One of the best decisions I made in the early 1990s was to get Herb Stein to do a piece on the balance of payments for The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics which was then The Fortune Encyclopedia of Economics His first two paragraphs are still beautiful: Few subjects in economics have caused so much confusion—and so much groundless fear—in the past four hundred years as the thought that a country might have a deficit in its balance of payments This fear is groundless for two reasons: (1) there never is a deficit and (2) it would not necessarily hurt anything if there was one The payments Americans make to Japan for automobiles are balanced by the payments Japanese make to U.S and the United States sold Japan dollars or dollar-denominated assets such as treasury bills and New York office buildings when I did the second edition of the Encyclopedia earlier this century with the help of Kevin Hoover and the late Mack Ott updated his numbers and added the last two paragraphs: These same concerns surfaced again in the late 1990s and early 2000s as the current account went from a surplus of $4 billion in 1991 to a deficit of $666 billion in 2004 The increase in the current account deficit account was accompanied by an almost equal increase in the deficit in goods the current account surpluses of 1981 and 1991 both occurred in the midst of a U.S and the large deficits occurred during U.S GDP falls and rising more than proportionally when U.S economy adding more than twenty-one million jobs between 1991 and 2004 employment as a percentage of population rose from 61.7 percent in 1991 to 64.4 percent in 2000 and Americans owned assets abroad valued at market prices of $7.86 trillion assets valued at market prices of $10.52 trillion The net international investment position of the United States Herb was my boss at the Council of Economic Advisers in the summer of 1973 when I was a summer intern fresh off my first year as a Ph.D He was one of the two best bosses I ever had dean of the Graduate School of Management at the University of Rochester.) “The balance-of-payments accounts of a country record the payments and receipts of the residents of the country in their transactions with residents of other countries the payments and receipts of each country are Any apparent inequality simply leaves one country acquiring assets in the others.” <–first rate and easily understood when I learned this concept back in the day if I might not have read this excerpt then Have a vague recollection and often my memory fails as to specifics from decades ago (ie transfer payments not being part of GDP) While the current and financial account will balance are there disadvantages in the US buying consumer goods from foreign countries and those foreign countries with a trade surplus buying US stocks and US real estate The way fiscal deficits work post Clinton — borrow money to cut taxes — trade deficits/capital inflows are the reflection of “too low” national savings so they are a refelection of something wrong “The net international investment position of the United States I should add that 1991 current account surplus was because of the Gulf War when the Saudis and Gulf Arabs paid us billions and billions to do their fighting for them… Shades of Adam Smith with that opening line from Stein (I’m referring to Smith’s comment that the trade balance as a concept is “absurd”) Let’s try to unpack this a little bit there’s never a deficit in the sense that we export assets (instead of exports) to pay for our imports Stein says a current account deficit would not necessarily hurt a current account deficit could (eventually then what will the eventual unwinding be like The word “necessarily” excludes the possibility you mention is that the trade deficit does not imply harm it could be reflected in a trade deficit (eg a government running low on hard currency and having to borrow heavily) That doesn’t imply that a sneeze could kill you Some underlying disease that causes sneezing could kill you Jon, you need to brush up on your modal logic Herb didn’t say necessarily: he said not necessarily Your sneezing analogy is interesting (sneezing is usually considered a symptom but it could kill if it caused an aneurism to rupture The main thing is if there’s a problem I will grant that if there’s a chronic current account deficit that’s indicative of a problem then whether it’s a symptom or a cause is important to know But the main concern is what the heck to do about it that’s a legit answer (if you’re on a rocket getting launched & lightning strikes & lights & alarms start going off everywhere what is the eventual unwinding going to be like under that strategy… Jon, you need to brush up on your modal logic Herb didn’t say necessarily: he said not necessarily Failure to keep causes of events seperate from coincidences leads to much confusion current account deficit that’s indicative of a problem You say “grant” when you should say “assume.”  The whole point is that trade deficits are not a problem And this reminds me of something I think Dostoevsky said something to the effect that “Everybody is responsible for Everything…” I met Herb Stein on an elevator at the Hilton Hotel in NYC at an AEA meeting some time in the early 1970’s   We were alone together and I asked him about the health of Milton Friedman who recently had some kind of heart surgery   He assured me that “Milton would be around for a long time Don’t worry.”  Or words to that effect lent Milton a putter so he could fill his time while recovering Enter your email address to subscribe to the Econlib monthly newsletter By Desmond Lachman AEIdeas Herb Stein famously said that if something cannot go on forever If ever there was a major country that was in the process of learning this lesson it has to be China with the bursting of its property and credit market bubble If ever there was a country that needed to heed this lesson before it was too late it has to be the United States with its parlous public finances China has had the mother of all housing and credit market bubbles. According to the Bank for International Settlements between 2008 and 2020 Chinese credit to the non-financial private sector increased by around 100 percent of GDP That represents a larger increase in credit than that which preceded either Japan’s lost economic decade in the 1990s or that which preceded the 2008 US housing bust Before we engage in schadenfreude over our rival’s economic misfortunes we might want to ask whether we too might not be on a path to long-term economic misfortune as a result of the parlous state of our public finances the debt to GDP ratio would rise to 133 percent under a Harris administration and to 145 percent under a Trump administration China’s current economic misfortunes should serve as a wake-up call to us that high debt levels can lead to serious long-term economic troubles it could take the form of a dollar crisis or the return of the bond vigilantes as both foreign and domestic investors lose confidence in our political willingness to address our public finance problems We have to hope that whoever wins this November’s election walks back their lavish campaign spending and tax cut proposals and seeks to build a bipartisan coalition to rectify our public finance mess before it is too late Weekly analysis from AEI’s Economic Policy Studies scholars One of ESPN's most recognizable faces of its college football coverage will who is both a color analyst on ABC's premier Saturday night college football broadcast and one of the faces of ESPN's "College GameDay," will be one of the headliners for ABC's coverage of the 2021 NFL draft according to a person with direct knowledge of the situation.  The person spoke to USA TODAY Sports on the condition of anonymity because the network had not yet announced its plans Front Office Sports was the first to report the news Full details about the networks' coverage plans are expected to be announced soon The Walt Disney Company owns both ABC and ESPN Herbstreit and some of his "College GameDay" colleagues have joined ABC's telecast of the draft in previous years The NFL draft will take place from April 29 through May 1 and will be televised on ABC one year after it was forced to be entirely virtual due to the COVID-19 pandemic One of ESPN's main faces of its draft coverage was forced to miss last season's telecast because of the virus after draft analyst Todd McShay contracted COVID-19 The NFL announced earlier this week that fans and media will be allowed to attend the event, which will be held outdoors What effect will climate change have on the insurance industry and what can insurers do to mitigate climate risk Participants in part two of this roundtable from Insurance Asset Risk and DWS discuss the strategic transformations that are needed and the influence of voluntary and regulatory initiatives on this process group deputy head of risk and ACM entities chief risk officer University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability LeadershipMichael Lewis Otto Bedford: As a general (non-life) insurer one way you avoid the risk of a changing climate is writing short-term contracts How do you deal with the fact that the data you have is not applicable in five years' time Zelda Bentham: It is something we are very conscious of There is also going to be a huge issue if the transition risks' impact on assets kick in before the physical impacts on the liabilities side as this may mean that insurers are not as easily able to pay out the liabilities Tom Herbstein: Warren Buffett's comment did surprise me from someone that prides himself as a long-term investor If the industry continues to simply re-price risk in some markets insurance could become unaffordable A focus on resilience will help to manage that The financial markets will face risk either way there is going to be a tremendous amount of physical risk exposure to manage I hope we have a lot of future transition risk to deal with as that would be a sign that we are moving in the right directions physical risk undoubtedly captures people's attention more Otto Bedford: There might be an increase in the need for government-backed insurance pools like the UK's Flood Re or US National Flood Insurance Program because you are going to end up with pockets of uninsurable areas it will be the government forcing the commercial industry to cross-subsidise by saying: 'If you want to write any of this we will have to find ways to identify the risks and then credit people for taking actions to avoid them we are in such a soft market at the moment that it's hard to implement charging more for the people that do nothing Zelda Bentham: The insurance sector needs to get better at helping people take more responsibility for the risks themselves In our Canadian commercial property underwriting business provision of cover provides up to 10% of the loss of damage to make their property more resilient It could be used for hurricane clips to secure the roof to the walls anchors to hold the walls to the foundation or improve the type of roofing in hail-prone areas to more hail-resistant products If the measures mean losses are minimised over a five-year period then it has mitigated the risk and benefits both customer and insurer Otto Bedford: If governments could just make it mandatory that anything rebuilt with insurance money has to be rebuilt properly Rowan Douglas: We need to create a structural change in the way that governments view the insurance industry It has happened before with urban fire: in the 1870s in the US – when bigger industrialised cities were burning down – insurers said 'this is not sustainable unless we do certain things' but insurers then required governments to impose building codes governments have worked out there is a tremendous global pool of capital that can be brought to bear on these risks and there is a desire to use the institution of insurance to crack big social or economic problems Climate sustainability is going to drive wider changes but we as an industry have got to be prepared to engage in that dialogue it is not really the direct physical risks to property that I am particularly worried about What will be the effects on global agriculture and food production Tom Herbstein: What then should the insurance industry of the future look like Will it be one that focuses primarily on financial risk transfer or is it one that becomes much broader and where financing of disasters plays just one part Rowan Douglas: That is what the industry has always done I know in most specific examples of property risk now they are not doing that But it was the insurance sector that made the electric system of the world safe because there was an economic agent called the insurance industry which demanded those things Otto Bedford: With all the mergers and acquisitions leading to fewer I wonder if it will be easier for the industry to talk with a unified voice and it is no longer capital – apart from having too much of it The challenge is growth and this huge level of underinsured populations and assets Almost all insurance is bought because people have to so the only way we are going to get structural growth is to convince governments that The other side is our investment capital: we have the ability to drive investment capital into some areas that governments really want Michael Lewis: You can do it on a case-by-case basis but saying you should get out of fossil fuels is not the best approach These companies are actually changing themselves and they are going to be needed in the transition to a low carbon economy asset managers are moving away from 'do no harm' into 'doing good' in terms of their ESG investment process they are increasingly screening their assets to see whether they are aligned to the UN Sustainable Development Goals But you have to be rigorous in your approach and as an asset manager must not over-promise on what they are doing Zelda Bentham: The other tool that underwriters and asset managers can use in this space is TCFD (Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures) – if it is taken seriously if it produces decision-useful information and if insurance companies and asset managers use the information appropriately I think that will come over time and hopefully it will be voluntary – but to capture all companies it will probably have to be mandatory Tom Herbstein: There are strategic benefits and opportunities of staying invested in companies and working with them to decarbonise but there is also the very real risk – portfolio risk material financial risk – of a sudden transition We are in a carbon bubble and it will burst at some point likely before the 2040 global warming limit set in the Paris climate agreement that many governments are aligning to Michael Lewis: The asset management community is introducing products that try to eliminate that sort of exposure we have created low-carbon ETFs where the carbon footprint is something in the order of 80% lower than a typical ESG fund but it is the existing products that hold the risk How do we make sure those risks are taken into account by the mainstream fund Zelda Bentham: The TCFD is probably one of the front-runners Most governments would prefer it to be voluntary to start with but the UK's Environmental Audit Committee have called for it to be mandatory by 2025 Tom Herbstein: Whether it's the TCFD or the High-Level Expert Group on Sustainable Finance (HLEG) or the UK Green Finance Taskforce just to name a few – there is a tremendous amount going on and it really feels like an exciting time to be in sustainable finance ClimateWise is working on two projects: one looking at geographic concentration of risk within portfolios mainly real estate; and the second is contributing to the transition risk conversation We have just published a summary document on an open-source model looking at transition risk Michael Lewis: The EU action plan will be a major clarification of the investor duties as it relates to sustainable finance Another is looking at green discounting factors – the pricing of brown versus green assets as well as the need to understand the sustainability interests and preferences of our clients and the need to explain how sustainability considerations are incorporated into our investment products Zelda Bentham: For us as a pension provider it's the DWP [Department for Work and Pensions] and FCA [Financial Conduct Authority] responses to the Law Commission on how trustees and pension providers mirror the values of customers and take into account climate risk in the way that they provide pensions I will be interested to see how we define 'green' and 'brown' as I think this will be very challenging Zelda Bentham: Being able to highlight whether a product or investment meets a particular standard is great The challenge will be that it makes it more niche rather than it being something that all investments take account of Does putting a label on a product mean the rest are not doing anything To read part one of this roundtable click here Global growth forecast down from 2.9% at start of the year to 2.7% I Care and Winrock International to develop index to provide understanding of which companies are leaders in cutting GHG emissions At our recent Investing in Real Assets Conference we brought together David Otudeko of the ABI and Michael Henderson of Legal & General to discuss the future of Solvency UK Deal complements stake in Vantage Data Centres Subscribe to Insurance Asset Risk to benefit from: This site uses cookies. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Find out more here Volume 13 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.864780 This article is part of the Research TopicBiomolecular Modifications in Endocrine-Related CancersView all 12 articles The small RWD domain-containing protein called RSUME or RWDD3 was cloned from pituitary tumor cells with increasing tumorigenic and angiogenic proficiency RSUME expression is induced under hypoxia or heat shock and is upregulated several factors with essential roles in endocrine-related cancer appear to be modulated by RWDD3 through its post-translational (PTM) modification pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) protein stability in pituitary tumors RSUME suppresses ubiquitin conjugation to hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) by blocking VHL E3-ubiquitin ligase activity contributing to the development of von Hippel-Lindau disease RSUME enhances protein SUMOylation of specific targets involved in inflammation such as IkB and the glucocorticoid receptor RSUME associates with regulatory proteins of ubiquitin and SUMO cascades such as the E2-SUMO conjugase Ubc9 or the E3 ubiquitin ligase VHL New evidence about RSUME involvement in inflammatory and hypoxic conditions such as cardiac tissue response to ischemia and neuropathic pain and its role in several developmental processes Given the modulation of PTMs by RSUME in neuroendocrine tumors we focus on its interactors and its mode of action Insights into functional implications and molecular mechanisms of RSUME action on biomolecular modifications of key factors of pituitary adenomas and renal cell carcinoma provide renewed information about new targets to treat these pathologies RSUME is a small protein containing an RWD domain that has a role in enhancing SUMO conjugation (1). The function of this domain is unknown and extends from amino acid 7 to 114 of the human protein. RSUME was first identified following a screen of GH3 pituitary tumor cells over-expressing gp130, which typically generate aggressive and highly vascularized tumors in nude mice (2) RSUME appears as responsible for regulatory actions over several factors with essential roles in tumorigenesis RSUME acts by modulating post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins Given the strong connection between RSUME and PTMs it is important to better understand how RSUME associates with regulatory proteins of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like protein cascades and its pathophysiological consequences We briefly review the body of related work that is available on this field and discuss the mechanisms of action and regulatory impact of RSUME action In none of the known actions and examples provided does the mechanism involve a modification on RSUME by modifying either its PTM or the interacting capability of this protein Rwdd3 gene gives rise to two mRNA splice variants in mouse and only one mRNA in rat coding for two murine RSUME proteoforms (267 and 339 amino acids) and one rat RSUME protein (267 amino acids) Figure 1 Scheme of human RWDD3 transcript variants and RSUME targeted proteins (A) Seven transcript variants of RWDD3 human gene of which five are translated into protein and two of these proteins are the best characterized proteoforms (B) RSUME interacts and enhances SUMOylation of targeted proteins (PTEN The reduction of ubiquitination enhances activity of transcription factors (TFs) such as HIFα or transcription factor regulators (IkB RSUME promotes HIFα accumulation and activity by another mechanism independent of SUMOylation: the interaction of RSUME with VHL (the HIFα ubiquitin E3 ligase that promotes its degradation in normoxia) decreases VHL–HIFα binding and consequently HIFα ubiquitination The RSUME proteoforms are equally induced by hypoxia and exert similar actions, which may be related to the fact that all of them contain the same RWD domain (3) Since studies performed so far and revised here have been performed with the proteoform of 195 amino acids of length the evaluation of others would be interesting in the future Tissue distribution of RSUME mRNA showed higher expression in cerebellum, pituitary, heart, kidney, liver, stomach, pancreas, adrenal gland, prostate, and spleen (1) (Figure 2). RSUME expression is upregulated in pituitary adenomas at mRNA (7) and protein levels (8, 9) Figure 2 Summary of RSUME actions in neuroendocrine or non-endocrine tissues and tumors RSUME is expressed and acts in normal and tumoral tissues Of particular interest are those tissues in which it is highly expressed where it exerts different functions through the interaction with the indicated key factors Interestingly it is also expressed at high levels in normal and tumoral (pheochromocytoma) adrenal gland in which its functions remain to be studied These results suggest separate roles for RSUME proteoforms in this kind of tumor which remains an open question to be studied The RWDD3 gene, between a subset of 16 genes, has been associated with breast cancer recurrence, metastases, and mortality in survival analyses in patients (11). Furthermore, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in breast cancer patients showed an allele dose dependent association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) residing in RWDD3 gene with time to neuropathy (common toxicity criteria), in patients undergoing taxane therapy (12) In pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PaNETs), the down-modulation of RSUME expression is associated to an increased tumoral size and metastatic capacity in a murine model. Accordingly, PanNET patient´s tissues show reduced RSUME expression compared with normal pancreatic tissue. This action is mediated by its role in SUMOylation and stabilization of the tumor suppressor Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN) (13) (Figure 1B) RSUME participates in tumor progression through several pathways suggesting that RSUME expression levels are tightly regulated in stroke This finding points RSUME level as an important factor to the proper response of cardiac tissue and RSUME in normal or activated glia and pain Since its discovery, RSUME has been linked to several regulators of PTMs. Through its RWD domain, RSUME presents structural similarity to UEVs (ubiquitin E2 variant proteins) and to E2 conjugases (4) that allow its interplay with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like protein machinery. RSUME interacts with the E2-conjugating enzyme of the SUMO pathway, Ubc9, increases its activity, and colocalizes with it (1). RSUME also interacts with SUMO-1 (1) This RSUME action on HIF-2α ubiquitination mediated by VHL also occurs independent of VHL SUMOylation It could be possible that both types of regulation act at different instances of VHL ubiquitin ligase activity The lysine K721 of GR is critical for the RSUME effect showing that this site has a positive action on GR transcriptional activity and the expression of its endogenous target genes both K721 mutation and RSUME knockdown compromise coactivator GRIP1-mediated GR activation modulating the cellular outcome to glucocorticoid exposure In addition, RSUME is involved in pituitary adenoma progression by means of initiating pituitary tumor neovascularization through regulating HIF-1α levels and subsequent VEGF-A production under hypoxia in murine pituitary tumor cell lines and human pituitary adenoma cells (7, 8) the deubiquitinating enzyme USP8 could represent a great link within EGFR future studies in Rwdd3 KO mice will clarify its contribution in developmental processes in the brain which opens new interesting avenues in the study of Rwdd3 In the light of reported research at protein and mRNA levels RSUME shows up as an important regulator of cellular function in various physiological and pathological processes in which it appears as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target Although RSUME-mediated PTM regulation studies have been mainly performed in cancer, mainly neuroendocrine tumors, its participation in other processes including neuropathic pain and, more recently reported, stroke and ischemia has been described (Figure 2) Since cancer must face an evolving environment reversible modifications on proteins show additional regulation more related to levels and cross-talk of PTMs in a specific moment RSUME has an extensive participation by modulating key pathways such as VHL/HIF two important mechanisms controlling pituitary growth the regulation of PTTG protein stability and tumor abundance by RSUME point to the involvement of the SUMO/ubiquitin pathways in pituitary pathogenesis VHL disease shows a non-predictable pattern of tumor development The remaining questions about why some tissues are sensitive to tumor growth are still unanswered RSUME emerges as a modulator of VHL ubiquitin action on the HIF pathway opening new perspectives on therapeutic strategies for this cancer type Considering the role of RSUME on regulatory mechanisms in several pathways mostly described in pathology but relevant in physiology research on RSUME KO will help to answer central questions about RSUME/RWDD3 modulatory actions highlighting the relevance of coordinated PTMs and conceptualized and wrote the manuscript All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version This work was supported by the Max Planck Society from Germany (grant number 2012/2022); University of Buenos Aires (UBA) from Argentina (grant number N° 20020170100230BA); the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) from Argentina (PUE-2016 N° 22920160100010CO); the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT) from Argentina (grant numbers PICT2014-3634 and PICT-2018- 03232); and Fondo para la Convergencia Estructural de Mercosur (FOCEM) (grant number COF 03/11) The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher This work was supported by grants from the Max Planck Society Argentina; the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Argentina; the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT) Argentina; and Fondo para la Convergencia Estructural de Mercosur (FOCEM) (COF 03/11) Enhances SUMO Conjugation and Stabilizes HIF-1alpha During Hypoxia Reduced Expression of the Cytokine Transducer Gp130 Inhibits Hormone Secretion and Tumor Development of Pituitary Lactosomatotrophic GH3 Cells Endocrinology (2003) 144(2):693–700 In Silico Structural and Functional Characterization of the RSUME Splice Variants Solution Structure of the RWD Domain of the Mouse GCN2 Protein RSUME Enhances Glucocorticoid Receptor SUMOylation and Transcriptional Activity Mol Cell Biol (2013) 33(11):2116–27 Hypoxia-Induced VEGF Production 'Rsumes' in Pituitary Adenomas Endocr Relat Cancer (2012) 19(1):C1–5 PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar RSUME is Implicated in HIF-1-Induced VEGF-A Production in Pituitary Tumour Cells Endocr Relat Cancer (2012) 19(1):13–27 Relationship Between RSUME and HIF-1alpha/VEGF-A With Invasion of Pituitary Adenoma Protein Stabilization by RSUME Accounts for PTTG Pituitary Tumor Abundance and Oncogenicity Endocr Relat Cancer (2018) 25(6):665–76 Knockdown of RWD Domain Containing 3 Inhibits the Malignant Phenotypes of Glioblastoma Cells via Inhibition of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B Signaling Concurrent Gene Signatures for Han Chinese Breast Cancers Genetic Associations With Taxane-Induced Neuropathy by a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) in E5103 J Clin Oncol (2011) 29(15_suppl):1000– RSUME is Implicated in Tumorigenesis and Metastasis of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors RSUME Inhibits VHL and Regulates its Tumor Suppressor Function Systemic VHL Gene Functions and the VHL Disease PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Von Hippel-Lindau Mutants in Renal Cell Carcinoma are Regulated by Increased Expression of RSUME Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolic Fingerprinting Contributes to Unveil the Role of RSUME in Renal Cell Carcinoma Cell Metabolism J Proteome Res (2021) 20(1):786–803 Novel and Annotated Long Noncoding RNAs Associated With Ischemia in the Human Heart Association of SUMOylation Pathway Genes With Stroke in a Genome-Wide Association Study in India Wrestling With Stress: Roles of Protein SUMOylation and Desumoylation in Cell Stress Response Neuromolecular Med (2013) 15(4):771–81 PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Expression Profiling of Genes Modulated by Minocycline in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain Neuromolecular Med (2013) 15(4):677–91 a Component of the VHL Tumor Suppressor Complex and SCF Ubiquitin Ligase The Von Hippel-Lindau Tumour Suppressor Protein: O2 Sensing and Cancer PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Hypoxia Inactivates the VHL Tumor Suppressor Through PIASy-Mediated SUMO Modification Targeting the HIF2-VEGF Axis in Renal Cell Carcinoma PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Manifold Actions of the Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT Proteins on the Transcriptional Activity of Mineralocorticoid and Glucocorticoid Receptors in Neural Cells J Mol Endocrinol (2004) 32(3):825–41 PIASy Stimulates HIF1alpha SUMOylation and Negatively Regulates HIF1alpha Activity in Response to Hypoxia Modulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Function via Phosphorylation Ann N Y Acad Sci (2004) 1024:86–101 PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Proteasome-Mediated Glucocorticoid Receptor Degradation Restricts Transcriptional Signaling by Glucocorticoids J Biol Chem (2001) 276(46):42714–21 Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier-1 (SUMO-1) Modification of the Glucocorticoid Receptor SUMOylation Regulates the Chromatin Occupancy and Anti-Proliferative Gene Programs of Glucocorticoid Receptor Nucleic Acids Res (2014) 42(3):1575–92 Identification of a Vertebrate Sister-Chromatid Separation Inhibitor Involved in Transformation and Tumorigenesis Isolation and Characterization of a Pituitary Tumor-Transforming Gene (PTTG) PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene (PTTG) Expression in Pituitary Adenomas J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1999) 84(2):761–7 A Mechanism for Inhibiting the SUMO Pathway Dual Inhibition of Sister Chromatid Separation at Metaphase Cell Cycle Regulated Expression and Phosphorylation of Hpttg Proto-Oncogene Product Mutations in the Deubiquitinase Gene USP8 Cause Cushing's Disease Regulation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Down-Regulation by UBPY-Mediated Deubiquitination at Endosomes Mol Biol Cell (2005) 16(11):5163–74 EGFR Induces E2F1-Mediated Corticotroph Tumorigenesis POH1 Deubiquitylates and Stabilizes E2F1 to Promote Tumour Formation Comprehensive Spatiotemporal Transcriptomic Analyses of the Ganglionic Eminences Demonstrate the Uniqueness of its Caudal Subdivision Mol Cell Neurosci (2008) 37(4):845–56 Genome-Wide Association of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Plasma Levels in the ELSA-Brasil Study The Ubiquitin-Like SUMO System and Heart Function: From Development to Disease High-Throughput Discovery of Novel Developmental Phenotypes Falcucci L and Arzt E (2022) Impact of RSUME Actions on Biomolecular Modifications in Physio-Pathological Processes Received: 28 January 2022; Accepted: 11 March 2022;Published: 21 April 2022 Copyright © 2022 Fuertes, Elguero, Gonilski-Pacin, Herbstein, Rosmino, Ciancio del Giudice, Fiz, Falcucci and Arzt. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Eduardo Arzt, ZWFyenRAaWJpb2JhLW1wc3AtY29uaWNldC5nb3YuYXI= †These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Plan your visit and work out all the details for your trip to Cooperstown The Museum Discover one-of-a-kind artifacts and get lost in sweeping exhibitions that explore pivotal moments in the game and its impact far beyond the field Hall of Famers Learn more about the legends who are honored in the Hall of Fame Plaque Gallery Discover History Stories from baseball's rich history are constantly being added to keep you connected to the game you love its legendary contributors and baseball's impact on American culture Ways to Give Show your love of the game and be part of preserving baseball history Rod Carew was born on a train in the Panama Canal Zone less than a month after the official end of World War II 1964 – Carew beat the odds by signing a contract with the Minnesota Twins beginning a big league journey that would end in Cooperstown Carew grew up in an impoverished setting in Gatun he had established himself as a promising athlete who was able to compete on the diamond against players nearly twice his age his mother took Carew and his siblings to live in New York City Though he never played high school baseball Carew impressed scouts while playing for a semi-pro team and was signed by Minnesota Twins scout Herb Stein “(Herb Stein) was happy when he saw me play in the big leagues,” Carew said Carew never played above the Class A level in his three years in the minor leagues but Twins owner Calvin Griffith apparently had him earmarked for the big leagues early on – telling Carew during the spring of 1966 that he would be in the big leagues within a year The Minnesota Twins signed Rod Carew out of Panama as an international free agent in 1964 (Doug McWilliams/National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum) Carew honed his skills at second base and continued to show the plate discipline that would make him a seven-time American League batting champion Griffith made good on his promise to bring Carew to the majors in 1967 and Carew justified his faith by winning the AL Rookie of the Year Award and earning the first of 18 All-Star Game selections He won his first batting title in 1969 by hitting .332 and stole home an incredible seven times falling one short of Ty Cobb’s single-season record 1970 – while sporting a .376 batting average – Carew collided with Brewers runner Mike Hegan at second base on a 5-4-3 double play “The doctor told me I would never play again,” Carew said “But I worked my tail off to come back that year and at the end of the season I was able to pinch-hit (appearing in four games) we just spent a lot of time walking in the snow and cross country (skiing) to build my knee back up.” Rod Carew spent his first 12 years in the major leagues with the Minnesota Twins (National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum) He won the first of four straight batting titles in 1972 by hitting .318 Carew captured the national spotlight by chasing the .400 mark finishing at .388 and winning the AL Most Valuable Player Award and played his final seven seasons in California helping his new team win two American League West titles He retired following the 1985 season with 3,053 hits a .328 batting average and 353 stolen bases He was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1991 ‘Welcome to the greatest fraternity in the world.’” Carew said Craig Muder is the director of communications for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum ® I LOVE NEW YORK is a registered trademark and service mark of the New York State Department of Economic Development; used with permission Support provided by Market New York through I LOVE NY/ New York State’s Division of Tourism as a part of the Regional Economic Development Council awards “everything is performance.” Society plays out in a theatre the narratives of history repeat on its stage and we as individuals are “trapped in that dynamic playing second fiddle,” the Glasgow-based artist says Emerging from behind this curtain is Soon Come at Dundee Contemporary Arts The exhibition comprises a film and sound installation alongside photography borne of the landscapes and communities of Stoke-on-Trent in England and Clarendon at histories within Britain – and how time moves on so fast,” Williams describes The London-born Williams has long regarded Stoke-on-Trent as “an extension of home” It’s a place bound-up with grandparents and cousins who settled there from Jamaica from the early 1950s “I was thinking about people in constant migration,” Williams says “People who leave somewhere and think they might come back We don’t really treasure those sacrifices.”  but I never expected it to be so much of me,” he says “It’s an exhausting process because you’re using up your own resources This process – an intensive gathering of conversations interviews and found materials – reveals as much about Williams’ tireless inquiry as it does his questioning outlook Material for the show hails both from public and private archives as well as recorded encounters of his own – Williams “looking for traces trying to be privy to conversations,” he says But what surfaced was less a trove of treasures than a sense of the limitations of the archive: of “things being lost and rewritten or covered up,” Williams explains Williams had spent three days examining pictures of pottery workers in the archive of Social anthropologist and photographer Jacqueline Sarsby Soon Come therefore exists not only as a showcase of findings but as a presentation of absences and obscurities Williams’ newly commissioned film pits the public against the private archive blending stark digitised landscape imagery with abstract analogue fragments of bodies and identities obscured sometimes featuring Williams himself on screen “Landscape pictures have everything to do with the body because it’s the body who’s taking the image,” Williams explains hands intimately entwined in an act of struggle Equal tenderness is afforded to the industrial backdrop of Stoke-on-Trent photographed with a clarity that reveals “all of the beauty in the rubble.” the darkness of the exposure squeezed to the edge of a black frame small landscapes are framed with gaping white borders Then there is a low vitrine requiring viewers to stoop over still lifes of bus driver badges (Williams’ grandfather’s) scaled up to match documentary shots of a bottle Kiln in Longport It is about “playing around with ideas of visibility Contrasts and juxtapositions abound in the show There are sound recordings made in the annals of an archive – the whirr of newsreels re-presented as the sound of boats rumbling on water There are conversational snippets with his aunt mum and (reluctant) uncle alongside footage gleaned from the 2011 documentary film Williams recalls a highly motivating conversation with the film’s co-producer Monienne Stone and Williams also met one of the surviving individuals from the film remembering things in past lives – it gives us renewed energy,” Williams says (He admits that he’s an amateur with 16mm film but combining it with 4k footage gave him the desired tonal contrast for Soon Come) The work emerges as both a vessel and amplifier of the artist’s critical and creative encounters Soon Come is a project with roots as wide-reaching as its readings are open-ended twisting bodies with industrial wastelands a spirit of warmth and gathering – a testament to “what a community can do,” Williams concludes what communities do best is not unlike a performance: working together to remember Matthew Arthur Williams’ Soon Come is a Dundee Contemporary Arts until 23 March Louise Long is a London-based photographer and writer with a focus on culture and travel British Vogue and Conde Nast Traveller amongst others She is also the founder of Linseed Journal an independent publication exploring culture and local identity with whom he was imprisoned on Robben Island Toivo’s uncompromising nature was exemplified when, in August 1967, he stood trial in a Pretoria court, charged with the capital offence of terrorism. “Is it surprising that in such times my countrymen have taken up arms?” he asked. “Violence is truly fearsome, but who would not defend his property and himself against a robber?” That robber was South Africa which had been granted trusteeship of the German territory of Deutsch-Südwestafrika after the first world war only to refuse to allow it independence after the second world war Judge Ludorf was known to be a hanging judge he had defended a South African who had spied for the Germans Toivo bravely pointed up the irony of the judge branding him a coward: “During the second world war when it became evident that both my country and your country were threatened by the dark clouds of nazism I risked my life to defend both of them … but some of your countrymen when called to battle to defend civilisation resorted to sabotage against their own fatherland both in South West Africa and the republic I was prepared to be the victim of their sabotage they are our masters and are considered the heroes but his statement was widely read abroad and influenced international opinion The trial led to a unanimous United Nations Security Council resolution in support of the UN General Assembly’s earlier revocation of South Africa’s mandate over the territory seizing every opportunity to show his disdain for his jailors A fellow prisoner described the scene when Toiva responded to his treatment by a young warder: “Andimba unleashed a hard open-hand smack on the young warder’s cheek sending [his] cap flying and [the warder] wailing (in Afrikaans) ‘The kaffir hit me’.” The inevitable spell of solitary confinement followed he refused to leave his fellow prisoners and had to be coaxed out of his cell He continued to fight for Nambia’s freedom in exile and Toivo was born in Omangudu, a village in Ovamboland, northern Namibia the son of Andimba Toivo ya Toivo and Nashikoto Elizabeth Malima He went to a school run by Finnish Lutheran missionaries (toivo is the Finnish for hope) as pro-Nazi settlers were plotting to reconquer the colony he volunteered for the South African Native Military Corps Toivo ya Toivo was a freedom fighter in the tradition of Nelson Mandela and they were both imprisoned on Robben Island he attended the Anglican St Mary’s mission school in Odibo he taught at St Mary’s before travelling to Cape Town in 1951 to broaden his horizons There his day job was as a railway police officer and he also mixed with leftwing students and trade unionists He soon co-founded the Ovamboland People’s Organisation (OPO) which mobilised against South Africa’s continued occupation of Namibia he was sent back to Namibia and found himself under house arrest in the northern village of Oniipa By now the Pretoria government had banned the African National Congress and on 21 March 1960 shot peaceful protesters in the South African township of Sharpeville OPO became the South West Africa People’s Organisation (Swapo) with the aim of attracting members beyond the Ovambo people Plan (People’s Liberation Army of Namibia) When the international court of justice in the Hague decided that it could not hear the case to decide on the legality of South Africa’s mandate in Namibia Toivo admitted he had no answer to the question: “Where has your non-violence got us?” a Swapo guerrilla camp in the north was attacked by South African soldiers The captured men and their leaders were spirited away and held incommunicado in Pretoria while the Cape Town parliament rushed through the Terrorism Act recalled that Toivo had been badly tortured “But he grew in stature during the trial,” he said “He was clearly the leader and respected as such And this culminated in his amazing speech from the dock He wrote it himself and counsel polished it.” Toivo returned briefly to the Namibian capital It was too late for any leadership ambitions he might have had and the organisation was by now controlled by Sam Nujoma who would become Namibia’s president on independence in 1990 and finally as minister of prisons and correctional services an American human rights lawyer whom he had met in New York a few months after his release from prison even for a plate of food we would give him always positive and someone who never boasted.” He is survived by Vicki and their daughters Stein was perhaps best known for having served as a member of President Nixon’s Council of Economic Advisers from 1969 to 1971 and as chairman of the council from 1972 to 1974 But he had been shaping economic policy in Washington long before that Stein won a national contest sponsored by Pabst Brewing Company for his plan on how to maintain high employment after the war he went to work for the Committee for Economic Development where he continued to write on how to keep employment levels high He stayed at the CED for two decades and played a key role in building support in the business community for the occasional strategic use of federal budget deficits he argued that whether the budget was in balance or not was less important than is generally credited Although Stein counseled President Nixon against imposing a freeze on wages and prices in 1971 he loyally supported Nixon’s decision to go ahead with the plan Writing a dozen years later about the announcement of the policy “Few days in the life of a president’s economic adviser are that exciting the life is well described by frustration at the level of ideology and policy combined with high satisfaction at the level of atmosphere and activity.” Stein left government in 1974 to become the A Willis Robertson Professor of Economics at the University of Virginia and his association with AEI began soon after and he became a senior fellow three years later which the AEI Press will release next month who worked with Stein in the Nixon White House once noted that “Herbert Stein breaks all the rules of economic writing by making the subject understandable.” Indeed Stein had a rare gift for explaining economic issues to politicians and the public but in his latter years he began to write more frequently about other subjects as well A sampling of his writings is included in this newsletter In a meeting of AEI scholars shortly after Stein’s death President Christopher DeMuth noted that Stein had been the model of a good colleague This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page As she appeared, and to general dismay, banners shot up, urging Don’t Dance to the Apartheid Tune. The Hain family – Adelaine and Walter and a couple of their children – were telling the much-loved prima ballerina how unwise it would be to do Sleeping Beauty before segregated audiences in Cape Town Fonteyn went anyway, but the Hains, who had been forced out of South Africa when life became impossible for them, had made another inroad in the British consciousness. Two years earlier, their son Peter had spearheaded a direct action campaign against the touring Springbok rugby team that led to the exclusion of South Africa from world sport resisting the apartheid regime had been a different matter After school at Victoria girls high in Grahamstown Moving to Pretoria, to a job in a building society, she met and in 1948 married Walter Hain, who had by then resumed his architectural studies after second world war service in Italy. When he qualified, they moved to Kenya, to the UK for two years, and then to several towns in South Africa before returning to Pretoria Adelaine Hain in Pretoria in 1963They joined the diminutive Liberal party which was hated even more than the blacks-only African National Congress (ANC) because of its non-racial membership Soon the Hains were running the Pretoria branch Asians and “coloureds” at party meetings in their home caused disquiet in the white suburb of Hatfield On one occasion Pretoria University students stood at the fence shouting obscenities threatening to come in and restore apartheid order Meanwhile Adelaine patrolled the courts and police stations looking for missing men whose wives had been given short shrift by the Special Branch and sent food to the families of these political prisoners With the shooting of 69 unarmed protesters at Sharpeville in March 1960 South Africa moved swiftly into police state mode the house placed under Special Branch surveillance One night Peter and his brother Tom woke to find security policemen rifling through their clothes drawers When Adelaine and Walter were caught red-handed putting up posters in support of an ANC stay-at-home strike Adelaine chewed through the draft of an incriminating discussion paper and spat out the shreds They were released after 12 days for lack of evidence More publicly, when Nelson Mandela stood trial for leaving South Africa illegally a pint-sized figure sat alone in the white benches Each day Mandela greeted her with a clenched fist When a magistrate wrote ordering her to desist from “subversive activity” A newspaper cartoon had the police minister telling his security chief to “Find Adelaine Hain check what she’s doing and tell her she mustn’t.” were banned under the Suppression of Communism Act This severely limited their freedom of movement and communication though they were granted special permission to speak to each other helping a political escapee to cross the border and sending hidden messages to Liberals in Pretoria prison Adelaine Hain, right, with her son, Peter Hain, on the Free Mandela protest outside South Africa House, London, in 1986The showdown came with the trial of their friend and Liberal colleague John Harris who in 1964 had planted a bomb at Johannesburg railway station that killed a woman For the 18 months of his detention and trial Harris’s wife and baby son lived with the Hains They disapproved of what he had done but knew it was their duty to look after his family This was perhaps the finest thing they ever did neither Adelaine nor Walter was allowed to attend the funeral It was left to 15-year-old Peter to deliver the address bellowed menacingly that Harris had been recruited to the bombing campaign “at the house of Hain” Liberals were being put under house arrest stripped of their civil rights; a home was burned out no government contracts if they employed Walter Hain If they thought their struggle was at an end They set up home in Putney, south-west London Adelaine had four teenage children to settle in but found time to become involved with the burgeoning Anti-Apartheid Movement In time she did her shift on the picket outside the South African high commission in Trafalgar Square – where They were a sports mad family, which led Peter, aged 19, to launch the Stop the Seventy Tour Committee running on to rugby fields as the white Springboks scrummed down Now the British Special Branch tapped their phone And there was the day Adelaine came into the dining room to find a letter bomb on the table courtesy of agents of the South African security services Their one big disagreement was over Peter’s vote in favour of the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the Blair government When Walter and Adelaine returned to a free South Africa where some nervous siblings had once cut her out of their lives the next generation were proud to welcome her They recognised that their aunt had simply 21 great-grandchildren and two great-great grandchildren born 16 February 1927; died 8 September 2019 exercised enormous influence on public opinion on the evils of his country's racial system in the Johannesburg Sunday Times and in newspapers and radio stations from India to Australia and the US Guardian and Observer readers were well served by a man considered by colleagues "a prince of journalists" were dyed-in-the-wool members of the Dutch Reformed church His mother died young and Stan was raised by an English-speaking grandmother he was to disown his father and three siblings finding he had little in common with their strict Calvinism – so much so that his own children never met them He had worked his way through the George Bernard Shaw canon by the age of 16 GBS was an influence in his becoming a vegetarian and possibly a journalist first as a reporter on the Rand Daily Mail in 1941 then as associate editor of the magazine Libertas He returned briefly to the Mail before joining the Johannesburg Sunday Times as its drama critic But his reviews were not well received and he moved to politics rapidly transformed the Sunday Times into South Africa's most influential newspaper Working from Cape Town as political editor but this masked a passionate hatred of the inhumanity and ineptitude of the Afrikaner racist revolution He enjoyed telling how a newly elected nationalist MP seated next to him on a plane to Cape Town tried to open the window Mervis described Stan as "a spider sitting in the centre of a web of communications constantly aware that something would turn up" On Saturday mornings the spider would closet himself in his office and reel off half a dozen exclusives Some originated in the sanctum sanctorum of secrecy was infuriated to see his private words reproduced in the enemy's newspaper It got to the stage where nationalist MPs were terrified to be seen talking to Stan in the lobby of parliament though an MP was later expelled from the caucus following disclosures of emotional exchanges involving Verwoerd over the removal of the few remaining black people from the common voters' roll There were others in the line of Stan's fire. He and his editor led a campaign against the United party, which culminated in the formation of the breakaway Progressive party and the eventual disappearance of the official opposition. The feisty Progressive MP, Helen Suzman fought a lonely battle for 13 years before she was joined by colleagues but her survival owed much to the support of the English-language press led by Stan As a Sunday journalist, Stan had time to service his burgeoning list of overseas clients, which included the Press Trust of India He also wrote think pieces for the radical Cape Town journal Africa South The "lies" he was said to have perpetrated stemmed from these connections He spoke of battles with "thuggish cabinet ministers and officials and litigious crooks" Stan once told me he had never written anything that put the government in a good light And in his time he had poured out thousands of pieces He upset fellow white people by signing a Ghanaian anti-apartheid declaration a press commission was set up to put the English-language press in its place Stan and Tony Delius of the Cape Times – then a Guardian contributor – were singled out in the report but the government balked at attempts to neutralise the enemy directly Stan made up for his lack of higher education by taking a degree at the University of Cape Town He found time to lecture in African government and law and tutored in social anthropology recalls his "exalted (and entirely misplaced) admiration for academics" he would stroll up Table Mountain with a group of UCT academics discussing current affairs When he moved to London in the 1980s to run the office of South Africa's morning group chain, his influence, if anything, increased. His take on the crisis in South Africa was respected by the Foreign Office and the US State Department. He became a regular pundit on BBC radio, assessing the 1980s rebellion that heralded the demise of apartheid and the release of Nelson Mandela The election of the ANC government provided further ammunition for Stan's pen Trenchant criticisms of the South African presidents Thabo Mbeki and Jacob Zuma on the blog Everfasternews annoyed the new rulers while underlining his journalistic rectitude He gave up the blog because of "the medical damage it was inflicting on me" was a product of AS Neill's Summerhill school her family having come to Britain via Palestine he and Edna divided their time between London and Cyprus her children learned that their mother was Jewish he followed developments in his homeland with complete absorption he wrote that the ANC's plans to rein in the press were "mind-blowing" and compared them with the censorship of the apartheid era The fatal heart attack came after he had completed a blog on Zuma entitled The End of History Stan remained quiet-spoken and courteous; a "mystery man" Fighter against apartheid in South Africa who spent 22 years in jail after being convicted with Nelson Mandela in the Rivonia trial Denis Goldberg, who has died aged 87, was sentenced to life imprisonment alongside Nelson Mandela and nine others in the 1964 Rivonia trial in which he was found guilty by the South African authorities of sabotage Goldberg was a mainstay of the ANC’s military operation in Cape Town obtaining bomb ingredients and instructing recruits on how to handle them Because of his colour, after conviction Goldberg was sent to Pretoria Central prison rather than Robben Island, where the others, who also included Walter Sisulu He would have preferred to be among his fellow Rivonians even if life on Robben Island was more inhumane than in Pretoria Central In some ways jail brought out the best in him; fellow inmates found his passion and chirpy humour an inspiration after two decades of interminable routine and no hope of release It was therefore an immense relief when he was finally set free in 1985 After prison Goldberg moved to London and campaigned against apartheid until it was fully abolished with the 1994 elections in South Africa He was born in Cape Town to English Jewish parents from an early age he shared his parents’ strong commitment to communism From Observatory boys high school he went to the University of Cape Town to study civil engineering Denis worked on the railways and then in a power station In 1957 he joined the clandestine Communist party and during the state of emergency that followed the Sharpeville massacre he and his mother were detained without trial for several months due to their political beliefs no state or municipal body would employ him Denis Goldberg with Nelson Mandela in 2010 Photograph: Debbie Yazbeck/Nelson Mandela FoundationWhen the ANC’s armed wing and believing that “a principled war of liberation” against apartheid was necessary Goldberg became involved in its underground activities following a period of harassment by the police and after a bomb he was making exploded in his garden he decided to go to ground and flee the country for his own safety He visited an ANC hideout at Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia where his comrades were preparing to help him get away while he was there the police raided the farm and found a treasure trove of bomb-making equipment Although Goldberg was a relatively small fish in the ANC pond he was viewed by the security police as a special catch because he was white They hoped that he would incriminate his comrades While he was awaiting the subsequent trial whom he had married after leaving university Following her release she left for England with their children Goldberg’s demeanour in court was combative he seemed almost to welcome the idea of a death sentence which was what most observers were expecting When the judge handed down life imprisonment found herself unable to hear the judge properly who was soon joined in London by Goldberg’s mother was permitted to visit her husband only twice during his 22 years inside When Goldberg’s father died in Johannesburg he refused even to ask to attend the funeral on the grounds that he would not give the authorities the pleasure of refusing his request His children, however, were allowed to see him more regularly, and Hilary, working on a kibbutz in Israel, set up a committee to work for his release. Eventually, when South Africa’s president, PW Botha, met Margaret Thatcher in 1985, a letter pleading Goldberg’s case was delivered to Botha by the British foreign secretary, Malcolm Rifkind, and within weeks he had been released to a new life in London which raised funds for projects in southern Africa Esmé, a physiotherapist, died in 2000, and two years later Goldberg married Edelgard Nkobi, a journalist. When Hilary died shortly afterwards, he returned to South Africa as a special adviser to the department of water affairs and settled in Hout Bay where he became involved in setting up the House of Hope In 2009 Goldberg was awarded South Africa’s Order of Luthuli (silver) Later he spoke out against the corruption of President Jacob Zuma but said he could never bring himself to vote against the ANC He is survived by David and four grandchildren News in Science Male Argiope spiders need to get the web rocking if they hope to survive sex (Source: Macquarie University) Sex on the web Spider courtship can be a deadly affair with the smaller and weaker male needing to literally rock the web to not end up as dinner The research published in the journal Scientific Reports found male Argiope spiders produce a vibratory courtship shudder as they enter the web of the object of their desires causing the larger female to delay her usual predatory behaviour "It's been a puzzle, how male spiders manage to court the female without getting eaten straight away, because female web building spiders are very aggressive," says the study's lead author Dr Anne Wignall of Macquarie University in Sydney "We noticed that males give this little shudder in the web where they rock back and forth." This shudder causes a distinctive vibration pattern in the web which appears to reduce the risk of being eaten before mating To determine how the courtship shudder works recorded the vibrations and played them back to a female Argiope spider while presenting her with live prey They found these vibrations caused the female to respond far more slowly to the food compared to both a control female or one subjected to white noise the shudder is important for both male and female," says Wignall "It gives the male an opportunity to mate without being eaten she would go around attacking every single male and so would never have any offspring at all." male Argiope spiders who avoid being eaten on their first courtship will still die after their second sexual dalliance This is because the males have two detachable genitalia So while courtship shudder may keep him alive through his first encounter Wignall and Herbstein found the courtship shudder also delayed female predatory behaviour in a related spider species which means the vibrations don't simply function for species identity "All web building spiders have the same problem of the males entering the females predatory trap and we found it worked for a different species just as well which was really exciting for us," says Wignall "It's only two species so it's still early days and we want to see how well these results carry over into other species and families of spiders." the research helps scientists understand more about sexual selection "It's an extension of Darwin's natural selection theory and we're interested in anything that can tell us more about how it works and how specific individuals get to pass on their genes to the next generation," says Wignall Tags: biology, entomology, invertebrates-insects-and-arachnids Email the editor Use these social-bookmarking links to share Rocking the web saves males from becoming dinner By clicking 'Send to a friend' you agree ABC Online is not responsible for the content contained in your email message Get ABC Science’s weekly newsletter Science Updates No account yet? Create one now By signing up, you agree to GTR Privacy Policy and Terms of Use Thandiwe Legwaila has been named Standard Bank’s trade business head for South Africa in Johannesburg who has left the bank to set up Capital Trade Investments Legwaila joined Standard Bank in 2006 as a guarantees legal and operations manager and since then has occupied various roles in trade operations and legal trade and cash product development and management in South Africa and elsewhere on the continent She began her career in 2003 at Hofmeyr Herbstein & Gihwala qualified as an attorney and then served as an associate head of transactional banking South Africa Become a part of the most comprehensive contact listing of service providers in the global trade This Privacy Policy outlines the information we may collect about you in relation to your use of our websites related publications and services (“personal data”) and how we may use that personal data It also outlines the methods by which we and our service providers may (subject to necessary consents) monitor your online behaviour to deliver customised advertisements marketing materials and other tailored services This Privacy Policy also tells you how you can verify the accuracy of your personal data and how you can request that we delete or update it This Privacy Policy applies to all websites operated by Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd (as indicated on the relevant website) This privacy statement does not cover the activities of third parties and you should consult those third-party sites’ privacy policies for information on how your data is used by them Any questions regarding this Policy and our privacy practices should be sent by e-mail to privacy@gtreview.com or by writing to Data Protection Officer at you can telephone our London headquarters at +44 (0) 20 8673 9666 Established in 2002 and with offices in London and Singapore Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd is the world’s leading trade and trade finance media company events and services for companies and individuals involved in global trade Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd is a company registered in the United Kingdom with company number 4407327 | VAT Registration: 799 1585 59 This Data Protection Policy explains when and why we collect personal information about people who visit our website the conditions under which we may disclose it to others and how we keep it secure We also collect certain personal data from other group companies to whom you have given information through their websites (including Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd and subsidiaries in accordance with the purposes listed below) Should we discover that any such personal data has been delivered to any of the Sites we will remove that information as soon as possible This Data Protection Policy ensures Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd: We may change this Policy from time to time so please check this page occasionally to ensure that you’re happy with any changes you’re agreeing to be bound by this Policy The Data Protection Act 1998 described how organisations – including Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd – must collect These rules apply regardless of whether data is stored electronically personal information collected must be stored safely The Data Protection Act is underpinned by eight important principles We obtain information about you when you use our website when you contact us about products and services subscribe or register for a trial to our GTR magazine/website Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd collects personal data such as your name in order to register you for access to certain content we may also store information including IP address and page analytics including information regarding what pages are accessed This information is used to administer and deliver to you the products and/or services you have requested to operate our Sites efficiently and improve our service to you and to retain records of our business transactions and communications By using the Sites and submitting personal information through the registration process you are agreeing that we may collect process and use your information (including personal information) for the purpose of providing you with the Site services and developing our business which shall include (without limitation) the purposes described in the below paragraphs we enable you to post information or materials on our Site we may access and monitor any information which you upload or input including in any password-protected sections we also monitor and/or record the different Sites you visit and actions taken on those Sites This enables your access to content and services that viewing an article – will be recorded (subject to any necessary consents) We may use technology or a service provider to do this for us This information may be used for one or more of the following purposes: Please see paragraph 5 below for more information on cookies and similar technologies and a link to a page where you can turn them on or off We may analyse your personal information to create a profile of your interests and preferences so that we can contact you with information relevant to you All our Sites use cookies and similar technical tools to collect information about your access to the Site and the services we provide your computer will be issued with a cookie Cookies are text files that identify your computer to servers Cookies in themselves do not identify the individual user Many sites do this whenever a user visits their site in order to track traffic flows recording those areas of the site that have been visited by the computer in question Users have the opportunity to set their computers to accept all cookies Selecting not to receive means that certain personalised services Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd offers cannot then be provided to that user Most web browsers automatically accept cookies but you can change your browser to prevent that or to notify you each time a cookie is set You can also learn more about cookies in general by visiting www.allaboutcookies.org which includes additional useful information on cookies and how to block cookies using different types of browser deleting or turning off cookies used on the Site you may not be able to take full advantage of the Site E-mail tracking is a method for monitoring the e-mail delivery to those subscribers who have opted-in to receive marketing e-mails from GTR So that we can better understand our users’ needs subscription behaviour and engagement to our e-mails – for example to see which links are the most popular in newsletters They enable us to understand the consumers journey through metrics including open rate Any other purposes for which Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd wishes to use your personal data will be notified to you and your personal data will not be used for any such purpose without obtaining your prior consent also known as “pixel tags” – these are small image files that are placed within the body of our e-mail messages When that image is downloaded from our web servers By using some form of digitally time-stamped record to reveal the exact time and date that an e-mail was received or opened You can give your consent to opt-out of all or any particular uses of your data as indicated above by: Information collected at one Site may be shared between Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd and other group companies for the purposes listed above sell or assign any of the information described in this policy to third parties as a result of a sale transfer of assets or reorganisation of our business Some of our Sites may have a message board blogs or other facilities for user generated content available and users can participate in these facilities Any information that is disclosed in these areas becomes public information and you should always be careful when deciding to disclose your personal information Services on the Internet are accessible globally so collection and transmission of personal data is not always limited to one country Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd may transfer your personal data for the above-listed purposes to other third parties which may be located outside the European Economic Area and/or with a different level of personal data protection we take all necessary steps to ensure that your data is treated reasonably securely and in accordance with this Privacy Statement We are committed to keeping the data you provide us secure and will take reasonable precautions to protect your personal data from loss the transmission of information via the internet is not completely secure Although we will do our best to protect your personal data we cannot guarantee the security of your data transmitted to our Site; any transmission is at your own risk we will use strict procedures and security features described above to try to prevent unauthorised access We have implemented information security policies rules and technical measures to protect the personal data that we have under our control from: those who process your personal data on our behalf and are associated with the processing of your personal data are obliged to keep the information confidential and not use it for any other purpose than to carry out the services they are performing for us The Data Controller is Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd is subject to the UK Data Protection Act 1998 and is registered in the UK with the Information Commissioner`s Office If you wish to know whether we are keeping personal data about you or if you have an enquiry about our privacy policy or your personal data held by us you can contact the Data Protection Officer via: we will provide you with a readable copy of the personal data which we keep about you We may require proof of your identity and may charge a small fee (not exceeding the statutory maximum fee that can be charged) to cover administration and postage Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd allows you to challenge the data that we hold about you and where appropriate in accordance with applicable laws the Data Protection Act allows personal data to be disclosed to law enforcement agencies without the consent of the data subject the Data Controller will ensure the request is legitimate seeking assistance from the board and from the company’s legal advisors where necessary We will occasionally update this Privacy Statement to reflect new legislation or industry practice group company changes and customer feedback We encourage you to review this Privacy Statement periodically to be informed of how we are protecting your personal data Exporta Publishing & Events Ltd aims to ensure that individuals are aware that their data is being processed setting out how data relating to individuals is used by the company This is available on request and available on the company’s website This Privacy Statement was last updated in April 2018 IFLR is part of Legal Benchmarking Limited Copyright © Legal Benchmarking Limited and its affiliated companies 2025 Accessibility | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Modern Slavery Statement The content you are trying to view is exclusive to our subscribers You have reached the limit for gifting for this month no problem for False Bay’s Nizaar Nazier in this weekend’s fixture against Wesbank Around the world it is rugby fever and at False Bay RFC the temperature is rising higher and higher Eight days of glorious rugby at all levels kicked off on Saturday when Motorvaps False Bay saw off a determined Wesbank from Malmesbury in their Gold Cup encounter at the Phillip Herbstein Fields The final score was 41-31 after the Bay led 36-7 at half time This second-round fixture was the first in a series of matches taking place either at the Constantia club or involving one of the Bay’s teams On Tuesday the SA Women’s Rugby team hosted San Clemente Rhinos Stealing the headlines on this fixture was the debut of Samantha Els daughter of South African Golf Legend Ernie Adding to the rugby potpourri for the week was a match between Young Wesley’s and Titans on Wednesday night Neither club has floodlit facilities and the community spirit burnt brightly as the Bay opened their doors for the teams to thrive under lights a rare occasion so easily taken for granted by many Thursday (tonight) sees the False Bay FIFOs perennial contests for Reserve League honours face Durbell in the first semi-final of the league with the backdrop of international rugby-mania sets the scene for the main club event of the week False Bay’s Gold Cup quarter-final match against Naka Bulls of Pretoria Having reached the last 16 by beating Heidelberg RFC from the South Western Districts on the previous Saturday the Bay hosted Wesbank RFC (of Malmesbury) on Saturday Wesbank were previous contestants in the Gold Cup False Bay were crowned Gold Cup Champions in 2017 and are revelling in the opportunity to compete on the national stage again automatic entry as defending Super League A Champions their passport to the prestigious competition Three Cape Town teams started the competition Uni-Mil and Tygerberg both suffered first round losses indicating the quality of teams participating and False Bay Coach was determined to progress further than just the last 16 The hosts produced a first half performance which saw them build a healthy lead sufficient to allow Wells to run his bench The 29-point lead was chipped at by the visitors as they took advantage of the break in momentum substitutions sometimes brings False Bay’s lead proved to be sufficient and the coaching panel would be satisfied in both their quality of their attacking game and general defence Their propensity to forfeit penalties under pressure is maybe an area requiring attention in the build up to their contest against Naka Bulls who possess a kicker more than willing to slot any goalable kicks coming his way The Bay’s 7-5 try count is testimony to both their attacking game and lapses in concentration committed and energised by their participation in the competition but the positives of their performance outweigh the negatives or if not newcomers to this level of competition Nizaar Nazier occupies his place on the one end of the spectrum Powerfully built and probably more comfortable at loosehead than tight he played the number three role to a level beyond his years Further down the young talent scale were centres Joshua Florens and Darren Jaftha both of whom cut the line on occasion while keeping their defence intact Wing Ryno Mapoe was exciting with ball in hand and halfbacks Niyaaz Johnson and Ewan Adams conducted proceedings masterfully Up front hooker Niel Rautenbach and eighthman Busanda Mabena shone in a pack which glowed collectively False Bay now stands on the threshold of progressing to the semi-finals of a competition which has a major role in being the lifeblood of senior rugby There is a shift to the realisation that club rugby has a greater role to play in the domestic game and hopefully the day where the competition becomes a fixture on the calendar as opposed to a penciled in possibility is not far away The contest at Constantia will be keenly contested and rugby enthusiasts in the Southern Suburbs may find it a contest to put them in the mood for entertaining which the Springboks versus Ireland match most definitely will be later in the evening No time clash in the scheduling of these two matches and Cape Town club rugby fans are urged to attend in support of the last hope in this year’s national competition These astonishing close-up pictures show the intricate details of different insects covered in dewdrops – as a photographer uses the water as a magnifying glass Professional macro photographer Alexander Mett spends hours searching for tiny bugs in nature reserves and forests to capture on his camera in Herbstein He will often head out early in the morning as most of the insects “can’t move because of the cold and in times like this these pictures are created.” who has been a photographer for eight years said humid weather helps to form the dewdrops on these insects which include dragonflies from Herbstein said: “It makes me very happy when I manage to capture pictures like these because I know how much work is in every single picture “The dew drops act like a magnifying glass which makes the details of the insects even more visible “Insects with dew drops can be found in the early morning especially in humid areas such as wet meadows and moor areas “What makes the whole thing really hard is the fact that I do not use a tripod and do all photograph and stacks freehand “These kinds of pictures take a lot of concentration and time.” Alexander took spent hours capturing around seven hundred pictures in order to get these perfect images The detailed picture show a number of different insects measuring around one to two centimetres long He said: “I have been interested in spiders and insects since my childhood “I just go into nature and spend hours searching for it “I have been macro photography since 2012 and I still love it.” Read more We do not charge or put articles behind a paywall please show your appreciation for our free content by donating whatever you think is fair to help keep TLE growing and support real Editorial enquiries, please contact: [email protected] Commercial enquiries, please contact: [email protected] © The London Economic Newspaper Limited t/a TLE thelondoneconomic.com - All Rights Reserved. Privacy © The London Economic Newspaper Limited t/a TLE thelondoneconomic.com - All Rights Reserved. Privacy