Currently available at the company’s Hermsdorf station
Shell Renewable Diesel will soon be expanded to more locations across Germany and Austria
Shell has launched its HVO100 diesel offer at a German service station in Hermsdorf
with further locations to follow in the coming months
Branded as “Shell Renewable Diesel,” this product is mainly produced from biogenic waste and residual materials such as used cooking oil
Capable of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 90%
the fuel is obtained by hydrogenation and isomerization of renewable raw materials
we want to help truck and vehicle fleet operators in particular to decarbonize the transport sector and comply with legal emissions regulations,” explains Sönke Kleymann
Shell Commercial Road Transport Manager Germany
the product complies with the European standard EN15940 for paraffinic diesel fuel with the abbreviation XTL
Shell plans to launch the renewable diesel at further stations in Germany and Austria as it already offers it through brand and sales partners
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Sauk Prairie's Katelyn Fishnick makes a move during a June 17 WIAA Division 2 regional semifinal against Rhinelander at Sauk Prairie High School.
Sauk Prairie defender Addy Hermsdorf (12) extinguishes a River Falls opportunity during a WIAA Division 2 sectional final in Marshfield on June 19.
The Sauk Prairie High School girls soccer team made its mark statewide this spring. As did a pair of Sauk Prairie individuals, with Katelyn Fishnick and Addy Hermsdorf each being named to the Wisconsin Soccer Coaches Association All-State team.
Fishnick was one of 11 players to earn second-team honors. The junior midfielder co-captained the Eagles while tallying 26 goals and 13 assists to give her 168 points in 39 career games. It was the second all-state nod for Fishnick, who was an honorable mention selection after a freshman season in which she notched 45 goals and 13 assists to finish with a state-high 103 points in 2019.
Hermsdorf picked up an honorable mention all-state nod in her first year on a high school soccer field. After COVID-19 canceled her freshman season, Hermsdorf anchored the Sauk Prairie defense as a sophomore in 2021. She tallied six assists while leading a back line that posted 15 straight shutouts before giving up their first goals of the season in a 4-1 season-ending loss to Whitefish Bay.
The WIAA Division 2 state semifinal loss was Sauk Prairie’s only defeat of the season. The Eagles went 15-1 en route to winning the Badger North Conference title — their first conference championship since 2003 — and reaching state for the first time since 1999.
Fishnick and Hermsdorf were each unanimous first-team all-Badger North selections, and were joined on the first team by junior Faith Holler. Senior Naomi Breunig was a second-team all-conference pick, while sophomore Alexis Klemm and freshmen McKayla Paukner and Erelyn Apel earned honorable mention nods.
Defenders — Jaelyn White, jr., McFarland; Fiona Skiwierawski, jr., Shorewood; Riley Franklin, so., Whitefish Bay.
Midfield — Avery Murdzek, sr., Hudson; Senya Meurer, sr., Waukesha West; Lucy Quindzinski, sr., Green Bay Notre Dame; Anna Franceschi, sr., Whitefish Bay; Molly Keiper, sr., Whitefish Bay.
Forwards — Kayla Budish, jr., Brookfield Central; Maggie Starker, sr., Whitefish Bay; Anna Sikorski, fr., Milwaukee Divine Savior Holy Angels.
Defenders — Hailey Kane, sr., Bay Port; Kate Nonn, jr., DSHA.
Midfield — Zoey Pagels, jr., Oregon; Grace Hoytink, so., Sussex Hamilton; Mia Haertle, sr., Wales Kettle Moraine; Claire Tracy, fr., Brookfield Academy; Katelyn Fishnick, jr., Sauk Prairie.
Forwards — Emily McCarthy, fr., Kimberly; Kate Brown, jr., Kenosha Bradford; Taylor Gordon, so., Waterford; Ashlyn Skinner-Barrett, jr., Waukesha South.
Defenders — Jaelyn White, jr., McFarland; Fiona Skiwierawski, jr., Shorewood; Riley Franklin, so., Whitefish Bay.
Midfield — Avery Murdzek, sr., Hudson; Senya Meurer, sr., Waukesha West; Lucy Quindzinski, sr., Green Bay Notre Dame; Anna Franceschi, sr., Whitefish Bay; Molly Keiper, sr., Whitefish Bay.
Forwards — Kayla Budish, jr., Brookfield Central; Maggie Starker, sr., Whitefish Bay; Anna Sikorski, fr., Milwaukee Divine Savior Holy Angels.
Defenders — Hailey Kane, sr., Bay Port; Kate Nonn, jr., DSHA.
Midfield — Zoey Pagels, jr., Oregon; Grace Hoytink, so., Sussex Hamilton; Mia Haertle, sr., Wales Kettle Moraine; Claire Tracy, fr., Brookfield Academy; Katelyn Fishnick, jr., Sauk Prairie.
Forwards — Emily McCarthy, fr., Kimberly; Kate Brown, jr., Kenosha Bradford; Taylor Gordon, so., Waterford; Ashlyn Skinner-Barrett, jr., Waukesha South.
When you reach state for the first time since 1999 and win conference for the first time since 2003, you’re going to go home with some individ…
MILWAUKEE — After waiting 22 years to return to state, a seven-minute stretch did the Sauk Prairie girls soccer team in Thursday morning.
MARSHFIELD — Two years. Twenty-two years.
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despite a strong effort from seniors Emily Ulmer and Hayley Hermsdorf with five combined goals
the Ravens couldn't withstand a second-quarter surge from the Purple Knights
Even with late goals from Hermsdorf and a solid performance by goalie Saige Paradise
the early deficit proved too challenging to overcome
Franklin Pierce's record now stands at 3-9
and they'll face a tough match against New Haven next
the game highlighted the challenge of overcoming mid-game scoring surges
The Ravens’ inability to maintain momentum after the second quarter raised concerns about their mid-game performance
the Ravens' upcoming match against New Haven will be critical to turning their season around
Competing against a ranked opponent may provide an opportunity for the team to build confidence and unify their play
The Ravens need to enhance their mid-game focus to avoid early deficits
Focusing on consistency throughout all quarters will be key to improving their outcomes in upcoming matchups
The summary of the linked article was generated with the assistance of artificial intelligence technology from OpenAI
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Hayley Hermsdorf was convinced Megan Magill would finish the goal
With the score tied in overtime with a girls lacrosse county title on the line
Hermsdorf stood behind the goal waiting for a teammate to break free
"We have that chemistry from the whole season and I just knew if I passed it to her
Magill finished the winning goal 56 seconds into the first overtime period as host and top-seeded Center Moriches defeated No
in the girls lacrosse Suffolk Class D final Tuesday evening
"We’ve been working really well together this season and I know she has the IQ," Magill said
"And it was just perfectly placed."
after winning its first county title in program history
plays the winner of Cold Spring Harbor/Locust Valley in the Long Island Class D championship at Bethpage High School on Saturday at 4 p.m
"I have 100% faith in every single girl that was on the field today," coach Paul Raimondi said
"They put a lot of time into the game and wanting to get to this point
This is something they’ve talked about since they were in the sixth grade that they wanted to be the first group to bring a county championship here."
Hermsdorf had four goals and Izzy Raimondi added two goals and an assist for Center Moriches (11-5)
"I didn’t want this to be my last game," said Hermsdorf
who has played varsity since the eighth grade
"So now knowing that it’s not and my last game will be LICs
it’s just so exciting knowing that my last game is something to strive for and knowing it could make more history."
Kylie Johnston and Katelynn Johnston each had two goals for Port Jefferson (6-9)
Center Moriches scored the first two goals of the game before Port Jefferson answered with the next four
Center Moriches cut the Royals’ lead to 4-3 entering halftime and scored the first goal of the second half
Center Moriches scored the final three goals of the game
with Hermsdorf scoring with 16:23 remaining in the second half to cut Port Jefferson’s lead to 7-6 and Izzy Raimondi tying the score at 7 with 13:22 remaining in the second half
Center Moriches is one win away from making school history for the second time in a week
"I’m kind of in pure shock because it’s something we’ve wanted for so long and it’s something that we’ve been looking forward to the whole season and we knew we had a chance to get it this year," Hermsdorf said
"Now that it’s actually real is insane."
Updated 10 minutes ago Officer slashed in Amity Harbor ..
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To analyze the availability of the Yellow Fever (YF) vaccine at Primary Health Care (PHC) services located in areas with vaccine recommendation in Brazil between two different periods.
Secondary data from the Program for Improving Access and Quality in PHC, with 13,666 services in 2013-14, and 19,125 in 2017-18, were used. A structured questionnaire was used for the data collection. Pearson’s chi-square and thematic cartographic maps were used to analyze the frequency of the YF vaccine, and Poisson regression with robust variances was used to analyze the associated factors.
The overall frequency of PHC facilities with YF vaccine always available increased from 87.0% (CI 95%; 86.4-87.5) in 2013-14 to 89.7% (CI 95%; 89.2-90.1) in 2017-18. Facilities located in the South, Southeast, Midwest and Northern regions and in non-state capitals, as well as centers that had adequate facilities for vaccination actions, as well as an adey -50quate cold chain network, showed a greater prevalence of YF vaccine always available.
The frequency of a steady supply of YF vaccine available at PHC facilities, located in Areas with Routine Vaccination Recommendations, increased between 2013-14 and 2017-18. Geographical and structural characteristics related to vaccine actions at PHC facilities influenced access. The effective supply chain networks for the YF vaccine, together with adequate services at PHC facilities are essential to ensuring that the YF vaccine is always available.
Volume 3 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2022.866554
Objectives: To analyze the availability of the Yellow Fever (YF) vaccine at Primary Health Care (PHC) services located in areas with vaccine recommendation in Brazil between two different periods
Methods: Secondary data from the Program for Improving Access and Quality in PHC
A structured questionnaire was used for the data collection
Pearson’s chi-square and thematic cartographic maps were used to analyze the frequency of the YF vaccine
and Poisson regression with robust variances was used to analyze the associated factors
Results: The overall frequency of PHC facilities with YF vaccine always available increased from 87.0% (CI 95%; 86.4-87.5) in 2013-14 to 89.7% (CI 95%; 89.2-90.1) in 2017-18
Midwest and Northern regions and in non-state capitals
as well as centers that had adequate facilities for vaccination actions
as well as an adey -50quate cold chain network
showed a greater prevalence of YF vaccine always available
Conclusion: The frequency of a steady supply of YF vaccine available at PHC facilities
located in Areas with Routine Vaccination Recommendations
Geographical and structural characteristics related to vaccine actions at PHC facilities influenced access
The effective supply chain networks for the YF vaccine
together with adequate services at PHC facilities are essential to ensuring that the YF vaccine is always available
In addition to the shortcomings in the supply of the vaccines, recognized in many countries, problems with continued access can affect the day-to-day of the health services that should consistently offer it as part of the immunization program supply chain. In this regard, the lack of vaccines, when individuals seek them out, has been repeatedly identified as one of the main causes of missed opportunities in vaccination (6, 7)
Considering this context and the recommendations for assessing the distribution of YF vaccines (3)
the objective of this study was to analyze the availability of the YF vaccine at PHC facilities located in ARVR in Brazil
This was a study that used secondary data from a cross-sectional survey applied to the professionals responsible for the PHC facilities that participated in the second and third cycles of the Program for Improving Access and Quality in Primary Health Care (PIAQ-PHC)
The PIAQ-PHC is a financial incentive program of the Brazilian Ministry of Health that aims to improve access and quality of PHC in the context of the National Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS)
The original data totaled 24,499 PHC services evaluated in 2013-14 and 30,346
was considered: services located in the ARVR that offered vaccinations regularly
13,666 PHC facilities from the second cycle and 19,125 from the third were studied
corresponding to approximately 45.0% and 78.0% of the total Brazilian PHC facilities
The exclusion of services did not represent losses for this study
We selected all vaccination services that should mandatorily offer the YF vaccine in municipalities that adhered to the Program
The dependent variable was “YF vaccine always available” (Yes/No), which means that when a person seeks the service to receive the vaccine, the vaccine is always available. The independent variables, chosen on the basis of previous studies and for theoretical reasons (7, 9, 13)
the 26 Brazilian States and the Federal District Capital and the country’s five Regions [North
and Midwest]); the adequacy of the PHC facility services for vaccination actions (Yes/No) and adequate cold chain network (Yes/No)
“Adequate facilities for vaccination actions” were defined as a PHC facility with adequate capacity specifically for this purpose
“Adequate cold chain network” was assumed when the PHC facility had a vaccination room exclusively for vaccination actions
exclusive refrigerators and thermal vaccine boxes for vaccines
The analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software
the geographical characteristics and those related to the facilities and functioning of the PHC services were analyzed
considering absolute and relative frequencies
the frequency of “YF vaccine always available” was analyzed
considering the 95% confidence intervals (CI) and Pearson’s chi-square test
the frequency of “YF vaccine always available” in the municipalities were analyzed using Choropleth Thematic maps
The frequency was calculated considering the number of PHC facilities responding “Yes” to “YF vaccine always available” over the number of services studied multiplied by 100
Poisson regression models were used to analyze possible differences in the availability of the vaccine between the periods 2013-14 and 2017-18
using a multivariate Poisson regression with robust variances
the analyze was controlled by geographic variables and those related to the structure and functioning of the services
considering those with p-value <0.05 in Pearson’s chi-square
The level of statistical significance was set at 5% (p <0.05) for all analyzes
Table 1 Geographic and structural characteristics of the Primary Health Care facilities studied in 2013-14 and 2017-18
Table 2 Analysis of the of the availability of the Yellow Fever vaccine at Primary Health Care facilities in the second and third cycles of external evaluations of the Program for Improving Access and Quality in Primary Health Care
according to geographic and structural variables related to vaccine actions
2013-2014 (n = 13666) and 2017-2018 (n = 19125)
The frequency distribution of the available on demand YF vaccine always available at PHC facilities across the country, during both periods, is presented in Figure 1
The maps stand for the spatial differences for the availability of the YF vaccine
there was a greater proportion of municipalities having dark tones when compared to 2013-14
Figure 1 – Geographical distribution of the Yellow Fever vaccine (always available) at primary health care facilities located in Areas with Routine Vaccination Recommendations in Brazil between the periods 2013-14 (A) and 2017-18 (B)
Two different regression models were considered for the analysis of the availability of the YF vaccine (Table 3)
The basic model (model 1) considered only the variable “period” (2017-18 and 2013-14)
In the complete model (model 2) all independent variables were included in the analysis
including the variable “period”
PHC facilities had a greater frequency of YF vaccine always available (PR = 1.027; 95%CI: 1.020-1.035)
After adjusting for all independent variables
the prevalence ratio for the most recent period dropped from 1.027 to 1.025 but maintained statistical significance (p<0.001)
Midwest and North regions and in non-state capitals
as well as services that had adequate facilities for vaccination actions
demonstrated a greater prevalence of YF vaccine always available
Table 3 Poisson regression analysis for the Yellow Fever vaccine (always available) at primary health care facilities located in Areas with Routine Vaccination Recommendations in Brazil between the periods 2013-14 and 2017-18
The proportion of PHC facilities located in the ARVR with YF vaccine always available increased from 2013-14 to 2017-18
we can assume that the number of vaccine doses were more sufficient for the population in the second studied period
Geographical aspects and an adequate cold chain network and an adequate capacity for facilities to engage in vaccination actions influenced YF vaccine availability
In addition to geographic and structural factors, the increase in the availability of the YF vaccine may have been related to the emergence of an YF outbreak in Brazil, when the acquisition of YF vaccine by Brazilian Minister of Health was expanded (8, 14). The availability of the YF vaccine was greater in non-capital cities, reinforcing that the distribution of this vaccine to the PHC facilities did not occur equally (11)
considering the samples of facilities studied
that the number of PHC facilities in the ARVR increased between the studied periods
reflecting the decision for expansion by the National Immunization Program
the frequency of availability of the YF vaccine at PHC facilities increased relatively less than the number of services in the ARVR between the two study periods
it is essential to expand the availability of the YF vaccine in PHC facilities
our findings suggest that the effective supply chain networks for YF vaccine
combined with the adequate capacity of PHC facilities and services
are essential to ensuring their availability in order to achieve universal access to immunoprevention and to improve vaccine coverage indicators
In view of the last outbreak of YF in Brazil
consideration should be directed at the factors related to the physical capacity of PHC facilities and services throughout Brazil targeting actions aimed at maintaining optimal vaccination coverage against the disease
the same factors that are related to YF vaccine availability may also be implicated in the risk of resurgence of other preventable diseases in the country
Studies that consider factors possibly related to vaccine availability at the central levels of distribution and logistics networks are recommended
it was possible to assess and compare the availability of YF vaccine at PHC facilities from the five regions of Brazil
including the impossibility of proving causal inferences
since the data were collected over a single moment
Another limitation was related to the lack of evaluation of PHC facilities along remote riverbeds in the Amazon rainforest region
the National Immunization Program in Brazil expanded the recommendation of vaccination against YF to the entire national territory
This expansion occurred in response to a growing number of cases of the disease
which alerted to the reemergence of urban YF in the country
probably related to regional differences in investments in the health sector
need to be the focus of public policy decision makers
Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: https://aps.saude.gov.br/ape/pmaq/ciclo3/
Progrma de Pós Graduação em Enfermagem da Escola de Enfermagem da UFMG
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
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Any product that may be evaluated in this article
or claim that may be made by its manufacturer
is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher
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Received: 31 January 2022; Accepted: 12 April 2022;Published: 06 June 2022
Copyright © 2022 Hermsdorf, da Silva, Lachtim, Matozinhos, Beinner and Vieira. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)
distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted
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distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms
*Correspondence: Ed Wilson Rodrigues Vieira, ZWR3aWxzb252aWVpcmFAdWZtZy5icg==
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Volume 13 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.988359
This article is part of the Research TopicAn Update on Neurological Disorders Post COVID-19 InfectionView all 12 articles
The post COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) is an emerging phenomenon worldwide with enormous socioeconomic impact
While many patients describe neuropsychiatric deficits
the symptoms are yet to be assessed and defined systematically
we report on the results of a neuropsychiatric consultation implemented in May 2021
A cohort of 105 consecutive patients with merely mild acute course of disease was identified by its high symptom load 6 months post infection using a standardized neurocognitive and psychiatric-psychosomatic assessment
we found a strong correlation between higher scores in questionnaires for fatigue (MFI-20)
somatization (PHQ15) and depression (PHQ9) and worse functional outcome as measured by the post COVID functional scale (PCFS)
Standard laboratory and cardiopulmonary biomarkers did not differ between the group of patients with predominant neuropsychiatric symptoms and a control group of neuropsychiatrically unaffected PCS patients
Our study delineates a phenotype of PCS dominated by symptoms of fatigue
The strong association of psychiatric and psychosomatic symptoms with the PCFS warrants a systematic evaluation of psychosocial side effects of the pandemic itself and psychiatric comorbidities on the long-term outcome of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection
Since the neurobiological substrates underlying the neuropsychiatric manifestations of PCS are largely unknown
an accurate description of the clinical presentation is essential to better understand this syndrome
While many studies describe the symptoms reported by the patients
a systematic and objective characterization of the neuropsychiatric PCS phenotype is still pending
we present a cohort of 105 consecutive patients from our neurological post COVID-19 consultation examined by a standardized neuropsychiatric assessment
Our main aim was to better understand which neurological
psychiatric and psychosomatic symptoms mostly affect the functional long-term outcome of patients with SARS-CoV2 infection
a control cohort allowed us to compare clinical data
as well as laboratory and cardiopulmonary biomarker profiles between patients with and without neuropsychiatric symptoms
The neurocognitive tests were conducted by a trained medical assistant (IK)
All individuals gave their written consent for the scientific use of their data
Study design and description of study cohort
(C–E) Comparison of antibody levels between cohort and control
(E) Concentration of neutralizing antibodies (binding antibody units per milliliter (BAU/ml) tended to be higher in the control (p = 0.012)
While the concentration of anti–nucleocapside antibodies did not differ
the control group had significantly higher concentrations of antibodies against the receptor binding domain (anti–RBD; p = 0.0046)
however possible vaccination–associated influences were not examined
at the initial contact and again at the neurological consultation by the neurologist
the value of the second PCFS was used as primary functional outcome measure
The PHQ9 is a short and reliable self-questionnaire, scoring each of the nine DSM-IV criteria for depressive disorders. The score ranges between 0 to 27 with higher values indicating more severe depressive symptoms. Scores from 10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression (17)
making it a sufficient tool in detecting depressive disorders
scores from 10 were used as indicator for a clinically relevant depression
scores of 10 or more were considered as an indicator for a relevant somatisation disorder
The GAD7 is a self-questionnaire and screening tool for general anxiety disorder (GAD) but also for panic, social anxiety and PTSD. It consists of seven items which describe the most important diagnostic criteria for GAD after the DSM-IV. The score ranges from 0–21 with higher values indicating a more severe disorder. Using a cut-off score of 10, it had a sensitivity value of 0,89 and a specificity value of 0,82 for diagnosing GAD (20)
in our study we used a cut-off score of 10 as an indicator for GAD
The clinical examination includes a full neurological status with testing of cranial nerves
Neurocognitive screening consists of questions to test orientation
The neurocognitive screening was mainly used to obtain a test-independent impression of the cognitive level of the patients
we used a cut-off value <9 as an indicator for hyposmia
The MoCA is a brief cognitive screening tool with high sensitivity and specificity to detect a mild cognitive impairment (23)
with higher values indicating better performance
We used the original cut-off score of <26 as indicator for cognitive impairments
When deficits were detected during testing
elements were repeated during the neurocognitive exploration in order to verify the deficit
A percentile ranking <16 was judged as abnormal
The semantic verbal fluency test is a short test of verbal executive functioning. In the standard versions of the test, participants are given 1 min to produce as many unique words as possible within a semantic category. The participant's score in each task is the number of unique correct words within 1 min. In our study, we used the category “animal” and applied age and education adapted cut-off scores as suggested by Aschenbrenner et al. (26)
a percentile ranking <16 was judged as abnormal
Statistical analyses were performed using R (Version 4.1.2, http://www.R-project.org)
Parameters were tested for normal distribution using Shapiro-Wilk test
parametric tests such as t-test and Pearson correlation were used
In case of non-parametric data or extreme outliers
we used non-parametric tests such as Mann-Whitney-U-test or Spearman correlation
To adjust the p-value for multiple comparison
post-hoc Bonferroni correction was performed if needed
A p-value <0.05 was considered significant
since the levels of NC-antibodies decrease with time after infection
whereas the levels of anti-RBD antibodies increase
a vaccination-related effect on anti-RBD must be considered
since the vaccination status was not documented during the whole study period
60% made use of rehabilitation measures such as neurocognitive training or psychological support or somatic rehabilitation
Demographic and clinical data of the study cohort with neurological consultation
The clinical neurological examination was unremarkable in two thirds of the patients. Mild pallhypaesthesia or hearing deficits were detected in the remainder, with no clear links to the SARS-CoV-2 infection (Table 3)
One patient suffered from critical illness neuromyopathy as a direct result of the intensive care medicine during the acute course of the disease
<9 correctly identified odors in the SIT-12 were detected by 15.6% (n = 17) of the patients
indicating mild to more severe olfactory deficits
Neurological examination and neurocognitive testing of the study cohort (N = 105)
Psychiatric–psychosomatic assessment
(A–E) The study cohort revealed significantly higher test results in all psychiatric–psychosomatic self–questionnaires when compared to the neuropsychiatrically unaffected control cohort (all p-values < 0.001)
(F–I) Significant correlations of the Post COVID Functional Scale (PCFS) with the total scores of the MFI–20 (Fρ = 0.66
p < 0.001) and PHQ–15 (Hρ = 0.56
p < 0.001) and GAD–7 (Iρ = 0.4
p < 0.001) in the total cohort (N = 219)
Neurocognitive assessment in the study cohort (N = 105)
correlation with age: Significant correlations of the MoCA (A ρ = −0.34
time [in seconds] in the Trail making test A (B ρ = 0.44
p < 0.05) and Trail making test B (C ρ = 0.44
Correlation of number of correct words in the semantic fluency task with age did not stay significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons (D ρ = −0.21
correlation with post COVID functional scale (PCFS): Not significant correlations of the MoCA (E ρ = −0.06
time [in seconds] in the Trail making A (F ρ = 0.2
p = 0.33) and Trail making B (G ρ = 0.08
p = 1) and the number of correct words in the semantic fluency task (H
we describe the neuropsychiatric phenotype of the PCS in a prospective cohort of patients 6 months after an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection that did not require hospitalization
Despite favorable cardiopulmonary recovery
most patients still suffered from slight to moderate functional limitations in everyday life
Functional outcome highly correlated with the symptoms of fatigue
while no correlation was found with the neurocognitive scores
neuroimaging biomarkers for vascular brain damage and atrophy in that study did not differ between the groups
formal neurocognitive testing in our study and others has not clearly revealed severe persistent neurocognitive deficits as part of the PCS
the mild severity of neurocognitive impairments was contrasted with the observation of severe symptoms of fatigue
depression and somatisation which correlated with functional outcome in the PCFS
This suggests that mainly psychiatric and psychosomatic symptoms influence the long-term outcome after a SARS-CoV-2 infection
that especially the PHQ-15 covers multiple physical complaints
which might not be detectable by the internal assessment
it does not necessarily explain a psychiatric cause for these symptoms
One needs to discuss the relation of the symptoms of PCS to the psychosocial environment and a weakened psychosocial resilience due to pre-existing psychiatric comorbidities or long-term psychological stress factors
and financial difficulties which may affect more women than men
In line with a predominantly psychosocial origin of PCS
premorbid depression was more frequent in the study than in the control cohort
Future studies will need to evaluate the role of psychosocial factors in the pathogenesis of PCS more systematically and in more detail
The rapidly increasing case numbers around the world due to the predominance of the omicron variant might be both
While higher case numbers could mean even more patients suffering from long-term symptoms
the social significance of an infection may decrease
as it becomes more common to become infected by SARS-CoV-2
There are certain limitations to our study
since our control group also suffered from symptoms due to the SARS-CoV-2 infection
strict conclusions on the influence of the pandemic itself on neuropsychiatric symptoms remain hypothetical
our neurocognitive tests did not allow for the detection of subtler cognitive impairments
in particular those only affecting high-level performance in daily life
the contribution of slight cognitive impairments to PCS might be underestimated in our study and future studies should put a particular emphasis on the detection of subtle
but still functionally relevant neurocognitive deficits
This consideration must not neglect the discrepancy between the findings in the clinical neurocognitive testing and the psychiatric-psychosomatic assessment
we did not examine biomarkers for neurodegeneration and brain injury in blood or cerebrospinal fluid
although we cannot rule out permanent neuronal injury in individual cases
the results of our neurological and neurocognitive examinations do not indicate persistent organic brain dysfunction
we present a prospective cohort of mainly non-hospitalized patients about 6 months after the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection who present with a clinical phenotype dominated by symptoms of depression
The strong association of the severity of these symptoms with the PCFS underlines the functional importance of these symptoms for long-term outcome after an infection with SARS-CoV-2
Although we did not focus on the mechanisms underlying the neuropsychiatric manifestations of PCS
our findings provide indirect evidence to suggest that PCS is strongly influenced by psychosocial consequences of the pandemic itself and by premorbid psychiatric and psychosomatic comorbidities
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors
Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements
The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study
and MS carried out the neurological consultation
KS assisted in data collection and preparation
IK and AB carried out the cognitive and neuropsychiatric testing
and UL carried out the internal consultation and contributed the laboratory data
and DS were involved in planning the prospective study procedures
JC contributed to the implementation of the research and revised the manuscript thoroughly
All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research
We thank all nursing stuff of the outpatient clinic of the University of Leipzig Medical Center for their personnel support in the post COVID consultation
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.988359/full#supplementary-material
Statistics of cognitive and neuropsychiatric tests
Supplementary Figure 1. German translation of post COVID functional scale. (A) Flowchart. (B) Patient questionnaire. Following the instructions given by Klok et al., (12)
the PFCS is used to assess recovery after the SARS–CoV−2 infection
Analysis of the MFI subscales in the study cohort (N = 105) showed no differences between male and female patients (A–E)
An analysis of the MFI−20 total score did not show a significant correlation with age (F)
Managing the long-term effects of covid-19: summary of NICE
Lifting the mask on neurological manifestations of COVID-19
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Acute and chronic neurological disorders in COVID-19: potential mechanisms of disease
6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records
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6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study
Medium-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on multiple vital organs
Long COVID in a prospective cohort of home-isolated patients
Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized Covid-19 “long haulers”
Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a Multistate Health Care Systems Network - United States
A systematic review of persistent symptoms and residual abnormal functioning following acute COVID-19: ongoing symptomatic phase vs
The Post-COVID-19 Functional Status scale: a tool to measure functional status over time after COVID-19
Post-COVID-19 functional status: relation to age
Six-month follow-up of functional status in discharged patients with coronavirus disease 2019
The Multidimensional fatigue Inventory (MFI) - psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue
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Validity of a brief depression severity measure
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The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms
How to assess common somatic symptoms in large-scale studies: a systematic review of questionnaires
A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD7
“Sniffin' sticks”: screening of olfactory performance
Olfactory screening: validation of Sniffin' Sticks in Denmark
MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment
Errors on the trail making test are associated with right hemispheric frontal lobe damage in stroke patients
A normative study of a modified trail making test in a German speaking population
Regensburger Wortflüssigkeits-Test: RWT
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Multi-organ assessment in mainly non-hospitalized individuals after SARS-CoV-2 infection: the Hamburg City Health Study COVID programme
Neuropathogenesis and neurologic manifestations of the coronaviruses in the age of Coronavirus Disease 2019: a review
Visualizing in deceased COVID-19 patients how SARS-CoV-2 attacks the respiratory and olfactory mucosae but spares the olfactory bulb
Cerebrospinal fluid findings in COVID-19: a multicenter study of 150 lumbar punctures in 127 patients
The immunology and immunopathology of COVID-19
Long-term perturbation of the peripheral immune system months after SARS-CoV-2 infection
Deep spatial profiling of human COVID-19 brains reveals neuroinflammation with distinct microanatomical microglia-T-cell interactions
Microvascular injury in the brains of patients with Covid-19
The association between antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and post-COVID-19 syndrome in healthcare workers
Outcomes in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) at 6 months post-infection Part 1: cognitive functioning
Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic
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Cognitive sequelae of long COVID may not be permanent: a prospective study
Association between BNT162b2 vaccination and reported incidence of post-COVID-19 symptoms: Cross-sectional study 2020–21
Classen J and Saur D (2022) Neuropsychiatric phenotype of post COVID-19 syndrome in non-hospitalized patients
Received: 07 July 2022; Accepted: 29 August 2022; Published: 27 September 2022
Copyright © 2022 Lier, Stoll, Obrig, Baum, Deterding, Bernsdorff, Hermsdorf, Kunis, Bräsecke, Herzig, Schroeter, Thöne-Otto, Riedel-Heller, Laufs, Wirtz, Classen and Saur. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)
*Correspondence: Julia Lier, SnVsaWEuTGllckBtZWRpemluLnVuaS1sZWlwemlnLmRl
The immigration issue has driven gains in regional elections for a far-right party in Germany — Alternative for Germany, or AfD
On the southern border of the German state of Saxony near the Czech Republic
the rural hilly area is populated with far more pine trees than people
40 to 50 locals have gathered in Hermsdorf Village Square
Speakers voice anger that nearby apartments might be used to house migrants
The number of people caught entering Germany illegally this year is set to be the highest since 2016
lives in an old youth hostel with around 50 other Syrians
he said — not detract from the lives of others
families race down a toboggan ride in Altenberg town
Markus Wiesenberg from the Christian Democrat party
50 migrants a day in this small spot on the map — that concerns people,” said Wiesenberg
Gerald Knaus chairs the European Stability Initiative think tank, the brains behind a contentious deal where the European Union effectively paid Turkey to take migrants
He believes it’s time to pursue such agreements again
“It’s not about dumping refugees or asylum seekers
It’s giving countries chances for legal mobility in a way they don’t have today,” he said
But it’s the rise in uncontrolled illegal migration that’s causing Berlin and the EU a huge political headache
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New leadership welcomed at World Dairy Expo®Wisconsin State FarmerMADISON – The World Dairy Expo Board of Directors
Commercial Exhibitor Committee and Dairy Cattle Exhibitor Committee conducted annual meetings in March at the Alliant Energy Center
dairy producers and Expo exhibitors set new initiatives for the 2018 World Dairy Expo
in addition to welcoming new members.
The Commercial Exhibitor Committee re-elected Dean Hermsdorf
Harland and five re-elected committee members will serve three-year terms on the committee.
Seven dairy cattle exhibitors began terms on the Dairy Cattle Exhibitor Committee as well
The new At-Large Breed Representatives include: Gene Hall
Two national breed associations also have new representation on the committee
with Boyd Schaufelberger representing Holstein and Jason James serving on behalf of Milking Shorthorn
were re-elected as Committee Chair and Vice-Chair
The World Dairy Expo Board of Directors added the following new members to its ranks: Jason Danhof
These four individuals and the remainder of the WDE Board of Directors also discussed World Dairy Expo’s strategic initiatives to assure the annual event remains the place where the global dairy industry meets.
Ceramic membranes offer an energy efficient mechanical separation technology for cleaning wastewater for reuse
the technique has been limited to molecules of 450 Daltons or more
Petra Puhlfuerss from Fraunhofer IKTS in Hermsdorf
report that they have now produced membranes which can relably filter out dissolved organic molecules with a molar mass of only 200 Daltons
a molecular separation limit of 200 Daltons – and
Deputy Institute Director of the IKTS and Site Manager in Hermsdorf
Several obstacles had to be overcome to achieve this result
The first involved the production of the membrane itself
a membrane was needed with pores smaller than the molecules to be separated
The Fraunhofer team has developed a nanofiltration membrane with pores of 2
Heavy metals and dissolved organic substances from agricultural applications can be also removed
herbicides which might have been carried to the surface water
For the development of the ceramic nanofiltration membrane
Richter and Puhlfuerss have received this year’s Joseph-von-Fraunhofer award
Free access to this content is for qualifying individuals only
Corporate and institutional access requires an appropriate license or subscription
For more information contact institutions@markallengroup.com
Public-private partnerships deals under Merkel have become big issue as parties debate how best to renew infrastructure
green edge” memorialised in song by Kraftwerk and dotted with roadside churches where Catholics and Protestants can pray to the hum of freewheeling traffic
But on the eve of Germany’s federal elections the motorway has become a stage where the country’s reputation for efficiency and fiscal prudence is being severely tested
Large sections of the network have for years been in need of a facelift
were built with concrete slabs that have over time become brittle and now make for a bumpy ride
A refurbishment of the road between Salzgitter and Göttingen
was first recommended by federal court of auditors in 2012
which said the government needed to act with the utmost urgency to avert major accidents
Instead of paying for the works out of state coffers
the transport ministry wanted to finance the project via a public-private partnership (PPP)
whereby a private company would maintain the motorway for 30 years and would be allowed to collect a truck toll
the Left party and the rightwing Alternative für Deutschland
PPPs have increasingly become an issue in the election campaign as the parties debate how best to renew the country’s infrastructure
Their key attraction is that they look like a way for the state to make an investment while the private sector carries the risks that come with it – even more attractive since a balanced-budget amendment known as the Schuldenbremse (“debt brake”)
introduced in 2009 by the finance minister
severely limits the deficits that states can rack up
When the refurbishment of the A7 was finally contracted out to a conglomerate called Via Niedersachsen this February
the deal looked like less of a win-win: projected costs had doubled to more than €1bn (£886m) and the extent of the refurbishment had shrunk
the PPP venture looks like an invitation for business to cherrypick profitable building projects and leave public bodies to fix the problems it has created along the way
A 7.5-mile section of the A7 between Bockenem and Salzgitter has been siphoned off from the deal: a group of contractors who renovated it in 2014 accidentally recycled toxic tar sands
is now part of the new Via Niedersachsen conglomerate
“It’s like a planned economy for private business,” said Helmut Haderer
zooming down the A7 in the passenger seat of a black Audi
“Our grandfathers and grandmothers built the autobahn
selling it off like some second-hand car.”
View image in fullscreenProtest against public-private partnerships outside the German finance ministry in Berlin on 19 September 2017
Photograph: Philip Oltermann/The GuardianThe building site on the Autobahn 7 has become a blueprint for the way in which the German state plans to carry out future infrastructure projects
Germany’s outgoing government waved through a number of changes to the constitution to put a centralised
state-owned company in charge of building and maintaining new infrastructure projects via PPP cooperations
Its advocates in the CDU claim the new body will at last speed up the repair of Germany’s crumbling infrastructure
insists the new body is equipped with enough safeguards to prevent a full-scale privatisation of the autobahn
But critics say the move will place Germany’s motorways beyond the reach of democratic oversight and make them prone to creeping fragmentation as the most lucrative chunks of the network get outsourced to opaque conglomerates under pressure to maximise profits
union representatives in Britain used to tell us horror stories of havoc wrought by the privatisation of the railways,” said Carl Wassmuth
of the Gemeingut in BürgerInnenhand (Common Property in Citizens’ Hands)
“But now the autobahn is heading in a similarly chaotic direction.”
Germany’s recently amended electoral system
combining direct and proportional representation
Its 61.5 million voters get two votes on a single ballot paper: the first for a local representative
Roughly half the Bundestag’s seats are guaranteed to go to the 299 representatives of the country’s electoral districts
each chosen by their constituents with their Erststimme, or first vote
The rest are allocated according to the national vote share won by every party that clears a 5% threshold in the second vote
or Zweitstimme – which is also used to determine the overall number of seats each party winds up with: if a party scores 25% of the national vote
Sometimes parties return more Erststimme representatives than they are entitled to
according to the Zweitstimme. So to compensate
the other parties get extra seats – which means the Bundestag
theoretically made up of 598 representatives
could expand to as many as 800 (it currently has 631)
Once a governing coalition has been formed
Germany’s president (a largely ceremonial role) nominates the chancellor – usually the leader of the largest party – who is confirmed by parliament in a secret ballot
predicts placing motorways in the hand of PPPs will create numerous parallel structures and make it more expensive to maintain the autobahn in the long term
“You can’t just build infrastructure and leave it there
Roads are machines that need maintenance,” he said
Even if regional governments such as the ones in Lower Saxony recognise the inefficiency of the new PPP model
they will be increasingly powerless to do anything about it
Schäuble’s debt brake is due to tighten even further
forbidding any structural deficits whatsoever
States may also have to resort to PPPs for building schools and nurseries
Germany’s international reputation for high-quality engineering remains a point of pride for the general public, and delays to high-profile building projects such as the Berlin-Brandenburg airport or Stuttgart’s underground rail stations have been met with a mix of outrage and shame. In a recent survey for Der Spiegel
86% of respondents said the government was investing too little in public infrastructure
the issue has crashed on to the agenda in the final stretch of the election campaign and is now a regular talking point at political rallies
At the end of August it emerged that a consortium operating a PPP-run motorway between Hamburg and Bremen was on the verge of insolvency and wanted to sue the state for damages amounting to €778m
More than 20 hedge funds have reportedly registered an interest in buying up the group’s outstanding bills – a sign that they are confident of being able to make the German state pay up for lost investment
Far from helping to put a brake on public debt
Germany’s motorways could in future be the place where the state’s expenses go into overdrive
Do you have a teenage child that likes to borrow your car and then destroy it in a spectacular crash
We sincerely hope the answer to that question is a resounding "no," but in the off chance that you do
you may want to consider changing your current vehicle for a Tesla Model S
the joyriding daughter of a Tesla owner discovered first-hand just how safe the electric vehicle is
after losing control at high speed and rolling into a field
According to German newspaper Merkur
the 18-year old and four of her friends were messing around in her father's Model S before losing control
The car flew more than 80 feet (25m) into a field before rolling once and coming to a halt
Although three of the occupants had to be helicoptered to hospitals in Munich for treatment
none of their injuries were life-threatening
a testament to the safety of Tesla's skateboard chassis
the Model S (and Model X) have no large engine up front to intrude into the passenger compartment during a collision
This means the front and rear crumple zones can effectively dissipate the kinetic energy of a crash
as seen to good effect in the photographs taken after the accident
While the Model S was heavily damaged, one doesn't need much of an imagination to think that a similar crash in a front-engined internal combustion vehicle would have had a much worse outcome for the car's five occupants. (According to comments left at electrek.co
about the only way to fatally crash a Tesla appears to be driving one off a cliff at high speed.)
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Interesting Engineering
[Image Source: Sabine Hermsdorf]
A Tesla Model S was recently involved in an insane
but all five passengers emerged from the car with serious
They were all able to exit the car without assistance from first responders
They were then taken to a hospital by helicopter
the cabin of the Model S appears to be unscathed even though the entire front-end is completely crushed
Even the windows and windshield are not shattered
The enormous crumple zone of the Model S is the main reason that the crash ended the way it did
Crumple zones of electric cars are far superior to gas vehicles because they don’t contain an engine in the front compartment
which is basically a front trunk that is completely empty
The empty trunk of a Tesla creates a big area to absorb the energy of a front end collision
CEO of Tesla Motors explains the crumple zone using the analogy of a pool:
“It’s just like jumping into a pool from a high diving board — you want a deep pool and one without rocks in it.” -BGR
When NHSTA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) performed their safety tests on the Model S, they had to create a new way to make the Tesla roll over. The exceedingly low center of gravity of the Model S prevented it from being vulnerable to traditional NHSTA procedures
it exhibited far more dissipation with respect to both distance and force than any other internal combustion engine vehicle
This is yet another indicator that Tesla Motors is manufacturing automobiles with superior design features
If you needed another reason to get a Tesla
Image Source: Sabine Hermsdorf]
0COMMENTABOUT THE AUTHORInteresting Engineering Interesting Engineering is a diverse group of journalists
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including Iranian-designed Shahed-type drones
located about 70 kilometers northwest of Donetsk
remains one of the most fiercely contested sectors of the front
where Russia has concentrated its main offensive efforts since March
(Updated: May 6, 2025 11:41 am)Ukraine's drones target Moscow second night in a row, Russian official claims, ahead of Victory Day parade. Debris from one of the drones reportedly fell on the Kashirskoye Highway
The reported attack comes just days before Russia's Victory Day parade and three-day "truce."
Vice President Mike Pence said Putin "only understands power."
About 800 million euros ($905 million) will be allocated for the acquisition and installation of anti-tank mines to deter potential aggression
(Updated: May 6, 2025 9:36 am)War analysisFrance is sending Ukraine more AASM Hammer bombs — here's what they can do
Polish President Andrzej Duda said the United States has tools that can effectively influence the Kremlin
arguing that only President Donald Trump has real leverage over Russian President Vladimir Putin
The number includes 1,430 casualties that Russian forces suffered over the past day
"To the Success of Our Hopeless Cause: The Many Lives of the Soviet Dissident Movement" by Benjamin Nathans
which covers dissent in the Soviet Union and Russia today
Reporters Without Borders (RSF) on May 5 announced they had facilitated Russian journalist Ekaterina Barabash's escape from Russia to France after she fled house arrest on April 21
A Russian drone attack on Odesa Oblast on May 5 killed one and caused damage to local infrastructure
"We appreciate that Germany plays a pivotal role in supporting Ukraine throughout the years of war
Ukraine is also grateful for your personal commitment," President Volodymyr Zelensky said
MPs will be able to ask questions and learn more about the details of the agreement in meetings with Economy Minister Yulia Svyrydenko May 6-7
MP Serhii Sobolev told the news outlet Suspilne
The ratification vote is scheduled for May 8
by Illustrative purposes only: German flag
(Gallup Pix/Getty Images)Nine-year-old Ukrainian girl Valeria was found dead in a forest near the German town of Döbeln
Valeria reportedly disappeared on her way to school on June 3
The police confirmed that her body was found on June 11
some 4 kilometers (2.4 miles) away from her home in a forest between the settlements of Hermsdorf and Mahlitzsch
The girl died as a result of "a violent crime," but the investigation found no signs of a sexual assault, Chemnitz police chief Carsten Kaempf said
The investigation is focused on the girl's "social circle," according to the police
Around 100 emergency workers and volunteers were involved in the search for the child. The investigation later expanded beyond Ukraine as German authorities cooperated with Ukraine, Poland, and the Czech Republic, Bild reported
After the start of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, a number of murders and attacks against Ukrainians abroad have been recorded, including in Germany
Among the most recent cases was a knife attack on a 41-year-old Ukrainian woman by a 19-year-old Afghan in the German city of Frankfurt am Main on June 10, Bild wrote on June 11
Kateryna Denisova works as a News Editor at the Kyiv Independent
She previously worked as a news editor at the NV media outlet for four years
covering mainly Ukrainian and international politics
Kateryna holds a bachelor’s degree in journalism from Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv
She also was a fellow at journalism schools in the Czech Republic and Germany
Discover German history by bike: the Berlin Wall trail links the present and the past
It’s quiet in Zimmerstrasse in Berlin’s Mitte district
An information pillar describes how an attempt to escape from East to West Germany ended in tragedy: on 17 August 1962
18-year-old Peter Fechter was shot by GDR border guards here and bled to death in the strip of no man’s land
as just a few turns of the pedal further on it’s like Piccadilly Circus
Tourists from all over the world are cheerfully queuing up to take selfies in front of the reconstructed guard house at the former Checkpoint Charlie border crossing
it takes us on a tour of all the key points of the former divided Germany – right through the heart of Berlin
past other former border crossings and Bernauer Strasse
which is the central memorial site commemorating those who died at the Berlin Wall
The trail then continues to the south of the capital
via Schönefeld and Lichterfelde to Wannsee Lake in the southwest and to Hermsdorf in the north
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Lovers pose in front of the pictures and graffiti
which is the only uphill part of the route
In line with plans drawn up by the famous landscape gardener Erwin Barth
a park-like stretch of greenery was established along the former border as far as the Engelbecken (Angel’s Pool)
Looking at the idyllic setting today and the people strolling around
sitting on benches or relaxing over a game of boccia
it can be unsettling to imagine the dramatic and fatal attempts that were made to escape East Berlin here
as there is a cafe right next to the water at the Engelbecken
Now let’s carry on past the building that is home to the Axel Springer publishing house
following the markings that chart the course of the Wall – in the city centre it is traced by a double row of cobblestones – through Zimmerstrasse to the memorial site for Peter Fechter
which was the border crossing for foreigners
and the Wall Museum (we recommend allowing two extra hours to visit this museum)
and then find ourselves at the “Topography of Terror”
It is here that the headquarters of Nazi terror were situated from 1933 until 1945
the Wall was later constructed; a 200-metre long section of the outer wall still stands here today
conveying the full force of the former border to observers
Towards the end of the seven kilometre-long section
you may need to hunt a little to find the old GDR watchtower that is hidden between new buildings at Potsdamer Platz
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The chance to explore the history of Germany’s division by bike was just a distant dream following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989
The prevailing political and media opinion was that nothing should remind people of the Wall
and that grass should be allowed to grow over the site
Policymakers wanted to revive 50-year-old plans of a “car-friendly city” and extend the A100 motorway – at the precise site where the Bernauer Strasse Memorial Site stands today
“It’s as if they wanted simply to erase the past”
says Berlin’s Green politician Michael Cramer
Chancellor Helmut Kohl managed to stop this from happening.”
To build the Berlin Wall cycle trail through the city and all the way around the former West Berlin
the planners used the Allies’ customs route on one side of the former border and the patrol road used by GDR border guards on the other
15 kilometres of the trail needed to be reconstructed or repaired
The starting and ending points of the five trail sections
are always located close to local public transport stations and are therefore easy to reach
At each of the stations along the Berlin Wall History Mile
information about the division of Germany can be found in several languages
A “Berlin Wall Orientation System” in the city centre offers maps and audio stations to help people discover remains of the Wall
Particular events are explained with the aid of photographs and texts
it is also thanks to Michael Cramer’s persistence that the very last gap in the Berlin Wall cycle trail is now in the process of being closed with a new underpass
a detour of two kilometres is necessary at this point
Why is it that Cramer can’t get the Berlin Wall cycle trail out of his head
Cramer: “I believe teaching people about history by bike is ideal
One travels quickly from place to place but is moving slowly enough not to miss out on anything.”
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