Friday, October 5, 2012 10:00 AM to 11:00 AM CDT Maresh-Meredith &#038; Acklam Funeral Home Racine Location 803 Main St. Racine, WI 53403 <a data-atrk='a:vs-phone' href='tel:+12626347888' target='_blank'>(262) 634-7888</a> <a data-atrk='a:vs-driving-directions' href='//lsfhs.com/3qvMaX4' target='_blank' >Driving Directions</a>
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2012 at Wheaton Franciscan –All Saints Medical Center
daughter of the late Julius and Marie (Nee: Drechsel) Horneburg
1948 she was united in marriage to Ilija Kostic who preceded her in death
Gisela was employed by Rainfair for forty-three years
grandmother and great-grandmother who will be dearly missed
Survivors include her daughter and son-in-law
(John) Willing of Racine; her granddaughter
Tiffany Willing (Stephen) Dillinger; great-grandchildren
In addition to her parents and husband she was preceded in death by her brothers
Interment will follow at Graceland Cemetery
Relatives and friends may meet with the family at the funeral home Friday from 10:00 A.M
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and other participants breed new varieties without benefiting financially from so-called intellectual property rights
The project has produced nine new varieties since its nationwide launch in 2003.The varieties Primabella
have proved particularly resistant to late blight (a fungus with the scientific name Phytophtora infestans)
were favorable for growing tomatoes outdoors in almost all areas of Germany: it was dry and hot
infestans played little or no role," Horneburg reports
This year was and is different: "In many gardens
varieties with low or medium resistance were so severely damaged that yields remained low
Commercial cultivation in foil tunnels and unheated greenhouses was also severely damaged in some cases because the tomato plants remained damp for a long time at low temperatures and high humidity and became infested
Varieties bred in the outdoor tomato project
were able to extend the season and greatly increase yield."
an agronomist who researches and teaches at the University of Kassel's Department of Ecological Plant Breeding and Agricultural Biodiversity
attributes this to the broad breeding approach based on the tomato's diversity: "Participatory breeding in a wide variety of locations makes it possible to develop varieties that can handle highly variable climatic conditions." Annual meetings
also ensured exchange between participants; the most recent one took place in September near Göttingen
observations and data from exact trials are shared to breed the best varieties for very different soil and climate conditions
Instructions and scientific results are publicly available via the project homepage
Taste is considered through tastings at every step of the breeding process
Phytophthora infestans is a harmful fungus that can adapt to its environment
Horneburg: "One strength of the project is the network's 'sensor function': if varieties in one location lose resistance
a new solution is sought directly among the abundance of breeding lines."
The Ecological Field Tomato Project wants to counter large seed corporations
Patents are also often applied for tomato traits; if a new variety contains corresponding traits
license fees are due or use is prohibited altogether - an obstacle to the development of improved varieties
Patents for tomatoes are held by a few companies
and consumers jointly determine the goals and select the best breeding lines
Horneburg describes: "We exchange knowledge
and seeds in order to jointly search for new
promising varieties." The Sunviva and Vivagrande varieties are even protected by the open-source seed license as public domain
FreshPublishers &#xA9; 2005-2025 HortiDaily.com
By <a href="/author/johannes-kotschi/" class="ArticleHeader__NameLink">Johannes Kotschi</a> and <a href="/author/bernd-horneburg/" class="ArticleHeader__NameLink">Bernd Horneburg</a>
FOR millennia, crop seeds have been regarded as a common good, bred by farmers into a rich diversity of cultivars. Over the past 70 years, however, genetic resources in agriculture have been increasingly privatised, made possible by intellectual property rights such as patents and plant variety protection.
Today, three corporations control more than 60 per cent of the global commercial seed market. This creates uniformity in agricultural production, stifles innovation and makes society increasingly dependent on just a few companies, with diminishing choice and rising costs.
All this is diametrically opposed to what is required to cope with global agricultural&hellip;
Explore the latest news, articles and features
	Chief, Trade Logistics Branch, Division on Technology and Logistics, UNCTAD
Jan joined UNCTAD in 2003 and became Chief of the organization’s Trade Logistics Branch in 2016. The Branch is implementing multilateral transport and trade facilitation capacity building programmes, as well as regional and national projects in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean.
Jan is co-author and coordinator of the annual UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport, created and co-edits the quarterly UNCTAD Transport and Trade Facilitation Newsletter, and initiated the UNCTAD Maritime Country Profiles and the annual Liner Shipping Connectivity Index.
Volume 12 - 2024 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1452427">https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1452427</a>
Drought is considered one of the most critical abiotic environmental stresses and limits plant growth
Plants manage the negative effects of drought through a complex set of related mechanisms
Knowledge of plant responses and adaptation is more meaningful in plant breeding and genetics for improving drought resistance species
This review will focus on drought response mechanisms and drought adaptation
providing examples from plant species differing in their life-form
the potential role of enhancing plant drought responses will be emphasized
This review is of potential significance to researchers and those who wish to obtain a glimpse into plant behavior under drought conditions
intensive knowledge of the mechanisms of plant responses to drought at different levels is required
This review focuses on the response mechanisms of plants exposed to drought
These responses will be tackled in detail below
providing examples from different life-forms
and the interconnections among these responses
we focus on understanding the mechanism of tree mortality under drought
we discuss the plant adaptive responses to drought stress and their application in drought tolerance in plants
Taken together, a reduction in plant growth is likely a consequence of reduced turgor pressure and rate of photosynthesis under drought exposure (<a href="#B33">Farooq et&#xa0;al., 2009</a>; <a href="#B97">Zia et&#xa0;al., 2021</a>). Biomass allocation (i.e., reduced leaf area and enlarged root system) is the main morphological modification under drought (<a href="#B29">Dietz et&#xa0;al., 2021</a>)
Taken together, decreased transpiration upon stomatal closure is an initial plant response to mild drought, which affects the net photosynthesis rate (<a href="#f1">Figure 1</a>)
The morpho-physiology and appearance of the plant under different water availability conditions
(A) A plant under normal conditions (unstressed plant)
(B) A plant suffering drought stress (stress plant)
(C) A plant suffering severe drought stress and tree mortality (severely stressed plant)
The effect of drought intensity (mild-moderate vs
are responsible for the decline in photosynthesis during severe drought
The chlorophyll content is another critical component affected by drought stress and is plant species dependent. Therefore, the characterization of plant species that are resistant to chlorophyll degradation under drought stress is the target of plant breeders to improve abiotic resistance (<a href="#B48">Kamanga et&#xa0;al., 2018</a>)
Such a low water potential at which African juniper sustained its photosynthetic activity might lead to speculation that the photosynthetic apparatus of J
procera is relatively stable under a limited water supply
Among different factors influencing plant-water relations, the leaf water potential threshold point could be used as an index to compare different species in terms of their responses to water stress and in turn the sensitivity of their photosynthetic apparatus (<a href="#B51">Kolb and Stone, 2000</a>)
The phloem loading and/or phloem transport of reduced sulfur was inhibited after water stress
Plant-nutrient relations under abiotic stress become more sophisticated due to the interactive effects of different nutrients on each other (<a href="#B47">Jaldhani et&#xa0;al., 2022</a>)
Carrizo citrange showed increased drought resistance due to lower malondialdehyde and H2O2
along with other attributes related to the ROS scavenging system
malondialdehyde content may be considered as a biomarker for the drought stress condition
The accumulation of ABA acts as a stress signal of drought stress for the expression of drought-responsive genes (i.e., those expressed only under pronounced water shortages) (<a href="#B46">Iqbal et&#xa0;al., 2022</a>) and promotes the synthesis of different protective proteins (<a href="#B3">Ahmad et&#xa0;al., 2023</a>)
They stated that leaves from Sunki maravilha had significantly higher ABA than Rangpur lime
which showed greater drought tolerance in the former trees
Typically, dying trees showed early-warning signals such as the following: shoot death, partial or complete leaf shedding, the production of epicormic shoots, the loss of fine roots (<a href="#B18">Camarero, 2021</a>), a decline in the tree growth rate, reduced radical growth rate, and increased canopy defoliation from 1 year to several years before death, depending on the lifespan of the tree and the intensity of the drought (<a href="#B54">Leuschner, 2020</a>)
Three important mechanisms of drought-related forest dieback and mortality will be discussed below
Taken together, a longer drought duration increases tree mortality through carbon starvation, whereas more extreme drought causes tree mortality through hydraulic failure (<a href="#B61">McDowell et&#xa0;al., 2008</a>)
It refers to the ability of plants in natural vegetation to grow and activate appropriate coping strategies to ensure reproductive success when exposed to water deficits
Plant strategies for drought resistance and their beneficial functions for plant survival and recovery: Escape
It is important to empathize that plants may combine two or more strategies to grow and flower satisfactory under drought stress
Increasing our knowledge of plant adaptation under drought stress can be a crucial issue in the improvement of new methods for increasing drought resistance in herbaceous and woody plants
The application of proline to leaves increased the endogenous free proline content in onion (Allium cepa L.), which improved osmotic adjustment and protected the subcellular structure (<a href="#B81">Seleiman et&#xa0;al., 2021</a>), and improved the quality and yield of maize (<a href="#B45">Ilyas et&#xa0;al., 2021</a>). In addition, the application of glycine betaine on wheat leaves increased the leaf water potential and activity of antioxidant (<a href="#B45">Ilyas et&#xa0;al., 2021</a>)
Although many microbes have shown beneficial results in drought tolerance in inoculated plants by enhancing the production of phytohormones
the development of commercial biofertilizers containing drought-tolerant microbes needs further investigation
Continuous research is being carried out on the formulation of biofertilizers that should contain selected microorganisms with the desired metabolic active and long shelf life and are easily degradable in soils (<a href="#B59">Mathur and Roy, 2021</a>)
Plants manage the negative effects of drought on growth and productivity through a complex set of related mechanisms
Stomatal closure is the first plant response to drought
followed by morphological modifications in leaf- and root-related traits under mild stress
Metabolic limitations impair photosynthesis
and hydraulic failure causes tree mortality under severe drought
The ongoing advancements in the field of biotechnology hold great expectations for the improvement of plant tolerance to drought via breeding and the expression of stress-induced genes
innovative breeding programs could also assist in the propagation of plants with desired genetic traits that are capable of withstanding harsh conditions
more studies are required to characterize the adaptive traits
Although the use of specific compounds to mitigate the devastating effects of the upcoming drought is promising
there is a need for continuous research to visualize their benefits in a range of plant species and determine the suitable concentration at which to apply them at the critical growth stage or seed treatment
modern day agronomists have been working extensively on developing crop varieties that can withstand drought conditions
a critical challenge due to climate change and water scarcity
The development of drought-resilient crops through these approaches has revolutionized agriculture
particularly in regions disposed to water scarcity
Native traits provide a foundation for breeding programs that can be accelerated using molecular markers and genomic selection
tailored to specific environmental conditions and societal needs
is likely to be the most effective way of developing crops that can thrive in a world where droughts are becoming more frequent and severe
The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations
Any product that may be evaluated in this article
or claim that may be made by its manufacturer
is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher
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Tolerance evaluation and clustering of fourteen tomato cultivars grown under mild and severe drought conditions
Role of plant secondary metabolites and phytohormones in drought tolerance: A review
A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests
The roles of hydraulic and carbon stress in a widespread climate-induced forest die-off
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Received: 20 June 2024; Accepted: 30 September 2024;Published: 21 November 2024
Copyright &#xa9; 2024 Nour, Aljabi, AL-Huqail, Horneburg, Mohammed and Alotaibi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)</a>
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*Correspondence: Modhi O. Alotaibi, <a id="encmail">bW91b3RhZWJlQHBudS5lZHUuc2E=</a>
&#x2020;These authors have contributed equally to this work
&#x2021;ORCID: Arwa Alhugail, <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1226-499X">orcid.org/0000-0002-1226-499X</a>Afrah E. Mohammed, <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-8560">orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-8560</a>Modhi O. Alotaibi, <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6604-1652">orcid.org/0000-0002-6604-1652</a>
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