95 percent)
these technologies can be used in place of employee judgment and decision making
Natural-language processing enables the creation of seamless interactions between humans and technology
It translates observations from data into prose and vice versa
Cognitive agents are created by combining machine learning and natural-language processing to build completely virtual entities (so-called agents) that are capable of executing tasks
the agents can make decisions based on logic
the detection and prediction of client behavior and emotions
Many payers begin the journey to automation at scale by implementing RPA as a short-term solution
This technology allows payers to automate some processes (or parts of processes) within existing IT systems and
does not require significant changes to those systems
which markedly lessens the potential for business disruptions
Maximum benefits are typically achieved by using it concurrently with other automation technologies
Automation at scale can bring numerous benefits to companies
lower demand for manual activities (through improved auto-adjudication and self-service capabilities)
increased revenue (by refocusing employees on new activities)
The benefits are particularly strong in data collection and processing
an advantage especially relevant to payers and other insurers
given automation’s potential to improve back-office and service activities in five major ways:
Technology and machines can replace much of the work that is currently done by hand
the change can lead to average cost savings of up to 30 percent within five years for many payers
Streamlined processes and automated routine tasks make it possible to complete in minutes activities that previously took days
The accelerated service and delivery can improve the user experience for members
as long as automation does not restrict service offerings (e.g.
by limiting access to some service channels)
Technology and machines can operate 24/7 and scale up or down with demand
creating previously unavailable capacity and further increasing operational efficiency and flexibility
As the pace of change in healthcare continues to rise
it is extremely important for payers to be agile and able to adapt rapidly if they want to remain competitive and win in the marketplace
Automation can transform testing and quality control because the increased capacity it provides allows a company to move from spot checks to 100 percent quality control
which reduces the error rate to nearly zero
When machines take on formerly manual tasks
Automation—in particular machine learning and advanced analytics—can generate
and analyze much larger data sets and hundreds of new factors
making it possible to predict drivers of business performance and generate important new insights
a growing number of payer IT departments are likely to adopt RPA and other automation technologies as a service for the business
A few leading payers have begun the journey to automation at scale and are beginning to achieve real success
as this case study and the following one illustrate
The company is a statutory health insurer (SHI)
It recently consolidated with a few other SHIs and wanted to increase its efficiency and lower costs
It also needed to find a way to compensate for its shrinking workforce
the SHI decided to pursue digital innovations
the SHI determined that its consumer onboarding function was particularly ripe for a digital process transformation
More than 90 percent of its new-member forms were paper based and processed manually
parts of the robotic solution required to eliminate manual processing would make it easier to automate several other back-office processes without the need for large IT efforts or expenditures later on
the SHI decided to develop a new web-based front end and to deploy RPA because this light-touch
noninvasive technology would not require it to immediately make major changes to its existing IT systems and processes
The SHI is now in the process of implementing three steps (Exhibit):
The SHI has made significant progress in these three areas and is planning to tackle new-member form supplementation next
It also has plans to make the digital member onboarding journey available through all channels
both members and employees will have views with individualized functionalities
and live consumer support will be available to assist prospective members in real time
thus improving consumer satisfaction while maximizing conversion rates
the same bot will automatically “feed” the data into the SHI’s core IT systems
the SHI is extending its use of RPA and machine learning to a wide variety of processes in many areas of the company
Results to date suggest that the SHI is reaching its goals
By delivering consistent outcomes and higher responsiveness
automation is enabling it to increase its efficiency and effectiveness
repetitive tasks is making it easier for the SHI to cope with the shrinking size of its workforce
A large national US payer had adopted digital in a few areas based on specific use cases
It then decided that it wanted digital to be a central part of its strategy and thus embarked on a more holistic
end-to-end digital transformation of its core business processes
The payer started this effort by identifying end-to-end user journeys that were particularly important to its stakeholders
It quickly realized that its inability to have clean provider demographic data was causing significant dissatisfaction within the provider community as well as several downstream issues
If it could improve its “help me update my data” journey for providers
it would markedly strengthen the experience it offered providers—and enable it to achieve significant administrative cost savings
The redesigned journey now gives providers intuitive interfaces they can use to update their demographic data
as well as visibility into data update requests
which is minimizing the need for both follow-up calls to service desks and error corrections after claim denials
The payer is now near its goal of achieving about USD 30 million in annual administrative cost savings because it increased its digital work intake by approximately 60 percent
enabling it to decrease its manual downstream activities considerably
it has reduced adjudication problems related to provider-data-related issues by about one third
the payer has developed critical internal capabilities
It is continuing its transformation by digitizing roughly 15 additional journeys
Tool and bot proliferation has made it difficult to navigate the thousands of tools and vendors
Because the number of tools and vendors has expanded rapidly
the complexity and time required to assess the best-fitting means for automation has increased
Even a “standard process” may involve many combinations and interrelationships
and developing the corresponding bots to cover them all can be confounding
these bots need constant maintenance that requires tight management of the change and release processes
bots present a number of technical challenges:
CIOs have been known to put proposed automation programs on hold or have refused to allow the installation of new bots—even ones that vendors have worked on for months—until solutions have been created to scale the programs effectively
The fallacy that sustainable automation can be delivered by the IT department alone
Sustainable automation requires the collaboration and commitment of the entire organization
It is therefore crucial that a payer maps out who and what will be affected by automation before the bots and RPA agents are installed
and updating all the different linkages RPA tools will develop and rely on is a whole new set of responsibilities—one that may not be appropriate for the IT department to take on
Clarity about how automation will be managed at scale—and who will accept this responsibility—is critical before
If the organization believes that automation is one of several levers to be used in a process optimization effort
then responsibility for automation must reside with the business process owners
Only in this way can the organization embed critical analytical and digital skills in the lines of business
Pursuit of quick “small potato” wins while overlooking larger opportunities
Payers are usually under pressure to showcase the captured benefits of automation
which can cause them to focus on opportunities that are relatively unimportant but quick and easy to implement
While achieving quick wins can be worthwhile as a proof of concept
it is essential to develop an overall strategy and invest in important
longer-term opportunities to capture the value that can be generated by automating large processes
and automation tools may address only some of them
automation tools often treat localized pain points
Fixing one bottleneck may just move the problem elsewhere in the process—or elsewhere in the organization
the financial outcome of automation rarely matches the original expectations
sustainable savings usually require a fundamental transformation of the organization
A cost-myopic view that ignores the value derived from improvements in quality
Cost reduction is a key benefit of automation at scale
such as better consumer experience and improved quality
are important to a payer’s long-term success
Developing metrics to measure and track these benefits can make it easier to recognize and demonstrate them
establishing strong business leaders with P&L responsibility can help scale automation towards highest business value
Although automation can eliminate some jobs
it also has the potential to provide new opportunities and free capacity to focus on value-added work
call center employees could shift their focus to proactive service or sales
instead of manually documenting interactions at length
companywide communication and clear articulation of the value of automation are crucial
Treating employees as problem solvers and enabling them to use automation tools to help solve problems can improve their work experience
Rather than running the tools from a central authority
delegating authority to employees—teaching them how the tools work and perhaps how to configure or code them—can lead to greater employee engagement and continuous improvements in the organization
Such results are in line with other initiatives
such as agile development and continuous delivery
that many companies are currently launching to empower employees
high performers whose jobs will be eliminated can be considered for other roles within the organization
System integrators and other vendors often bring in personnel with expertise and experience to help implement automation programs and increase staffing flexibility
a payer that uses only external suppliers for implementation misses the opportunity to build the internal capabilities critical for scaling and sustaining automation over the long run
Significant advantages can be gained from having employees work side by side with vendors on implementation so they can develop the capabilities needed to bring future automation work in-house
One payer’s CIO emphasized this point by arguing that without these internal capabilities
business process owners would not be able to grasp the design options available to them
Many opportunities for automation exist throughout the payer value chain
the following areas have the biggest potential for automation in the next five years:
successful payers start with an understanding of the total opportunity and value at stake
They then develop an ambitious organizationwide vision for the end state
which typically includes significant cost savings and a fundamental restructuring of their cost base to create and sustain their competitive advantage
The payers then develop a high-level implementation road map that shows the way to achieving those aspirations
they may transfer routine or basic processes (the ones likely to become commodities in the future) to vendors so they can focus on automating the processes essential to their long-term competitiveness
It is critical for business leaders with P&L responsibility to own the vision and outcome
is crucial for achieving sustainable impact and expanding the effort’s scope beyond mere cost reduction
Freeing up employee time and allowing them to refocus on higher-value tasks can deliver significant value but requires clear prioritization on where the extra time should be focused
automation can help build additional consumer-facing services and generate new business opportunities
Significant personnel changes may result when a company implements automation at scale and realizes its full value—even if few employees lose their jobs
it is crucial for human resources (HR) to be part of the transformation from the beginning
HR can help coordinate retraining and learning new ways of working
It can also play an essential role in creating new workforce management practices
and using analytics to help redeploy and retrain employees
which can be high in such areas as call centers
and recent or planned retirements to control and minimize forced exits
making automation a way to fill holes in the workforce that are emerging naturally
responsibility for process automation must lie with the business process owners
a close partnership with the IT department is essential because that department is responsible for designing the overall system’s lifecycle
managing the rollout against other priorities
the IT department should be an integral part of the process—from the start and throughout implementation
The program’s steering committee and governance structures can help ensure this happens
Lasting in-house capabilities to achieve sustainability
One way successful companies sustain the value created by automation at scale is by establishing a centrally located center of excellence (COE)
Its role is to govern the transformation and support the rapid deployment of automation-at-scale solutions
Among the approaches the COE can use to accomplish these goals are internal capability building
An automation COE can be fairly small because it can call on other COEs in the organization (e.g.
those focused on lean operations or process optimization) for assistance when necessary
Although the automation COE is responsible for putting systematic controls in place
business ownership and execution of the transformation should sit in the lines of business
any implementation of automation at scale should combine a few quick wins with the pursuit of larger
The road map for the transformation should take this into account
Successful companies examine every line of business to assess its degree of potential for standardization and automation
as well as the value that could theoretically be derived
they then determine what changes would be necessary to capture the value
The opportunities identified are then sequenced and built into the road map
Payers that are designing and deploying automation transformations should keep three risks
in mind so they can actively develop plans to mitigate them:
A diagnostic is the best way to identify the repeatable processes employees currently undertake manually and the value that could be created if the processes were automated
it can size the full value at stake from automation at scale
Create a vision and make automation a strategic priority
It should also set an aggressive cost-savings target
and include a fundamental restructuring of the cost base
Develop a strategy to deploy automation technologies systematically
Deciding on which processes will be automated is not sufficient
It is equally (perhaps more) important to decide on the right implementation strategy
the switch to automation at scale should be part of a broader digital process transformation
Formulate a road map to implement the strategy
a focus on robotic process automation can help ensure fast progress and results
such as cognitive agents and machine learning
The need for a few quick wins should not overshadow the importance of capturing larger
Having strong business leaders be involved from the beginning of the effort increases overall business ownership and helps steer the transformation toward maximum business value
Driving automation efforts from a business P&L perspective typically expands the scope beyond efficiency increases and often uncovers the potential for developing additional services or business models
Do not depend on vendors for everything—ensure the IT function’s involvement
companies rely primarily on external organizations
especially system integrators and other vendors
This approach creates strong dependence on the vendors and inhibits internal capability building
One promising way to ensure capability building is to create an automation COE staffed with internal resources
ensure that the right groups are involved early on
and provide on-the-job training for employees (from external experts
Extend capabilities across business units and decentralize governance
Responsibility for automating business processes must cascade across business stakeholders
Employees from different business units may need education and training so they can improve their thinking about automation
Go beyond building and testing single solutions; internalize both costs and benefits
The change effort must not focus on testing automation solutions for individual processes
the effort must also consider end-to-end processes and the target operating model
Change mindsets and prioritize workforce management
The other factor necessary for the change effort to reach its full potential is a fundamental mindset shift throughout the entire organization
Achieving this shift requires a change-management approach tailored to the organization and its people
Recent technological advances are enabling payers to more effectively respond to a wide range of market challenges
next-generation technologies—not only automation at scale but also digitization
and process redesign—will likely be pivotal for payers that want to improve efficiency and data quality
and deliver a better experience for members
Payers that do not get these technologies right will put many of their other digitization efforts at risk
Yuri Goryunov is a partner in McKinsey’s Chicago office. Ralf Plattfaut is an associate partner in the Düsseldorf office. Mathis Friesdorf is an engagement manager in the Berlin office. Greg Gilbert is a partner in the Washington
The authors also thank Adi Kumar and Nina Jacobi for their expert input
The air dome turns the Friesdorf outdoor pool into an indoor pool in winter
A corridor with a revolving door leads to what is currently Bonn's most unusual indoor pool
It looks like a cross between the Friesdorf outdoor pool and the Radom in Wachtberg
Under the white honeycombs of the air dome construction
Only the airlock-like access ensures that the slight overpressure that keeps the air dome in shape does not escape
The indoor pool guests use the same showers and changing rooms
lockers and lockers as the outdoor pool guests in summer
"I personally am always surprised at how good the climate is in the air dome," says Rafael Röger
Chairman of Freibad Freunde Friesdorf (FFF)
The winter solution for the Friesi is intended to at least partially replace the water areas of the closed Kurfürstenbad
The year-round use of the outdoor pool also has advantages for the FFF association
"We now have times on Saturday mornings for seahorse training with children," reports Röger
is the conversion time required for year-round operation
"The outdoor pool season is very limited as a result
and an extension is not possible," says the chairman
with well over 2000 visitors to the Friesi in three months so far
According to the press office of the city of Bonn
a total of 2240 bathers came in October 2023
2398 in November and only significantly fewer in December with 1531 visitors
the good intentions apparently took effect again and the Friesi recorded its strongest month of the season so far with 2733 guests
One person who regularly comes to the air dome on Tuesdays and Fridays is early swimmer Franziska Gutsche
"I would always compare the Friesi to the outdoor pool
and of course that's much better," she says
the air dome is of course a luxury and is particularly popular with professional swimmers and people who want to do something for their health
as the diving platforms are not in operation and there are no other play options in and around the pool
"A water slide would be nice," says Franziska Gutsche
The pool is open to the public on Saturdays from 9 am to 6 pm and Sundays from 9 am to 4 pm
there are no loungers or other options for relaxing around the pool
as the air dome remains a temporary solution
the air dome has proved its worth in Bad Godesberg: "If only because it will ensure school and club swimming for the district until the new Kurfürstenbad opens
The air dome was and is therefore indispensable." According to the press office
twelve schools have used the Friesi since October
The city does not have more precise figures on the number of classes
You can find out how many lanes are available to the public and when by checking the opening times on the city's website
it can happen that - as was the case last week on Wednesday morning - only the non-swimmers' pool is needed for school swimming
all other lanes are released for individual guests at short notice
There is an exact occupancy plan according to which lanes are reserved
but we react by releasing the lanes that are actually intended for this school for the corresponding period for the public," says a member of staff from the press office
Rafael Röger knows of a primary school that was left empty-handed when the times were allocated
"If you find out that a school is not using its times
you should release them for others," he says
The Freibad Freunde Friesdorf are already in the planning stages for the new season
It is certain that the film nights will take place on the last weekend in July and the first weekend in August and the Friesathlon
but that's not quite ready for finalisation yet," says Röger
The trio Wellenbad has been asked to organise an event with spherical music under water
Such events are very important for attracting new visitors
says the chairman: "The film nights in particular have attracted people who were previously unfamiliar with the outdoor pool." During the air dome season
You can look up at the honeycombs from a supine position and imagine you are swimming in a radome
(Original text: Bettina Köhl; Translation: Mareike Graepel)
The Friesdorf outdoor pool was opened in 1961
the pool liner was renewed and a new three-metre stainless steel diving tower was built
In addition to the multi-purpose pool and non-swimmers' pool
a paddling pool is available to bathers in summer
The sunbathing lawn has been upgraded in recent years with the support of the Friends' Association
It offers additional sports facilities such as beach volleyball
A playground offers climbing facilities in a large sandy area
the Friesi is therefore popular with families with children
A technical defect triggered a power failure in Friesdorf and parts of Bad Godesberg on Saturday morning
Around 7000 households were affected - including shops and surgeries
Not much was going on in the Radiological Institute at Michaelshof on Monday morning: the staff could not start up the X-ray machine
The reason for this was the power failure on Saturday morning
which plagued parts of Friesdorf and Bad Godesberg for hours
"We have power-up problems and are still in the process of repairing the equipment," said Dr Bernhard Knopp on Monday morning
The team had to put his patients off until another appointment
Knopp was able to understand the connection between power failure and equipment faults when he reviewed the logs
"We had a power failure of about four hours," said the specialist
Knopp regularly experiences short power cuts in Bad Godesberg
there has not yet been a comparable equipment failure as at the weekend
We are a high-tech location," Knopp wonders
The technical problems at the Radiological Institute should be solved by Tuesday morning at the latest
The power failure was triggered by a technical defect on Saturday morning
about 7000 households in parts of Friesdorf and the Bad Godesberg city centre were without electricity
A short circuit initially occurred at a transformer station in Friesdorf
The circuit breaker used as protection then tripped and disconnected two cable lines in Bad Godesberg and Friesdorf from the grid
Seventeen local network stations and six consumer stations were affected
The technical defect also affected the drinking water system on Annaberger Straße
Two crews were deployed to repair the lines
the streets could be supplied with electricity again
Friesdorf was fully connected to the power grid again
the fault in Bad Godesberg's city centre was also completely repaired
and the StVO signage that is always present at every signalised intersection or junction applies," says Lea Hoffmann from the city's press office
"We have not received any special reports about the power failure," says Telekom spokesman Peter Kespohl on request
routers and telephones should start up again without any problems and log into the network
customers can contact our service hotline," says Kespohl
The Stadtwerke state: "We posted information online at an early stage and informed the media about the power outage
Also affected by the power cut was the fish shop Stuch at Theaterplatz
"Our cash register systems don't work without electricity
We were unable to act during this period and could not serve the customers," says branch manager Timo Scholz
This resulted in a considerable drop in sales before the holiday
"We then sent the customers to the sales trolley at the weekly market
This allowed us to cushion the losses somewhat," says Scholz
Because the electricity apparently continued to flow at the weekly market
"The outages were probably sporadic." The rows of shops up to the Fronhof Galeria and also the Rewe market at Michaelshof were affected
The Fisch Stuch employees were able to save their goods with lots of ice
And yet: "I have never experienced such a power failure here," says Scholz
The Frohnhof Galeria was not affected by the power failure
"It didn't affect business at all," says the owner's representative
This is because in the event of a power failure
the emergency power supply in the shopping centre kicks in
Escalators continue to run and shops have light
"The building services have noticed the failure
but we have not received any reports from the shops," says Otting
The Waldkrankenhaus in Bad Godesberg has triple protection
The hospital is connected to two power networks
Frank Eichner: "to Bad Godesberg and via Annerberger Hof"
which allow us to keep all vital things running," Eichner says
He adds that the emergency supply is regularly tested by the technical staff
"We can't find any verifiable interruptions there," Eichner says
explains master electrician Thomas Schulte
you don't normally need to do anything." This is because refrigerators and freezers can maintain their temperature for over twelve hours
"People don't need to worry," says the owner of Elektro Schulte
you only have to reset the clock on electronic appliances such as the oven
Nothing usually happens to the fuse box in the event of a power failure either
Tenants and owners can prevent a power failure by installing a balcony power plant - if the sun is shining at the same time as the power failure
several stations are connected in series via medium-voltage cables
The power is supplied from one side from a transformer station
If a section is defective in the event of a fault
it is switched off and the supply is then switched on from the other side
we can restore the supply in 90 per cent of cases by switching over
even if the fault still exists," SWB explain
There is no doubt that the summer in Bonn was very nice
even if it was marked by the Corona pandemic
the Corona pandemic did not stop at the open-air swimming pools in Bonn
whose season initially threatened to end completely before they were opened step by step in May
some of which are now being continued in the indoor pools
the Sports and Pool Authority has drawn up its own hygiene concept
which now applies to all public indoor pools in the city - i.e
the Beueler Bütt and the Friesdorfer Bad with its air hall
Probably the most important message for bathers: they do not need to book via the Internet to visit a pool within a certain time frame
This rule had been in place at the open-air baths until the end of August in order to be able to better control the flow of visitors
there are still a number of things that bathers need to bear in mind
the number of bathers who are allowed to be in the pool at the same time is strictly regulated
school classes and clubs get their money's worth
only one indoor swimming pool in Bonn is open to the public from Tuesday to Friday
is possible Monday to Friday at the Frankenbad
Tuesday to Friday at the Hardtbergbad and the Beueler Bütt and Monday
school swimming is initially suspended until the autumn holidays because of the current ban on school sports in halls and will then be spread over the period from Monday to Friday
the times for club swimming have been agreed with the clubs and the occupancy plans have been changed accordingly
"The pools are cleaned during the breaks at the weekend and after the club swim," explains the Sports and Pool Office
Forms are available on the Internet and at the pool cash desks for tracking customer contact data
which must be completed and handed in when leaving the pool
could also be a strain on the patience of many citizens
In order to comply with the required distance rules
the city has limited the number of visitors present at the same time
The basis for the maximum number is the water surface of the individual baths
This means that a maximum of 108 people are allowed to stay in the Frankenbad
68 in the Traglufthalle Friesdorf and 60 in the Hardtbergbad
you have to wait until someone leaves the bath
no problems have been reported for bathers waiting in vain
by the weekends and autumn holidays at the latest
Inside the baths - but not in showers and swimming halls - guests must wear a mouth-nose cover
Swimming aids such as swimming noodles or diving rings are not lent out either
The changing room area has been redesigned to ensure that the distance rule is observed
The collective changing rooms will be closed for bathers
The use of showers and toilets is only possible if the minimum distance is observed
Every second shower will be closed for this purpose
A maximum of two persons may enter the toilets simultaneously
None of this has any influence on the admission prices: the regular rates apply
(Original text: Rüdiger Franz / Translation: Mareike Graepel)
400 kilograms of ice cream per day: Lolita Imperiale behind the counter at the Bianchi ice cream parlor
Bonn's Eiscafé Pusterla is located right on the border between the old town and the northern part of the city
Regulars appreciate the family atmosphere and the relaxation on the terrace - you hardly notice the traffic on Kaiser-Karl-Ring
The Italian gelateria has been in that spot for almost 35 years
and Giuseppe Pusterla and his wife Habiba have been running the ice cream parlor for ten years
"I make my ice cream with my heart," says the 56-year-old
who hails from the small Apulian town of Nardò in the province of Lecce and looks confusingly like the famous Italian film comedian Totò
and that's been my recipe for many years.“
Demand for vegan ice cream has increased in recent years
one of his regulars stops by daily to enjoy five scoops of lemon ice cream
The lemons for the vegan fruit ice cream come from Sicily
the friendly couple bring a vegan Italian tricolore of woodruff (green)
lemon (white) and raspberry (red) in three wafers
A visit to Giovanni Imperiale in Friesdorf
where the 49-year-old restaurateur has been running the Bianchi ice cream parlor on Klufterplatz since 2000
actively supported by his partner Lolita and daughter Isabella
Imperiale also comes from the Apulian province of Lecce
Now the 49-year-old is standing in his Friesdorf ice cream kitchen between bulky freezers and stainless steel buckets
creating a new vegan ice cream composition
he tells of the origins of ice cream in China
how Marco Polo brought the knowledge with him to Europe - and how people in Sicily hoarded snow in caves on the Etna volcano and later enriched it with citrus fruits and sold it
That's why Imperiale calls his just-emerging creation "yesterday's snow"
The light yellow mass comes out of the ice cream machine at minus nine degrees Celsius
you almost only taste the cold," Imperiale says
"It's not until the second spoonful that the flavors come." And he's right
The second tasting spoon tastes even better
Now the bowl of "yesterday's snow" is stowed away in the freezer at minus 35 degrees
The second vegan ice cream created by the 49-year-old ice cream maker is called "Pistacchio di Mare Giovanni." The pistachios for it come from Iran and were processed in Piedmont into a wonderfully fragrant paste
Now this paste is mixed with sea water from the Costa Brava
Imperiale uses a refractometer to check the sugar content in the resulting ice cream
"We often washed fruit in the sea when we were kids in Puglia." The result is stunning: a very intense
with the seawater echoing in the background
"An ice cream is never the same," says Giovanni Imperiale
"You can try to make it the same next time
but it will always be a little something different
it's his life partner and daughter who try a new creation next
the 49-year-old makes up to 400 kilograms of ice cream a day
His range includes at least six vegan varieties
His chocolate sorbet made with organic cocoa from the Dominican Republic and Belgian chocolate is also very popular
it would destroy the flavor." For the past decade or so
demand for vegan ice cream has been growing
And at Eiscafé Bianchi on Friesdorf's Klufterplatz
[Foto: Michael Kleinjung --- Enzo Wirtz erreichte in der Torjägerliste den dritten Platz
am letzten Spieltag hatte der Meister aus Hohkeppel spielfrei.]
Chris-Leon Kayser (SV Bergisch Gladbach 09)
Marios-Paraskevos Akrivos (Germania Teveren)
Alexander Hürtgen (Borussia Freialdenhoven)
Aboudoul Tchadjej (Borussia Freialdenhoven)
Leonardo Dos Santos Figueira (FV Bonn-Endenich)
Jose Pierre Vunguidica (Eintracht Hohkeppel)
Stefano Fragapane (SV Bergisch Gladbach 09)
Nikolaos Mavroudakis (SV Bergisch Gladbach 09)
Alexander Mironescu (SV Bergisch Gladbach 09)
Maximilian Wickum (Borussia Freialdenhoven)
Anmerkung: Die Tore aus den Partien mit Beteiligung des zurückgezogenen BCV Glesch-Paffendorf wurden aus der Übersicht genommen
Zu dieser Meldung werden keine Leserkommentare freigeschaltet
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Mykyta Kamenyuka, a 39-year-old former team captain and later coach of Luhansk's Zorya, told UA-Football about his time in Germany and a new turn in his football career
a German sixth league team from Bonn that plays in the German Landesliga
while also doing an internship at the Bayer Leverkusen Academy
One of the most important factors for me was the opportunity to practice while learning German and adapting to German football
I also tried myself as a coach who is responsible for the result and for the team as a whole
This year was definitely a huge plus for me
I gained a tremendous amount of experience
I think it will definitely come in handy in the future
- This became possible thanks to my Zorya teammate Joel Abou-Hanna
who found out about this prospect for me at the Leverkusen club
after which I was given the opportunity to work
I signed a two-year contract with the Bayer Academy and started to fulfill my duties
- I am an assistant head coach in the U-14 and U-15 teams
in the process of communication it is very important to convey to the ward what and how you see
- And what are your successes in mastering the German language
I'm satisfied with how things are going with my German language learning
- Has your family already settled in Germany
- My eldest son continues to play football
Last year he became the champion of one of the German youth leagues
his knowledge of English helped him to adapt well in Germany
My younger son started first grade this year and also plays football
So I advise everyone to learn foreign languages - it will come in handy
it is very difficult to adapt at the moment
I think that everything will be normalized soon
she is also adapting to the new environment
The most important thing is that we are together - as always
- Have you been able to attend matches of the Ukrainian national team and Ukrainian clubs in Germany
I attended both our national team's matches and the matches of our teams in the European Cups
Thanks to my friends and old acquaintances who always had tickets for me
It's always interesting to watch and worry about your own
- How do you assess the chances of the Ukrainian national team in the League of Nations after two initial failures
What do you think about the European Cup prospects of Dynamo and Shakhtar
I have never done it and I don't want to do it
I only know that it is always easy to speak after everything has happened
I would like to support the players and coaching staffs of our national teams and clubs
But I would like our players to cope with this pressure
I want everyone to remember how much positive emotions it can bring
football is the most famous game in the world
Make yourself heard while you still have the opportunity
- Do you follow the Ukrainian championship
I follow both the results and the standings
I talk a lot with the guys I've known since I was a football player
But there are already guys in the UPL whom I know as a coach
I also follow the teams of my friends who play in the first league
- I always intend to say only positive things about Zorya
The results of their performances are different: sometimes better
The main thing is that the team is there and does not disappear from the football map of Ukraine
But what saddens me is that at this stage the team does not have its own players - those who understand and know what Zorya is
I will always be a fan and a part of this club
Стать участником фан-зоны
Нажимая на кнопку, вы соглашаетесь с условиями членства в фан-зоне
конвертировать карму в шурики
Устанавливайте наше приложение и всегда оставайтесь в курсе футбольных новостей
Men are from Mars and women are from Venus
but could these planetary metaphors also translate to differences in our human moral compass
An international team of researchers from Wilfrid Laurier University in Canada
studied how men and women weigh moral dilemmas
"Women seem to be more likely to have this negative, emotional, gut-level reaction to causing harm to people in the dilemmas, to the one person, whereas men were less likely to express this strong emotional reaction to harm," the study’s lead author Rebecca Friesdorf, a social psychology graduate student at Wilfried Laurier University, told NPR
so it's more difficult for them to make their choice."
The research team analyzed 40 data sets from various studies, which was published in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
and found when participants were presented with 10 different hypothetical dilemmas their answers depended on their gender
Every dilemma presented two different scenarios for the person to weigh out with a cost-benefit analysis
after studying 6,000 participants’ responses
men and women both calculated consequences
such as how many lives would be lost by their decision
But women were confronted with their own emotional responses to how it would feel to — as one of the dilemmas presents — kill Hitler to save millions of persecuted lives
Friesdorf found the “Hard Times” dilemma
the most interesting one to measure an individual’s moral compass
Give it a try and see how a scientist would evaluate your moral compass:
You are the head of a poor household in a developing country
You know a man from your village who lives in the city and who makes sexually explicit films featuring girls such as your daughter
Is it appropriate for you to employ your daughter in the pornography industry in order to feed your family
There were very few people who said they would sacrifice their daughter’s virtue for the sake of the rest of their family
Women had a much more difficult time grappling between the two circumstances
They weighed out their interpretation on what will create benefit or cause harm
and compared it to the rest of society’s moral definitions
Philosophers would consider people who sacrifice their daughters as utilitarian, which means they operate for the common good, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
those who would protect their daughter in lieu of financial stability would be considered deontologists
who focus on the rightness or wrongness of actions based on morality and adherence to rules
Now that you’ve read the scenario yourself
Gender Differences in Responses to Moral Dilemmas: A Process Dissociation Analysis
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Medical Daily is for informational purposes and should not be considered medical advice, diagnosis or treatment recommendation. Read more.